Romanæ historiæ anthologia An English exposition of the Romane antiquities, wherein many Romane and English offices are paralleld and divers obscure phrases explained. By Thomas Godwyn Master of Arts: for the vse of Abingdon Schoole.

Lib. 1. Sect. 1.

Of the chiefe parts of the Citie.

CHAP. 1.

De monte Palatino.

ROmulus, and Remus being (as it is agreed vpon by most writers)a 1.1 the first founders of Rome, built it at the first inb 1.2 forme of a quadrangle vpon one only hill called Mons Pa∣latinus, though Fabius left Rome, as it was first builte, with the fieldes thereof painted in the forme of a c 1.3 bow, the river. Tiber being the sting thereof. Vpon this hill was alwaies the seate of the Romane Empire, which from the hill tooke the denomina∣tion of a Palace: and henced 1.4 all stately buildings, which we call Palaces, tooke their name, Palatia. This hill had his first appellation Palatinuse 1.5 quasi Balatinus, à balando, from the bellowing of cattell, pasturing there in former times. But in processe of time sixe other hills by severall kings of Rome were added; whereby the city, and the Po∣moerium, that is, the territories of the citie were enlarged: and Rome was called vrbs septi-collis .i. the citie vpon sea∣ven hils. Vpon this Palatine hill also stood the Asylum, or

sanctuarie of refuge, which Romulus openedf 1.6 in imitation of Cadmus, who at the building of Thebes was said to haue opened a sanctuarie of refuge, whither whatsoever malefa∣ctor could escape, were he bond or free, hee was not to be punished. It was much like vnto a custome of the people in the citie Croton, who flying, vnto the altars of their Gods, obtained the forguienesse of faults not voluntarily committed. Whence these two phrases are expounded a∣like, Ad te tanquàm ad Asylum, and Ad te tanquàm ad arā confugimus .i. we fly vnto thee as our only refuge.

CHAP. 2.

De monte Capitolino.

THis hill was famous for three names: it was called Capitolium, mons Tarpeïus, and mons Saturni. It was named Saturnes hillg 1.7 from the heathenish God Sa∣turne, who vouchasafed to vndertake the protection of that [ 1] place. It was named the Tarpeïan hillh 1.8 from Tarpeïa one of the Vestall Nuns, daughter to the chiefe-keeper of the [ 2] Capitoll (this hill being the castle of defence for the whole towne.) For this Tarpeïa betrayed the Capitoll into the e∣nemies hands, bargaining to haue the golden bracelets vp∣on her enimies left hands for this her treason. Now the e∣nimes when they were admitted in did cast not their brace lets alone but their bucklers also vpon her, through the weight whereof she was pressed to death: vpon which oc∣casion the whole hill was afterward called the Tarpeï∣an mount; but more principally a certaine rocke of that hill called Tarpeïa rupes, from whence malefactours were sundry times tumbled head-long. [ 3] The same hill was likewise called the Capitoll, be∣cause when the foundation of a certaine Temple, built in

the honour of Iupiter, was laid a mans head full fresh, and liuely, as if it had bin lately buryed,i 1.9 yea hot bloud issuing out of it, was found there.k 1.10 Arnobius saith, that the name of this man being aliue was Tolus, and hence from Caput and Tolus the whole hill was called Capitolium.

CHAP. 3.

De colle Quirinali.

THis hill being in former time called Agonalis, then began to be called Quirinalis, whē certaine Sabines, called in Latine Curetes, came and inhabited there, (truce being made betweene the Romanes, & the Sabines:) though some woulde therefore haue it named Quirinalis, because there was a temple erected in the honor of Romu∣lus, called also Quirinus. It was called in the time of the Emperours mons Caballus, that is, the horse-hill, taking its denomination from two marble statues of Alexander ta∣ming his horse Bucephalus: which statues Constantine the Emperour brought to Rome, and placed thē in the middest of certaine bathes, which he made vpon this hill. There do appeare in this hill three risings, or hillockes, the one be∣ing called Salutaris, the other Martialis, & the third La∣tiaris. All this may be collected out ofl 1.11 Rosinus.

CHAP. 4.

De monte Coelio.

