The arte of vvarre Beeing the onely rare booke of myllitarie profession: drawne out of all our late and forraine seruices, by William Garrard Gentleman, who serued the King of Spayne in his warres fourteene yeeres, and died anno. Domini. 1587. Which may be called, the true steppes of warre, the perfect path of knowledge, and the playne plot of warlike exercised: as the reader heereof shall plainly see expressed. Corrected and finished by Captaine Hichcock. Anno. 1591.

THE FIRST BOOKE OF MILITARIE DIRECTIONS, In the vvhich is set out hovv a good Souldiour, Disnier, and Corporall, ought to behaue themselues in vvarres: Togither with the Martiall Lawes of the field, and other necessarie Notes and Offices,

And first what is to be required, and necessarie to be obserued in a priuate Souldier.

THE platforme of a Fortresse, by how much more it is planted vpon a sure foundation, by so much more it is perticipant of a firme and forceable perfection: which reason duelie considered it ought to lead euery man so to rule himselfe in all his affaires, as he may be both apt to receiue, and able to performe all vertuous & valerous actions. Therfore he that desires to become a Souldier of assured good quality, to the intent he may be able to perseuer in each enterprise, beare out euery brunt stoutly, and serue sufficiently, he ought to haue a strong body, sound, free from sicknesse, & of a good complexion: So shall hee bee able to resist the continuall to•…•…le and trauaile, which of necessitie hee must dailie take, as continual and extreame cold in the win∣ter, immoderate heate in the Sommer, in marching in the day, keeping sentinell in the night, and in his cold Cabben, in secret ambushes, and in Trenches, where perchance hee shall stand a number of houers in the water and myre vp to the knees: and besides vpon Bulwarkes, breaches in espials, i•…•… Sentinels, perdues, and such like, when occasion requires

and necessitie constraines: of all which exploits and discommodities he must perforce be partaker.

Wherefore that man which is not of such sufficiencie in bodie (to the end h•…•…e spende not his time in vaine) it is verie requisite he resolue him∣selfe to exercise some other profession, for although some do hold that few men be strong by nature, but many by exercise and industrie: yet that notwithstanding strength of bodie is first to bee required, in respect that a Souldier must be as well acquainted, and as •…•…ble to beare continual trauail, as a Bird can endure to fl•…•…e, yea and to put on a resolute minde to beare all the miserics and ha•…•…ardes of warlike affaires. A Soldier is generally i•…•… be chosen betwixt 18. and 4. 6. yeares.

Moreouer I suppose it most necessarie, that euerie man according to the nature of his bodie, and the inclined motion of his minde, make elec∣tion of his Armes and weapons, as of pike, halberd, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉: ne∣uerthelesse respect ought to be had to the p•…•…oportion o•…•… his person, and to take such Armes as doth best agree with the same: to a tall man a Pike, to a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stature a halberd, and to a litle nimble person a Pe•…•…ce. But if he preferre his proper disposition before the qualitie of his per∣son, it is verie necessarie hee exercise that weapon he makes choise of, to the intent he may attaine vnto a moste perfect practise of the same, for as no man at the first time when h•…•…e takes any toole or inst•…•…ument in his hand, growes immediatly at that instant to be a perfect artificer: euen so it is with a Sou•…•…dier, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 experience hath instructed h•…•…m: touching wh•…•…ch I meane to say somewhat.

Hee which seekes to attaine and attribute to himselfe the honoura∣ble name of a Souldier, must first employ his time in practise of those Armes wherewith hee meanes to serue, and so appl•…•…e his time, that when any enterprise shall cast him foorth to make proofe thereof, hee may be able to handle his Peece with due dex•…•…eritie, and his pike with an assured 〈◊〉〈◊〉: since these be she weapons wherewith now Mars doth most cō•…•… arm his warlike troupe, and trie each doubtfull fight of bloudy 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for in this our age experiēce & practise makes apparant that Archers amongest forr•…•…ine Nations be neuer vsed, and the Halberd but either amongst fewe or fewe in number. The Archer serues to small purpose, but when he is shadowed with some Trench or Bulwarke free from Hargabuse or Mushet shet: Or that lyning a band of Hargabu∣siers, he doth second them in any 〈◊〉〈◊〉 onset, and then a whole flight of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, so that they be light and able to flie aboue twelue score, will meru•…•…ilously gaule any maine battaile of footmen or Squadron of Hors∣men,

The Halberd likewise doth onely serue in the sacke of a Towne, in a b•…•…rach, in a Sallie or Can•…•…isado, to enter a house, or in the throng of a stroken battade to execute slaughter. Wherefore touching these two weapons, vnlesse necessitie constrame, and that Hargabusiers be wan∣ting, Archers may well be spa•…•…ed: and these great numbers of Halber∣diers and Bill men, which are and haue bin in times past vsed in Eng∣land, may well be left off, saue a sew to guard euery Ensigne, and to at∣tend vppon the Colonell, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which man Army will amount•…•…d a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 number to depresse 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ouercome and flying enemy.

Therefore a Souldier must either 〈◊〉〈◊〉 himselfe to beare a Peece or a Pyke: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hee bea•…•…e a Peece, th•…•…n must he first learne to hold the same, to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 h•…•…s 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 his two formost fingers and his th•…•…mbe, and to plant the great 〈◊〉〈◊〉 on h•…•…s breast with a gallant sou•…•…dierlike grace: and being ignorant, to the int•…•…nt he may be more encouraged, let him 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 first with the firing of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in hys pa•…•…, and so by •…•…egrees bo•…•…h to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 off, to bow and beare v•…•… hys body, and so consiquently to attaine to the leuell and practise of an assured and serui•…•…eable shot, readily cha•…•…ge and with a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 couch dis∣charge, making cho•…•…se at the •…•…ame instant of his marke with a quicke and vigy•…•…ant eye.

Hys Fiaske and Tutchbaxe must keepe hys Pouder, hys purse and mouth hys bullets: in skyrmysh hys left hand must hold hys match and Peece, and the right ha•…•…d vse the office of chargyng and dischargyng.

Beyng agaynst he Enemy, why left with an 〈◊〉〈◊〉 course he•…•… doth trauerse hys p•…•…layne ground, or else takes aduantage of his place and i•…•…∣uasion, as vnder the safegard of a Trench, the backe of a Dytch, olde wall, tree, or such lyk: let hym euer fyrst loade hys Pe•…•…ce wyth Pou∣der out of hys Flaske, then with hyr Bullet, & last wyth amuring, and tutch Pouder, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 euer that the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be el•…•…ane, the couer 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and the Tutch hole wyde, or else wei 〈◊〉〈◊〉: so that still obseruing mo∣dest order t•…•… h•…•…s trauerse, neither euerflow, nor ouer speedy, to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 he become not each mans marke through his stuggish•…•…es, nor run hi•…•…∣selfe out of breath through his owne 〈◊〉〈◊〉, for the most parte 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hys side towards hys enemie: let him discharge going, bu•…•…▪ euer standyng: so shall he the better 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the enemies shot and choose his assu•…•…ed aduant•…•…ge.

A Souldier ought to bee carefull that his furniture be good, sub∣stantia•…•…l, •…•…nd 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from raine, the charge of hys Flaske iust for his Peece, and the Spring quicke and sharpe: The P•…•…pe of hys Tuch∣boxe

somewhat wyde, that the Pouder may haue free passage, which o∣therwise would choake vp.

In time of marching and trauailyng by the way let hym keepe a pa∣per in the pan and tutch hoale, and in wet waether haue a case for hys Peece somewhat portable, or else of necessitie hee must keepe the same from wette vnder hys Arme-hoale or Cassocke, or by some other inuen∣tion free from domage of the weather, and hys match in hys pocket, on∣ly that except which he burnes: and that likewise so close in the hollow of hys hand, or some artificiall pipe of Peuter hanging at his girdle, as the coale by wette or water goe not out.

It is moreouer requisite, that a Souldier keepe his Cocke with oyle free in falling, and hys Peece bright without rusting, neither must hee want hys necessary tooles, as a Scowrer, Tyrebale & worme, hauing euery one a vice to turne into the ende of the scouring sticke, so that if through wet wether or any other Accident, hys peece will not be dischar∣ged, the carefull Souldier may with his Tyreball pull out hys bullet, with the worme, the Paper and wet Pouder, and with hys Scowrer make hys Peece cleane within: His Scowrer must be trimmed on the end with a Lynnen cloth of a sufficient substance, therewith to make cleane the cannon of hys Peece within. The one end of hys Skouring sticke ought to haue a round end of bone of iust bignes with the mouth of hys Peece, therewithall at hys pleasure to ramme in Pouder & Pa∣per, or in stéed of paper, such soft hayre as they stuffe Saddles withal, the danger whereof is not lyke: but this the Souldier must vse when time permits. During the time of his seruice let him euer haue diligēt care to keepe hys Peece cleane and bright within, and once a fortnight, or at the least once a moneth take out the Bréech and throughly view and wash the Barrell within, to see whether it hath any flawes, brackes, cham∣bers, frettinges, or ruptures, which would endanger the breaky•…•…g thereof, especially if before hand the end of hys bare Scowrer haue gi∣uen hym any cause to suspect such faultes, to the intent he may change the same for a new for feare of spoiling himselfe▪

He that loues the safety of hys owne person, and delightes in the good∣nes and beauty of a Peece, let hym alwayes make choyse of one that is double breeched, and if it bee possible a Myllan Peece, for they bee of a cough and perfecte temper, light, square, bygge of Bréech, and very strong where the Pouder doth lye, and where the vyolent force of the fire doth consist, and notwithstandyng thynne at the ende.

Our English Peeces approach very neere vnto them in goodnes and

beauty (their heauines onely excepted) so that they bee made of purpose, and not one of these common sale Peeces with round Barrels, where∣vnto a beaten Souldier will haue great respect, and choose rather to pay double money for a good Peece, then to spare hys Purse and endanger hymselfe.

But to returne to my matter, let a Souldier haue hangyng euer at the strynges of hys Tutch boxe, or some other ready part of hys gar∣ment, a couple of proyning pri•…•…es at the least, that if by fortune the tutch hole of hys peece be stopped or furred vp, hee may therewith both make his pan cleane, and yeeld a ready passage that the fire may haue her course, by incorporating both the tutch Pouder without, and the corne Pouder within together. But a ready Souldier will alwayes foresee that the toutch-hole be so wide, as the Pouder without in the Pan may haue free concourse to that within the Peece, thereby to hasten more speedy discharge, considering a Souldier can not haue leasure and com∣modity to proine his Peece at al times, but must of necessity vse a great dexterity.

But since I am fallen into the speech of a quicke charge, and nimble discharge, I will by the way declare the opinion of certaine Nations therein.

Experience of late daies hath taught vs, that those Nations which follow the warres, inuent euerie way how they may endomage the ene∣mie in all their enterprises, but especially in Skirmish, which for the most part consistes in shot, and by such as can with the eye of his minde make an assured leuell, and with a nimble discharge, both choose out and kill his enemie.

And therefore those Souldiers which in our time haue bene for the most part leuied in the lowe Countries, especiallie those of Artoyes and Henault, called by the generall name of Wallownes, haue vsed to hange about their neckes, vppon a Baudricke or bor∣der, or at their girdles certaine Pypes which they call Charges, of Copper and Tyn made with couers, which they thinke in skirmish to be the most readiest way. But the Spaniard dispising that order, doth altogether vse his flaske.

