The questyonary of cyrurgyens with the formulary of lytell Guydo in cyrurgie, with the spectacles of cyrurgyens newly added, with the fourth boke of the Terapentyke [sic], or methode curatyfe of Claude Galyen prynce of physyciens, with a synguler treaty of the cure of vlceres, newely enprynted at London, by me Robert wyer, and be for to sell in Poules Churcheyarde, at the sygne of Judyth. Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum.

¶Here begynneth the seconde treaty / wherin is moued and assoyled cer∣tayne questyons and dyffy∣culties touchynge the Nathomy.

¶Demaunde.

WHyther the scyence of the Natho∣mye be necessarye and nedefull to the Cyrurgyen or nat / & by howe many & what maners? Answere. Yee•• The scyence of the Nathomy is nedefull and necessarye to the Cyrurgyen / as it

appereth by two reasons. The fyrste Galyen put∣teth in the .vj. boke of his Terapentyke, and is su∣che, for the Cyrurgyens that be ygnoraunt in the Nathomy may arre in many maners in theyr in∣cysyon of synewes and theyr knyttynges, the whi∣che yf they knewe the nature of euery mēbre, their settynge and colligacion that they haue in all the body, and with euery onely membre partyculer / yf it dyd happen y^t they were hurt they shuld knowe yf the synewes were cut or nat. And by this same reason they shuld nat arre in theyr incisions. And this reason is confyrmed by an example y^t Henry de Maūdeuille putteth / sayeng that the same ma¦ner that a blynde man worketh in hewynge of a log, so doth a cyrurgyen that knoweth nat the na¦thomy. For lyke as a blynde man that heweth on a log knoweth nat howe moch he shuld hew ther¦of, nor howe, & therfore cōmonly he arreth hewyn¦ge more or lesse than he ought to do. Lykewyse so doth the Cyrurgyen that worketh in mānes body without the Nathomy. Also the sayde Henry ap∣proueth that the Cyrurgyen ought of necessyte to knowe y^e Nathomy, for euery workeman is boun¦de to knowe the subiect of his worke in whiche he worketh, or els he shulde arre in workynge. Tha•• lykewyse yf it so be that the subiecte of the Cyrur∣gyen be the body of menkynde, it must be of neces∣syte that the Cyrurgyen do knowe y^e body of man∣kynde in it selfe / and in the partyes therof, so tha•• it is necessary for a Cyrurgyen to knowe the Na∣thomy.

And this is for the fyrste parte of the que∣styon. ¶The seconde parte where is demaūded to howe many and what thynges the scyence of Na¦thomy is necessary to the Cyrurgyen. That is to wyte howe many proffytes and vtylities be of the scyence of Nathomy? The answere. The scyence of the Nathomy is necessarye and nedefull to the Cyrurgyen for .iiij. vtylyties. The fyrste and the greatest is for y^e meruayle of the great power of God the creator of men, that so hath made theym to his lykenes & forme. The seconde is for to haue the knowlege of the membres y^t may be dyseased. The thyrde for bycause to haue knowledge to tell the disposicions to come of y^e mēbres. The fourth is for to heale the dyseases y^t come to the mēbres. ¶Demaunde. What is Anathomye, and wherof is it deryuate? Answere. Anathomy is the ryght determynacyon and dyuysyon of euery partyculer membre of y^e body of mankynde. And is deryuate of Ana, that is to saye (nyght) that is to say (dyuy∣syon.) Thus Anathomy is called nyght dyuysyon of membres done for certayne knowleges. ¶De∣maunde. In howe many & whiche maners ought ••he scyence of Anathomy be taught? Answere. In ••wo maners. That is to wyte by way of doctryne as by bokes wryten therof. In seyng and redynge that which hath ben wrytē by aūcyent doctours / and by experyence / in deuysynge and Anathomy∣synge the deade corpses. As dyd Mundy and Bo∣••oyne, and as lykewyse dyd maister Bertruce, that

whan he had a deade body by beheadyng or other wyse / he layde hym on a benche in makynge .iiij. partycyons. In the fyrste he deuyded the nutratyf mēbres, for they be dysposed to putrefaccyon. And in the seconde the spyrytuall membres. And in the thyrde the anymall mēbres. And in the fourth the extremyties. And vpon euery mēbre ought to be sought .ix. thynges. That is to wyt the posycyon / the complexyon, the substaunce, the quantyte, the nombre, the fygure, the operacyon, the vtilite, and what dyseases may come therunto. ¶Demaūde. What is the body humayne? Answere. It is one hole togyther decorate with reason / composed of many and dyuers membres. ¶Demaunde. what is membre? Answere. Dyuers auctours haue gy∣uen dyuers diffinicions. G. in the fyrste boke of the vtylyte of the partycles sayeth it is a body that is nat holly seperate, nor holly conioynt to another. And also in the fyrst boke of his canon he defyneth it in plurell, and sayth thus, that mēbres ben bo∣dyes that are engendred of the fyrste cōmyction of humours. ¶Demaunde. Howe many maners of membres are founde? Answere. Two. That is to wyt, symple membres called consēblables, and mē¦bres compost. The simple membres ben they that may nat be deuided into another kynde, but what partie thou takest of them it bereth alway y^e name and the dyffynycyon of his hole. As the bone / for what parte thou takest of the bone be it more or lesse euer it beareth y^e name and diffinicion of the

bone, for euery parte of a bone in bone / and euery parte of a synew in synew. The compost membres contraryly be they that maye be deuyded in other kyndes, for no parte of them seperated bereth nat away the name of all. As the hande, the legge, the heade. ¶Demaunde. Howe many symple mēbres ben there? Answere. There be .xi. That is to wyte the bones, grystles, or cartilages, the synewes, the vaynes, the anteres, the pannicules, the s••rynges. The cordes, the skynne, the flesshe, the grece or fat, the heare, and the nayles. The whiche althoughe that verytably they be nat membres / neuertheles in asmoche as they haue vtylyte in y^e body of man kynde, & haue regeneracyon as the membres, they be called membres, thoughe it be vnproprely.

¶Demaunde. Yf all the mēbres may regenerate after theyr perdicion, & knytte agayne after theyr dislocaciō•• Answere. For to declare that behoueth two thynges to be noted. Fyrste y^t the symple mem¦bres be of two maners. Some be sanguyne mem¦bres of whom the generacion is of sanguyne ma∣ter, as the flesshe and the grece. And the other mē¦bres be spermatyke membres so named / bycause they haue theyr breding and begynnynge of spar∣matyke mater. Secondly it is to be noted y^t there be two maners of regeneracyon. One is very re∣generacion, whiche is very reformacion of the mē¦bre in the same selfe substaūce, forme, qualyte, and quantite, and other such accidentes proprely as it was afore the corrupcion and alteracion. And the

other is regeneracyon nat very / but lyke therto as nyghe as may be. And lykewyse there is .ij. ma¦ners of consolydacyon / one is trewe, that is when both the partes of the thynge that is dyssolued by seperatynge / and reassembled and knyt without any maner of apperynge of the dyssolucyon afore / and without any meanes. And y^e other is vntrue consolydacyon / and lyke to the other as nyghe as can be done, by meanes of the poore that the Phy¦sycyons call Porus sarcoydes. These thynges ••••¦derstande & noted / I saye fyrste that all sanguyne membres may regenerate and knyt by very rege∣neracion and consolidacion, for contynually there engendreth blode ynoughe within the body for to regenerate the substaunce of the sanguyne mem∣bre lost, & for to reconsolidate and knyt it agayne. I say secondly that no membres sparmatyf after the losse of theyr substaunce maye nat regenerate bicause that their mater is attribuate to them at the very begynnynge of theyr creacyon, and after that neuer engendre agayne. And also for theyr so lidite, & bicause they are weke of here & moysture. And for these causes and reasons they do nat re∣consolydate with trewe reconsolydacyon after the desolucion of their seperatyng, but nature streng∣thynge alwayes possyble thyng{is} the best that she may / wyl nat leue them thus dyssolute, reioyneth and knytteth them the best that she may / and en∣gendreth a flesshe (for to holde y^e dissolued parties) that is called porus sarcoydes. ¶Demaunde. Be

all the membres consemblables of one cōplexyon. Answere? No / for some be hote & moyste / and the other colde & moyst / and other colde & dry. And of the hote & drye there is none / for amōge all mem∣bres cōsēblables, ther is none more hote & dry thā the skynne that is temperate. And it is nat onely temperate amonge the membres of mankynde / but also amonge all the substaūces of thyng{is} that may engendre and corrupte / as Galyen sayeth in his fyrste boke of cōplexyons / & the last Chapytre. The membres hote & moyste be the mēbres that are sanguyne / as the flesshe / the spyrytes / and the naturall humydities / as wylleth Auerroys in the ••••. of collyges. The membres colde and moyste are the flewme, fat / or the grece, and the maroughes. The membres colde and drye are all the other mē¦bres after theyr degrees / as the bones / the carty∣lages / the strynges or cordes / the lygumentes, the ••••newes / the vaynes / arteres / & pannycules. And here is the mayne see / where as it behoueth ney∣••her Physycyen nor Cyrurgyen to sayle, for a phy¦••••eyen and Cyrurgyen ought for to knowe y^e com¦••••••xion of the mēbres / as natural Phylosophers. ¶Demaūde. Which are the mēbres compostes / and wherfore are they called organykes & instru∣mentalles? Answere. The membres compostes be mēores that are composed of the symple and con∣semblable membres. And therfore they be called therogenes / that is to say of dyuers natures / and may be deuyded in dyuers kyndes / that is to wyte

in to membres consemblables / and theyr partyes bereth nat away the dyffinycion and reason of the hole. As to the seconde questyon that asketh why they be called organykes & ins••rumentalles? The answere is, bycause they are ins••rumentes of the soule / as by the handes / the fete / the lyuer / y^e face, and the semblables. ¶Demaunde. Howe be the organyke membres ordeyned and composed. An∣swere. Some of these membres be pryncypalles / and the other nat pryncypalles. ¶Demaunde. Howe many vnpryncypal membres be there? and howe many vnpryncypal. Answe••e. There be .ii••••. pryncypalles / that is to wyte the herte / the lyuer / the brayne / & the genytalles / all the other be cal∣led vnpryncypalles. ¶Demaunde. Of what com∣plexyon is the herte? Answere. The herte is hote bycause it is lyke the very brēnynge hote ouen of all the body / fro whens cōmeth the heat to all the body. And albeit that Philosopher haue wylled to say that it is tēperate bycause it is pryncyple / and that it gyueth begynnynge of lyfe. Neuerthelesse the herte is drye in his complexyon bycause of his composycyon / for it is composed of strynges & pan¦nycles / and of harde and styf flesshe. ¶Demaūde. Of what complexyon is the lyuer? Answere. It is hote and moyste. For the mos••e parte of the thyn¦ges that it is composed is flesshely / blody / & ther∣with ben transmysed dyuers pypes or arteres.

¶Demaūde. Of what complexyon is the brayne? Answere. It is colde and moyste, bycause it hath a

marowy substaunce. Neuerthelesse it differeth fro the maroughe / bycause the brayne is a sparma∣tyke membre / & the marough is a sanguyne mem¦bre. And therby it is colde in comparyson of other membres / and that nat symply / for all membres be naturally hote. ¶Demaunde. Of what com∣plexyon are the kydneys and the mylt? Answere. The kydneys be hote & moyste / howebeit the kyd∣neys be nat so hote as y^e mylt, bicause of the grosse blode that is in the mylt, lyke as the mylt is nat so hote as the lyuer. ¶Demaunde. Of what com∣plexyon is the longes? Answere. Hote and moyste. It is hote bycause that heat is sent to it from the herte as Galyen sayeth in y^e fourth boke of y^e vty∣lite of the particles / & is moyste / but nat so moyste as the greas / for it melteth nat at the fyre as the greas doth.

¶Demaundes vpon the Anathomy of the skynne or the lether.

DEmaunde. What is the skynne. Answere. It is a couerynge of the body of mankynde / ••at is composed & context and wonen with thre∣••s and vaynes / with synewes and arteres / for to ••••••••nde the body & gyue it felynge. ¶Demaūde. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 many maners of skyn̄es or lether are there? ••••swere. Two, one is extrynsyke or outforth, and ••••at is proprely called lether. The other is intryn ••••ke / and that is proprely called pannycle rym or skynne as be those of the heade y^t couer the brayne and the skull / & they y^t couer y^e bowelles of y^e body.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the greas.