THis hill hath his name from a certainem 1.12 captaine of Hetruria, which assisted Romulus against the Sa∣bines. On this hil king Tullus Hostilius erected state∣ly edifices, which for a time served as his palace: but after∣ward they became the chiefe Counsell-house, whither the

Senators assembled thēselues, for the determining of state-matters: & because this Curia did farre exceede all others, therefore authors many times vse this wordn 1.13 Curia simply, without any adjunction to signifie Curiam Hostiliam, as if there were no other. It much resembleth our Privy-coūsel-chamber in respect that none might sit there, but only Se∣nators; whereas in the court-house, which Pompey built (be∣ing therefore called Curia Pōpeïa)o 1.14 other city-Magistrats were admitted amongst the Senators: and in curiâ Iuliâ .i. the court-house which Iulius made, were examinedp 1.15 for∣reigne matters, as Embassages: but in curiâ Hostiliâ dome∣sticall matters only were treated of, and that only by the Senators.q 1.16 At this present time this hill is beautified with many Christian Churches, as the Churches of S. Steven, S. Paul, and S. Iohn, our Saviours Hospitall, &c.r 1.17 It was also called Mons Querculanus from the abundance of oakes growing there.

CHAP. 5.

De monte Esquilino.

THis hill was so named quasis 1.18 excubinus ab excubijs .i. from the night watching which Romulus did vnder∣take vpon that, somewhat distrusting the fidelity of the Sabines in the beginning of their league. In this hill there were three hillockes named Cispius, Oppius, and Septimius.

CHAP. 6.

De monto Aventino.

THE Aventine mount tooke his namet 1.19 from Aven∣tinus a certaine king of Albanum, which was there buryed. Vpon this hill stoode Hercules his altar, and

certaine temples consecrated to Iuno, Diana, Minerva, Lucina, and Murcia .i. Ʋenus: whence the hill hath some∣time beene called Diana her hill, & Mons Murcius.u 1.20 Here were those Scalae Gemoniae, whither condemned persons were dragged, and so cast headlong into the river Tiber downe a paire of staires. Vponx 1.21 this mount Remus would haue built Rome, & therefore it was called Remonius mons. But since it hath beene called mons Rignarius, as it appea∣reth by Plut. in the same place. It had moreover the name of the holy mount, being called in Latine Mons sacer.

CHAP. 7.

De monte Viminali.

BEcause of the abundance of wicker twigs, which did grow vpon this hill, it was called mons Viminalis, vi∣men signifying a twigge, or ozier. I am not ignorant that some would haue this hil to be named Viminalis from Iupiter Vimineus, whereas Iupiter himselfe was named Vi∣mineus from this hill, because he had here many altars ere∣cted in the honour of him. Both this hill, and Iupiter were called Fagutales from sylva fagea .i. a cops of beech-trees, which did grow therevpon. vid. Rosin. Antiq. lib. 1. cap. 9.

CHAP. 8.

De tribus collibus adiectis.

THreey 1.22 other hils there were, which in processe of time were added vnto the city, which partly because they were not included within the Pomoerium so soone as the o∣ther, but chiefly because they were not of such note, there∣fore Rome retained the name Septi-collit .i. the city vpon 7. [ 1] hils. The first of those hils was called Collis hortulorum .i. the hill of gardens, so tearmed because of the many gardēs

neere adjoining.z 1.23 Here was the Cireque, or the shew-place of the strūpet Flora, which made the people of Rome heire to those goods which shee had gotten by prostituting her body to young gentlemen, leaving also a certaine summe of mony to procure a celebration of her birth-day: which because of her infamie the people shaming to doe, they fei∣ned her to be the goddesse of flowers, and that shee must first be appeased by sports, and plaies performed in the ho∣nour of her, before the trees and fruits of the earth would [ 2] prosper. The second was called Ianiculus from Ianus that two-faced God: who, as writers testifie, was there buried. It did lie beyond the river Tiber, and now hath changed its name, being called from the yellow sands mons aureus, and through negligence of the Printer, Montorius .i. the goldē [ 3] mountaine. The third was famous for the many divinati∣ons, and prophecies vttered vpon it, and thence was it na∣med Vaticanus from Vaticinium, a foretelling.a 1.24 It is at this time famous for a library in it, called Bibliotheca Vaticana.

CHAP. 9.

De Foro Romane.