The French man, both charge and flaske. But some of our English nation, their pocket, which in respect of the danger of the sparkes of their Match, the vncertaine charge, the expence and spoile of Pouder, the dis∣commodity of wette, I account more apt for the show of a triumph and wanton skirmish before Ladyes and Gentlewomen, then fit for the field,

in a day of seruice in the face of the Enemye: and in like sort the charge which either doth shed and loose his Pouder whilest a Souldier doth tra∣uerse hys ground, or else is so cloddered and rammed together, that he shall be forced sometimes to fayle of halfe his charge. Therefore I con∣clude with the Spaniard, that a good Flaske is that which is most warlike and ready in seruice without the curious helpe of any extraordi∣nary 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

One of the greatest helpes consistes in Pouder & match: For a Soul∣dyer must euer •…•…uye hys Pouder sharpe in •…•…ast, wel incorporate with salt •…•…ceter, and not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Coale dust. Let hym accustome to drye hys P•…•…der if hee can in the Sunne, first sprinkled euer with Aqua vitae, o•…•… strong •…•…aret Wine &c. Let him make hys Tutch Pouder, beyng finely 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, with quicke paie, which is to be bought at the Pouder makers or 〈◊〉〈◊〉, 〈◊〉〈◊〉: a•…•…d let his match be so boyled in Ashes, Lye, and Pouder, that it will both burn well, carry a long Coale, and that wyll not breake off wyth the hard tutch of your finger. The prepa∣rations wyst at the first tutch geue fire and procure a violent, •…•…edy, and thundering d•…•…charge. Some vse Brimstone finely powdered in their tutch Pouder, but that •…•…urres and stoppes vp your breech and tutch∣hoale.

The Bullet of a Souldiers peece must bee of a iust bignes with the mouth of the same, so that •…•…ng in smoothly, it may dry•…•…e downe, and close vp the mouth of the Pouder. Some contrary to the lawes of the field vse Chayne shot, and quarter shot, which is good in the defence of a breach, to keep a Fortresse, or vpon •…•…pboard: but being dayly vsed, it wil ga•…•…e a peece within, a•…•…d put it in hazard to breake, specially in a long skirmish when the Barrell is hot.

Note that after hys peece is very heat, let the Souldyer if he can, geue somewhat a lesse charge for feare of bursting his peece, vnlesse hee haue good tryall thereof. If the stocke of hys Peece bee crooked, hee ought to place the ende iust before aboue hys left Pappe: if long and straight, as the Spanyardes vse them, then vpon the point of his ryght shoulder, vsing a stately vpright pace in dis∣charge.

It is not in vayne to aduertise him, that in skirmish he must hold his Peece betwixt his Thombe and the ends of hys Fyngers, which I ac∣count asure meane, betwyxt gryping of the Barrell, and laying the same onely vpon hys formost Fynger and Thombe, for the one is ou•…•…r dangerous, and the other altogether vnsteedy.

I iudge it lykewyse most conuenyent for hym, to take hold of his Peece with hys left hand in that part of the wood (wherein the Barrell lyes) there as the Peece is of most equall balance. Althoughe some ac∣custome themselues to hold it iust vnder the Cocke, by reason whereof he shall bee enforced to change hys hand if he charge out of a Flaske, into the myddest of the Peece, to bring downe the mouth to hys Flaske, which is a great delay and hynderance in skyrmysh. So to con•…•…e, he that meanes to be accompted a forward and perfect good •…•…hat, by conti∣nuall exercyse must bee so ready, that in all particular poyntes touching hys Peece, Pouder, Match, Bullets, and the vse of them, that he nei∣ther be to seeke, nor grow amased in the furyous rage of Bellmas fiery skyrmyshes, her sodayne surprises, and bloody staughter of dangerous assaultes of crueil battailes.

The Musket is to be vsed in all respectes lyke vnto the Hargabuse, saue that in respect hee carryes a double Bullet, & is much more weigh∣ty. He vseth a staffe breast high, in the one end a Pyke to pytch in the ground, and in the other an Iron forke to rest hys peece vppon, and a hoale a litle beneath the same in the sta•…•…e: whervnto he doth adde a string, which tyed & wrapped about hys wrest, yeelds hym commodity to tra•…•… hys Forke or Staffe after hym whilest he in skyrmish doth charge hys Musket a fresh with Pouder and Bullet.

Now to speake somewhat of a Pykemans charge, a few woordes shall suffice, because I wyll not be ouer t•…•…dyous. Let hym learne to tosse hys Pyke, •…•…ouch and crosse the same, to receyue the vyolent charge of Horsemen, to front the su•…•…us shocke of Footmen, and be able to furnysh out hys ryght both a farre off and neere hand: which notes with the lyke wyll bee sufficient, by reason that hee is for the most part put to stand in a mayn and square battayle. Both the Hargabusier and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 must weare a short Ra•…•…er and a small Poin•…•…do: For if in the middest of Encounters and Skirmishes, they be driuen to vse them, their length is an occasion they cannot be drawen, vnlesse hee a∣bandon his Peece or Pike, whereby hee shall either loose his Pike, or want his Rapier, which at the Se•…•…a and Close is verie necessarie both for Defence and Offence: contrarie to the carelesse custome of some, whom I haue seene come into the Field without Rapier or Dagger, which was an assured argument, that their heeles should be their Tar∣get, and their shamefull st•…•…ght their saftie, when their Pouder was spent.

Now as these careles persons farre misse the marke with ouer great

securitie, so some bring in a custome of too much curiositie in arming Hargabusiers, for besides a Peece, flask, Tutch boxe, Rapier and Dag∣ger: they load them with a heauie Shirt of Male, and a Burganet: so that by that time they haue marched in the heat of the Sommer or deepe of the Winter ten or twelue English miles, they are more apt to rest, thē readie to fight, whereby it comes to passe that either the enterprise they go about, which requires celerity, shall become frustrate by reason of the staie they make in refreshing themselues, or else they are in daunger to be repulsed for want of lustines, breath, and agilitie.

Wherefore in mine •…•…nion it is not necessarie, that this extraordina∣rie arming of Shot should bee vsed, but in surprises of Townes, Escalades, and assaultes of breaches, to defende the Souldiers heades from stones, and such stuffe as they besieged haue prepared to driue them from their enterprise: Or else in some speciall set battaile against the cut and thrust of Weapons, which exploits, for that they bee not so ordinarie as is the Skirmish, so are these armes nothing so necessarie, but rather a burthen more beautifull then beneficiall, and of greater charge then cō∣moditie, specially a shirt of Male, which is very dangerous for shot, if a number of those small peeces should be driuen into a mans body by a bul∣let.

The furniture due to a pikeman besides his pike, rapier and dagger, consisting of a common Corselet, hauing a Coller, Curiat, Tases, backpart, Poldrowes, Wambrases, and Burganets for the head, for that they be sufficiently knowne, because I will not be ouer prolixe vpon eue∣ry particular point, I will onelie say thus much more touching the pike∣man, that he ought to haue his Pyke at the point and middest trimmed with handsome tassels, and a handle, not so much for ornament as to de∣fend the Souldiers bodie from water, which in raine doth runne downe alongst the wood.

Euerie Souldier ought to carrie his Hargabuse, Pike or Halberde, vppon that Shoulder and side, which is outward in rancke, for that side which is discouered inward is more defended by the general order that is kept, then any of the other. Which order of carying Armes, is not onely ready and commodious to vse at all occasions, but al∣so doth make a gallant shew, and a generall forme of good pro∣portion, and true prospect: a thing most necessarie for a man of valour to vse in all his doings.

Hee ought likewise euer to haue good regard to weare his weapon of like length the other Souldiers vse, which in mar∣ching

doth make the rancks to be of one iust line, and in shew of a seemely and streight proportion, causing the whole band to ca∣rie a braue and singular grace.

A Souldier ought euer to retaine and keepe his Armes in safetie and foorth comming, for hée is more to be detested then a Coward, that will loose or play away any part thereof, or refuse it for his ease, or to auoid paynes: wherefore such a one is to be dismissed with punishment, or made some abiect Pyoner. Therefore during his seruice and after his returne home, let him still be wedded to his weapons and armour, that when hee is called vpon againe to serue his Prince, he be not enforced to furnish himselfe againe with new Armes, sometimes old, of lit∣tle value, and lesse goodnes: as some Souldiers now a dayes to their great discommendation do vse. A custome altogether dif∣ferent from the true exercise of Armes, and varying from the rule of other warlike Nations, which make true profession of Armes: amongst the which the Spaniards and Zuitzers at this day are to be commended, the one for obseruing an apt, sump∣tuous, and warlike choise therein, and the other for that they beare all sortes of Armes with great aduantage, both in length & strength, the which vnto them becomes very familiar through the ability of body they possesse.

Those Souldiers which can not endure the toile and trauaile to beare Armes of defence, namely the Pikeman and Halber∣dier are made subiect to receiue both blowes and death by the handes of their Enemies, or through their disaduantage to take a shamefull flight, or at the first encounter to remaine their pri∣soners. Therefore it is very necessary for a Souldier to take paines in daily practise, and to acquaint himselfe throughly in the exercise and carryage of Armes, whereof hee ought to vse practise, specially of those that bee offensiue, and in those which ordinarily wée are accustomed to carrie, as the Rapier, and Dagger, Pyke, and Halberd, with such like, without making open and apparant profession of the practise thereof, but secret and seuerall from the wide sight of the world, that afterwardes hee may put the same in practise to his greater aduantage and commendation.

Finally the Halberdier, who is armed either with Brigan∣dine or Corslet, ought of dutie to attend with his Halberd when

his turne comes about his ensigne, in marching, & set Squares, in the Captaines Lodging and Tent for his guard, and at the entrance of a house &c. to bée the formost person to force the pas∣sage.

But in a day of battaile the old Romaine Shield and a short sharpe pointed sword, to execute in a throng of men, excéedes the Halberd and browne Bill.

Besides the pikeman which is armed all ouer with a Cors∣let, and is to performe his dutie in a maine Square, stand o•…•… Battaile, to receiue the shocke of horse men, or charge of the e∣nemies infanterie.

There bee yet another sort of light armed Pikes, which only haue the forepart of a Corslet and a Headpéece, as is the Al∣maine Riuet, or a good light Iacke, or plate Coate: these some∣times may be sent amongst the forlorne hoope of Hargabusiers, to defend them from the inuasions of Horsemen.

But touching shot, I would wish our Nation, being men of strong constitution of bodie, to beare a Peece betwixt the boare of a Caliuer and a Musket, the which with smal vse they would be able to wéeld very well at the armes end, which would cary a great aduantage in skirmish: the which like vnto the Harga∣buse, they might (as I said before) exercise, and with a galant and assured raising vp the crooked end of the stocke to his breast, hauing before hand fitted the Coale of his match to giue quick & iust fire, wherof euer he must take y^e certain measure, must then discharge amidst his modest trauerse, to his greatest aduantage, and to endomage his enemies: which done, he must first fold vp againe the •…•…lne match in a ready and conuenient sort betwixt his fingers, hauing both the endes of his match light at once, that whilest the one is spent, and in kindling againe, the other may serue his turne.

Besides these foresaid weapons I would not thinke it incon∣uenient, to haue in a band certaine Targets of proofe to march in y^e front, which were very necessarie to defend a ranck of men in a streit lane, passage, breach, or other place from the enemies shot, they all closely and in a low order marching vnder the fa∣uour and shade of them: as in askirmish I saw put in practise, when Cassimire did march with the States Armie vnder Lo∣uaine▪ 1578.

The Captaine is to set downe by the Generals appoint∣ment, the summe of all their paies, and the difference therein, according to euery mans weapon and qualitie. But to speake of other directions, and Militarie obseruations.

A Footman that is a Souldier, ought aboue all thinges to bee obedient to his Captaine, and Officers, and neuer abandon his Ensigne, nor bee absent from his companie without leaue or speciall let. In his march he ought to be modest, ready in his rancke, obserue a long distance in his Laumbande, and kéepe an equall stay in his Alta.

If wordes of aduertisement do passe ouer from rancke to rancke alongst the marching band, let him deliuer those words plainly and with diligence, which the Captaine giues ouer to be pronounced from mouth to mouth, as to Passe Parole apper∣taines.

If the enemie cause sodaine Arme, let his Bale en •…•…ouche, and his match in the Cocke shew his readie good will either to re∣ceiue repulse, or giue charge.

If either for pleasure in a Muster, or in any other shew in sport or earnest, his company be commaunded to discharge cer∣tain volies of shot, or a Salua, he must either hold his Péece side∣long the ranckes, whilest he doth prepare the same, or with the end higher then their heads, and discharge ouer the toppes of the formost ranckes, for feare of hurting his companions: which rule they ought to obserue, and thereunto be constrained, vppon paine of seuere punishment.

If any enterprise be made in the night, let him not only keepe his match close from open shew, or falling sparkes, but be vigi∣lant and keep silence, to the intent that through his negligence and noise their actions be not discouered.