DEmaunde. What is the grease? Answere. It is a thyng in the humayne body / that is as oyle that chauffeth and humecteth the body. ¶Demaunde. Howe many maners of greas be there? Answere. Two. The one is without forth nere to the skynne / & that proprely is called adeps or fatnes. And y^e other is inwarde & nyghe to the bely / & proprely is called auxunge or fat grease.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the flesshe.

DEmaūde. Howe many maners of flesshe are founde? Answere. Thre. One is very flesshe and propre / and it is founde but in a lytell quan∣tite, & one in two places of the body of mankynde. That is on the heed of the yerde / and betwene the tethe. The other is glandulouster, odenose, or crud¦dy and kyrnele, as is the flesshe of the ballockes / of the dugges and the flesshe of the emuntores. The other is flesshe musculous or lacertous y^t is harde as bawme styffe or knotty. And this is founde in great quantyte, and ouer all the body where as is any manyfest moeuynges.

¶Demaunde vpon the muscles and lacertes.

DEmaūde. Be the muscles symple membres•• Answere. yea, as touchynge the sensyble iu∣gement / Howbeit of very trouth they are mēbres composed of synewes / of lyens / strynges / thredes••

and flesshe that fulfylleth them / & of the pānycule that couereth them. ¶Demaunde. Wherin agre¦eth and differ the muscles and lacertes? Answere. It is all one thynge / which after dyuers consyde∣racyons hath ben called muscle and lacerte / for it is called muscle for his resemblaunce of a mouse / that in latyn hyght mus. And it is called lacerte ••ycause it hath thy forme of a Lyzard / for lyke as those two beestes are byg in the middle and sclen∣der towarde the tayle / so is the muscle or lacerte. ••Demaunde. What is the maner & howe do the muscles and lacertes procede in the body of man∣kynde. Answere. After that the muscles is compo∣sed as is aforesaid / from it discendeth roūde stryn∣ges and cordes that cōmeth nygh to the ioyntes / the which when they be nygh the ioyntes they do ••••••de abrode and enlarge / and reyse the ioynt all ••••out with the pānycle that couereth the bones. ••••d whan they are passed the ioynt / they do waxe ••••unde agayne / and retourne into cordes & with ••he flesshe make another muscle. And of this mus∣•••••• procedeth and ryseth another roūde corde and ••••••••ges that byndeth the ioynt all about & moe∣••••••••••••. And so ceaseth nat to {pro}cede tyll they come 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••he extreme and ferthest partycles of the body. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thus alway y^e muscle procedeth the ioynture. ••••d as the synewes that procede of the noddle ta¦••••th forme of muscle at the necke and at the brest, and than cōmeth to the ioynt of the shulder. And ••ecōmeth rounde strynges and spredynge flat in

comprysynge all the ioynt / and do plante them in the bone of the ioynte and moeueth it. And whan they come fro the ioynt of y^e sholdre a two or thre fyngre brede they waxe rounde in cordewyse. And with the flesshe and strynge that cōmeth from the heade to the bone of the shouldre is made muscle vpon the myddes of the bone of the ioynture / fro whiche cōmeth a corde that thre fyngre brede fro the elbow enlargeth and compriseth all the elbow and moeueth the lytell arme. And thre fyngers be ponde it waxeth roūde & retourneth in to a corde. The whiche with the strynge that cōmeth fro the necke and with the flesshe make a muscle vpō the sayde lytell arme / of the whiche muscle is made a corde / and thre fyngers fro the ioynte of the lytell hande it spredeth and compriseth all the ioynture of the sayde hande / than it twisteth roūde agayne and entreth the muscle of the myddes of y^e hande / of the which cōmeth cordes that moue y^e fyngers, by the which thynges it appereth that the woun¦des that are made about thre fyngers of the ioyn¦tes be peryllous, for the synewy cordes be made bare of the flesshe and apparentes. Of the whiche all onely pryckynge is cause of spasme or crampe / and of deth as Galyen sayth in the thyrde boke de regny, and in the seconde of his terapentyc / which is to be noted of the Cyrurgyen.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the synewes.

DEmaunde. What is synew. Answere. It is a symple membre created to gyue felynge and mouyng to the membres deputed to nature. ¶Demaunde. For howe many distributary inten¦cyons were they created? Answere. After Galyen in the fourth boke of the vtylyte of the partycules in the last Chapytre, they were created for thre in¦tencions. One is to gyue felyng to the organykes sensytyfes. The seconde to gyue moeuynge to the motyfe or styrynge membres. And thyrdly to gyue knowlege to all the other membres of the thinges that hurte them. And it is notably sayd to the sen¦sytyfe or felyng membres. For in the cartilages or grystles, nor in bones, nor glaudylous or cruddy ••lesshe the synewes be nat penetrate but in y^e teth / as Galyen sayth in y^e boke aforesayd. ¶Demaū∣•••••• Fro whens bredeth the synewes? Answere. All the synewes of the body brede and come out of the ••••ayne by it selfe / or of the noddle that is his vy∣••••••••, betwene the which some brede of y^e foreparte 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the brayne / and they be softer and more propre •• g••ue felyng than mouyng. And the other come 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and brede of the hyndre parte of the noddle / 〈◊〉〈◊〉 descende fro the brayne / and these be har∣•••••••• more propre to gyue mouyng than felynge. ••••emaunde. Yf the felynge & moeuynge by one ••••••••ynew alone or by many? Answere. After Ga∣••••••n in the fyrste boke of the interyours / somtyme they are borne by one synewe alone, and somtyme by many. ¶Demaūde. Howe many parell or lyke

synewes be there that without meane spryng and brede of y^e brayne. And howe many pareyle or lyke synewes cōmeth fro it by meane of the noddle? An¦swere. Fro the brayne īmediatly springeth .vij. pe¦reylles. And .xxx. pareylles come fro it by meane of the nuke that brede behynde by the ende of the los∣sarn / as Haly Abas sayeth in his boke de Regaly dispositione, in y^e seconde sermon of the fore party.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the strynges ••r lyens.

DEmaunde. Of what nature ben the lyens or strynges / and wherof brede they? Answere. They be of the nature of synewes / howebeit they brede of the bones. ¶Demaūde. Howe many ma¦ners of lyens or stryng{is} be there? Answere. Two. Some bindeth the bones inwarde. And the other byndeth the ioyntes outwarde / as Galyen sayeth in the .xii. boke of the vtilite of the partycles in the fyrste Chapytre, of cowplynge of bones / that they are comprysed about w^t stronge braūched stryng{is}.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the cordes.

DEmaunde. Of what nature are the corbes? Answere. The strynges ben almoste as all of one nature / for both be of the nature of synewes / but yet the cordes more than the stryng{is}. For lyke as the strynges be meane amonge the cordes and the bones / so be the cordes meane among y^e stryn∣ges & the synewes. ¶Demaunde. Wherof brede the cordes / and whens take they felynge and mo∣uynge.

Answere. They brede of the muscles / and take felynge and mouynge of the synewes / wher¦by the membres are moued. ¶Demaūde. Wher∣fore is it that whan the cordes withoutforth are cut the membre leseth bowynge / and whan they withinforth are cut the mēbre leseth y^e stretching. Answere. Albeit the cordes be rounde whan they yssue of the muscle, yet do they sprede whan they ••ome to the ioynt / and they are lyens or strynges that are set rounde aboute the sayde ioynt / as the cordes about the mēbre / so that they withinforth ••••awe the mēbre / & they withoutforth do stretche it. And whan the one draweth y^e other loseth. And 〈◊〉〈◊〉 whan they are cutte outwarde the bowynge is 〈◊〉〈◊〉. And whan they are cutte inwarde the stret∣••••ynge is loste.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy vpon the vaynes and arteres.

DEmaūde. What is a vayne? Answere. It is the place of the blode of nourysshyng. ¶De∣••••••••. What is artere. Answere. It is the pla∣•••• the spyrytuall blode. ¶Demaunde. Wherin ••••ag••e and differ the vaynes fro the arteres. An∣••••••••. They do agre in that they be of consembla∣•••• dystryoucyon throughe all the body / that is in ••••rynge of blode. And they dyffer in two thynges. The fyrste appereth by theyr dyffynycyons afore∣sayd / that is y^t the vaynes bereth the nourysshyng blode / and the arteres the spyrytuall blode. The seconde dyfference betwene theym is taken of the

place of their breding. For the veynes brede of the lyuer, and the arteres of the hert as Galyen sayth in the .xvij. boke of the partycles. ¶Demaunde: Do they separe in any wyse one from the other in the body of mankynde / so that the veynes may be without the arteres, and the arteres without the veynes. Answere. In some places the veynes do separe from the arteres. And the arteres be foūde w^tout veynes. As it is manyfest both in y^e armes / and in rethe mirable, howbeit no vayne is founde without artere. ¶Demaunde. What is the ma∣ner of procedyng of the veynes & arteres through the body? Answere. Whan they go forth of the place of theyr breding, they rēne forkewyse in two partyes / the one vpwarde and the other downe∣warde / and yet of them euery partye braunchet•• and procedeth vnto the last and extreme partyes of y^e body for to nourysshe and gyue lyfe to all th•• membres thereof.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the bones.

DEmaunde. Wherfore are the bones made? Answere. Bycause they shulde be the founda¦cyon of all the body & susteynynge therof. And ther¦fore they are made harde and strong the better to here the burthen of all the other. Howebeit some of y^e bones are made for the defēce of the inwarde membres / as the bones of the heed, the brest bone, and the backe bone. ¶Demaūde. Howe many in nombre are all the bones in a body of mankynde••

Answere. Auycen sayeth that there is .CC.xlviij. saufe the bone that is called (os laude) wherto the tongue is founded. The whiche bones thou mayst consyder and se by the fygure here before wryten / and of whiche partyculer mencyon shal be made, and declared in this present treaty. ¶Demaunde Howe ben the dyuersytyes amonge the bones of the body of mankynde? Answere. They be deuersy¦fyed in dyuers maners / for some bycause of y^e ioyn¦tes are full of maroughes / & the other nat. Some are streyght / & other croked. Some are lytell / and ••ome byg. And all bones are bygger at the endes ••han in the myddes by reason of the ioyntes. And ••ome are enbossed for to entre, and other haue va∣••nytees that receyueth. And some haue both the one and y^e other. And other haue neyther one nor the other. And of them that haue enbossyng{is} and ••a••uytees, some haue them clauelares lyke keyes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 y^e teth / And other ben sacratyles or sawe wyse, as the skull of the heade. And other knotty in eche ••••de as v••na in the thyghe. Other be foueable or ••olow as the faucylles or forke bones. Other ha∣••e both sortes as the fyngers. And they that haue ••eyther one nor other ben ioyned solidatiuely, and they that haue the enbossynges and vacuacyons be they that make the ioyntes / of whom cōmeth dyfloracyon and other separacyons.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the cartylages or grystles.

Demaūde. What is cartylage? Answere. It is a substaunce as it were of the kynde of bo∣nes, but it is softer or sowpler than the bone is. ¶Demaunde. Wherfore were the cartylages made? Answere. For two reasons. One to fulfyll the lacke of the bone / as in the palpebres or eye lyddes / the nosethyrlles, and eares. The seconde to make the better coniūction of the bones with the parties next them, as in thorax and parties of the loynes / bycause that the softe substaunce, (as the flesshe and other partyes) be nat hurte by the mo∣uynge of the bones whiche are harde.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the nayles.

DEmaunde. Wherfore are the nayles made of the vtter partes of the body? Answere. The better to take holde.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the heares.

DEmaūde. Wherfore were the heares made•• Answere. For two reasons / that is to wyte / to encrease beaute and to purge.

¶Here endeth the fyrste partycle of the seconde treaty. And begynneth the seconde ptycle / where as is moued & ass••y∣sed certayne questions and difficultees vpon the Anathomy of the mem∣bres composed.

¶Demaunde.