FOrum hath diverse acceptions: sometimes it is taken for a place of negociation, or marchandising, which we call a market-place; and being taken in this sense it hath commonly some adiectiue ioined with it, as Forum boarium, the beast-market, forum piscarium, the fish-mar∣ket, Olitorium forum, the hearb-market. Other times it is taken for any place, wheresoever the chiefe governour of a province doth cōvocate his people togither, there to giue iudgement according to the course in law: whence a man is said Forum agere,b 1.25 when he keepeth the Assises, and Fo∣rum indicere, when he appointeth the place, where the As∣sises shalbe kept. Thirdly it is taken for a place, where con∣troversies

in law are iudicially determined, and orations are had vnto the people. And of this sort there werec 1.26 fix distinct Forums: One called Forum Iulium, because it was [ 1] built by Iulius Caesar. A secōd was added by Octavius Au∣gustus, [ 2] called therefore Augusti Forum. The third Forum [ 3] was founded by Domitian the Emperour: but by reason of his suddaine death Nerva had the finishing thereof. It had the name of Forum Transitorium, the transi∣torie Forum, because there was transitus .i. a way or passage through it into three severall market places. A [ 4] fourth was added by the Emperour Traianus, wherein was erected a stately columne or pillar 140 cubites high, ha∣ving all the noble exploits performed by Traianus engra∣ven in it. Another was called Salustij Forum, because Salust [ 5] bought it with diverse gardens adioyning, which since haue beene called horti Salustini. The last Forum, which in∣deed [ 6] was first built, and in all respects excelled the rest, was called Forum Romanum, and Forum vetus, or by way of ex∣cellēcy the Forum, as if there were no other Forum. Where we must vnderstand, that as often as Forum is vsed in this latter sense, namely for a pleading place, it is so vsed figu∣ratiuely, by the figure Synecdoche: for in truth the plea∣ding place, wherein Orations were had, was but one part of the Forum Romanum, namely that Chappell, or great building, which they called Rostra.d 1.27 Round about this Fo∣rum Romanum were built certaine trades-mens shoppes, which they tearmed Tabernae; and also other stately buil∣dings called Basilicae Pauli. Here was the Comitium, or hall of iustice; the Rostra, .i. the Orators pulpit; Saturnes san∣ctuary, or the common treasure house; and Castors temple: of all which in their order.

CHAP. 10.

De Basilicis.

BAsilicae were vpper buildings of great state and much cost, being supported with Pilae .i. flat. sided pillars; & hauing vnderneath them walkes, much resembling our cloisters, saving that the I••tercolumnia, or space be∣tweene the pillars lay open vnto the very grond. That they were vpper buildings may be collected by the custom of many men, which were wont to walke vnder these Ba∣silicall buildings, and therefore were called Subbasilicani by Plautus. The vse of these were principally for thee 1.28 Iud∣ges to sit in judgement: but in their absence it was lawfull for marchants to deale in their businesses. Those of chiefe note were three, thus named, Pauli, Porcia, and Iulia.

CHAP. 11.

De Comitio.

COmitiumf 1.29 was a part of the Forum Romanum, being a great large hall of iustice, which for a long time was open at the top having no covering, and for that reason the assemblies were often dissolved in rainy, or vnseasonable weather. In it stood the Tribunal, being a place erected vp on high in forme of our pulpits, but many degrees larger, & in the midst therof the Sella Curulis .i. the Ivory chaire, frō whence the chiefe magistrate administred iustice; other inferior magistrats fitting on bēches on each side, which were called Subsellia, because they were lower thē the Tribunal. Those which sate vpon these benches had power cognoscere, but not pronuntiare; much like to our Iu∣stices at the Assises, which may examine or informe against a malefactor, but not condemne him. Where wee may ob∣serue the difference betweene Comitium, signifying such an edifice, or building, and Comitia, signifying the Roman assemblies: both being so called à coeundo.g 1.30 In this hal did stand an Altar, vpon which the Iudges laying their hands,

did take their oath to administer iustice without partiali∣ty. It was called puteal Libonis.

CHAP. 12

De Rostris.

NEXT to the Comitium stood the Rostra, a goodly faire edifice in manner of the bodie of a Cathedrall Church. In it stood an orators pulpit deckt & beau∣tified with the stemmes of many ships, which they got frō the people of Antium in a memorable battle vpon sea: and h 1.31 hence from those ship-beakes called in Latine Rostra, hath this place taken his name. It may bee englished the great Oratory, or place of common plea.

CHAP. 13.

De templo Castoris.

ANother part of the Forum was a sanctuarie built in the honour of Castor, and Pollux: thei 1.32 reason there∣of was because they appeared vnto the Romans in the Latine warre in the likenesse of two Angels sent from heaven to lead the Roman army, and to assist the Romans against the Latines: who being vanquished, they suddenly were departed out of the field, none knowing how, & even in the same moment they appeared vpon their sweating horses vnto the Roman citizens in the Forum, who taking them for souldiers demanded what newes they brought home from the campe: they replyed that the Romans were conquerours: which newes being delivered, they suddenly vanished, and were seene no more. Vpon this occasion did A. Posthumius being at that time Dictator, build a Tem∣ple in that place of the Forum, where they were seen in ho∣nour of them both. Although in the after ages it had the name only of Castors Temple; Whence arose the ieast of M.