If he keepe Sentinell, and haue the watch word, let him giue •…•…are diligently to all rumours, noyses, and view warely all suspected places, to the intent if he heare any trampling, neying of Horses, or approching enemy (which hee may the more easily hear by making a hole in the ground, and laying his care to the same) or that he doth see the twinckling light of matches▪ or per∣ceiue any other presumption of the enemie, hee may either by discharging his Péece, and crying S. George, Arme, Arme, giue warning to the next Corpes of guard, that the enemie doth ap∣proch,

or else if his suddeine inuasion require not present ad∣uertisement, he may deferre the report thereof vntill the com∣ming of the next Rounde, vnto whom he must from point to point declare what he hath séene and heard.

During the time of his Sentinel, hee ought to keepe him selfe very close, wakefull, secrete, and without noise or rumour, his match close and sure from seeing, and his péece readie charged, loaden with her Bullet, and proind with tutch pouder.

If the Round or any other Officer come to search the watch & Sentinels, when he doth first heare or sée them approch, let him so soone as he doth perceiue thē, demand with a lowd voice, Qui vala? Who goes there? to which whē answere is made, Friends, and that they draw néerer, then let him call to them and com∣maund that all the whole troupe, but onely one with the watch∣woord, to make present stay, vntill the woord be giuen. And if at the same instant another Round should come an other way, let him cause the one of them to pawse and abide still, vntil he haue receiued the woord of the other, that thereby he may avoyd the inuironing snares of forrayne or priuie enemies, which might by that meanes surprise him.

Therefore in this respect let him take great care, especially before a Towne besieged, or about the circuit of a Campe, and that he alwayes remember to receiue him that giues the word at the end of his Péece or Pike, and out of danger, hauing his match ready in his Cocke, ready to giue fire, thereby to reward him with a Bullet as an enemie, if hee giue a wrong word, or entertaine him as a friend if hée giue the right: for vnder co∣lour of giuing the word, many Sentinels haue lost their liues, and suddaine surprises and Canuisados haue bin giuen.

If in the night Arme be giuen in the Campe, he must make repaire immediatly with his Peece and Furniture so his En∣signe, where he shall be emploiedas occasion doth offer.

That he may be the more ready at any sodaine Arme, lying in a Towne in Garrison, and being furrierd and lodged in a house, hee ought to haue all the night burning in his Chamber by him a Candle or Lampe, or at the least his fire so well raked vp as hee may light a Candle at the Coales with a match of Brimstone, or otherwise: that thereby he may the more spéedily not only find his Armes (which of purpose he ought to lay readi∣ly

in an ordinarie place) but also be better able to prepare him∣selfe, and kindle his match with all spéede.

Note that a Souldier in garrison being furrierd in a house, is allowed the best bed and chamber saue one, faire shéets, board clothes, plates, napkins, towels, dressing of his meate, ser∣uice at the Table, oile, vineger, salt, mustard, candle light, fire, &c.

Whilest a Souldier is in the Campe, hee ought neuer to lye out of his clothes, his Peece ready charged must lye by his side, his furniture at his girdle, which is his Flaske, Match & Tutch∣boxe, his Rapier very ready, and his Poynado likewise at his Girdle, which if they should be so monstrous Daggers, or such a Cutlers shop as our English Fēsers are accustomed to wear, they would be both combrous in cariage, and troublesome to his companions, and to himselfe, specially when they lye in their Cabbines.

A Souldier in Campe must make choise of two, or thrée, or more Camerades, such as for experience, fidelity, and conditions, do best agrée with his nature, that be tryed Souldiers and tru∣stie friendes, to the intent that like louing brethren, they may support one another in all aduerse fortune, & supply each others wants. As for example, hauing marched all day, and comming at night to the place where they must encampe, one of them choo∣seth out the dryest and warmest plot of ground he can get in the quarter, which is appointed to his band for lodging place, doth kéepe all their Clokes, Armes and Baggage, whilest another makes prouision with one of their boyes, in some adioyning Uillage (if time and safety from the Enemie doth permit) for long straw, both to couer their Cabbin, and make their bedd of: during the time that an other with a litle Hatchet, which with a Lether Bottel for drinke, a litle Kettle to séeth meat in, and a bagge of Salt, which are to be borne of the Boyes amongest o∣ther Baggage, and are most necessarie things for encamping, doth cut downe forked Bowes and long Poales to frame and reare vp their Cabbin withall, and prouide timber or firewood, if it be in Winter, or when neede requires, whilst an other doth visite Viuandiers and Uictualers (if any follow the Campe) for bread, drinke, and other eates, if otherwise they be not prouided by forrage or Picorée, and makes a hole in the earth, wherein

hauing made a fire, stroken two forked stakes at either side, and hanged his Kettle to seath vpon a cudgel of wood vpon the same▪ or that for rost meat he makes a spit, woodden Gawberds, &c. And whilst thus euery one is occupied about their necessarie occasions at one instant, they may in due time make prouision for all their wantes, and by meanes of this league of amitie a∣mongst them, enioy a sufficient time to rest their wearied bo∣dyes, which otherwise would be hard to be done.

Therefore I iudge it very requisite, that the whole number vnder the charge of a Desiner or chiefe of a chamber, should link themselues together in perfect friendship, and aswel in skirmish and fight aide one another, as in all other actions, by which in∣uincible knot they should receaue wonderfull commoditie.

It importes much that a Souldier should bee tractable, for a man cannot imagine a thing either more ingenuqus or better, then due and conuenient ciuility. Therefore let him accustome himselfe rather to be of a Saturnine and seuere condition then a common skoffer, and an ordinarie make sport, that he may continue in friendship with his companions, and continually remaine in their amity.

Moreouer, he is much to be commended, which aptly with facilitie and great dexterity can bee conuersant with euery one: wherein if a man doe not with great iudgement very circumspectly gouerne himselfe, he shall for the most part in∣curre the euill will of those in whose company he remaines. The which dealing is of great importance, aswell for the inte∣rest of his life, and proper honor and credite, by which meanes the one and the other doth hang in Balance, as also for that he can not, being drawen away with debates, apply himselfe di∣ligently to follow the warres and seruice of his Captaine: the which ought to bee his chiefest obiect and end. For discord a∣mongst men of this Honorable profession, doth hasten, and occasion very much the destruction of their well doing, and altogether hinder whatsoeuer they take in hande, by rea∣son of the suspicions, discordes, despite, and other respectes, which of necessity are commonly accustomed to growe and en∣sue.

Besides, he must be so moderate in spending his wages, that •…•…e be not constrained before the midst of his pay, either to folow

the spoile, or borrow of others: whereof springeth a naughtie reputation and a great discredite: yet notwithstanding he must not suffer himselfe to be noted for a couetous person, or as some say, the enimie of himselfe: that is, by sparing nigardly, to finde a great want & extremitie in necessarie things appertaining to his apparell and victuals, whose expences ought chiefely to be in galant Armor and Furniture.

Note that the pay and wages which he receiues of his Cap∣taine and Treasurer, must not be taken or thought to serue or supplie for any other vse, but to sustaine life with victuals, kéepe him apparelled, and maintaine his armes. Therefore ought it to be gouerned discréetly and orderly at all times, in what place so euer he shall remaine, either in the campe, ciuile cities, or in his proper house, as well to kéepe himselfe in health, as chiefely to make apparant to his Captain the noble motion of his mind: So that pricked forward by this spurre of honor, and not for any other extraordinarie and base occasion, a good souldier is conti∣nually constrained to winne credite, despising all other dealing which ariseth for hope of commoditie and gréedy gaine, the way to make a man estéemed to carrie a base minde, and almost not disagréeing from brute beasts without reason. For these priuate souldiers which séeke by such meanes as be extraordinarie, to aduance themselues aboue their proper pay, without doubt giue an euill presage of themselues, and so euil, that it should be bet∣ter for them to applie their time in some other sort, as about merchandise and other occupations, rather then follow the ho∣norable exercise of Armes, which is altogither grounded vpon a noble mind, valiant courage, and extreame trauell of bodie.

He must dispose himselfe to be verie diligent in what exercise or enterprise soeuer he shall be put vnto, as to make Sentinel: wherein it is conuenient, as I haue touched before, that he be verie vigilant when it is his lot to be commanded thereunto, that in doing the contrarie, there succéede not a most rigorous chastisement by leauing his bodie dead behind him, as it may verie well fall out, and to whom it may be said, I left him as I found him, since sléepe is the image of death.

A good souldier ought continually to accompanie the Ensigne, and haue speciall regard, that the same fall not in danger of sur∣prising by the enimie, and that he endeuour himselfe by all

meanes without anie respect of danger to preserue and recouer the same: for the losse thereof is a perpetuall shame to the whole band. And therefore he ought at no time to abandon the same for anie occasion, but lodge himselfe so néere it as he can, to the intent that amongst y^e rest, if it be possible, he may be one of the first at all rumours of armes, and sodaine alarums, aswel by day as night. And being armed with the weapon he caries, hauing conducted his ensigne to the place appointed, by the head offi∣cers, he may in the sight of his captaine (shewing a moderate for∣wardnesse and desire) bréed an opinion of his courage and valor: so that when occasion doth offer, his captaine amongst the rest may make speciall choyse of him.

He must for no occasion absent himselfe, or go to anie far di∣stant place about anie enterprise or bootie of picorée, without the expresse licence of his captaine: for he that is once become a soul∣dier is now no more his own man, but his vnder whose gouern∣ment he is paid: who desiring to serue his turne when occasions be ministred in time of warres, not hauing his valiant and best souldiors present and readie about him, shal not onely be made frustrate of that he would performe, but sometimes also suffer and sustaine damage, and onely in respect of those which be ab∣sent abroad at their owne pleasure, contrarie to the consent and knowledge of the captaine.

He ought sufficiently to eate, rest, and sléep, whilest time doth permit, to the end he be not called for vnprouided, and that he may the more readily performe all enterprises néedfull, without anie discommoditie or want of abilitie, which commonly do fall out vnlooked for, and vpon the sodaine, for in ordinarie and ac∣customed enterprises, it is an easie thing to find euerie soul∣dier prouided, but in sodaine surprises not. Besides, I thinke it appertains and is proper to a good souldior, to follow the wars so long as he possibly can, for the increase of his experience. But being constrained to returne into his countrie, or into any citie, fortresse or other place of defence, by reason of some truce, seconded by peace, or through anie other accident, which doth constraine him to abandon the warres: then it is necessarie he fall to exercise that art, wherein he chiefly hath bene brought vp, either in merchandise, handicraft, or husbandrie, or else whatsoeuer, thereby to supply his necessities, to exercise his

bodie and to liue honestly: and by that meanes flie idlenesse, a thing most incident to youth: who being altogither igno∣rant in treading the steppes of a stayed life (through the small experience he hath of the world, which by tract of time is obtai∣ned, and by long practise, specially in the exercise of Armes) per∣swades himselfe he shall win credite and commoditie through the meanes of insolent actions, which altogither ought to be ab∣horred: through rash and prodigall brauerie, which oftentimes torments innocent families and poore parentes: and through galant garments and sumptuous attyre, whereby they grow banckrout: so that they are brought in time (being intangled in those swéete traps sauest with sharpe showers) to run headlong into a thousand & most miserable ruines. Therefore good souldi∣ers ought specially to endeuour themselues by some commen∣dable industrie, to gaine the good grace of valorous and valiant Captaines, and mightie Princes, the true possessors and fathers of warre, through whose authoritie and commendation they may be preferred: for the faith and assured credite of all war∣like and worthy souldiers doth depend vpon men of valor, and not of the weake authoritie, small valor, and great abuse of the ignorant & common people, called the beast with many heads. Therefore let them euer obserue the honor of the good and ver∣tuous: for since that in time of warres euerie souldier of good conditions doth sharpen his wit, & willingly aduēture his life, not respecting toyles or trauell, expences or danger, but doth imploy his industrie to preferre his princes profite, by great reason in time of peace he ought to be aduanced and maintai∣ned by them: and much the more for himselfe, is to vse all his indeuour to compasse his owne commoditie, and thereby make manifest his proper vertue, the which doth not consist in out∣ward appearance of valour and discretion: but in the true acti∣on thereof, agréeable to his honorable profession.