WHat is the skull or scawpe of the heade? Answere. It is that parte of the heade that is full of heare / wherin the anymal membres are conteyned. ¶Demaunde. Upon the seuen thynges y^t a good Anathomypost ought to consydre on euery mēbre which are in the skull or scawpe of the heed. Answere. Fyrst his helpyng appereth by diffinicion abouesayd. The posycyon therof is on the hyghest place of the body. The col¦••ygaunce is notorious / for it hath collygaunce w^t the face and the necke, and of it cōmeth all the par¦tyes of the face / & the muscles mouyng the heade be planted in the necke / whiche are of .ij. maners. Some be proprely lacertes that brede nyghe the ••••res / tyll they come to the furcules or forkes of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 brest. The other be cōmyn in the necke & heed / which shall be sayde whan we speke of the necke. The quantyte is more in man than in any other beaste / as the brayne is more in man than in any ••ther beast. The forme therof is rounde compry∣••ate lyghtly fro one parte to another. And it be∣••oueth that the parte before & behynde be bony / ••s Galyen sayeth in the seconde de regni. And the ••ther cause of this forme sayth Galien in the .viij. ••oke of the vtilite of the partycles / bycause that it maye be the lesse passyble. The substaunce is bony and full of maroughe as appereth by experyence. The complexyon is colde by meanes of y^e partyes

that it is composed of be colde. ¶Demaunde. Of howe many and what partyes is y^e scawpe of the heade composed. Answere. After Auycen in the .ii••. boke of his canon and .j. Chapytre it is composed of .x. partyes. That is to wyte .v. conteynyng and v. sondry. The contenaūtes that be without, fyrst ben the heares / than the lether or skynne / & than the flesshe musculous / than the great pānycle, and than the brayne pāne skulle or crane. And the son∣dry ensuyng withinforth ben the dura mater and the pio mater / and than rethe myrable / and than the substaunce of the brayne, & than the bone that is the foundacyon of the brayne / & than the rotes of the synewes y^t brede of the brayne / whiche shall be spoken of by ordre. ¶Demaunde. Of what sub¦staūce is the great pānacle that is called Per••era∣nium / and wherof bredeth it / and with what par¦tyes hath it collygaunce? Answere. Fyrste it is a neruous or synewy substaūce. Secondly it is bred of the dura mater. And thyrdly it hath collygaū∣ce with the sayd dura mater / and is bounde with it / by strynges / synewes / & veynes that go in and out by y^e cōmyssures or seames of the brayne pāne or skull. ¶Demaūde. Is the brayne pāne of one bone or of many / and for what reason? Answere. It is of many, for it is of .vij. that ioyne togyder / and is so ordeyned bycause that yf anoyaūce come to one that it shulde nat come to another / and is conioynte with the cōmyssures called sarratylles seames endented as tethe of a sawe to thyntent

that the fumosytees or vapours maye haue yssue fro the brayne. ¶Demaunde. Which are the .vij. that the heade is composed of? Answere. The fyrst bone of the fore parte is called Coronall / that du∣reth and compryseth fro the myddes of the orby∣tauntes vnto the cōmyssure that trauerseth the Crane or skull. And in it is the holes of the eyes & the collatores of the nosethyrlles. The which col∣••atores be departed by the addyng of bones in ma¦••er of a crest of a hēne / within the whiche is fast∣••ed the cartylages or grystles that deuydeth the ••osethyrlles. Howbeit it is to wyte that somtyme ••he coronall is deuyded by a cōmyssure in the myd¦des of the browe / whiche moste often is founde in women, The seconde bone of the heade in the hyn¦••••e parte is called Occipitall / and is enclosed by a ••ōmyssure thwartly in maner of a greke lettre cal¦•••• Lampda / and is harde / and ful of perced holes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by the whiche descendeth the nuke of the ••••ayne throughe the myddes of the spondylles or ••••dge bones tyll vnto the ende of the backe, The ••••yrde & fourth bone of the heade ben in the myd∣••e of the sydes therof / & therfore they hyghe pery¦••••sles / and be deuyded by a cōmyssure after the ••ength of the noddle of the heade / and by two com¦myssures be led vnto the bones of the eares / and are square, The, v, and the, vj. be y^e bones that are called Petrous / for they are harde as a ••tone, Also they be called Scamous or scale / for they be con∣ioynte in maner of the scales of a fysshe with the

sayd parietalles which are the holes of the eares, and the instrument{is} mamylares of y^e emūctures. And be braunched as lyke the bones called perye∣talles with y^e cōmyssure (called Lampda) vnto the bones of the temples. The .vij. bone is the bone ba¦fylare / that is lyke a wedge that closeth & sustey∣neth all the sayd bones ouer the rofe / & this bone is perced and hath great spongeosyte to purge the grosse superfluytees and is of a grosse substaunce. And these .vij. bones abouesayd are pryncypalles. Howbeit besyde these sayde bones there are yet o∣ther small bones lesse pryncypalles that are made for certayne helpes, as is the bone of the crete that deuyde the nosethyrlles within the coronall / and the equall bones that are in the face. And the cla∣uall bones y^• are the bones of the eares wherunto are fastened y^e muscles and cordes that couer the Iawes. ¶Demaunde. Howe ought the partyes inwarde of the heade be well seen and knowen at the eye? Answere. Ye ought to deuyde the skull w^t a sawe after the roundenesse. ¶Demaūde. What is the dura mater and pie mater? Answere. They be two pānycles ful of vaynes and arter{is} / wherof one is of the partye of the heade / and the other of the party of the brayne / that wrappeth and coue∣reth all the substaūce of the brayne. ¶Demaūde. From whens cōmeth the nourysshynge in to the brayne? Answere. It cōmeth fro the soft moder by vaynes and arteres that cōmeth by y^e holes of the inwarde bones / and outwarde by the cōmyssures

of the superyour bones. ¶Demaunde. Where is the substaunce of the brayne sytuate / and of what shape, and of what substaunce and colour is it of? Answere. Fyrste it is situate vnder the fote of hard moder / and is rounde in shape / & whyte of colour. ¶Demaunde. By what reason are the membres organykes / sensytyues / and dyuers other double. Answere. Bycause that yf one of them suffred the other shuld nat suffre. ¶Demaunde. Howe many ••••lies hath the brayne after his length / and howe ••any partes in eche ventrycle / & howe many and what vertues taketh theyr orygine in eche party? Answere. Fyrste y^e brayne in length hath thre ven¦〈◊〉〈◊〉 / that is to wyte / the ventrycle afore / that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 / & that in the myddes / and the anteriour a••d meane / eche is deuyded in .ii. parties. In eche 〈◊〉〈◊〉 one vertue taketh his origyne. In the fyrs••e 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the ventricle before is put y^e cōmon blode. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 seconde y^• vertue of ymagynacyon. In the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ventry••le is put the cogitatyfe and racyo∣••••••. And in the hynder ventrycle is put the vertue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or memoratyfe. ¶Demaunde. Whi∣•••• of these thre ventrycles are the byggest? An∣••were. The formoste is the byggest? The myddle ••ost the least, & the hyndermost is meane. ¶De∣maunde. Hath the blode of y^e other ventrycle any wayes? Answere. Yes, wherthorow all the spirites passe. ¶Demaūde. In whiche of the ventrycles is the wyt of smellynge founded? Answere. In the formost ventrycle where the addyng mamyllares

are / it is founded. ¶Demaūde. Howe many cow∣ples of sensityfe synewes come fro the brayne / and fro whiche parte? Answere. From the anteryour parte cōmeth .vij. payre of synewes sensytyfes whi¦che go to the eyes / to the eares / to the stomacke / and other mēbres. ¶Demaunde. In whiche ven∣trycle of the brayne ben the places called lacune / vernus / fornus / & ancafernis / & the glaudynous flesshe that fulfylleth them? Responce. They be in the meane ventrycle. ¶Demaunde. Where is re¦the mirable set, & wherof is it composed? Answere. It is set vnder the pānycles / and is onely compo∣sed of arteres y^t cōmeth fro the hert. ¶Demaūde. Where is the vital spirite made anymall & how? Answer. It is made of the sayd arteres that rethe myrable is cōposed by the labour of y^e complexyon of the brayne? ¶Demaunde. Is y^e nuche any par∣ty of y^e brayne? Answere. It semeth to be a party therof, and therfore the sygnes and accidentes are as they of the brayne / as Galyen sayeth in the .xi. boke of the vtylyte of the partycles. ¶Demaūde. Wherof bredeth the maroughe of the nuche, and howe? Answere. It bredeth of the hynder parte of the brayne / wrapped with two pannycles as the brayne. ¶Demaunde. Howe procedeth the ma∣roughe of the nuche / & what synewes brede of it? Answere. It descendeth by the spondyles vnto the ende of the backe / & of it bredeth motyfe synewes. ¶Demaunde. What dyseases maye come to the scalpe of the heade? Answere. There maye come

woundes / appostumes / & yll complexyons. ¶De∣maunde. What woundes of the scalpe of the heed be moste peryllous? Answere. To penetrate all the skulle / but more the touchynge the rymmes / but moste of all y^t toucheth the substaunce medulare. ¶Demaūde. Wherfore is it that the operacyons Cyrurgycalles that are done about y^e cōmyssures be suspecte? Answere. For feare lest the dura ma∣ter fall nat on the pie mater / & that it compryme the brayne. ¶Demaunde. Howe ought the incy∣••••ons of the heed be made? Answere. They ought •••• ••e made accordynge as the heares do procede / 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so procedeth the muscles.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the face / and partyes therof.

Demaunde. Whiche are the partyes of the face / wherof it is composed? Answere. The ••••owes / the iyes / the nosethyrlles / the eares / the ••••mples / the chekes / the Iawe bone / with y^e teth. ¶Demaunde. Wherof is the forheade comsed? Answere. One of the skynne & musculous flesshe / ••or the bone vnderneth is of the coronall. ¶De∣maūde. Howe is the forme of the browes made? Answere, Of the bone that is vnder the browe, for ••he spongeosite of the seconde table of y^• sayd bone is reysed alonge as yf it were double / and that ma¦keth the forme of the browes. ¶Demaūde, wher¦fore are y^e browes made, Answere. They are made for the more beaute / and to saue the eyes / & ther∣fore the eyes are armed with them, ¶Demaūde,

Howe ought incysyons be made in those partyes? Answere. They ought to be made after the length of the body / for so procedeth the nuche, and nat af¦ter the rugnesse. ¶Demaunde. Wherfore are the eyes made / & where are they set? Answere. They are made to be instrumentes of the syght / and are set within the bone arbytall that is a party of the coronall / & the bones of the temples. ¶Demaū∣de. Wherfore are the synewes obtykes perced? An¦swere. For to be the waye of the spyryte vysyble. ¶Demaūde. What is the maner that procedeth the obtyke synewes from theyr bredynge vnto the eyes? Answere. It is thus / for fyrste they procede from both the sydes / one here and another there. And whan they are w^tin the skull they come and ioyne together / and than deuyde them eche from the partye that it is brede / & procede nat thwart eche ouer other crosse wyse from the ryght syde to the left syde / nor fro the left syde to the ryght syde, as some haue wened. ¶Demaunde. Of howe ma¦ny vestures or tunycles ben y^e eyes composed? An∣swere. Of .vij. The fyrste without is called coniūc∣tiua / that is thycke and whyte. And it compasseth all the eye / except that y^t appereth of that y^t is cal∣led cornea / and it is bred of the pānycle that coue∣reth the skull that compasseth all the eye / suppose that in it self is but thre / yet for the dyuersyte of colours that taketh aboute the myddes of the eye that is called yris, it is sayd that there is .vj. wher of the other thre ben of the partye of the brayne /

the other thre be of the partye withoutforth. The fyrste bredeth of dura mater / and in the inwarde party it is called slirotiqua / and in the outwarde cornea. The seconde bredeth of pia mater / and of the inwarde party it is called Secundina / and of the outward party it hyght vnca. The thyrde bre¦deth of the synew abtyke / and of the inwarde par¦ty is called rethina / and of the outwarde parte on the humour Crystallyn it hyght Aranea. ¶De∣maūde. Of howe many humours is the eye com∣posed? Answere Of .iiij. The fyrste that is set in the myddes of the eye is called humour crystallyn / by cause it is of colour of Crystall in forme of a hayle done / wherin pryneypally is founded the syghte. After this humour so nyghe the brayne is y^e giasy ••umour that susteyneth & compryseth all the hyn 〈◊〉〈◊〉 party of y^e humour crystallyne. And both these ••••mours ben wrapped with pānycle oblyke. The ••hyrde humour that is on the fore party is called the humour Albugineus. And this humour is be∣••wene the sayde weithe or tunycle called Rethina •• ••hat which bredeth of pia mater. The fourth hu¦••our putteth Galyen in the boke of y^e vt••lytes of y^e ••••rtycles & laste chapitre y^• is called the humours ••••••era lu••ida in the region of the blacke of the eye and it is all spyrytuall. ¶Demaunde. Wherof is the eye composed besyde the partyes aforesayd? Answere. Ouer and besyde these foresayd thynges the eye is composed of mouynge synewes / descen∣dyng fro the seconde equalyte of synewes cōmyng

downe fro the brayne / and the syxe muscles that moue them / and fro the vaynes and arteres / and the spongeous flesshe that fulfyl the places about the lachrymall / & the palpebres neyghbours car∣tylagynouses with heares determyned closynge the superyour partyes with a muscle / & openynge with two transuersall muscles. ¶Demaunde. Of howe many substaūces is the nose, and howe ma∣ny & what partycles hath euery substaunce? An∣swere. It is of thre substaunces / that is to wyt of substaūce flesshely / bony / and cartilagynous, The flesshely substaunce hath the skynne and two mus∣cles aboute the hynder parte. The bony substaūce hath two trianguler bones wherwith the brydge is reysed vp / and the foundacyons do ioyne on the one parte by the myddes of the length of the nose, and on the other after the dayes. The subcarty∣lagynous is dowble / one outwarde that maketh the typ of the nose / and the other inwarde deuy∣deth the nosethyrlles. The nosethyrlles ben two gutters ascendyng vnto the bone of the collatory where as are applicate the addicions mamylares of the brayne where as smell is & descendyng vn∣to the palays nygh lanulle / by the whiche chanels is drawen the fumous vaporacyon to the said pla¦ces. And the ayre is brethed & respyred to the lon∣ges / and the brayne is purged of superfluytees. ¶Demaunde. Of what substaunce / forme / and what place / and for what cause were the eares made? Answere. Fyrste they are made of cartyla∣gynous

substaunce. Secondly they are holowe of forme. Thyrdly they are set on the petrous bones. And fourthly they be ordeyned to the herynge.