Bibulus against his fellow Consul Iulius Caesar, saying that it fared with him, as it did with Pollux; .i. as this Tem∣ple which was erected in the honour of both the brethren, caried the name only of Castors Temple; so the great expēces in exhibiting shewes in the time of their Consulshippe though they went deeper on Bibulus his side, yet Caesar ca∣ried away all the thankes, and credit. Insomuch that the people being wont to subscribe the names of both Con∣suls at the end of their deeds, and Charters, for a remem∣brance of the yeare; that yeare they wrote, Such a thing done not Bibulus, and Caesar, but Iulius and Caesar being Consuls.

CHAP. 14.

De aede Saturni.

SAturnes sanctuariek 1.33 was the common treasure house, wherein the subsidie mony which the commons payd vnto the treasurers called Quaestores, was to bee laid vp: whereof divers men coniecture diversly. Alexander Neop.l 1.34 saith, that Saturne found out the vse of brasen mo∣ny: and therefore this Temple might be thought the fittest place for the treasurie. Plutarch thinketh rather that the making of the treasurie in that place did allude to the in∣tegrity of the time, wherein Saturne raigned, being the worlds golden age.m 1.35 But the most receaued opinion is the strēgth of the place, whereby it was the safer from theeues. This temple by reason of the vse it was put vnto, was cal∣led aerarium from aes .i. brasse: which name now is common to all treasure houses; for that the first mony vsed by the Romans was of that metall, vntill the yeare of Rome 485 (as Pliny witnesseth lib. 3. cap. 33.)n 1.36 Some are of opinion, that before the vse of brasse they made money of leather: whence Numa Pompilius is said to haue given leather mo∣ny in a dole vnto the people. Touching their order obser∣ved

in the treasury, wee must vnderstand that their care in providing against suddaine dangers was such, that they laid aside the twentieth part of their receits, which they o 1.37 called aurum vicesimarium, Incensimarium, and Cimiliar∣chiū, into an inner chamber, or more sacred roome, named in Latine aerarium sanctius.p 1.38 Wee may read also of a third treasury called aerarium militare, wherein Augustus had appointed that the twentieth part of certaine legacies should be laid vp to defray charges in extraordinary wars: where it lay so priviledged, that it was a capitall crime to vse any of it, but in extreame, and desperate necessitie. Not∣withstanding howsoever it was vsed as a treasure house, q 1.39 yet divers authors testifie that the acts of their senate, the books of Records, together with such bookes, as were for their immeasurable bignes called libri Elephantini, where∣in all the names of their Citizens were registred, and also their militarie ensignes, were contained there.r 1.40 And from those statute books called tabulae publicae, this treasury was also called Tabularium, because they were laid vp there.

CHAP. 15.

De campo scelerato.

CAmpus sceleratus, the field of executiō,s 1.41 lying with∣ing the city, ioined to the gate Collina. It was the place, where the Vestall Nuns, if they were deflow∣red, suffered punishment after this manner. Theret 1.42 was made a Vault vnder the earth with an hole left opē aboue, whereby one might go downe; and within it there was a little couch with a burning lampe, and a few victuals: whi∣ther the defiled Votary was to be brought through the market place in a litter so closed vp with thicke leather, that her mournings might not be heard to the moving of pity. Shee being thus brought to the place of execution, was let downe by a ladder into the hollow caue, and the

hole presently stopped. And the reason why they suffered such a kinde of death, was because they thought it not fit; that shee should be burnt with fire, which kept not the sa∣cred fire with greater sanctity. And it was thought vnlaw∣full to punish them by laying violent hands on them, be∣cause they had in former time served in so holy a function.

CHAP. 16.

De campo Martio.