A souldier must apparell himselfe in the warres with cloth of fresh coulour, profitable and commodious: amongst the rest, red, murrey, tauney, and scarlet makes a galant shew in the fielde, which he must weare to honour the Militarie profession, and for his most fit and apt wearing, and not to hinder the disposi∣tion of his members, as doth our great bumbasted and bulstered hoose, which not many yeares since hath béene vsed: but in stéede

of them a straite brabantie and gascaine is to be we•…•…ne, togi∣ther with a close Cassocke, which may shield both his 〈◊〉〈◊〉, tuch∣boxe, his match and péece from raine if néede be, whereby he may be readie to execute any enterprise he is commanded to per∣forme, and that of necessitie he ought to do: and so arme him∣selfe in other respectes, that he may redily do any seruice he is assigned vnto.

He must be willing to put in proofe all things commanded, without making replie, or denying any one thing, or deferring •…•… matter from one time to another, either for feare of spoiling or spotting his apparel in foule way, or foule weather, or y^t he shal not be able to inioy commodious lodging, store of victuals, & such other respects, not to be estéemed of, but worthy great reprehen∣sion. Therefore it is requisite he practise himselfe first of all to be a perfect priuate souldier, before he be drawne to the desire of bearing office, which were to set the cart before the horses, and worke by contraries: For first we must learne to guid, and then is it lawfull to gouerne. But it is no new thing, nor to be maruelled at, that some men are accustomed to obtaine charges by vnlawfull and indirect meanes, I will not say, that they vse them accordingly. Therefore to merite a charge, it is alwayes farre more excellent and more conuenient to winne them by de∣sert, then to enter thereinto by intrusion: for those that doe not beg them do feele in themselues their proper sufficiencie: where contrariwise they are a heauie burthen to those that know them not, although with great instance they haue procured & sought for them. Which want and vnwarie dealing in this our age, peraduenture procéeds of the small néede the world séemes to haue of good souldiers at this day, and of the little experience most men in our time haue of the art of warre, or at least wise our superiours are blinded with the sweete baites of couetous∣nesse, chiefe cause of such elections. Yet this notwithstanding we ought to retaine with al reuerence, the honour & credite due to an expert and good souldier, who with diligence being sought for & selected, as neere as is possible, ought to haue the most chosē charges, and expeditions giuen to their gouernmēt. To the end those affaires may fal out happily, to the honor of their nation & profite of their Prince, whilest he doth follow the wars, or is in Campe: let him carrie as little baggage with him as is possi∣ble,

that he may be the more nimble and light of bodie, spée∣die in his iourney or marching, and the more apt for all enter∣prises.

During the warres (or else not) he ought to weare in some conuenient place of his garments, that is most apparant to the view of y^e band, a token, red crosse, or scarfe, whereby in skir∣mishes and other attemps he is to be knowne of what part he is. The Emperials vse a red scarfe, Englishmen saint Georges crosse, the French the white crosse, 〈◊〉〈◊〉. or such a signe as the Ge∣nerall of the fielde shall make choice of, which he ought to doe willingly, thereby to remoue suspition out of the mind of his Captaine and Chieftaines, that they néede not to stand in doubt of him: and for diuers other worthie respects, since that by these and like manifest meanes, the souldier shewes inward faith & loyaltie to the officers and Captaines which gouerne. But if otherwise they carrie the said token and marke loose at their necke, brest, armes, or any other place, it giues matter and oc∣casion of doubt touching their sidelitie: specially being but new∣ly entertained, since that not being made fast, they may easily cast away or hide the same in time of perill or doubtfull fight: which suspicion ought diligently to be remoued by him which carrieth an entire desire and full intent to deale truly & loyally.

He ought likewise to beware, vnder paine of great punish∣ment, for running from one campe to another, for what occasion soeuer shal vrge him to it, but is bound to serue that partie with which he doth first place himselfe, euen vntill the ende of the warres.

I haue séene it likewise not lawfull, that a captaine should receiue into his seruice a souldier that is departed from another Captaine of the same faction, and this was obserued, to the end that souldiers should be kept obedient and stedfast vnder their Ensigne, where first they haue placed themselues. Prouided al∣wayes, that their Captaines intreate them honestly and well, which is to be decided by the Marshall of the field. Neuertheles, so often as a souldier is forced of necessity to leaue the warres, he ought not to depart out of his seruice, but by the speciall ly∣cence of his captain, accompanied with an autentike pasport of his good seruice, so shal he shun many cōfusions which are great occasions of scādals & infinite troubles, by means wherof he may

fréely make relation of the good seruice he hath done, and boldly shew himselfe before any mans face.

He ought to take special care, that he be not the beginner and occasion of any discordes and mutinies, neither consent there∣vnto, what reason soeuer should lead him thereunto, since that such peruerse proceeding doth not agrée with the worthie, noble, and famous art of war, which is a dangerous discredite to such malefactors, and for the most part without any recouerie doth procure the generall ruine of many valiant Captaines & migh∣tie armies. And therfore ruffians and common hackers that liue idle in the stréetes at home, and follow the wars onely for spoile▪ are most vnfit to make souldiers, for experience makes manifest, that they are the onely cause of mutin•…•…s, so that one such is able to corrupt and disorder a whole band. Wherefore a good souldier ought rather to applie himselfe to suffer things impossible, then commit so great an error, for by the one great honour and praise shall redound vnto him, and by the other vile act, he shall gaine manifest blame and assured death: for such notable errors, with∣out any remission, or any pity (as in part I haue before touched, and her easter in the marshal Lawes shal set downe) are seuere∣ly to be chastised.

When the companie doth disband, and euerie souldier is to go to his lodging or cabbin, it is verie requisite he stay vntill such time as he see the Ensigne lapt vp and lodged, to the intent, if he be of the gard about the same, that night he may attend to do his dutie, otherwise he may lawfully depart, & thereby shun the shamful name of a stubborne, licentious & disobedient persō.

He must learne to vnderstand the assured sound of the drum, thereby to know alwayes whereunto he is appointed, and what thing is to be done and obeyed, which of duetie is accustomed to be done, since that with this instrument souldiers are giuen to vnderstand, during the warres, what things be necessarie to be executed. One thing besides is most necessarie for a souldier, which is, that he learne perfitly to swim, both for that waters cānot alwayes be passed with wading, neither at al times boats & bridges can be conueyed with the campe, by reason of naughty passages, as also in diuers enterprises a man is both more safe and more bold, knowing what he can do: whereof young Shelley made a most famous proofe, who at y^e victualing of Midleborow,

when their nanie was assaulted by the Flushingers, hauing all his companie slaine, swam a shore with his armes, being the last man left aliue a shipbord: and as the Spaniards at the pas∣sage of the arme of the sea, when they went to besiege Siricke seas. Besides the notable attempt made at the great riuer of Alba in Saxonie, the yeare 1547. where the Imperialists had so famous and glorious a victorie.

Now therefore let no man perswade himselfe, that the seue∣rall and particular experience which belongs to a perfect good souldier, can be perfectly and duely obtained by anie other way, but by a continuall delight, exercise, and obseruation: for no man doth bring any worke to perfection, whereof he hath not the art: euerie art doth spring of experience and knowledge, and knowledge doth arise by meanes of studie and continuall practise. Militarie profession being then more perfect and aboue all other arts, consequently it is necessarie we vse in the same greater studie, and more continuall exercise then is to be vsed in any other art: for somuch as it is a most ancient and pru∣dent sentence: All arts do consist in exercise: and therfore conti∣nually at idle times it is verie fit and necessarie for a souldier, to practise and exercise himselfe amongst his companions in the campe, in running, leaping, throwing the barre, or such like, to make him actiue, and to auoid such idle pastimes as souldiers commonly now a daies vse, contrarie to all good order.

Besides which, as I haue partly touched before, euery priuate souldier ought not only to be well able to vse the weapon he ser∣ueth withall, but also sodainly to vnderstand all cōmandements of his gouernors, whether it be by voice or sound of drum or o∣therwise, and to know how to maintein himselfe in order with∣out breaking aray, not onely marching, but also turning in a troupe or retyring. For that souldier which knoweth his dutie how to behaue himselfe in the campe, in watch, scout, &c. and likewise in marching, turning, retyring, and fighting or skir∣mishing to obserue the order prescribed by his captaine, may be called a trained and old souldier: whereof if he be ignorant, al∣though he haue bene twentie yeares in the warres, he is not to be estéemed a souldier. But in these exercises the sergeants and officers are daily & duely to instruct generally and priuately ech souldier, which officers ought of necessitie to haue knowledge

in reading, that both what is written before, and shalbe written after in this booke, specially touching the marshal lawes of the field, they may euer read as a lecture to their souldiers, being in corpes de gard, or at other •…•…it and conuenient times. For these be things so necessary to be known and obserued, that it doth both import very much that ech souldier should haue them by heart, & 〈◊〉〈◊〉 were possible, sowed vpon their garments to be a perpetual glasse to looke into, whereby they might guide all their actions, that thereby they might sée what they ought to shun for feare of punishment, and what to imbrace to increase credite.

To knit vp this our first discourse, he that findes himselfe suf∣ficient and well inclined to exercise this most excellent professi∣sion, ought with all modest humilitie, & good intention, frame himselfe to a perfect obedience, aswel to obserue order, a thing so conuement and necessary in this exercise, as also to execute that which shalbe commanded him by his captaine.

Before a souldier bind himselfe to serue in a •…•…and, he ought aduisedly to consider, and expresly to perswade himself, y^t vnder an expert, valorous, and worthy captaine, seldome or neuer our trauaile in well doing is forgotten or lost: when as the contra∣ry doth chance vnder those that be vain, vitious, and of small ex∣perience, who through want of perfection and practise, dee not know the merit of the valiant and valorous acts of a good soul∣dier: so that consequently they neglect all toyle & trauaile done in any honourable enterprise. Therefore it behoues a souldier to make a good choyse at the first, for after whatsoeuer hée be, he must still obey him: and likewise alwaies haue respect, and carrie a reuerence to the iustice of martiall lawe, and the mini∣sters of the same, though they be of base condition, since both by the law of nature and nations, they ought to be obeyed and ob∣serued, and particularly knowne, and had in memory of euerie priuate souldier: for thereby both horesmen and footemen are kept in perfect order.

But aboue all things a souldier ought not to forget his dutie and deuotion toward the goodnes of our Lord God, and towards the holy catholicke Church and our sacred christian religion, by which the true gift of vertue, valor and fortitude, and all good things beside, we most certainly receiue, and are assured to at∣taine whilest our determinations be lawfull and honest. And

for that a souldier being subiect to a thousand dayly dangers, it behoues him continually to liue as he dare die, and oftentimes to reconcile himselfe to God by confession, penance and satisfac∣tion, and receiue the benefite of the other heauenly and moste blessed sacrament.

I haue bene somwhat more copious in this first discourse tou∣ching a souldier, then perchance I meane to be in any of the rest, by reason this is the first step and degree a man ought to set his feete vpon, before he mount the throne of perfect gouern∣ment in martiall affaires: for if a souldier can obtaine tried experience in this first point, he may with more ease ascend the other, since this is onely the ground-worke of all the rest.

The office which appertaines to a corporall, cape de squa∣dre, disnier, or chiefe of chamber.

IT is not to be doubted, but that al notable errors depend only of idlenesse, and that all worthy and commendable acts spring of vigilant warinesse: Therefore a corporall, cape de squadre, disnier, or chiefe of chamber, or how you list to terme thē, ought to be no lesse prudent and carefull ouer the gouernment of his people, then a father in ruling of his family, and as euery pa∣rent doth passe in age his children, euen so a corporall should be such, that he may exceede an•…•… souldier, i•…•… not by experience and yeares, at leastwise with diligence and sharpenesse of wit. Through which indeuour and exercise, ioyned with a feruent desire and delight, to attaine to the perfit tip of this honoura∣ble profession, he shall euery day become more cap•…•…able, and of greater experience: wherefore I would as neare as is possible, not only haue him expresly acquainted with the aduertisements and martiall lawes following, but also ind•…•…ed with the best of th•…•…se conditions which I haue set out in my former discourse of a priuate souldier, since y^t •…•…o mount vp to this second degrée, it is very necessary & requisite, that he haue made long abode in the practise and experience in y^e first step of seruice appertaining to a priuate souldier. The captaine must select & choose sou•…•…e of the most skilfull souldiers, which be honest, loyall, and perfect ca∣tholicke Christians, out of euerie hundreth in his •…•…and; whereof two are to haue charge of the shotte, the other two

of the pikes, euerie one guiding 24. a péece, the which ought all of them to be lodged togither, and the corporall himselfe in the middest of his charge, whereby when anie secret seruice is to be done, they may call and assemble by the appointment of the superiour officers, their whole squadron, or what lesse number els, without the sound of anie drum.