¶Demaunde. Fro whens cōmeth the herynge to the eares? Answere. It cōmeth by the streyt holes of the bones petrous by meane of a synewe that cōmeth to the eares that bredeth of the .v. equa∣lyte of synewes of y^e brayne. ¶Demaūde. Wher∣of serueth the glaudinous flesshe that is vnder the ••ares? Answere. That they may be clensers of the brayne. ¶Demaunde. Wherof ferueth certayne vaynes that parnygh by that place? Answere. Af∣••er Lanfrankes in tencyon / bycause they cary the ••ater sparmatyke to the ballockes. And therfore yf ••hey be cut a man is neuer apte to generacyon. Neuerthelesse Galyen holdeth the contrary / as ••••••ycen recyteth in the treatye of the lygnage. ••Demaūde. Wherof serue the temples / the che∣•••••• / and the Iawes? Answere. They be parties of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sydes of the face. ¶Demaunde. Wherof are ••he chekes / the temples / and the Iawes compo∣•••••• Answere. Of the musculous flesshe w^t veynes / ••••teres / and bones. ¶Demaunde. Howe muscles ••re there in the sayd parties / and fro whens come ••hey? Answere. Fyrste there is .vij. muscles that moue the lyppes / & the chekes / whiche after Auy∣cen cōmeth from the forcule of the lower partyes. After Haly there is also .xij. that moue the nether Iawes / of the whiche some openeth it that come fro the place of the party of y^e eares. And the other

close it that descende from aboue in passynge vn∣der the bayle of the bones of the temples / & those are called tymporalles / and are ryght noble and very sensyble / & therfore theyr hurt is very peryl∣lous / by the reason wherof nature hath wrought wysely for to saue thē / & hath ordeyned y^e bought of the temples bones / and the other muscles are made for to grynde and chawe / and those procede of the balle of the chekes. And to all these muscles cōmeth sinewes fro the thyrde pareyle of synewes of the brayne. ¶Demaunde. Cōmeth there any veynes or arteres with y^e sayd muscles? Answere. Yea, chyefly about the temples, and the corners o•• the eyes / and the lyppes. ¶Demaūde. Howe ma∣ny bones is there in the partyes abouesayde? An∣swere. There is many. For fyrst there is .ix. bones of the chekes as Galyen sayth / thoughe there ap∣pere but two that are ioyned vnder the nose. And than is there two parell that are called the bones of the temples / the whiche in makynge a party of the orbytall / or emynent pomall that is rounde bryght apples of the chekes compassyng y^e chekes•• producynge an addycyon rounde aboute the addy¦cyon of the bone petrous, and maketh the bought vnder the whiche be conserued and kepe the mus∣cles of the temples. Than is there y^e nether Iawe bones wherof Auycen sayth that y^e nether Iawe is composed of two bones / whiche be narowe vn∣der the chynne / & there are knit by an onely ioynt, and in the top of euery of the other extremytees /

in cuttynge is a bowed sarrature which is compo¦sed with an addycion very subtylly made and bred there. The bones that come there are fastened w^t strynges. ¶Demaūde. Of howe many partyes is the mouth composed? Answere. Of .v. partycles. The lyppes / the tethe / the tongue / the roofe / and ••ncl••. ¶Demaūde. Fro whens cōmeth it that the ••••the haue felyng seyng that bones fele nat? An∣••••••••e. Albeit that the tethe be of bony substaunce, ••••••••rthelesse a••ter Galyen in the .xvj. boke of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of par•••••••••• ••••ey fele by reason of certayne ••••••••wes desce•••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••ro the thyrde pareyle of the ••••••ewes of y^• bra•••••• ••••at haue there theyr rotes. ¶Demaūde. Howe many tethe ought euery per∣sone to haue? Answere. Some haue mo / and some 〈◊〉〈◊〉. In some is soūde .xxxij.xvj. in euery Iawe. ••nd in other is founde but .xviij. That is to wyt / 〈◊〉〈◊〉 donales / two quadruples .viij. molares / and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cassalles. And theyr rootes are fyxed within ••he Iawes / of the which some hath but one / and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 other two / and some thre / and other foure.

••Demaunde. What is the tongue? Answere. It 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a partycle / flesshely / softe / and spongyous com∣••osed of many synewes / strynges / veynes / and ar∣••••••es for the taste / pryncypally ordeyned to speke / and vtyle to gouerne y^e meat in the mouth. ¶De∣maunde. Whens cōmeth the moeuynge to the tongue / and the vertue of taste? Answere. It com¦meth fro the veynes tastynge and moeuynge that cōmeth fro the .iiij. and .v. pareyle of the synewes

of the brayne. ¶Demaūde. Howe many muscles cōmeth to the tongue / and fro whens come they? Answere. There cōmeth .ix. that brede of the ad¦dycyon called sagitall of the bone named Lapheo¦ides. ¶Demaunde. Wherof serueth the glaudy∣nous flesshes that are vnder y^e tongue? Answere. They be ordeyned for y^e mortyfyeng of y^e tongue, for in the sayd flesshes is two oryfices wherby the spatele yssueth. And vpon y^e sayd flesshes y^e tongue is sytuate as vpon a molle hyll. ¶Demaunde. Wherof serueth the encla & the amygdales / and faulses / and where are they sette? Answere. Fyrste they serue to prepare the breth / & are set behynde the tongue towarde the palays. ¶Demaunde. What is the palays Answere. It is the hyghest place or rofe of the mouth. ¶Demaunde. Wher with is the palays of the mouth couered with his partyes? Answere. With a pānycle that bredeth out of the insyde of the stomacke.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the necke / & partyes of the backe.

DEmaūde. Wherfore is the necke made? An∣swere. It is chyefly made for the loue of the Trachea arteryall / and other party••ulles / moū∣tynge and descendynge by it. ¶Demaunde. Howe many partyes is there that constytueth and com∣poseth the necke? Answere. Fyue, The skynne / the flesshe / the muscles / the strynges / and the bones. ¶Demaūde. What partyes are conteyned in the necke Answere. Foure, Trachea / Arterea / Ysopha¦gus

called Meri. The wesaunt / the gull / and the throte. And also there is the synewes / the veynes / the arteres / and porcyon of the maroughe of the backe. ¶Demaunde. Howe may the necke be wel ••euyded to se the Anathomy parfytely? Answere. It ought to be deuided after the length and at the ••••••e parte. And there shall appere Trachea arte∣•••••• that is the waye of the breth in procedynge by ••••••••sion to the longes / goyng fro it to the throte 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gulle or en••la. ¶Demaunde. Wherof is ••••••••••hea arter••a composed? Answere. Of dyuers 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cartylag••nous / that are nat parfytely of ••••••••••rty of Meri / wherin they are conioyned or∣••••••••tly with a p••••y strong & lyght. ¶Demaūde. ••••at is the M••ri / 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is it s••••? Answere. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Meri otherw••s•• 〈…〉〈…〉hagus / is y^e way 〈◊〉〈◊〉 mete / & this 〈…〉〈…〉 of the throte 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thyrieth the m•••••••••• vnto y^• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••omacke. ••••emaunde. Wherof is the Me•••• composed? 〈◊〉〈◊〉. It is composed of two webbes wonen 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••h••••des•• ¶Demaūde. With what membre 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the me••i collygaūce•• Answere. Fyrste it hath ••••••••gaūce with the skynne o•• the mouth bycause 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his webbe withinforth is conteyned with the ••••yd pellicule. Secondly it hath collygaunce with ••he bely by his outwarde pellycle that is flesshely / whiche is conteyned with the pellycles of the bely. ¶Demaūde. Where is the wesaūt set? Answere. Upon the two wayes of the partyes of y^e mouthe. ¶Demaunde, What is the wesaunt? Answere.

It is a cartylagynous grystled partycle created and fourmed for to be iustrument of y^e voyce / and the keye of Trachea arteria in the tyme of trans∣gluttynge / by meane of an addycion called lingue forme / that is one of his partyes, ¶Demaunde, Wherof is the wesaunt composed? Answere. Of the grystles, About the sayde wesaunt is planted, ix, muscles mouynge all the holle of eche party / in mountynge and descendyng, & makyng the other moeuementes / as Galyen clerely sheweth in his boke of the voyce / & of clere moeuementes. ¶De∣maunde, What veynes and arteres be they that passeth by the partyes of the necke / that are to be noted at the Anathomy of the necke? Answere, They be the greate veynes & arteres that are led by the furculles in styenge vpwarde y^e sydes of the necke to the superyour partyes / whiche be called Guy degi / and popleticis / depe & suberall, Thyney¦syon of the whiche be very peryllous, The Cyrur∣gyen ought to be ryght well ware, ¶Demaunde, What is rydge? Answere, Spondyle is a bone (that constytueth the backe) bored in the myddes / wherby the nuche passeth / and hath in the rybbes that the synewes do yssue many addycyons moū∣tynge and descendynge outwardly makynge the chyne of the backe, ¶Demaunde, What is the backe? Answere, The backe is lyke y^e kele of a shyp conteynyng fro the hyndre parte of the heed vnto the necke cōposed of dyuers spondyles successyuely to defende the nawpe, ¶Demaunde, Howe many

spondyles are there in al y^e backe. Answere. There is in all and by all .xxx. The which to declare it is to be noted that as Galyen sayth in the .xij. & .xiij. boke o•• the ••tylyte of the partycles y^• in the backe is fo••••e great parties / that is the necke / the shol∣••••••s / the r••ynes / and the bone that some call (the holy bone) & some the brode bone or sholdre blade. And in the necke be .vij. spondyles. And in the shol¦••••••s or backe there is .xij.. In the raynes .iiij. then 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and by all there be .xxiij. very spondyles. And ••••s••de these there be .iiij. in the holy bone / and .iij. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••he rumpe / which be nat very spondyles, but sy ••••••••tudynarres, & as vycares. For the thre fyrste 〈◊〉〈◊〉 longe and byg / and haue none addycyons nor ••••••es in the rybbes / but before they be moch gry∣••••ied / specyally the last / and brede sklenderwyse as 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Thus the some in all and by all as well of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as nat very there be .xxx. spondyles. ¶De∣••••••••de. Howe many payres of synewes yssue of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••oddle / and in sūme of all y^e brayne? Answere. ••h••••e bre••eth of y^e noddle .xxx. payres of synewes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 there bredeth a payre of sinewes on euery spon 〈◊〉〈◊〉. And besyde all them there bredeth a synewe ••••••••out felow by the ende of lostary. And thus on 〈◊〉〈◊〉 party of the noddle there bredeth .xxx. payres 〈◊〉〈◊〉 synewes and one alone. And on the fore partye ••redeth .vij. payre of synewes / and thus in some in all and by al bredeth of the brayne .xxxviij. payres of synewes. ¶Demaunde. What be the loynes / and wherof were they? Answere. The loynes are

musculous flesshes lyeng in the sydes of the spon∣dyles of the backe that serue as hacoytes of the sy¦newes. ¶Demaunde. Wherof serueth a thycke pānycle as that which is vpon the skul and on the other bones that are on the spondyles? Answere. They be to bynde the spondyles togyther. ¶De∣maunde. Howe many maners of flesshe are foūde in y^e body of mankynde? Answere. Thre, the flesshe of y^e loynes proprely called cerniees, lyenge next to the spondyles as it is sayde. And the musculous flesshes of which is made the tenauntes moeuyng the heade and the necke / whiche are .xx. in nombre as Galyen sayth / and in the flesshe that fulfyll the empty places. ¶Demaunde. Howe many stryng{is} be there that holdeth the heed with the necke and the sholders? Answere. There be dyuers, Fyrst the fore parte where as be two byg ones that descen∣deth fro vnder the eares vnto the furcule, And in the hynder {per}te there is yet other greater y^t bindeth it to the spondiles of the backe & the sydes. There be other that descende to the sholdres in such dys∣posycyon that the tenaunt muscles and the stryn∣ges ben aboute the necke that maketh the heade bowe and y^e necke, & to lyft vp and tourne aboute, for without them it is nat possyble to make arty∣culacyon or mouyng, ¶Demaūde. What dysea∣ses may the necke suffre? Answere. Dyuers, as wel in it selfe as in conteyned places, as woūdes, dislo∣cacyons out of ioynt and appostumes / which in it be all peryllous, ¶Demaunde. Howe ought incy∣syons

be made in the necke? Answere. All alonge / for so goeth his partyes.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the sholdres / & the great handes,