THeu 1.43 campus Martius, otherwise called Tiberinus, be∣cause it was neere the river Tiber was given vnto the Romane people by Caïa Tarratia, a Vestall Virgin: but Tarquinius Superbus the last king of Rome did take it from the people, converting it to his own private vse: in so much that he sowed corne there, which, when he was deposed, the Romanes did cast into the river Tiber, iudging it vnfit that any man should reape any commodity from so holy a ground. In processe of time the sheaues of corn being stop∣ped in a shallow foard of the river, became firme ground, and was called the holy Iland, or Aesculapius his Iland. And presently after the expulsion of Tarquinius, this Cam∣pus Martius was restored vnto its former vse. Beside the naturall pleasantnesse of the place it selfe, it was beautified with many ornaments brought out of the Capitol (the Ca∣pitoll being too ful) as likewise with divers images of well deserving men. Hither did the younger sort of Romanes come to exercise al matters of chivaldry, namely the horse-race, the foot-race, wrestling, fencing, vaulting, casting the bowle, the sledge, the dart, vsing the sling, the bow, with such like: & vpon this occasion it was dedicated to Mars, and called by Strabo, the Romanes great schoole of defence. In this field were men of best note burned, when they died. Here were the kings, & other magistrates at first created. In thisx 1.44 field of Mars also was a place at first railed, like a

sheepe-pen, called therfore Ovilia, or septa; but afterwards it was mounted with marble-stone, beautified with stately walkes, and galleries, and also with a tribunall, or seate of iustice, within which precinct the people often times as∣sembled to giue their suffrages toward the election of ma∣gistrates. The meanes of ascending vp vnto these Ovilia was not by staires, but by many bridges made for that time; every parish in the assembly of parishes, and every tribe, or ward in the assembly of the tribes, and every hun∣dred in the assembly of cēturies having his bridge: whence this proverbe was occasioned, de ponte deijciendus .i. he is to be barred from giving his voice,y 1.45 These bridges were not made over any river, but over the dry land: whence men were said to be cast, Non vt periclitarentur de vita, sed ne suffragarentur in Comitijs.

CHAP. 17.

De Circo Maximo.

AMongst other places where the Romanes exhibited their plaies vnto the people, the most remarkeable was the great Circque, or shew-place, called in La∣tine Circus Maximus. It was a large peece of ground, lying neere that part of the Aventine mount, where Dianaes tē∣ple stood. It was built by Tarquinius Priscus with diverse galleries round about it, from whence the Senators, & gen∣tlemen of the city did behold the running with great hor∣ses at lists, the fire-workes, tumbling, the baiting, and cha∣sing of wilde beasts, &c. In former time all did stand on the ground, being sheltred frō the raine by the helpe of boards vpheld with forkes in manner of house-pentices: and this custome continued vntill the aforesaid Tarquinius erected those galleries, called Fori, making thirty distinctious of them, allotting every ward or company their severall quar∣ters

all the seats being able to containe one hundred fiftie thousand parties.z 1.46 Vnder these places were cels, or vaults, where women did prostitute their bodies, and would buy stolne goods, and for this reason Horace calleth it Fallacem circum .i. the deceitfull shew-place. There was at the one end of the circque certaine barriers .i. places barred, or rai∣led in, at which place the horses began the race; and at the other end was the marke, whether the horses ran: it was called in Latin Meta, and the barriers carceres, à coercēdo. Whence wee say à carceribus ad metam .i. from the begin∣ning to the ending.

CHAP. 18.

De Theatro.

THE Theatrea 1.47 hath his name from the Greeke verbe 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 .i. to behold: because the people flocked thither to behold plaies, and shewes exhibited to them. The cu∣stome b 1.48 first sprang from sheep-heards, who leading a con∣templatiue life, were wont to compose dialogues in mee∣tre, and at their leasure to recite them vnder the trees pres∣sed downe in forme of an arbour; whence this theatrall tearme 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 hath beene derived from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a shadow. But afterward learned Poets composed Comedies, and Tra∣gedies, which were publikely acted in the city vpon a stage: and although at the first it was counted infamous to frequent them, yet afterward the Senators themselues, yea the Emperour, and all the chiefe of Rome assembled thi∣ther. c 1.49 Neither for a long continuance were there any seats built, but commons and nobles promiscuously one with another all stood on the ground; insomuch that those which stood behind, raised vp places with turfes of earth, which gaue the people occasion to call the place between those turfes, and the scaffold Cavea, .i. a caue, or den: yea sometimes the people that stood there were so called from