Now then a corporall with his squadron of 25. or more, ac∣cording to the discretion of the captaine, lodging togither with his companie, must prouide generally for all their reasonable wants of wages, match, powder, and other munition, and must instruct them how to handle their weapons. He must likewise remember perfectly howe euerie one is armed and furnished when he receiueth them in charge, and to see that no part therof be spoiled but preserued neat and trimme: and aboue all things to looke well to the behauiour of his companie, not suffering them to vse vnlawfull and prohibited gaming, neither to giue themselues to drinking and surfetting, but to spare of theyr pay to furnish themselues brauely and surely against the enemy, wherein he ought to vse his chiefe indeuour. And if it happen that any fault is committed, his part is not violently to punish the souldier himselfe, as heereafter is touched: but to make it knowne to his captaine, who must not neyther, as some rashly do, reuenge himselfe, but communicate the same with the Mar∣shall or his prouost, who onely haue vnder the generall autho∣ritie to punish: and this due course of iustice shal be more ter∣rible to the souldier, and bréed lesse cuill will in them to y^e cap∣taine and officers: generally in these respects, the corporal must touching the foresayd causes or such like, or if any souldier be sicke, hurt or absent, by way of imprisonment or death, im∣mediatly make report thereof, finding any thing worthy rela∣tion, and spare no man, but deliuer ouer the trueth to the ser∣geant, the sergeant from hym, or togither with the corporall to the lieutenant, & he or they all ioyntly to the captaine, who is to take order in the cause. Thus shall dignitie of officers be maintained, and officers and faultes redressed, to the great ex∣ample of the euill, and comfort of the good. But somewhat more amply to set down the foresaid respects togither with certayne other aduertisements. A corporall must alwaies foresée and exa∣mine, that the souldiers of his squadron kéep their armes in or∣der,

clean and intyre: and the Hargabusiers stored with match, bullets, and powder, and such like necessaries: a thing worthy to be noted and obserued in this profession: the which makes sh•…•…w that the same is of a good souldier not onely vsed in time of war, but in all other times and places, being a knowne diffe∣rence betwixt the legitimate, and lewd professors of armes. He ought of necessitie still to instruct & exhort them, y^t they liue to∣gither friendly, w^tout discord: that they be modest and sparing in their victuals, profitable in their apparell, and y^t generally they do shun swearing, and blaspheming vpō gréeuous punishment, by which act of blaspheming and swearing by the holie name of the sacred Trinity, they commit greater villany & offence before God, then if before the world they did commit most wicked acts, or infinit errors. Likewise let him prohibit al vnlawful games, for the performance wherof he ought to procéed w^t as great dex∣teritie and curtesie as he can, that alway in matters of impor∣tance, he may haue that due obedience which is required, & not through crueltie gaine the hate and euill will of those persons, which in many other thinges beside are to obey him: for to cha∣stise them, lies neither in hys power, neyther in the arbitriment of other officers, although they be of degrees higher then he, but doth iustly appertayn to y^e office of the maister of the campe, and marshal of y^e field. The which point is to be noted and obserued, to y^e discredit of some captains, which at this day delight to im∣brew their murthering hands in the bloud of souldiers, and men perchance of honest behauior, being moued thereunto through some hatred, toy, or beastly passion.

Therefore he must alwayes be mindfull to obserue this ho∣nourable rule of diuers good and discréet officers, who somtimes do ouersee and winke at light faultes, and procéed with a certain modestie and lenitie, although in matters of greater insolency, with seueritie.

Notwithstanding these & such like authorities, the corporall ought to be no lesse obedient to euery least poynt of the marshal lawes: and in ranck and aray, or in other places where those of greater gouernment be, he must performe & obserue the part and dutie of a priuate souldier, and retain like order and obedience: for where our betters be, the lesse g•…•…e place.

But when alone with his squadron he is conducted to y^e •…•…ace

where he is to make watche and ward: then must he take vpon him his office, and make prouision of wood or coles, that he may alwaies haue fire burning in his corps of gard, aswel in the day as in the night, and aswel in the summer as in the winter: w^tout which he ought neuer to kéep watch, because it is a most necessa∣ry munition for the Hargubusiers, to light their match withall, •…•… for other néedfull respects. Likewise he must prouide for oyle, for candles for the night time, for lanterns and such like at the sergeant maiors handes, or of some others, who haue charge to prouide for those things, & are accustomed to distribute the same. If he kéep his corps de gard in an open and plain place or other∣wise: he must conform the company of his squadron, according to the order appointed by his betters: and with the most spéedy & artificial maner that he can, must arme and fortify with ditches, trenches, and Sentinels, the place where he must make his abode with this his small band and troup of souldiers, the better to re∣sist y^e enemies furie, or any surprise he might assault him with∣all, considering that sometimes, yea and that very often, being set vpon, the Sentinels and corps de garde be repulsed and haue their throats cut, to the great disturbance & vniuersall domage of the whole campe. He must ordaine his watch in such a place, that in the same at all times he may remaine warie and vigi∣lant, placing himselfe in the moste high and eminent seate of all the corps de gard, to the intent that he may know and discern in due time euery particular accident that shall happen or succéed: and thereof immediatly aduertise his captaine of all, that hee may prouide remedie with speede, according as the case re∣quires. Warily and secretly, euē at the closing of the night, vn∣till the bright spring of the Diana, and fayre day light, he must ordaine and place Sentinels, and often search and visite them, with the aid of two of the captaines gentlemen of his compa∣nie, called of the Italians Lanzze Spezzate, or might be ter∣med more aptly, extraordinary Lieutenants, that he may al∣wayes remayne vigilant and assured, to the intent hee be not assailed vnprouided, to his great domage, and before he can giue warning of the enemie to the campe, which doth rest and lie in safetie in that quarter where he is, vnder his charge, care and diligence. In such cases he ought therefore to imploy the best men he hath, that he neuer rest deceiued in a matter of so great

importance, since that of those which be but meane souldiers, or as I may well terme them, negligent persons, nothing else is to be looked for at their handes, but error, losse, and danger.

Moreouer, he must at the least cause the third part of his squa∣dron to remayne & stand continually armed at all poynts, both night and day, consisting of greater or lesse quantitie of people, according as the suspition doth argue the neede of them to be small or great: the Hargabusiers hauing their flaskes and fur∣niture tied to their girdles, and their peeces readie charged, that vpon a sodaine they may contend by skirmish, according to needfull occasion, and readily resist the enemy without slacking or any remission of time, vntill all the squadron be put in order.

He must be very circumspect, that the rest of the souldiers weapons, and principally his owne, be laid vp and placed in such order, one kinde being deuided from another, that in one instant they may be speedily and readily armed: the which hée must daily put in practise, and inure them withall, by fained alarmes, by speciall commandement and of set purpose, which be most necessarie to be practised before-hand for diuers hono∣rable and important respectes, worthie to be had in good consi∣deration.

Therefore let him haue and carie a continual care, that their armes neuer remaine in any confused order, the which if hée should suffer, he should find no doubt to be a great want: but the same may be preuented, and made easie, by accomodating the Hargabusies in ranck one by one, vpon a boord or banck: y^e pikes and corslets, in order reared and hanged vpon some wall or o∣ther apt place in the corps de gard, and vpō ech particular wea∣pon and péece, euery souldier should haue a proper and speciall mark before-hand made whereby to know the same. He ought daily to instruct his squadron euerie one apart, howe to handle the weapon wherwith they serue: the Hargabusier to charge & discharge nimbly, y^e pikeman to tosse his pike w^t great dexterity.

Sentinels ought with great reason to be placed about the corps of gard, to the intent the same may be defended and kept w^t more safety and securitie. He himselfe at the closing of the night, must place the first Sentinel, and so consequently the rest, instructing them orderly what maner they haue to obser•…•…e, and howe they ought to gouern thēselues in such accidents as might insue: who

are to remaine in Sentinel in winter and cold weather, but one houre, or two at the most: but in sommer, two or three houres before they be changed: for which respect, that euery one may be •…•…ed with equitie, let him first make a iust diuision of his num∣ber▪ according to the number of the houres in the night, and fol∣lowing that proportiō, let him see the same performed, without fauoring or omitting any, the which he may the more certainly performe, if the names of his souldiers be written in a roll, and when y^e houre-glasse hath run their time (which is necessary for him to haue in his corps de gard▪ then to pricke their names, and place newe in their roomes, so shall ech souldier be partaker of the trauaile, and rest marueilously wel satisfied. But for that in wars, Canuisados, Surprises, Sallies, such like casualties & ad∣uertisementes be infinite, I will leaue the rest to his owne vi∣gilant discretion, & suppose it néedlesse to aduertise him of euery particular point, more then that I haue and will touch in this my first booke of Militarie directions, as cases moste proper for priuate souldiers. I therefore at this present thinke it sufficient for a corporall to know, y^t it is necessary he should so dispose the matter through his prouident prouision, that all his people may be reduced into order, and already haue taken their weapons in their hands, before the enemy giue charge vpon them. And ther∣fore in time and place of suspition and danger, he must place lost Sentinels without the watchword, a good distance off, from the Corpes de garde, in places moste suspect. But in other places not néedfull so much to be suspected, and that be néerer him, he ought to set Sentinels with the watch-word, so farre one from an other, as it shal seeme vnto him reasonable or requisit, & that they may inu•…•…ron the ground one within y^e sight of another, or so y^t the enemy cānot enter, or any espion issue without their knowledge. If great occasion so demand, let him place togither one hargabu∣sier, & one armed pike, to the intent y^t the one may kéep the ene∣mie far off, and in a certain sort sustaine his fury at the point of his pike, whilst the Hargabusier with the discharge of his péece, giues arme to the corpes de garde and camp: which exployt may be the better performed, if a corporall shippe of pikemen be ioy∣ned togither with another of shot. Somtimes without making any noyse or rumour, Arme is giuen to the campe, for one of the two Sentinels may retyre, and make relation to the cor∣porall

what hath appeared, bin séene, hard or happened, wherby he may speedily with great silence giue Arme to the gard, with∣out leauing the place of the Sentinel disarmed, which they ought neuer to abandon, but at such times as the enimie is manifestly discouered. The occasion of the Alarme being certaine, at which time being retyred, they must vnite themselues togither with the souldiers of the gard, that they may all wholy in one com∣panie execute that which shall fall out best for their purpose, which is, to retyre fighting or skirmishing to the Campe, accor∣ding to ordinarie custome, notwithstanding by the order and appointment of those which haue authoritie to command them, as their Captaine, Sergeant Maior, &c. but neuer otherwise.

He ought moreouer to be circumspect, that in the body of the watch a solemne secrete silence be kept, without singing, braw∣ling, or any rumour or noise, and specially in the night, both in respect of the enimie, to heare when the Alarme is giuen, and to the intent that those which rest & sléepe, and are not yet in Sen∣tinel, may be the more apt to resist & apply themselues to these factions & exercises, which are required of them with vigilant watchfulnes, since a man cannot without great difficultie re∣maine without sléepe or rest, any much longer time then our nature is accustomed by ordinarie course to beare, and therfore at the entrance of the corps de gard, he ought likewise to kéepe a proper Sentinel appertaining to the gard, that neither friend nor enimie comming out of the Campe or else where, shall be able to enter without yeelding the watchword: and in this sort must the Corporall proceed, euen vntill the Diana be sounded through all the Campe. For other respects, I finally refer him to my following discourse, which togither with that written before, it is requisite he haue in perfect memorie as well as the priuate souldier.

Sixe speciall points appertaining to souldiers of all sorts.