IT is fyrste to be noted that a sholdre / homo∣plate / & the humere is all one, ¶Demaunde. Wherfore be y^e handes made? Answere. To take and defende the organes / and for that cause man is garnysshed with handes in steade of weapons, ¶Demaūde. Wherof ben composed the sholdres and y^e handes? Answere. They are made of skynne 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flesshe / of veynes / of arteres / of synewes, of mus¦••••es / of cordes / of strynges / of pānicles / of gristles, and bones, ¶Demaūde. Whens cōmeth the mus∣••••es and cordes that moue the armes / and howe are they sytuate? Answere. They descende fro the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 / and passe by the brest / and compryse and be ••••••••peth all the ioynt of the bone called vlna / or of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 addycyon / & are planted therin, ¶Demaūde. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 whens cōmeth the synewes that moue the ••••oldres and the armes? Answere. Fro the noddle 〈◊〉〈◊〉 passe thorough the necke, ¶Demaūde. From ••••e••s cōmeth theyr veynes & arteres? Answere. ••hey are sent fro the arme, ¶Demaunde. Howe ••any bones are in y^e sholdre? Answere. Two, the ••one sholdre blade / and the bone furculare, The bone spatulare yssueth fro the party of the backe / and is lyke a pal / for it is large and thynne fro the backe parte / with an apparence holden by y^e myd∣des, A••d at the party of the ioynte it is somwhat

longe and rounde in maner of a helue / with thre addycyons in the ende, The fyrste in the myddes that receyueth the ende of vlna in a socket, The se¦conde in the heyght is croked, and sharpe in ma∣ner of a rauens byll, And the thyrde is on the lefte syde outward more croked lyke an anker. The bo∣ne furculare cōmeth from the partye of the brest / and is rounde and styfe in the holownes of the su∣peryour party of the brest bone / & hath two braun¦ches / one goeth to one sholdre / & another to ano∣ther sholdre / and byndeth & closeth these two ad∣dycyons called Rostralles bycause the said myddle socket holde y^e ende of vlna more styfly in y^e ioynte, ¶Demaunde. Be the addicions abouesayd other bones than the bone of y^e sholdre? Answere. No, after Lanfranke and Henry / but are substancyall party of it / as it appereth by experyence. And also Galyen in the .xiij. boke of the vtilite of partycles the seconde and twelfe chapytre / where he sayeth that the homoplate towcheth the extremytees of the sholdres, and ioyneth and couereth togyder in maner of a coueryng / which is garde of all theyr artyculacyon as touchynge the sholdre / & ought to defende the vpper ende of the arme that it go nat out of his place. ¶Demaunde. What colly∣gaūce hath the bone furculare? Answere. It hath thre great collygaunces that goeth from the ende of the sholdre vnto vlna / & rounde about is boūde and strayned with great tenauntes that brede of the great muscles that cōmeth from the brest, & of

the sholdre plante in y^e bone that styreth it / of the whiche some do stretche vpwarde and the other downward, and y^e other two conuerse all about it. ¶Demaunde. In what partye of the sholdre is it where as is assygned the memory of the hert? An¦swere. It is assygned in the partye that is vnder the ioynt that is vnder the arme pytte that is fyl∣led with glaudynous flesshe ¶Demaunde. In how many parties is the arme deuysed that is cal¦led y^e great hande? Answere. After Galyen in the seconde boke of the vtylyte of partycles & seconde chapytre it is deuyded in thre great partyes. One is called vlna / the other lytel arme, and the thyrde the surall hande. ¶Demaunde. In howe many and what particles is the great hande composed? Answere. Of suche partycles as the other / that is of skynne, of flesshe, of arteres, and veynes. ¶De∣maunde. Howe many and what veynes is founde apperyng in the arme? Answere. Dyuers / the whi¦ch•• after the braunches that they make / and the ••••tending by y^e arme are diuersified, for although ••hat they in makynge of braunches they come vn¦••••r the arme pyttes / yet agaynwarde they ramy∣•••• in to two partyes. One parte goeth on the out 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the arme / and the other on y^e insyde. That 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the outsyde yet brauncheth more / and maketh •• braunche ouer the sholdre in to the heade. And ••he other descendeth and maketh two braūches / of the whiche one is deuyded on the outsyde of the arme in dyuers partes / and is called the corde of

the arme / b••t the other parte descēdeth to y^e parte of the arme / & appereth in the folde of the elbow / and there is called Cephalyca / and fro that place descendeth in to the hande / and appereth betwene the thombe and the fore fynger / and there it is cal¦led cephalica occularis. And that party that was deuyded vnder the arme pytt{is} that goeth in to the inwarde party in descending appereth within the bought of the elbowe / and is called Basylyc. And fro that place descēdeth in to the hande and appe¦reth betwene the myddle fynger and his neygh∣bour / and hygh Saluatell. And of these two sayd veynes that are in the bought of y^e elbow is made a braunche that appereth in the myddes of those ij. & is called Mediana. And dyuers other veynes are foūde in the arme / that for theyr smalnes the Cyrurgyen hath lytell a do w^t them. ¶Demaūde. Howe many notable synewes come in to y^e arme / and wherby, and wherof brede they? Answere. By the spondyles of y^e necke descēdeth in to eche arme foure notable synewes that brede of the noddle / one aboue, and another beneth, one behynde, and another before.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the great hande.

DEmaunde, Howe many bones are in y^e fyrste parte of the great hande that is named vlna or adiutor / & howe it is fygured? Answere, There is but one alone full of maroughe / and is rounde of fygure at both endes, for at the vpper ende it is

rounde as one onely entrynge in to the socket or pyt of y^e sholdre / & at the nether ende the roūdnes is double in the myddes in forme of a poully. And in the inwarde parte is a lytell apparence / and in the outwarde parte backewarde is a concauyte wherin is receyued the ende of the addicyon lyke a beke of a rauen, in to y^e byggest socket, what tyme that the arme is reysed / in suche maner that the sayde roundelles entre in to the holownesse of the sockett{is}, And whan the arme is stretched & bowed it cōmeth and maketh the ioynt of the elbowe,

¶Demaunde. Howe many bones is in the lytell 〈◊〉〈◊〉 / and howe be they figured? Answere. There ••e two and hyght focylles / that is to wyt the byg¦••••st that is in the arme / and is greater and lon∣••er than the other for the addycyon that it hath / that resembleth a beke / and it goeth towarde the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fynger, In makynge outwarde an enbossed ••••peraunce in maner of a wedge, The lesser goth ••••warde / and goeth fro the bought of the elbowe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the hande towarde the thombe / lyke as it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••oyne to it, And in both the endes of y^e same ••••••••yttes receyuynge the roundnesses, Towarde ••••••••owe ben receyued y^e roundnesses graduales 〈◊〉〈◊〉 adiutory with the addycyon that is lyke a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the sayde elbowe, And towarde the hande 〈◊〉〈◊〉 roundnesses of the bones of the hande / & they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 both bygger towarde the endes bycause of the ••oynture / and sklender towarde the myddes / and longer y^e synewes and the muscles, ¶Demaunde.

Howe many coniunction of bone be in the hande / and howe many bones in euery coniunction / and howe they are figured & formed? Answere. There be thre coniunctions of bone in the hande. In the fyrste coniunction be thre / and in the seconde con∣iunction foure. And of this nombre Auycen gy∣ueth his reason / bycause y^t the fyrste coniunction toucheth the focyll bones / as holdynge all to one bone / and therfore there maye nat so many holde. In the seconde coniunction there be foure, bycause there myghte be no mo for the space of thre in the fyrste coniunction towarde the focyll bones. And the bones of these two coniunctions be short, and these two coniunctions of bones be called the re∣cepte of the hande. In the thyrde coniunction be foure bones longer than the other. And that con∣iunction is called the brest of the hande or pecten. Howbeit Auycen putteth to these thre coniūction of bones one bone mo / which is added to the two fyrste coniunctions of the recept / and was create for to defende the synew of the brest of the hande. And this dyuysion of bones may be seen in the fy∣gure that was fygured afore. ¶Demaūde. Howe many fyngers is there in the hande, and howe ma¦ny bones in euery fynger? Answere. There be .v. fyngers / & in euery fynger thre bones. And thus in all the fyngers is but .xv. bones. By the whiche thynges aforesayde it may be knowen that in all the great is but .xxix. bones. That is .xv. in y^e fyn∣gers .xj. in the lytell hande .ij. in the arme / and one

in the adiutor. ¶Demaunde. Which bones out of ioynt of the abouesayd mēbres ben most easyest to set in agayne / & whiche be most dyffycyle? An∣swere. The moste difficyle is the ioynt of y^e elbow / and the easyest is the sholdre ioynte / & the meane is that of the hande.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the brest.

DEmaunde. What is the brest? Answere, It is the arke of the spyrytual membres. ¶De¦maūde. Of howe many partes is the Thorax and brest composed? Answere. Of two, for some be con¦teyned / and the other conteynynge. ¶Demaūde. Howe many partes of conteynynges, and of con∣teyned ben there in the brest / & what be they? An∣swere. Fyrste there be foure conteynyng{is} / the skyn, the flesshe musculous, the pappes, and the bones. And in the partyes conteyned there be .viij. That are the hert, the longes, the pānycles, the stryng{is}, the veynes, the arteres, the Mery of Ysophagus. ¶Demaunde. Wherof be the pappes composed / and with what membres haue they collygaunce? Answere. They be cōposed of whyte glaudenous ••••esshe, and with veynes, arteres, & synewes. Ther¦••••re haue they collygaunce w^t the herte, the lyuer, ••nd the brayne, and with the genytall mēbres.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the muscles of the brest.

DEmaunde. Howe many muscles be there in the brest? Answere, After Auycen there be.

lxxxx. of which some are cōmune at y^e necke / other at the sholdres / other at the mydryfe / other at the rybbes / other at the backe / & proprely other ar at the brest. ¶Demaunde, In howe many and what maners ben the bones of the brest deuyded? An∣swere. In thre maners / some be in the fore parte / other in the hyndre parte, & the other at the sydes. ¶Demaunde. Howe many bones be in the fore parte of the brest? Answere. Seuen, after as there be .vij. rybbes that ioyne to them / of whiche that vpwarde is nyghe the throte, that is receyued in the fote of the bone of the furcule aforesaid / & that belowe in the furcule is an addycyon cartylagy∣nous called Ency forme. ¶Demaūde, Howe ma∣ny bones are in the partye behynde the brest. An∣swere .xj. that are spondyles wherby the nuche passeth / wherof bredeth .xij. payres of synewes, bryngynge felynge and moeuynge to the muscles aforesayd. ¶Demaūde. Howe many bones be on eche syde of the brest? Answere. There be .xij. that haue .xij. rybbes coniūct to y^e .xij. spondyles aboue sayde. Of the whiche .xij. rybbes there be .vij. very, and .v. false or lyengly, for they be nat complete as the other be aforesayde.

¶Questyons vpon the partyes conteyned within the brest.