the place. Though the Theatre be now taken only for the stage, yet then by it was vnderstood all the whole roome, where these plaies were acted: and it had diverse parts, some proper to the actors, some to the spectators. To the actors belonged first the prosceniū .i. the house, whence the players came, where they apparelled themselues, though sometimes it is taken for the scaffold, or stage it selfe: se∣condly the pulpitum, that is, the stage, or scaffold vpon which they acted: and thirdly the scena, that is, the d 1.50 partition, which was commonly made of wood not of hangings. Now that they might change their scene according to their pleasure, they made it eithere 1.51 Ʋersati∣lem .i. so that with engines it might vpō the sudden be tur∣ned round, and so bring the pictures of the other side into outward appearance: or otherwise ductilem .i. so that by the drawing aside of some wainscot shuttles (which before did hide the inwarde painting) a newe partition might seeme to be put vp. And as I thinke, because those sheepe-heards did act no more at a time, then one of our scenes, hence haue we distinguished our playes into so many parts which wee call scenes. The places which were proper to the spectators were distinguished according to their de∣gree and place: for the remotest benches were for the cō∣mons, & called popularia; the next for the knights, & gen∣tlemen of Rome, called therefore Equestria; the others, wherein the Senators did sit, were built betweene the E∣guestria, and the stage in manner of a triangle, or a wedge sharpe towarde the stage and broad behinde, by reason whereof those seates were sometimes called Cunei, but more commonly Orchestra:f 1.52 this may be collected out of Lipsius. There was also another scaffold built quite round, made as it were of two theatres ioined togither; It was called Amphi-theatrum, & differed from the theatreg 1.53 only as the full moone doth from the halfe, or a compleate run∣dle from a semi-circle. Vpon this kinde of scaffold, did the

masters of fēce play their prizes. The area, or plot of groūd, wherein these scaffolds did stand, was called cavea, for the reason aboue-mentioned: & it was also called arena, which signifieth sand, or gravell,h 1.54 because the ground was cove∣red with sand, that the fencers, if any of them by chance fel of the stage, might not hurt themselues. And this gaue oc∣casion of our Latine phrase, In arenam descendere .i. to goe into the field.

CHAP. 19.

De Pistrino.

THere remaineth another place yet to bee spoken of, whereof there is frequent mentiō in Comical authors. It much resembleth our bridewell, or place of correction, being called in Latin pistrinum à pinsendo, from pounding. For before the vse of mils was knowne the Romanes did pound their corne in a greate mortar, calling the place where they pounded it, pistrinū. Wherevpon our hand-mil hath retained the same name to this day: & because of the great paines that men did suffer in pounding, hence grew a custome among them, that when a servant had offended, his master would menace him in this manner, In pistrinum te dedam, I will cast thee into Bride-well.

CHAP. 20.

Moreover for the better vnderstanding of classicall autors, it will not bee impertinent to point at the generall names, by which their religious places were called: and to declare the proper acception of each name. The names being these, Templum, Fanum, Delubrū, Aedes sacra, Pulvinar, Sacrarium, Lucus, Scrobiculum, A∣ra, Altare, Focus.

De Templo.

This word Templum doth sometime signifie those

i 1.55 space, and regions in the ayre, and earth, which the Au∣gures did quarter out with their crooked staffe at their sooth-saying. It doth seldome signifie the heaven, & most commonly it doth signifie a Church, or Temple: in which sense as often as it is vsed, it is said àk 1.56 templando, from be∣holding; because when we bee in the Church, by lifting vp our hearts by a divine contemplation, wee doe, as it were behold the great maiestie of God.

De Fano.

It is also called Fanum à fando, from speaking: not from the speaking of the Priest; but because the people do there speake vnto God, and God againe to the people.

De Delubro.

Thirdly, a Church was called delubrum Synechdochic 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 because it was the principall part of the Church, namely the place where their Idoll God stood; and it was called delubrum from Deus:l 1.57 as we call the place, where the can∣dle is put, candelabrum from candela. As concerning the outward forme of the Churches, some were vncovered, be∣cause they counted it an hainous matter to see those Gods confined vnder a roofe, whose doing good consisted in be∣ing abroad; Other-some covered, some round, some o∣therwise: but within they much resembled our great Chur¦ches. They had their pronäon, or Church-porch, wherea∣bouts they were wont to haue the image of the beast Sphinx, which was so famous for his obscure riddles: so that by this image was signifyed, that the oracles of the Gods which were treated of within the Church were dark and mystical. They had certaine walkes on each side of the body of the Church, which they called ••••rticus: & in these places it was lawfull for them to marchandise, make bar∣gaines, or conferre of any worldly businesse; as likewise in the basilica, or bodie it selfe. But their quire called Chorus, was counted a more holy place, set apart onely for divine service. The manner of hallowing it, was as followeth.