IT is written in the Historie of Pietro Bizari, touching the in∣credible and maruellous obedience of the Turkish souldiers, that a certaine Gentleman at his returne from Constantino∣ple did declare vnto the Earle of Salma, that he had seene foure myracles in the Turkish dominions: which was, first an infi∣nite armie almost without number, consisting of more then

foure hundred thousand men. Secondly, that amongst so many men, he saw not one woman. Thirdly, y^t there was no mention made of wine. And last, at night when they had cryed with a hye voice Alla, which is God: there continued so great a silence through the whole campe, that euen in the Pauilions they did not speak but with a low soft voice, a thing worthie to be admi∣red, to the great shame of the confusion of Christians: therefore if the infidels obserue such strict discipline, why should not we that be Christians indeuour our selues to surpasse them therin? and begin with the Spaniard, the Salue and Auemaria, which they vse thrise throughout their whole campe, recommending themselues and their affaires to God, with great reuerence and silence, which I would wish to be continued vntill the diana, when togither with the sound of the drummes, the same might be with a chéerefull crie renued. But togither with silence to set downe certaine other vertues, take them here as I finde them written.

Silence.

In all places of seruice such silence must be vsed, that souldi∣ers may heare friends, and not be heard of enimies, as well in watch, ward, ambush, canuisado, or any other exploit: in which point consisteth oftentimes the safetie or perdition of the whole Campe.

Obedience.

Such obedience must be vsed, that none regard the persons but the office to them appointed, diligently obseruing the same: any offending to the contrarie, runneth into the danger of the law, for longer then obedience is vsed and maintained, there is no hope of good successe.

Secretnesse.

Souldiers must be secrete, and haue regard that they disclose nothing, though sometimes they vnderstand the pretence of the hier powers. The disclosers of such, merite most cruell pu∣nishment.

Sobrietie.

In Sobrietie consisteth great praise to the souldiers, who vsing the same are euer in state of preserment, such regard their

duties, and reproue the rash busibodies. Drunkerds, &c. are euer in danger of punishment.

Hardinesse.

The Captaines and souldiers that be hardie of courage, be much auailable in seruice, specially such as will ponder what may be the end of their enterprise. Some in times past haue hardly giuen the onset, and after repented the same: but the praise of the aduised cannot be expressed.

Truth and Loyaltie.

The vertue of loyaltie and truth is farre excéeding my capa∣citie to write, the practises of the contrarie, are not worthie of life, but to be soone adiudged. Subtile enimies approue to cor∣rupt souldiers with giftes, and the diuell to entrap them with the swéete intising baites of lewd libertie. But since the reward of truth is euerlasting life, & the vntrue and dissembler looseth the same in continuall darkenesse, I trust none of our countri∣men will learne the one for the other, will be false to his soue∣raigne, or flée from the assured piller of the Catholike faith: from which God kéepe all good souldiers.

How a souldier may maintaine obedience, and keepe himselfe in the fauour and good grace of his Captaine and Generall.

A Good souldier ought to haue consideration, that since due or∣ders and lawes are the assured foundation & stay of euerie state: and contrariwise, discord and disobedience the ruine of all Realmes: so that aboue all things a well gouerned Generall, and a carefull Captaine, ought prudently to foresée that their Campe and souldiers be paid and punished with equall execu∣tion of iustice, not respecting person: yeelding to the offenders punishment, and reward to the vertuous: depressing vice, and exalting vertue: vsing commendation to the good, and correction to the euill, ioyned with admonishments of magnanimitie, the which if they preuaile not, to chastise them: and as the good hus∣band doth plucke y^e wéeds out of the good corne, to the intent that they by their wicked & pernicious example, do not infect the rest, & consequently doth prouide y^t no fault passe vnpunished, nor no

valorous act vnrewarded: by which meanes he becomes scared, fauoured, obeyed, and beloued of all the armie: euen so on the other side, the good natured souldier must euer haue respect to keepe the bondes of modestie towards his superiour, and yéeld many thankes to God, that he hath giuen him so iust and vertu∣ous a Captaine and General, towards whom he must alwayes yeeld like obedience, that the sonne doth to the father, being bound so to do by the diuine law, without shewing himselfe op∣posite to the order of generall iustice, nor ingratefull for his re∣ceiued benefites, but continually by his good guiding in the one and the other, giue his Captaine iust cause to loue and like wel of him.

Souldiers be euer bound to obey the iustice and commande∣ments of their superiours: and the superiours likewise to em∣brace the obedience of their souldiers, whilest he doth sée him∣selfe honoured and obeyed of them, either in déeds or words, in earnest or dissembling.

Although the general or captaine were a right Sardanapalus, so that his lawes be obeyed all things fall out well: wherefore a souldier ought with al his indeuour to be obedient to the law, with his whole heart loue his Captaine, and feare him with al his force.

Cyrus being cruell, couetous, miserable, and an cracter of taxes, through iustice was beloued and obeyed.

Cambyses, Marcus Cato, and Marcus Antonius, the two first being seuere and cruel, yet amongst the souldiers were maruel∣lously fauoured: and the third, although he was drowned in the deepe and gaping gulfe of Lecherie, Gluttonie, and riotous ga∣ming, yet was he so beloued of his armie, that his souldiers would haue suffered themselues to be crucified, to haue done a∣nie thing gratefull vnto him, and that chiefly through his iu∣stice: and therefore it behoues a souldier to kéepe inuiolate the •…•…artiall lawes of the field. But to touch the chiefest meanes whereby a souldier maybe drawne to obey, to scare, and loue the Captaine, and altogither gaine his good liking and fauour, carie in mind what insueth.

First, a souldier must presume and perswade himselfe, that whatsoeuer he doth in secrete, that it shall come to the know∣ledge of the Captaine, whether it be good or euill: which feare,

if he be wise, wil restraine him from doing any thing pernici∣ous, or against y^e marshal law, or to the misliking of y^e Captain, and so ought to rest in continuall doubt, lest his euill deeds come to light, and to the cares of the superiour officers, that with the sword of iustice, the rod of reuenge, and the scepter of rule, may and will chastice him. If he remember this, no doubt he will liue modestly, in obseruing those lawes which are commanded by the Captaine and Generall: for it behooues a souldier stil to liue in suspect, that spials and intelligencers be euer present at his elbow, which no doubt will accuse him for his euill beha∣uiour: of which sort a Captaine and Generall haue great store to kéepe the Campe and souldiers in continuall suspicion and feare.

A souldier must euer show himselfe grateful to his Captaine in words and déeds, by remaining patient in his actions, and not to vse complaints in his spéeches, suffering with quiet con∣tentation the penurie of victuals, if the Campe should want, ei∣ther through fault of the Generall, barenesse of the countrie, or otherwise by his negligence, or through the malignitie of for∣tune, that neither by water nor land corne and victuals can be brought to them in safetie: wherefore he must weare out this want patiently, & not with a melancholike countenance, make apparance of a wrathfull and furious person, by charging of the chiefetaine openly with those wants: for which procéeding, let him assure himselfe that he shalbe estéemed of euerie man an insolent, seditious, and impatient souldier.

Murmure not against thy Captaine with thy tongue, but ra∣ther lament in thy heart thy euill fortune, resting content with that portion of victuals his sergeant shall giue thée for that day. Séeme ioyfull whilest thy Captaine is merrie, and sorrowfull when he is grieued, yéelding comfort and consolation, togither with faithfull counsell, as the cause requireth.

Shew not thy selfe full of wrath and malcontent, for want of thy wonted pay, although thou manifestly perceiue the same to procéede of the couetousnesse of thy Captaine: but dissemble and shew him so grateful a countenance, that he thereby may be mo∣ued to pay the band, if not all, at the least part. If these delayes procéede not by his fault, and that therefore he laments •…•…hy lin∣gring want: make frée offer vnto him to suffer all lacke and dis∣commoditie

to pleasure him withal, whereby he shalbe maruel∣lously moued, and much more bound to loue a curteous souldier.

Do not molest him with demanding more succour and prest money, then thou hast neede of, yea and that when needie force constraines.

Report not any thing but that which is profitable and bene∣ficiall for the publike state: for otherwise thou shalt be accoun∣ted a malicious detractour, insolent, and insupportable, making rehersall of euerie little trifle, whereby hatred is gained in ex∣change of gaining fauor. Faile neuer in the diligent execution of thy duetie, and make shew of thy forwardnes, euen purposelie with the first, euen in those things that appertaine not to thy charge.

Disobey not the Captaines or Generals precepts, nor with∣stand the martial lawes: neither affirme that any thing is euil wrought which is done, for it appertaines not to a souldier to reprehend: but to a counsellour to admonish.

Do not importune thy Captaine to reward thy trauell and seruice, but attend his liberalitie: for if thou become importu∣nate, he will likewise become Marcus Crassus, who at the first vsing great liberality, being continually and ouermuch craued, became at the last extreame couetous.

Present him neuer with any thing, specially with any thing of valour: for thy Captaine which hath no néed of that which is thine, and perceiuing thée to present him that which is not cor∣respondent to the merite of his worthinesse, will estéeme the same to be done in maner of merchandise, as procéeding of craft: but if thy Captaine demaund any thing vnder shew of praising and commending the same, or the beautie thereof, it is then re∣quisite that the same be liberally bestowed vpon him, it being a curteous demaund, which he commonly will magnificently re∣compence, as did Artaxerxes.

Accept neuer any thing of thy enimie souldier, neither re∣•…•…eiue any letter, yea if it should be from thy father, without ly∣cence of thy Captaine Generall, as a thing which onely apper∣taines to counsellers and chieftaines: for thy Captaine would become ielous ouer thy fidelitie, suspecting that thou wert cor∣rupted. There is another note, specially to aduertise all soul∣diers of, that they doe not rashly, neither of purpose disdaine to

be gouerned and commanded of a Captaine, which is perchance of no ancient house, as an infinite number of fond and pre∣sumptuous fellowes do now adayes: who being rude and rusti∣call clownes, disdaine to be guided by captaines, whose valour and vertue, and not whose ancient stocke, hath giuen them that degrée, being ascended to so hye honour by the steppes of ver∣tue: for I haue seene some that but lately haue left their needles▪ their hammers, and their spades, hauing scarce séene a small skirmish, but that they presume themselues to be expert soul∣diers, and will say, what is my captaines valour more then mine? Is not he of base degrée as well as I? Not considering that we be all sprung out of one stocke, but that our valour and vertue hath made vs noble, as hath béene verified in diuers Princes, kings and Emperours, as Caius Marius, Lucius Quintus Cincinatus, Attilius Collatinus, Valentinianus, Maxi∣minianus, Francisco Carmognuolo, Iulian Romero, and Mon∣dragon, besides diuers others moe, which at this day doe liue, being exalted by the degrees and way of vertue, to the tippe of such praise as is most conuenient to worthy Captaines: and therefore no souldier ought to disdaine to be gouerned by such, whose vertue hath made noble their minds.

And moreouer, if anie such a one that is become Captaine, either by meanes of fauour or vertue, be blotted with some vice or defect, yet we ought not to disobey him: for Caesar was ambitions, great Alexander a drunkard, Hanniball vnfaith∣full, cruell, and without Religion, Fabius Maximus by linge∣ring estéemed a coward, Marcellus rash and vnaduised. And therefore although thy Captaine be accounted most vicious, yet if he know how to gouerne and guide his charge, a soul∣dier must obey him, and neither calumniously reprehend him, nor corruptly imitate and obserue his vices, but duely and directly fulfill his precepts: so that no souldier or Gentle∣man, of what great house soeuer, ought to disdaine to be com∣manded of such as haue risen by vertue, to the height of ho∣nour, neither any man, how great of linage soeuer he h•…•…▪ to disdaine to accept lesse degrées then a Captaine: for these bée the steppes by the which hée must ascende vnto higher dignitie, as manie auncient and noble personages haue doone, who from inferiour degees by little and little haue

come to superiour, whereof the great Emperour Caius Iulius Caesar may be example: who being borne of a noble house a∣mongst the Romans, was first chosen Pretor in Spaine (a base office in respect of his worthy parentage) as being reputed vn∣worthy of any greater office, he did beare the same with a ioy∣full mind, accepting it as a meane and beginning to make him ascend to the highest of Fortunes whéele, vnto the which the valor of his worthy minde did aspire. These things considered, let no mā disdain, how great & illustrous so euer he be, y^e lowest degrees of seruice, for by these steps he must ascend to the throne of stately gouernement. In sum, because I will not grow te∣dious, I conclude, that if any souldier would be beloued of his Captaine, let him still obey and reuerence him, performe his duetie and office willingly, and neuer imagine to do any thing that is not gratefull to him, but feare & obey the law of armes, which he must imprint perfectly in his heart, and haue conti∣nually in memorie, as here in order do presently insue.