DEmaunde. Howe is the herte situate within the brest? Answere. Bycause that the hert is the begynnyng of lyfe / and is within the body as kynge and lorde of all the other mēbres / of whom

all the other membres do take influence. And for that cause it is set in the myddes of the brest / nat declynynge to one parte more than to another, as Galyen sayth in his .vj. boke of the vtylyte of par∣tycles. And this is certaynly vnderstande, for from the nether parte it is enclyned a lytell towarde the left syde / to gyue place to the lyuer that is on the ryght syde aboue the herte. And as to the vpper parte it declyneth somwhat towarde y^e ryght syde for to gyue rowme to the arteres. ¶Demaunde. Of what shape is the herte? Answere. It is of the lykenes of a pyne apple / for the narowe parte is towardes the nether partyes of the body. And the larger parte where as the rootes are holdeth to the vpwarde partes. ¶Demaūde. Of what sub∣staunce is the hert? Answere. It is of a harde sub¦staunce / and lacertous. ¶Demaunde. Howe ma¦ny celles is there in the hert? Answere. Thre, that is the ryght and the left betwene the sayd bentry∣cles is a pyt wherin the nourysshynge blode com∣mynge fro the lyuer is dygered and made spyry∣tuall / that is sent by the arteres to all the body / and chyefly to all the pryncypall membres / as to the brayne / where by dygestyon is take another ••ature, & is made anymall. And in the lyuer wher in it is made naturall. And to the ballocke where it is made genytall / and to all the other membres cause lyfe. And by the ryght ventrycle / the braun∣che of the veyne mountynge that bereth the blode fro the lyuer vpwarde and yssueth of it selfe, of the

whiche veyne the one parte called veyne arteryall goth to nourysshe the lunges. And y^e rest in moun¦tynge maketh sondry braunches vnto the hynder partyes / as is abouesayd. And fro the left ventry∣cle of the herte yssueth y^e veyne called pulsatyle / fro the which one parte goth to the lunges that there is called Arterea venalis that bereth y^e capenous vapours fro the lunges and introduceth the ayre for to coole the herte. And the other parte maketh braūches vpwarde and downwarde / as is aboue∣sayd of the other veynes. And ouer the thre oryfy∣ces of the sayde thre ventrycles there be thre pelly∣cles that open and close the entrynge of the blode and of y^e spyryte in conuenable tyme. ¶Demaun∣de. Howe many eares hath the hert, and howe are they set / and wherfore serue they? Answere. The hert hath two eares, on eche syde one set vpon the sayde laterall ventrycles y^t serue for to let the ayre in and out that is appareylled for it fro y^e lunges. ¶Demaunde. Wherof serueth a cartilaginous bone that is in y^e herte? Answere. It is to stay and strength it. ¶Demaūde. Wherof is the substaū∣ce of the coueryng of the herte? Answere. It is cal¦led precordi••••m, & is of a skynny substaunce / wher¦to descendeth synewes as vnto other inwarde in∣traylles. ¶Demaūde. With what membre hath the hert collygaunce? Answere. With all mēbres and specyally w^t the lunges, wherwith it is boun∣de. And with the mediastinū wherwith it is steyed and strengthed. ¶Demaunde. May the herte su∣stayne

dysease longe? Answere. No, for his great dygnyte.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the lunges.

DEmaunde. Of what substaunce is y^e lunges•• Answere. Of a softe substaunce, clere, spon∣geous, and whyte. ¶Demaūde. Howe many ma∣ner of vesselles be conioyned by the substaunce of the lunges? Answere. Thre, that is the braunche of the vayne arteryall that bredeth (as it is sayde) of the ryght ventrycle of the hert. And the braun∣che of the vayne pulsatyle that cōmeth fro the left syde. And the braunches of Trachea arteria that bereth the ayre to the herte. ¶Demaunde. Howe ben these thre maners of vesselles set within the lunges? Answere. They be deuyded ouer all y^e sub∣staunce by small ones and lesse, vnto a very small quantite. ¶Demaunde. Howe many lobbes hath the lunges? Answere .v. Thre in the ryght party / and two in the lefte. ¶Demaunde. Howe many pā••tycles be there in y^e brest? Answere. Thre. The fyrste couereth inwarde all the ribbes, and that is called pleura. The seconde hyght Mediastu••um / ••nd that deuydeth all the brest in the ryght party and left. And the thyrde is called the mydryfe that ••••nydeth all the spyritual mēbres from the nutry ••yfes / and is composed of pleura, & of the cyphac, and of the pānycle that hyght Cordorus / that is of synewes sent to it from the spondyles, and the flesshely partyes chyefly next the rybbes, that pro∣prely

is a muscle, the operacyon wherof serueth to put out superfluytees, as Galyen sayth.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the bely / and partyes therof.

IT is to be noted vpon these thynges that fo∣lowe, that the bely may be taken for two thyn¦ges. Fyrste for the stomacke. Secondly for the re∣gyon of all nutrytyfe membres / and so it is taken here. ¶Demaunde. What is the holle posycyon of the bely? Answere. It is vndre the region of the spyrytuall membres / so that the superyour parte that is at y^e entryng called p̄cordyal / & towarde y^e forcule, & the partye that is called stomacle, a thre fyngers nygh the nauyl downwarde / and the par¦ty vmbelycall synual is fro y^e nauyll downwarde / and the ypocondres be in the syde vnder y^e rybbes. And the parties called yliac are ouer the haūches. ¶Demaunde, To se the Anathomy very well in the partyes of the bely, as well the conteynynges as the contynued / howe ought the Cyrurgyen to open it? Answere. He ought to open it alonge and ouerthwart / this way and that / that he may the lyghtlyer se the partyes afore (that be the Myrac and Cyphac) as behynde / where as are the .v. spon¦dyles of the kydnees, and the flesshe ouer them.

¶Demaunde. Of howe many and what & howe many partes is the myrac composed. Answere. It is composed of .iiij. partes. Of the skynne, of the grease, of the flesshy pānycle, and of the muscles, of whom yssueth the cordes. ¶Demaūde. What is

Cyphac? Answere. It is a pānycle onely that is ad¦ded to the Myrac. ¶Demaūde. Howe many and what be the partyes conteyned in the bely? An∣swere .vij. Fyrste the ars gut, secondly the guttes, thyrdly the stomacke, than y^e lyuer, than the mylt, and the kydnees. ¶Demaūde. Wherfore are the muscles of the bely fourmed? Answere. For two reasons. The fyrste is to strength it. The seconde to expell the superfluytees of the membres. ¶De∣maunde. Howe many muscles be in the bely? An∣swere. After Galyen in the .iiij. boke of the vtylyte of partycles / and in the .vij. of his Terapentycke ••here be, viij, That are two all alonge cōmyng fro the boucler of the stomacke vnto the share bone / and two ouerthwart the backe, and entrelace by the myddes of the belye, And, iiij, from the angles transuersalles / of the which two brede in the ryb∣bes of the ryght syde, and go to the left syde, and of the hakle bones, and of the share / & the other two of the lefte syde, & go to the ryght syde of the sayd ••ones / in crossynge by the myddle of the bely.

¶Demaūde. What is ••he perytoneon / and wher¦••f is it dyryuate? of what substaunce is it / & wher¦••••re serueth it? Answere. It is sytuate vnder the ••ayde muscles, and it so named of Pery / that is to ••••y rounde aboute, and of Tonnes / that is to say ••ntestynon / for it goeth rounde aboute the nutry∣••yfe partyes / & is a lytell pānycle, synewy, subtyll, and harde / and serueth to kepe that the muscles compryse nat the naturall membres / and it maye

be enlarged, and comprymate in maner of other membres / and that it be nat lyghtly broken / and that the thynges conteyned in it yssue nat / as it happeneth to them y^t are greued therwith / and it is proprely called Cyphac. ¶Demaunde. What woūdes of t••e bely are moste peryllous and moste dyfficyle to heale, eyther they of the myddes of the bely / or they in the sydes? Answere. They in the myddes of the bely / bycause the partyes there ben more treatable / & the bowelles there come sooner out, than by other places, ¶Demaūde. What is Epypleon / and wherof is it composed? Answere. It is a pannycle that couereth and wrappeth the stomacke aboute / and is named of epi / that is to say ouer all or aboute, or pleon, that is to appere, for it pereth ouer all the stomacke / and is compo∣sed of two tunycles, the one thycke, and the other thynne, layde one on another, & of dyuers arteres, veynes, and synewes, and great quantyte of fat / and is called ars gut. ¶Demaunde. Wherof bre¦deth the pypleon / & wherfore serueth it? Answere, It bredeth of the partyes that be vnder y^e backe / and of the Cyphac, & it is ordeyned for to rechaufe the partyes nexte therto, as Galyen sayeth in the fourth boke of the vtylyte of partycles &, xiij, cha∣pytre. ¶Demaūde. May the pypleon holde longe whan it is hurte without great alteracyon / and howe ought it to be dressed? Answere, No, but it is lyghtly altered & chaunged for the fatnesse, and ought to be boūde and nat cut for feare of flux of

blode, ¶Demaunde. Of howe many skynnes or tunycles are the bowels composed / and wherfore serue they? Answere They be composed of two tu∣nycles / and serue fyrste to make dygestyon / and to brynge the Chilus to the lyuer by meanes of the veynes mescraykes / & to put out the fylthy super∣fluytees. ¶Demaūde. How many gutt{is} be there. Answere. Syxe / althoughe that they be ioyned togyther / yet haue they dyuers offyces / & dyuers shapes / wherby they are deuyded. Of the whiche syxe guttes thre be sklendre & thre byg. The fyrste of the thre sklendre is named Portanarium / or Duodenum. The seconde is called Ieiunium. And the thyrde is called Subtile. Of the thre byg / the fyrste hyght Esac / the seconde Colon / & the thyrde is the ars gut called Longaon, or y^e streyght gut. ¶Demaūde. Be the sayd guttes garnysshed with muscles? Answere. Yes / for the gouernynge of the superfluytees that they receyue & put out. ¶De∣maūde, What is the maner to make incysion for to knowe, dyscerne, and se well euery gutte by the Anathomy? Answere. Fyrste it behoueth to begyn ••t the ars gut / that is called longaum or rectum / and bycause that y^e fylthy mater shall nat let the / ••ynde it at the vpper ende, and let it be two endes, and be cut in the myddes of the lygature / and let the nether parte be left / & procede in dyscaruynge almoste vnto yleon / where as the gut begynneth that hyght Collon, which is byg with lytel celles / wherin the fecall mater taketh forme / and is two

fadom longe, or there aboute / & declyneth moche towarde the left kydney / & in mountyng towarde the mylt / & reuolueth of y^e party cōmyng towarde the ryght syde of the stomacke, vnder the pānycle of the lyuer, where receyueth a porcyon of the hu¦mour coloryke / which moueth it to put out the su¦perfluytees, and in the rancluyng it descendeth to the ryght kydney at the hyndre ende of the haūche there as begynneth the gutte called one eye, or the bag / for it semeth y^t it hath but one eye / although it haue two after y^e very trouthe. One wherat the fylthy mater / and another that it goeth out / but bycause that they be very nere it semeth y^t it hath but one / and this gut is very shorte / for it is but of a handfull longe. And bycause of the nyghnesse of the haunches / and bycause it is nat well boūde it descendeth sooner in to y^e ballocke coddes, whan a man is greued or broken than any other gutte / and of this gut is bred y^• sklendre gut that hyght Ylion / the which Ylion is well .vij. or .viij fadoms longe / & it hath many reuolucyons in all y^e backe. After this is the gut that hyght Ieiuniū, bycause it is alwayes emptye for the greate multytude of messerayke veynes that be aboute it contynually suckynge it / & for the colour that is sene betwene it and Portanarium that incyteth it contynually to expell that that is in it. And to this gut is con∣teyned the gut called Duodeum / whiche is so cal∣led bycause it is .xij. fyngers of lengthe / after the whiche foloweth y^e gut called Portanariū, so cal∣led

by his offyce, for it is the nether gate of the sto¦macke, as Mery is the vpper gate. ¶Demaunde. Wherfore is it y^t the woundes made in the small guttes neuer heale, & yet those of the great guttes heale somtyme? Answere, Bycause that the small guttes be full of pānycles / & the great guttes are ful of flesshe. ¶Demaūde. Howe may the Mezen∣tereon be knowen by Anathomy? Answere. To se the Mezentereon very well thou ought to bynde the guttes towarde the gut Portanariū and cut in maner as the longaon is / and than put all the guttes out. ¶Demaunde, Wherof is Mezente∣reon composed, and howe is it set? Answere. Fyrste it is composed of veynes messeraykes īnumerable braunched fro the veyne of the lyuer called Porta¦naria / and is couered & garnysht before with pā∣nycles and strynges y^t conioyne the bowelles with the backe / and with glandynous grease / and is cō¦monly called seame / which whan it is out ye may clerely se the Anathomy of the stomacke. ¶De∣maūde. What is the stomacke. Answere. It is the organ of the fyrste digestion engendreth the chyl∣••••s. ¶Demaunde. What is the place of the sto∣macke within the body? Answere. After Galyen in the .iiij. boke of the vtylyte of partycles and fyrste chapytre. The place of the stomacke is in the myd¦des of the body / bycause it is the cōmon almoner almes dealer and preparer to all the membres of the body / natwithstandynge that the superyour party therof somwhat enclyneth vnto the left syde