m 1.58 When the place where the Temple should be built, had beene appointed by the Augurs (which appointing, or de∣termining the place they called Effari templa, and sistere Fana) then did the party, which formerly in time of neede vpon condition of helpe from the Gods had vowed a Temple, call togither the Aruspices, which should direct him in what forme the temple should be built: which be∣ing knowne certaine ribbands, and fillets were drawne a∣bout the area, or plat of ground with flowers, & garlands strowed vnderneath, as it was probable to distinguish the limits of this ground now to bee hallowed. Then certaine souldiers marched in with boughes in their hands, & after followed Vestall Nunnes leading young boyes, & maides in their hands, who sprinkled the place with holy water. After this followed the Praetor, some Pōtifie going before, who after the area had beene purged by leading round a∣bout it a sow, a ramme, and a bull, sacrificed them, & their entrals being laid vpon a turfe, the Praetor offered vp prai∣ers vnto the Gods, that they would blesse those holy pla∣ces, which good mē intended to dedicate vnto them. This being done the Praetor touched certaine ropes, wherewith a great stone being the first of the foundation was tyed: to∣gether with that other chiefe Magistrates, Priests, and all sorts of people did helpe to pluck that stone, & let it down into its place, casting in wedges of gold, and silver, which had never beene purified, or tryed in the fire. These cere∣monies being ended, the Aruspex pronounced with a loud voice, saying, Nè temeretur opus, saxo, auróue in aliud desti∣nato. .i. let not this worke bee vnhallowed by converting this stone, or gold into any other vse.

De Aede sacrâ.

Fourthly, a Church was called Aedes sacra, an holy house, because of the sacrifices, prayers, and other holy ex∣ercises performed therein. Although (as Gellius hath long since observed) every holy house was not a Church. For the

proper note of distinction betweene a Church, and a reli∣gious house was this: that a Church beside that it was de∣dicated vnto some God, it was also hallowed by the Au∣gures, without which hallowing the edifice was not called a Church, but a religious house: of which sort was the Ve∣stall Nunnerie, and the common treasurie, called Aedes Saturni. Wee may adde herevnto this word Pulvinar, n 1.59 which doth often signifie a church: the reason being ta∣ken from a custome amongst the Painims, who were wont in their churches to make certaine beds in the honour of their Gods, and those beds they called Pulvinaria from pulvis, because they were filled with dust or chaffe.

De Sacrario.

Sometimeso 1.60 Sacrariū signifieth a temple, though pro∣perly it signifieth a Sextry or Vestry, nempep 1.61 Sacrorum re∣positorium.

De Lucis.

Neere vnto diverse temples stood certaine groues dedi∣cated to some of the Gods: they were called in Latine Lu∣ci à non lucendo, as diverse say, by the figure antiphrasis. But others are of a contrary opinion, giving it that name, be∣cause of the exceeding light it had in the night time by reason of the sacrifices there burnt.

De Scrobiculo, Arâ, & Altari.

The places vpon which they sacrificed either in their religious houses, or their groues, were of three sorts, which we in english tearme altars; but the Romans distin∣guished them by three severall names, Scrobiculus, Ara, and Altare.

De Scrobiculo.

q 1.62 Scrobiculus was a furrow, or pit containing an altar in it, into which they poured downe the bloud of the beast slaine, togither with milke, hony, and wine, when they sa∣crificed vnto an infernall God.

De Arâ.

The second kind of altar was called Ara, either ab ar∣dendo, because their sacrifices were burned vpon it: or from their imprecations vsed at that time, which in Greeke they called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. It was made foure-square, not very high from the ground, or as some say, close to the ground: and vpon this they sacrificed vnto the terrestriall Gods, laying a turffe of grasse on the altar: and this gaue Ʋirgil occasion to call themr 1.63 Aras gramineas .i. grassie altars.

De Altari.

The third sort was called Altare, either because it was exalted, and lifted vp somewhat high from the ground; or because he that sacrificed (by reason the altar was so high) was constrained to lift vp his hands in altum, on high:s 1.64 and vpon this they sacrificed vnto their celestiall Gods only.

De Foco.

Focus is a generall name, signifying any of these altars, so called à fovendo: because as Servius hath observed, that is properly focus, quicquid fovet ignem, sive ara sit, sive quic∣quid aliud, in quo ignis fovetur.