Martiall and Militarie lawes, whereunto souldiers of all degrees must be sworne, to keepe and maintaine inuiolated at all times and in all places, whether they serue Emperor, King, or Prince.

1 FIrst, he y^t contrary to the word of God (whom in al our acti∣ons we must first haue respect vnto) doth maintaine, per∣swade, & fauour any infidelitie, heresie, schisme, strange or new religion whatsoeuer, and doth not cleaue to the Christian faith, shall incurre the law appertaining.

2 Item that those which without the feare of God despise and deride his holy word, be punished accordingly.

3 Item that no man speake against the Christian catholike faith, neither write against the same.

4 Item that no souldier of what soeuer degrée or office he be, do breake, spoile, abuse, or prophane any church.

5 Item that no souldier emit or absent himselfe from diuine seruice, if his Princes vrgent affaires will admit him to be present.

6 Item that all souldiers obserue and kéepe the precepts of the church.

7 Item that contrariwise, no man be so hardy to outrage any zealous man, either in word, déede, or any other sinister meanes, but in liew thereof, carrie a reuerent respect to all and euerie of them.

8 Item that in like sort no man go about to defloure, com∣mit adulterie or fornication, with virgins, wiues or widowes, neither by force, neither by other accident (vnlesse the partie were consenting, and the matter secrete, which neuerthelesse is not lawful before the face of God) vpon paine of death without mercie.

9 Item that no mā shal destroy, ruinate, endomage, or set on fire any sacred place, without licence of y^e Captain or General.

10 Item togither with these foresaid religious cases, or any e∣ther, whosoeuer shal blaspheme, reuie, & horribly sweare by the almightie name of God, by his diuine word and sacraments, let such a peruerse, impious, and blaspheming person be punished openly, and to the terrour of the rest let it be executed: for no doubt the plague of the highest will not depart from the tentes of blasphemers and despisers of religion: for how should we vse iustice indifferently vnto men, when we are content with si∣lence to suffer such iniurie to be committed against God? Ther∣fore first the offences done against God must be straightly pu∣nished, and he then wil giue thée wisdome to decide the rest, and triumphant victorie.

11 Item all souldiers in generall, hauing taken their oath to serue God and aduance his word, they shal then next be sworne to be true, iust, and dutifull to their Lord & soueraigne, and his graund General, or chiefe captaine of the field, to be tractable & obedient vnto euery officer placed & appointed to rule ouer him, and to be readie both day & night to serue, whether it be by land or by water, as occasion of seruice shall fall out and require: and whosoeuer doth repine or sheweth disobedience herein, of what degreè or cōdition soeuer he be, he must be duly punished by the iudgement of the superiours, appointed for that purpose.

12 Item that whensoeuer any Chieftaine or Captaine of any band, shal vpon vrgent causes appoint in his absence any other whom he shall thinke good, to supply and execute his roome of captainship, euerie man ought to follow and obey the said depu∣tie with no lesse care & diligence, then they would the captaine

himselfe, vpon paine of such punishment as the Generall or his assignes shall appoint.

13 Item that al souldiers must content themselues with their places appointed, being ioyned togither in ban•…•…s, or seuerall without resistance, whether it b•…•… in marching, watching, in∣camping, or bes•…•…eging, being also commanded thereunto by the Captaine or other officers, vpon such paine as shalbe thought good by the Captaine.

14 Item that euerie souldier shall •…•…or his honour sake, gladly fauour, & mercifully forbeare vnto the vttermost of his power, all women lying in childbed, or being with child, or lately deli∣uered from child, to defend and succour them from the rage of the cruel and rude souldiers, or others which follow the campe for spoile. Also it behooueth, as I said before, that all souldiers defend all priestes of godly calling, and all spirituall persons: but now adaies they be y^e first to whom abuse is offered, of what opinion or religion soeuer they be: but God no doubt wil iustly plague all such before they be aware, and when they least sus∣pect it.

15 Item that euerie souldier shall serue, and is by the law of armes bound by long custome to serue thirtie dayes for eue∣rie moneth, and after that rate he shall receiue his moneths wages.

16 Item, if that any souldier haue receiued his moneths wa∣ges aforehand, or any part thereof, and departeth without leaue or pasport from his Captaine, and hath not serued for it, he or •…•…hey apprehended, shall for the said offence be iudged to die.

17 Item, if there be any souldier or souldiers in marching, breake his or their aray without iust occasion enforcing them, then the pro•…•…ost marshall, Lieutenant of the •…•…and, or sergeant, shall compell him or them with violence to kéepe his or their rankes in order: and if so be that he or they so disordered, doe chance in this case to be sla•…•…e, there shall no man be blamed by his or their deathes, by the law of the field, for by such disorde∣red people the whole armie may be in danger of ruinating by the enimie.

18 Item, if that by the appointment of the chiefe rulers of the armie there be a battaile fought, and that by the mightie power o•…•… God, the victorie be obtained on your side, the law of armes

is such, that if any souldier hath receiued his monethes wages aforehand, he shall be discharged of the same, neither shall he serue any longer for the said wages, after the day of victorie, neither shal owe any thing for it, but he shal be set frée from the moneths seruice.

19 Item, if it chance that in time of skirmish, or in any other conflict with the enimie, some one do aduenture to •…•…lie and run away from his fellowes, if in the flying his Cap•…•…aine or any other souldier by shooting at him, or by striking at him do chance to kill him, they shall incurre no danger for so doing: and if such a flier chance to escape at that time, and afterwards be taken, let him according to the law of armes suffer death for the same: for one such a recreant may be the ouerthrow of a great multi∣tude.

20 Item, it standeth with the law of armes, that ech common souldier shalbe sworne, that they will not haue amongst them∣selues any priuate counsels, assemblies or conuenticles, vpon paine of the losse of their liues.

21 Item, there shall no souldier, neither in time of marching, nor during the time of their incamping, hold or keepe any whis∣pering or talke, or secretly conuey any letters vnto their ad∣uersaries, without lycence from the chiefe Captaine, vpon pain of the losse of his life.

22 Item, if there be any one, or a more number, that shal go about any treason, or any other conspiracie to be committed a∣gainst the Campe or garrison, such a traitour or conspir•…•…ur shalbe accused vnto the knight marshall, and he that bewrayeth and accuseth such an offender, shall haue for his reward a monethes wages or more, as the fact is hainous: so the re∣ward is to bee increased vnto the partie that reue•…•…leth the same, and the offender to receiue the reward of a false •…•…∣tour.

23 Item that no souldier shall be suffered to be of a ruffi•…•…n∣like behauiour, either to prouoke or to giue any blow or thrust, or otherwise wilfully strike with his dagger, to iniurie any his fellow souldiers with any weapon, whereby 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 times ensue, vpon paine of the losse of his life.

24 Item, if any one beareth hatred or malice, or any euill will •…•…or any occasion done vnto him, and so striketh him, hee

looseth his hand, if otherwise he séeketh reuenge, then by law he looseth his life.

25 Item if any souldier be warned to watch and ward, and he do not come, he shall be punished at the discretion of the cap∣taine: but if any souldier be sommoned to watch, and hée ap∣peare, and after the watchword giuen, & the watch set, he depar∣teth and leaueth the watch, such a one shall without mercie be punished with the losse of his life: neither shall any man set an other to watch in his place without the leaue of the Captaine, vpon paine of his life.

26 Item y^t no souldier or souldiers draw his or their swords, or vse any other kind of weapon, with violence to do hurt with∣in or without the Campe, during the time of the warres, vpon paine of death. It hath lately béene vsed with more fauor of life, as such an offender to loose his hand: but it is the discretion of the Lord chiefe Generall, in whose hands lyeth both the life and death of the offenders after their arrainment and iust condem∣nation.

27 Item, the like law is against the officer & officers of any band in the campe, if he strike any souldier without such occasi∣on, as is permitted him in the articles to do, otherwise he may defend himselfe.

28 Item that no person or persons presume to be mustered, or to take wages before he be sworne to bée faithfull, and true∣ly to serue his Prince in those warres present, vpon paine of death.

29 Item that y^e Harold at armes shal proclaime & publish al that the Generall shall giue him in charge, in the place & places where he is commanded, and not to adde or diminish any part or parcell thereof vpon paine of death.

30 Item, there shal no souldiers or other men, procure or stir vp any quarrell with any stranger, that is of any other nation and such as serue vnder one head and Lord with them, nei∣ther in their gaming or otherwise, vpon paine of the losse of his life.

31 Item, there shall no souldier or other person, being in Campe or march, take away any thing from any man being their friend, by violence or deceipt, as their victuals or other ne∣cessaries, vpon paine of the losse of his life.

32 Item when that there are any victuals caried or brought vnto the campe, no man shall run out to take any part of them before they be brought to the appointed place for the purpose: no though they offer for them more then they be worth, vpon pain of the losse of his life.

33 Item if that the prouost martiall haue at any time taken an offender, and according to his office, he carieth him to be pu∣nished: and if that one or more souldiers seeke to rescew the said malefactor, and in this stirre the offender escape, he or they that are the occasion of this escape, shal be punished with the like pu∣nishment as the malefactor should haue bene, whether it be by life or otherwise, according as the waight of the crime requi∣reth.

34 Item if there be anie sound, that hath entered his name vnder two captaines, and hath taken wages, armour and wea∣pons beforehand: such a person shalbe taken for a periured man, and by the law of armes, shall for the same lose his life.

35 Item if any man that hath a place appointed him by the harbinger or officers for his tent or lodging, hee must hold him∣selfe content withall: neither shall hee molest any man lodging within his tent or cabbin, or other lodging at any time, for anie occasion vpon paine of the chiefe captaines displeasure, and such punishment as he shall thinke most fit for the offence.

36 Item that no man shall sound and make any alarme, er∣•…•…ept it be néede, or vpon commandement from the higher offi∣cers, vpon paine of the losse of his life.

37 Item when of necessitie the alarme is made, each man must be stirre him to be ready for battaile, vpon paine of the losse of his life.

38 Item at the first warning of the drum or secretly, all soul∣diers must be in a readinesse, and resort to the place appointed, which commonly is the market place (being first of all vnited with his ensigne) and from thence in order of aray to the ene∣mies, as they be cōmanded, vpon the pain of the losse of his life.

39 Item all souldiers, being horsemen or footmen, must dili∣gently in order of aray by sound of drum or trumpet, accompany the ensig•…•…e to watch, ward, or reliefe of the same, being there si∣lently in a readinesse to withstand or discouer the enemies: & as occasion shall serue to brute the alarme, with the vsuall worde,

arme, arme, or bowes, bowes, if •…•…n 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or anie bandes be in paie, vpon paine of losse of their liu••. 5.

40 Item all souldiers must keepe their armor and weapons faire, cleane and seruiceable to a readinesse at euerie sodaine, none intermedling but with his owne, euerie one to helpe other to arme, and diligently to resort to the place of seruice, at scrie, and larum vpon paine.

41 Item all souldiers must honestly intreate, and truely paie victuallers and artificers, allowed for the reliefe, being friends or enemies, and with curteous words encourage such to victual, and relieue the companies or campe vpon paine.

42 Item all souldiers, in watch, ward, march, or otherwise, shall haue special regard, that if there be man or woman desirous to speake with the superiors, or being thy enemies for feare doe forsake his owne power, and resort to thee: let such secretly be conueied to the Lord chiefe generall, regarding that they view no secrets, least they be double spies vpon paine of the losse of their liues.

43 Item captaines and officers, must oft frequent and resort vnto the souldiers lodgings to sée in what state their armor and inunitions be, and to giue great charge that their furniture be alwaies in a readinesse, their corslets with all peeces belon∣ging to the same, and their caliuers to be made cleane and oiled, to haue match & powder drie, bullets fit for their peeces, stringes whipped for their bowes, their billes and halberdes to be kept sharpe. And often to view euery particular, vpon paine.