towarde the .xij. spondyles where as the dyafrag∣ma endeth / and the lower parte declyneth to the ryght. ¶Demaūde. What mēbres haue be made for to serue the stomacke? Answere. The fyrste is the mouthe / for in lykewyse as the veynes Meze∣ryalles be preparatyues of the seconde dygestyon that is done in the lyuer / lykewyse is the mouthe of the stomacke. For as Auycen sayth / y^e chawyng acquyreth some digestion. Afterwarde serueth the Mery and ysophagus of the vpwarde partyes in bryngynge the meate in to the stomacke. And of the nether partyes serueth y^e guttes, & the veynes Mezeraycalles to put forth the noyfull thynges / and dystrybute the profytable thynges dygested and chylozed in it. ¶Demaūde. Wherof serueth the stomacke? Answere. Proprely it serueth to dy∣gest by his heate of his owne carnosyte in the bo∣tome therof, as Auycen sayeth, and by the heates goten of the next partyes / for it hath the lyuer on the ryght syde that warmeth / and the mylt on the left syde that trauerseth it w^t his grease & wayes / wherby it sendeth the humour melencolyke to the stomacke for to prouoke it appetyte. And aboue i•• is the hert with the arteres that causeth lyfe / and the brayne that sendeth it a braunche of synewes from the vpwarde partyes gyuynge to it felynge. Also from the partye of the backe / and the veynes called kyllis, and adorthy, and dyuers other stryn¦ges descendynge fro it / wherby it is bounde with the spondyles of the reynes. ¶Demaunde. With

howe many skynnes is the stomacke couered? An¦swere. With two, one is flesshy that is outwarde, and the other is synewy that is inwarde. ¶De∣maūde. Of what villes is the stomacke composed. Answere, Of longytudynalles to drawe in & trans¦uersalles to reteyne / & latitudinalles to put forth. ¶Demaūde. Of what shape is the stomacke? An¦swere. It is rounde endlong in maner of concorde suche wyse curbed that his entrynges be hygher than his body / bycause y^e yssue of the thynges that it conteyneth be made inducly. ¶Demaunde. Of what quantyte is the stomacke? Answere. It is manyfest / for cōmonly it holdeth .ij. or .iij. pyntes. ¶Demaūde. What is the lyuer? Answere. It is the organe of the seconde dygestion / engendrynge blode. ¶Demaunde. Howe or where is the lyuer set in the body of mankynde? and of what fygure is it? Answere. Fyrste it is set vndre the bought of the rybbes / & is of fygure as of the moone / curbed towarde the rybbes / and is holowe towarde the stomacke with .v. lappes or pānulles in maner of handes comprysynge the stomacke. ¶Demaūde. whens cōmeth the felynge to the lyuer? Answere. It cōmeth by a pānycle that couereth it / to which cōmeth a synewe for his felynge. ¶Demaunde. With what membres hath the lyuer collygaūce? Answere, Fyrste w^t the dyafragma by his pānycle y^t couereth it which byndeth it to y^e diafragma w^t strong strynges. And also it hath colligaūce w^t the backe, w^t the stomacke, with y^e guttes, w^t the hert, and all the other mēbres. ¶Demaunde. Of what

substaunce is y^e lyuer. Answere. It is the substaūce of flesshe / and red as quayl••ed blode, entrelaced all about with veynes and arteres. ¶Demaunde. Wherof serueth a great veyne that cōmeth out of the holownes of the lyuer called Portanaria? Answere. It is bycause that all the succosyte that chyllus draweth by his braūches it transmytteth and dystrybuteth by all the lyuer / for that veyne is deuyded Mezeraycalles īnumerable that are planted in the stomacke and in the bowelles for to drawe & bere away the said succosite fro the lyuer. ¶Demaūde. Of what party of the lyuer yssueth a great veyne and holow called killis / and wherof serueth it? Answere, It yssueth out of the bosse of the lyuer / and serueth to dystrybute all the blode that is engendred within the lyuer ouer all the bo¦dy / for that veyne yssueth out of the lyuer, and ma¦keth braunches vpwarde & downwarde through all the body / wherby it dealeth the sayde blode to euery membre to fede it. ¶Demaūde. What are the medycynes y^t oughte to be applyed on y^e lyuer? Answere. That for the substaūce seldom dyssolua∣ble lyghtly it oughte to haue medycyne somwhat styptyke. ¶Demaūde. What is y^e galle? Answere. It is a bag or bladder pānyculous set in the ho∣lownes of the lyuer aboute the meane pānulle for to receyue the coleryke superfluyte. ¶Demaunde. Howe is testis fellis composed? Answere. It hath two entrynges or neckes betwene whiche is a dy∣staūce, wherof one is on the ryght syde that adres∣seth

towarde the myddes of the lyuer to receyue the colere. The other is at the botome of the sto∣macke / & in the bowelles to sende them colere for the vtylytees aforesayde. ¶Demaunde. Of what quantyte is the galle? Answere. It conteyneth peraduenture a glasse full / or the mountenaunce of a fyoyle. ¶Demaūde. What dyseases suffreth it cōmonly? and howe be they knowen? Answere. It suffreth opylacyons aswell in the necke propre, as in the necke cōmune. And the dysease knowen whan the stoppynge is in the necke cōmune / by∣cause that the colere may nat yssue out of y^e lyuer / nor the blode may nat clense but abydeth with the blode and maketh the vryne yelow, & all the body. And it is knowen whan it is in the necke propre bycause that the helpynges do fayle, that it was wonte to haue / & euen accydent foloweth as Ga∣••••en sayth in the .vij. boke of the dysease & the accy¦dent, and in the .v. of the interiours. ¶Demaūde. What is the mylte? Answere. It is the receyuer of melancolyke superfluite engendred in y^e lyuer. ¶Demaunde. What is the situacion of the mylt in the body of mankynde? Answere. It is of the left syde embracyng trauersly the stomacke. ¶De¦maūde. Of what substaūce is the mylt? Answere. It is of soft substaunce & spongyous, blacker then the lyuer. ¶Demaūde. Of what shape is y^e mylt? Answere. Of a longe fygure in maner of foure cor¦ners. ¶Demaunde. With what membres hath the mylt collygaunce? Answere. It is bounde by

his pānycle with the rybbes / and of his bosse and concauyte it hath collygacyon with the stomacke, and with the ars gut. ¶Demaūde. Wherin ser∣ueth the mylt in the body of mankynde? Answere. It serueth by these two wayes / for by one way it draweth the superfluyte melancolyke of the lyuer. And by the other waye it sendeth it to the oryfyce of the stomacke, for the causes abouesayde. ¶De∣maūde. What maner dysease doth y^e mylt suffre? Answere, It doth suffre opylacyons bycause that his ma••er is grosse / wherby the sayde opylacyons folowe other inconuenyentes / for whan it fayleth to clense the lyuer of the sayd superfluytees the bo¦dy is faynt and yll coloured. And whan it fayleth to transuyt the stomacke / nat sendynge y^t it ought to do / the appetyte wasteth or is taken away.

¶Demaunde. What solucyons of contynuyte be moste peryllous in them of y^e lyuer, or them of the mylt / and whiche of both suffreth strongest medy∣cynes? Answere. The solucyons of contynuyte be more daungerous in the lyuer than in the mylt? and the mylt suffreth stronger medycyns then the lyuer / & purgeth chyefly by the bely. ¶Demaun∣de, What thynges are the kydnees / & howe ma∣ny are in the body of man / and of what substaūce are they? Answere. They are partycles ordeyned to clense the blode of haynous superfluytees / and there be two of them on euery syde one, and are of the substaūnce of harde flesshe. ¶Demaunde. Of what shape are they? Answere. They are long of

shape as an egge comprymate / and haue in them concauytees / wheri•• ••hey receyue that whiche is drawen by them / and eche of them haue .ij. holes wherby they drawe the aquosyte of the veyne cal∣led kyllis / and by the other sende the sayd aquosite called pysse to the bladder. ¶Demaunde. What membres cōmeth to the kydnees / and with what membres haue they collygaūce? Answere. There cōmeth to them veynes, arteres, & synewes, wher¦of theyr pānycle is made / and theyr fat is lyke ta∣lowe / & haue collygaunce with the backe. ¶De∣maunde, Wheron are the kydnees sytuate? An∣swere. They are situate vpon the tumbes, wheron they be as on a coytte. ¶Demaunde. What vey∣nes passe betwene the kydnees ouer the spondyles. Answere. There passe the veyne adorty / descendyn¦ge to the nether membres / from the whiche very ••ere it yssueth the membres sparmatykes. ¶De∣maūde. What dyseases may the kydnees suffre? Answere. They do suffre many dyseases / and spe∣cyally they suffre opylacyons and stones that are harde to heale.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the haunches bones.

DEmaūde. How many bones ar in y^e huckles? Answere. After the veryte there is but one / howbeit after dyuers partyes of it there are thre. The fyrste is called the halowed sacred / or y^t there be thre or four spondyles on the party of y^e backe / and on that syde it is very byg / and towarde the

lower ende / y^t is to say th•• foundement it cōmeth in lessenynge / and there is i•• ••artilaginous / & this bone hath a hole before wherby passeth y^e synewes and nat by the syde as do other spondyles of the backe. The two other be two great bones / one on eche syde that be coniuncte w^t this great spondyle of the holowe bone behynde and before in makyn¦ge the pectynall bone, & these two bones are large on the yliake partyes / & on the party of the share they be narowe in maner of braūche / and ioyneth to y^e share before / and therfore are they called the share bones. And in the myddes of these bones of the backe partye there be two concauytees called exides or boxes / wherin are receyued the endes o•• the bones of the thyghes, called vertebres, & there are called the thygh bones. And all the sayd bones therby nyghe the parties of y^e foundement echone hath a great hole wherby descēdeth synewes, m••s¦cles, veynes, and arteres, that be broughte from aboue downwarde. ¶Demaunde. What is the bladder / of what substaunce / and of what shape / of what quantyte / & howe it is sytuate? Answere. It is a receyuer of aygnous superfluytees of the kydnees / and it is pānyculous and stronge / for it is composed of pānycles / and is rounde of shape / the bygnes for to holde a pynte, & is sytuate vnder the share. ¶Demaunde. Wherby receyueth the bladder the superfluite vrynal of the kydnees, and wherby is it put out? Answere. Fyrste it receyueth the superfluyte vrynall by two longe wayes that

descende fro the kydnees that entre by the sydes of the bladder dyagnōnelly by two angles / y^t whiche wayes are called the pores vritides, and by a car∣nous necke / with muscles closynge and openynge in bowyng and ouerpassynge to the yerde in men. And in women without reflyxyon vnto two fyn∣gers within the necke of the matryce / wherby she putteth forth that vrynall aquosite. ¶Demaūde. To what diseases is y^e bladder disposed? Answere. It is dysposed to opylacyons / aswell by stones as by graueylous vryne / y^t it receyueth of y^e kydnees. ¶Demaūde. Howe are medycynes applyed to the bladder? Answere. By cyrurgery. ¶Demaunde. Where oughte incysyon to be made for the stone in the bladder? Answere. At the necke without the ••eame perignous. ¶Demaūde. What are y^e spar∣matyke vesselles? Answere. They are certayne veynes that brede nere the kydnees / and nygh the veyne kyllis and adorthi berynge the blode to the genytal mēbres, aswel in man as woman wherin by the last generacion it is made sparme or sede of mankynde nature. ¶Demaūde. Howe many ma¦ners of sparmatyke vesselles be there? Answere. Two / for some bryngeth the mater sparmatyke ••n / and some putteth it out. They that brynge it ••e braunches of veynes and arteres that brede of ••he veyne kyllis and adorthi. And they that put it out be they y^t mounte nere to the necke of the blad¦der / and putteth the sparme out of the hole of the yerde, and with them is the synew suspensory and

sensyfe that descendeth to the genytalles. ¶De∣maunde. Howe be the vessels sparmatyke situate? Answere. They are set thus for towarde y^e grynde aboute the Myrac and Cyphac is a hole wherby descendeth from aboue the thre bodyes aforesayd, that is the veyne and artere that bryngeth / & the synewe sensytyfe that is harde to the necke of the bladder at the rote of the yerde, and the hole of the yerde / wherby mounteth the mater sparmatyke for to go out. And thus may be seen that yf y^e hole towarde grynde be out of measure large / the bo∣dyes superyours as the zyrbus, or guttes may des¦cende in the loceon, and swell the purs of the bal∣lockes as yf one were broken, and often maketh brustenesse where as maye descende moyste mater that wyll make a hermen.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the pyntyll.