Notes

• a 1.1

  Plutar. vit. Rom Pighius
• b 1.2

  Rosin an∣tiq. lib. 1. c. 2.
• c 1.3

  Sig de iur. Rom. l. 1. c. 2.
• d 1.4

  Rosin. an∣tiq. lib 1. c. 4.
• e 1.5

  Rosin. ib.
• f 1.6

  Alex. Gen. dier. l. 3. c. 20.
• g 1.7

  Rosin. an∣tiq. li. 1. c. 5.
• h 1.8

  Plutarch. in Romulo.
• i 1.9

  Dion. Hali∣car. lib. 4.
• k 1.10

  Lipsius de magnitud. Rom. cap. 5.
• l 1.11

  Antiq. Rom. lib. 1. cap. 6.
• m 1.12

  Alex. Gen. dier. l. 6. c. 11.
• n 1.13

  Alex. Gen. dier. l. 1. c. 16.
• o 1.14

  Rosin. an∣tiq. lib. 7 c. 6.
• p 1.15

  Rosin. Ibid.
• q 1.16

  Munster in sua Cosmog. lib. 2. cap. 9.
• r 1.17

  Alex. Gen. dier. l. 6. c. 11.
• s 1.18

  Rosin. An∣tiq l 1. cap. 8.
• t 1.19

  Alex. Gen. dier. li. 6. c. 11.
• u 1.20

  Alex. Gen. dier lib 3. c. 5.
• x 1.21

  Plutarch. in Romulo.
• y 1.22

  Rosin. Ant. lib. 1. cap. 11.
• z 1.23

  Barthol. La∣tomus in ver∣rin. 7^•m Cic.
• a 1.24

  Munster in sua cosmog. lib. 2. cap. 8.
• b 1.25

  Hubertus in Cic. lib. 3. ep. fam. 6.
• c 1.26

  Rosin an∣tiq. lib. 9. c. 7.
• d 1.27

  Henr. Salm in Pancirolli lib. rerum de∣perdit. cap. de Basil. & taber▪
• e 1.28

  Sigon. de iudiciis lib. 1. cap. 28.
• f 1.29

  Sig. de iud. lib. 1. cap. 7.
• g 1.30

  Sig. de iud lib. 1. cap. 28.
• h 1.31

  Hubert. in Cic. lib. 8. ep. fam. 1.
• i 1.32

  Sueton. in Iulio Caesare
• k 1.33

  Plutarch. in Publicola.
• l 1.34

  Alex. Gen. dier. l. 4. c. 15.
• m 1.35

  Alex. Gen. dier. lib. 2. c. 2.
• n 1.36

  Alex. Gen. dier. l. 4. c. 15.
• o 1.37

  Alex. Gen. dier. lib. 2. c. 2.
• p 1.38

  Servius l. 2. Virg. Georg.
• q 1.39

  Alex. Gen. dier. lib 2. c. 2.
• r 1.40

  Plutarch in suis proble∣mat. vid. Franc. Sylviū in Catilinari∣am 4.
• s 1.41

  Munster. in sua Cosmog.
• t 1.42

  Plutarch. in Numa.
• u 1.43

  Rosin. an∣tiq. lib. 6. c. 11▪
• x 1.44

  Serv. in Bu∣col. eclog. 1.
• y 1.45

  Ioan. Sax∣onius in orat pro S. Roscio.
• z 1.46

  Rosin. an∣tiq. lib. 5. c. 4.
• a 1.47

  Ioach. Ca∣merarius in orat. pro L. Flacco.
• b 1.48

  Servius lib. 2. Virg. Geor.
• c 1.49

  Alex. Gen. dier. l. 5. c. 16.
• d 1.50

  Serv. lib. 3. Virg. Georg.
• e 1.51

  Servius i••.
• f 1.52

  De Amphi∣theat. cap. 14.
• g 1.53

  Pancirollus lib rerum de∣perditarum cap. de am∣phitheat.
• h 1.54

  Lipsius de Amphitheat. cap. 3.
• i 1.55

  Rosin an∣tiq▪ lib. 2. c. 2.
• k 1.56

  Fr. Sylvius in orat. pro Muraen.
• l 1.57

  Rosin. an∣tiq. li. 2. ca. 2.
• m 1.58

  Rosin. ib.
• n 1.59

  Barthol. La∣tomus in Phi∣lippic. 4••••.
• o 1.60

  Cic. pro Milone.
• p 1.61

  Franc. Syl∣vius in orat. pro L. Muraen
• q 1.62

  Alex. Gen. dier. l. 5. c. 26.
• r 1.63

  Virg. Aen. 12.
• s 1.64

  Serv. in Bu∣colic. eclog. 5.