DEmaunde. What is the yerde / and wherof is it composed? Answere. It is the yerde vy∣ryll / that is the cultyner and labourer of the felde of mankynde / and is the way of the vryne / and is composed of skynne, of muscles, of stryng{is}, of vey∣nes, and arteres, of synewes, and of ryght great bandes. ¶Demaunde, Where is the dysposicion of the yerde. Answere. It is planted vpon y^e backe of the share. ¶Demaūde. Fro whens are sent the skyn̄e, the stryng{is}, the veynes, arteres, flesshe, and the synewes? Answere. Fyrste the stringes are sent fro the bone satron / and the partyes nexte it. The

veynes, the arteres, the flesshe, the synewes, & the skynne are sent to it from the superyour partyes. ¶Demaūde. Howe many pryncypal wayes hath the yerde? and what dyuersyte of names taketh it in sondry partyes therof? Answere, It hath two wayes / that is of the sperme, & of the vryne / and the ende of the yerde hyght balanum. The bowell hyght mitra / and the heade hyght prepuce. ¶De¦maunde. Of what quantite ought y^e yerde of man to be? Answere. Cōmonly of .viij. or .ix. ynches / howebeit to be plyfyke with any woman it ought to be proporcyoned at the necke of her matryce.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the losseum.

DEmaūde. Wherof bredeth the losseum / and wherof taketh it name. Answere. It bredeth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Syphac & Myrac / theyr partyes passynge and hangyng outwarde of it vpon y^e backe of y^e share at the begyn̄ynge of it. It is called the Dymdyme and there it doubleth / and fro the lower partye it is called Loceum / and is the coddes of the geny∣••alles. ¶Demaunde. What are the ballockes? Answere. They are the pryncypall organs of the generacyon of mankynde / for in them the mater spermatyke is made parfyte & sure. ¶Demaūde. Fro whens cōmeth the sperme to the ballockes? Answere. From all the body / and specyally fro the pryncypall membres for the bredynge of theyr ves¦se••les, as of the herte, the lyuer, and the kydneys. And for the cause of delectacyon the brayne hath

cōmutacyon therin, for the synewes that descende fro the brayne to the ballockes. Thus of all the body it taketh nature / nat by quantyte but by vy∣gour. ¶Demaūde. What is the matryce / and in what place is it set? Answere. The matryce is the felde of generacyon of mankynde, & organ suscep∣tyfe of gendrynge mater / and is set betwene the bladder and the longaon. ¶Demaunde. Of what substaunce is the matryce? Answere. Of a pānycu¦lous substaunce. ¶Demaunde. Of howe many skynnes or tunicles is the matryce composed? An∣swere. It is composed of two skynnes / of whiche the inwarde is ful of sharpe veynes / with y^e endes of which veynes be conteyned with the pannycles Lembryon / and are deuyded in two parties pryn∣cypalles after y^e nombre of the dugges / & thoughe there appere but these two chaumbres in the ma∣tryce / yet after Mundyne there are .vij. smal chaū¦bres in the matryce, thre in eche of the two chaū∣bres / and one in the myddes / and the outwarde tunycle neruous. Nat as Auycen sayeth that it is create of synewes cōmynge fro the brayne / but as in substaūce is consēblable neruous, for it is why∣te, and pryuate of menstruall blode, & is stretchyn∣ge as the synewes / for it streyneth and loseth as nedes requyreth. It cōmeth but very lytell of sy∣newes wherby it feleth / & this outwarde tunycle is all playne, and is nat deuyded. ¶Demaūde. Of what shape is the matryce? Answere. It is the shape of the instrument of generacyon of men / for

it is proporcionly made to the yerde and coddes of mānes genytours, excepte that it is reuersed, and is holowe within for to receyue mannes yerde in the tyme of copylacyon / for the necke of the ma∣tryce is lyke a mānes yerde / and the matryce with in is lyke coddes or purce of y^e genytalles of men. And as men haue two ballockes or stones y^t passe and appere outwarde / so haue women inwarde / except that they be bygger in the man than in the woman. And in men they are longwyse & rounde / and in women they be rounde and flat, and are set on both the sydes of y^e matryce eche on a syde. And euen so as the vesselles spermatykes ben in y^e myd¦des of the ballockes outwarde / so be they inwarde in women. ¶Demaunde. With what membres hath the matryce collygaunce? Answere. Theyr collygaūce pryncypally is with brestes by the vey∣nes of mylke, & menstrualles, for the which thyn∣ges nouryces haue nat well theyr menstruous floures. ¶Demaūde. Of what quantite is the ma¦tryce / and the necke of it? Answere. The matryce cōmeth almoste fro the nauyll vnto y^e vtter parte of the cont, in comprysynge the necke and all the body of the matryce. Howbeit the necke of the ma¦tryce ought for to be naturally of .x. or .xj. fyngers brede / & after as the woman hath to meddle with man flesshely lytell or moche / it waxeth longe or shorteneth. And also it waxeth longe or short af∣ter as the man that medleth with her hath his yerde shorte or longe.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the ars gut / whiche was lefte afore the better to se the Anathomy of the other nutratyfe mem∣bres.

DEmaunde, What is the Longaon / of what length is it / and where is it set? Answere. It is the ars gut that is a palme or handefull longe almoste to the kydneys / and is set ryght ouer the foundement on the backe and tayle. ¶Demaūde. Howe many muscles be in the ars gut / and wher to serue they it? Answere. There be two that open and close it whan it nedeth. ¶Demaunde. Howe many veynes cōmeth to the gut nygh to the foun∣dement? Answere. Fyue braunches of veynes na∣med Emorroides or Emorroidalles. ¶Demaun∣de. With what membres hath the ars gut colly∣gaunce? Answere. With the bladder, and therfore whan one of them suffreth so doth y^e other. ¶De∣maunde. What is the pigneum? Answere. Pig∣neum in Arabyke is to saye the ars hole. And it is the place betwene the ars & the yerde / whiche is a seame that foloweth the coddes / and the stocke of the yerde. ¶Demaunde. What are the gryndes? Answere. They are the clensynge places of the ly∣uer / & are of Glaudynous flesshe ordeyned to the bought of the thyghes. ¶Demaunde. What are the buttockes? Answere. They are grosse muscu∣lous flesshe ordeyned ouer y^e bones of the thyghes, and hukcles wherfro descendeth muscles, cordes,

and strynges, mouyng the thyghes, and the great legge with the hukcles.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the great fote.

DEmaūde. Where begynneth the great fote / and howe f••rre it lasteth / and in howe many partes the great fote is deuyded? Answere. The great fote lasteth fro the ioynt of the hukcle called 〈◊〉〈◊〉, vnto the ferdest parte of the toes / and is deuy¦ded as the great hande in thre parties. The fyrste is called the thyghe / the other the legge / and the last the lytell fote. ¶Demaunde. Wherof is the great fote composed? Answere. At y^e great hande, with ••••ynne, flesshe, veynes, arteres, muscles, stryn¦••es, grys••les, and bones.

¶Questyons vpon the veynes of the great fote.

DEmaunde. Fro whens cōmeth the veynes to the great fote / & howe do they dyuyde them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the great fote? Answere. After that the veynes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 makynge braunches, at theyr begynnynge ben ••••scended to the last spondyle & there are dyuyded 〈◊〉〈◊〉 two partyes / one on the ryght / another on the ••••ft / eche of them lykewyse ar diuided in two braū¦••h••s / fro thens one goeth to the outwarde parte / and the other to the inwarde in makynge braun∣ches descendynge by the legges to the ankles and fete. ¶Demaunde. Howe many and what veynes ben let blode cōmonly in the great fote? Answere. There be .iiij. the sopheynes that are vpon the an¦cle

inwarde towarde the hele / and the scyatyke vn¦der the ancle outwarde / and the popletyke that is vnder the kne / and the arenal that is betwene the lytell too and his nexte felowe. ¶Demaunde. Wherof bredeth the synewes that cōmeth to the great leg / and where passe they? Answere. They brede of the laste spondyles of the kydneys / of the holy bone, and the moste parte of them pas by the hole of the thyghe bone / and make muscles in the bought of the ••ne / so that they descendynge from the hukcles & cleue to the bone of the thyghe with the cordes mouynge the ioynte maketh the great brawne that are on the thygh that styreth the kne and the leg, and the calfe ouer the leg mouyng the fote and ancle / & the muscles of the fete mouynge the toes / after the fourme and maner as is before sayd of the hande. ¶Demaunde, Howe goeth the longe and byg strynges / where ende they, & wher•• appere they moste? Answere. They descende by all the leg / and appere greatly in the greyndes & vn∣der the knees, and vnder the hele, and on the ioyn∣tes of the toes, and the sole of the fote is all full / and there they ende.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the great fote.

DEmaūde. Howe many bones are in y^e thygh and of what shape be they? Answere. There is but one bone / and that is ful of maroughe, and is rounde in one party / and the roundnesse therof vpwarde hyght Uertebrum y^t declyneth inwarde,

and is receyued in the pyt of the hukcle bone / and is somwhat bossed outwarde / but in y^e inward par¦ty towarde the kne are two roundnesses whiche ben receyued & wrapped in two concauytees that are in the focylle of the leg. And ouer it one rounde bone aboue that is called the knop of the kne.

¶Demaunde. Howe many bones are in the kne / and howe be they named? Answere. There be two that be called y^e morteys bones / wherof y^e greatest is on the insyde parte / wherof is made the sharpe¦nynge and conioynynge of the leg / and goeth fro the kne vnto the fote makynge the ancle inwarde. The lesser pyt bone is in the vtter parte / descen∣dyng vnder the kne a lytell / and is smoth vnto the fote ioynynge there with the other pyt bone ma∣••ynge the outwarde ancle. ¶Demaūde. Of what shape are y^t two focyl bones? Answere, The grea∣••est hath two pyttes towarde the kne whiche re∣••eyue the roūde endes of the thyghe bone / for the ••••sser cōmeth nat vnto the ioynt / but is smothe as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is sayd / and lyeth nygh vnder the kne / and ther¦••ore it is called arcus. And towarde the fote in the ••••ynynge with the bygger bone both they make 〈◊〉〈◊〉 holowe pyt or morteys wherin the fyrste bone of the fote is receyued. ¶Demaūde. Howe many coniunctions or assemblyng of bones are in the ly¦tell fote / and howe many bones are in euery con∣iunction? Answere. There be thre. In the fyrste coniunction be thre bones assembled in one roūd∣nesse. The fyrste hyght Caab in Arabyc, in Greke

Astra gallus, & is in maner as y^t nut of a crosbow rounde on eche syde. In the vpper roūdnes therof is affyrmed the holownesse of the pyt or morteys bones, and there the fote is moued, and the nether roundnes is affyrmed to the concauyte of the ma¦nyculare bone / and after that forwith toward the bone called Nanyculer / that is a synew concaued on eche syde. In the fyrste concaue is receyued the roundnes of Cohas aforesayd. In the seconde con¦caue is receyued y^e seconde coniūction of the bones of the fete / and vnder them is the bone of the hele, of the whiche all the fote is stedyed / and yssueth towarde the hyndre parte for y^e strynges that are fyxed in it. ¶Demaunde. Howe many bones is there in the seconde coniunction / & howe are they fygured? Answere. There be foure that be short ynough / one of them is called grandmos••n / that is on the vtter parte towarde the lytell too. And these bones be rounde towarde the nanyculare / & holowe towarde the thyrde coniunction. ¶De∣maūde. Howe many bones are in the thyrde con∣iunction of the lytell fote? Answere. Fyue longe ynough that coresponde & receyue the toes. ¶De¦maūde. Howe many toes is there in eche fote, and how many bones is in euery too? Answere. There be fyue toes / in euery too thre bones / excepte the great too that hath but twayne. Thus in nombre there be .xxvi. bones in the fote. And in all y^e great fote or great leg there be .xxx. ¶Demaūde. Whi∣che of the said ioyntes is moste easy to set agayne,

and whiche is moste dyffycyll? Answere. That of the lytell fote is moste dyffycyll / & that of the kne is more / and the scyatyke is meane.

¶Here endeth the seconde treaty of this present questyonary.