44 Item he that shall depart out of the place where he shalbe put, by his head or any officer whatsoeuer, for a lost Sentinel, spy, watchman, scout, or warder, aswell by day as by night, as it of∣ten happeneth, to discouer some dealings of the enemy, without attending and staying for him, that placed him there, to take him away, except he should remoue in hast to aduertise his head of the successe of the enemies assaulting or doing anie outrage, shall be punished with death.

45 Item whosoeuer should rashly offend or hurt, either in word or deedes, any man belonging to the deputies or head offi∣cers of iustice or captain, there being in pay for sergeants. And they being appointed to carrie no other weapon, with sicles or staues, but billes or halberds, they may be knowne for men of

iustice, and not for Souldiers.

46 Item whosoeuer standeth within or without the campe or barres, to watch or scout, and doth his dutie so euill, that tho∣row his negligence, the enemy setteth vpon the campe at vna∣wares, he shall die.

47 Item he that vnder colour of doing the duetie of a scout or spie, perceiuing the enemies haue assaulted the campe, and he with such faining lieth still, shall die for it.

48 Item he that shall forsake the defence, in generall or par∣ticular, of the batterie of the trench of the passage of a bridge, or other like to him committed, but lightly, not forced goeth away, shalbe for so offending, punished with death.

49 Item whosoeuer entring into a Citie taken by force, fol∣loweth not his ensigne whither soeuer it shall go, vntil the Ge∣nerall make proclamation, that euerie man shall take booties: And if the general cause no such proclamation, to be made, & that souldiers make spoile, he shall incurre the paine of death, and if proclamation be made that they shall cease from taking praies and booties, and after licence giuen if they giue not ouer, they shall fall into the same punishment.

50 Item whosoeuer seeing the ensigne, vnder the which he warreth in fraies or fight, by chance be fallen in the hands of the enemies, if he be there present, and doe not his indeuour to re∣couer it, and when it is cowardly lost, to punish the souldiers which haue suffered it to be cowardly lost, with death.

51 Item, he that shall flée from the battaile, being in the face and front of the enemies, or shall go slowly and slackly to ioyne, and a front with them, in case it be to fight a field battaile, or in anie skirmish what soeuer, shalbe punished with death.

52 Item he that shall faine himselfe sick, to auoid the fighting of the enemie, or because he would not goe to anie other enter∣prise to vse his handes, but (I meane) there for to rob, for to such affaires they will be ready inough, shalbe cruelly punished.

53 Item whosoeuer seeing his generall, or his captaine, or o∣ther coronell, and officer of the campe, in the hand of the ene∣mies, and succoureth him not with all his power, and may doe •…•…t, not respecting any danger, shall suffer death.

45 Item he that shall rob or spoile the people of the countri•…•… or subiectes or vassels of the prince 〈◊〉〈◊〉 s•…•…rueth, shall die.

55 Item he that by theft should sceale or rob the armor, wea∣pons, or horses, or other thing from anie other, seruing against the enemies, shall die.

56 Item hee that should ransome or taxe, or otherwise mis∣vse the people of the countrie, except they should be enemies or rebels to the prince, shalbe greatly punished.

57 Item he that shall play at any game for his armor, wea∣pons or horses, which are written vpon the roll, or through his negligence shall lose them, or lend, giue away, or lay them to pawne, let him die.

58 Item he that goeth further then two hundreth steppes or paces from his quarter, without licence of his captain, specially when the campe looketh or staieth to be assaulted by the ene∣mies, except he should be sent for by his heades, shalbe punished with death.

59 Item he that shall goe longer then the houre appointed in the night abroad, in the campe wandring, except hee should be sent by his superiours for a matter of weight, from head captain to head captaine, by a counter-token, shall be cruelly punished.

60 Item he that shall lodge strangers, whether he be of the campe or not, without licence of the generall or of his captaine, either in his lodging or vnder a tent, except he be of his cham∣ber or squadron, or by the captaine appointed for seruice forth of the campe, shall be punished. But euerie one ought to be in the night with their Camerads and chamber-fellowes, and not to be deuided from their lodgings, that occasion seruing, they may be ready with their weapons in their handes: neither ought they to lodge watch, or scouts, or of the search: for that the spies hauing no lodging, any excuse being found out, may the better be apprehended. Also if the scout-watch be taken from their quarter, faining to be a souldier of the campe when they are to spie in the night: they for so offending shalbe cruelly pu∣nished with death.

61 Item whosoeuer shall make anie wordes, déedes, or que∣stions in the ward, or in an ambush, or in other place, where re∣spect and silence is néedfull, shalbe punished.

62 Item he that should be reuenged of anie iniurie receiued, either newly or before-time done, by an indirect way: that is, traiterously and not by way of reason, or by way of combate, bo∣die

to bodie, by the licence of his Generall, shall suffer death.

63 Item he that should dare be so bold as to play with false cardes and dice, or should vse in play anie priuy falshood, theft or deceit in any wise, shalbe punished.

64 Item he that of presumption should passe out of his place into another, either before the battell or in marching, should out of order make hast to go before, to be the first that should come to the lodging of the campe, or in marching should goe out of his rancke from one battaile to an other, or he that doth not obserue the order of marching, shall die.

65 Item he that shall taske or ransom vpon his host or lodger, or vpon any other that is not his lawfull prisoner by good order of warre, and that he is lawfully taken, the ransome excell not the articles of agréement, that there be a iust ransome set, vpon paine of punishment.

66 Item he that shall enter in, or goe forth by any other gate, stréete or way, then that which shalbe accustomed, into the citie, pales, or list or fort, where the campe is lodged, that is going o∣uer the walles, or vnder some breach, and not by the ordinarie gate, let him fall into the paine of death.

67 Item whosoeuer doth not immediately retire, when hee shall heare the trumpet or drum, sound the retreat, either of a set battaile, or of a skirmishe or batterie, or of anie other fight, or should goe in or come forth of the citie, when the assault is giuen to the walles thereof, shall die.

68 Item he that speaketh, or calleth, or crieth aloud, amongst the ordinance, or in the battaile, or in anie place where silence néedeth, except he were a head, or other officer, or sergeant, com∣manding some new order, shall die.

69 Item hee that shall commit anie thing whatsoeuer it be, whereby it may be coniectured, that it is against the prince, and domageable to the generall and the campe, shall die.

70 Item drums and fifes must oft sound and exercise their in∣strumentes, warning as the mouth of man, to all pointes of ser∣uice: so must souldiers diligently learne and obserue the mea∣ning of the same, that none plead ignorance, and neglecting their dueties to seruice appertaining. Also sometimes they shall re∣ceiue from the higher officers or captaines, secret commande∣mentes by word of mouth, the which must withall diligence be

obserued and truely executed vpon the losse of their liues.

71 Item no man in their marching through what place soeuer they shall passe, shall set any thing on fire, no not their cabbins and i•…•…camped place at their departing, without commandement from the chief general, vpon the pasue of the losse of their liues.

72 Item i•…•… at any time, any man shal in the time of his drun∣kennesse quarrell and fight with his fellowe, and in so doing, chance to kill him, he shall in so doing receiue as great punish∣ment by death, as if he had bene sober.

73 Item if any souldier doe drink himself drunke, or be found drunke, within the compasse of the day and night of his watch, and specially if he be vnable to stand in Sentinel, or do his due∣tie, such a one must be most seuerely punished.

74 Item note that souldiers shall sweare at their first en∣tring into seruice that they will faithfully and truely serue their captaine for sixe monethes togither, and when the sixe moneths are expired, they shall sweare to serue him sixe monethes more, if he reed them: And if the captaine needeth them not so long, but mindes to discharge his band, the captaine shall allow ech of them halfe a monethes wages at his departing, and so dis∣charge them.

75 Item there shall no man make anie showt, or other stir∣ring noise in anie corner or open place of Citie, Town, Castle, Fort, or Campe, whereby any danger or inconuenience may grow vnto the companie any maner of wayes, on paine of the losse of his life.

76 Item he that shall disclose the watch-word to enemie or friendes, except it be to such a one as hee shall be appointed by his gouernor: or shall be found a sléepe in the watche, scout, or ward, shalbe punished with death.

77 Item if any captaine for corruption sake, shal giue licence to his own souldier, or to any other souldier without the licence of the Generall to depart the campe, shall receiue the same pu∣nishment that the souldier should receiue.

78 Item that no souldier should goe out of the campe in the night time without the watch-word, in danger of his life, for if he be slaine so by the watche, there is no blame to be laid vpon them that kill him.

79 Item there shall no souldier go out of the campe without

his armor and other weapons, vpon the paine of the losse of his life.

80 Item euerie captaine shalbe sworne, that he shall charge euery corporall vpon his oth, that he shall denounce euery soul∣dier that is vnder his charge, and that is not able and meete to serue.

81 Item in like case if the said corporall shall receiue an•…•…e new or strange souldier into his band▪ his part and dutie is, that he giue vnto the higher captaine knowledge thereof.

82 Item no man of what condition soeuer he be, shall •…•… so bold as to conuey away anie offender vpon the paine of the losse of his life.

83 Item that euerie souldier shall haue vpon his outermost garment some special signe or taken, wherby he may be known, such a one as the higher captaines shall agree vpon. As for ex∣ample, he shall haue vpon his garment a red crosse, and vpon his armour, a red lace or such like, whereby he may the better be knowne of his fellowes: and if there be anie shall be sound without the said signes and tokens, he shal be vsed as an aduer∣sarie, or enemy.

84 Item that all souldiers, entring into battaile, assault, skir∣mish, or other faction of armes, shall haue for their common crie and word, S. George, S. George, forward or vpon them, S. George, wherby the souldier is much comforted, and the enemy dismaied, by calling to minde the ancient vale•…•… of England, which with that name hath bin so often victorious, and therfore he that vpon any si•…•…ster zeale, shall maliciously omit so fortu∣nate a name, shalbe seuerely punished for his obs•…•…ate erroni∣ous heart, and peruerse mind.

85 Item if anie Captaine or other Officers shall procure sk•…•…mishe, or •…•…ight the battaile without commaundement from the higher Officers, for so offending, they shall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 death.

86 Item if that anie number of Souldiers be commaun∣ded, and placed by the head Captaines, to defend or keepe a∣nie Citie. Tower, Castle or Fort, or anie other place, and they beeing sharpely assaulted by the enemie, once, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or thrice, or of•…•…ner, in this case the lawe of •…•…irmes is, that the Lord Generall shall allowe, and pa•…•…e vnto such a num∣ber

of souldiers but ordinarie wages: neither is there by law of armes any thing more due vnto them: and if the said Castles, Towers, or fortresse, shall be solde or be betrayed by the said captaine, officers, or souldiers, or otherwise yéelded, with∣out the commandement of the prince, or at the appointment of the generall: shall be as false traitors vsed.

87 Item if anie Captaine, Lieutenant, Sergeant, Corporal, or other officer, or souldiers, giue into the hands of the enemie, any citie, fortresse, tower, or place of defence, doth incurre, as I haue said, the danger of death, if hee by chance be not more then constrained to deliuer vp the same, or that it is like a man of valor would haue done so: and therefore they ought neuer to a∣bandon the place, for words or letters of the enemie, neither at the sight of the inuironing campe: for it is not lawfull for the •…•…astellane to leaue his Castle, if he haue victuals, men, and mu∣nition, or doth hope for succors. Therefore respect is to be had, which must be holden as a maxime, that where the place may be defended by assault without batterie, that at least one assault is to be abidden, and mo to be aspected if it be possible: and if it can suffer batterie, they must abide at y^e least a volee of Canons: and if the place be so weake that it cannot sustaine, neither the one nor the other, and that it be farre distant from succours: to •…•…eeld doth merite neither punishment of the prince, nor of the enemie: but otherwise being of force, able to sustaine the ene∣mies furie, and cowardly or traiterously to deliuer the same, merites death of the one and the other.

88 Item if there be anie Citie, Castle, or other fort, yeelded vp by the enemie, without expugnation: there shall no man be so bold to enter into the said place, to spoile or otherwise to kill or do any outrage, without leaue of the generall, vpon paine of the losse of his life.

89 Item there shal no man depart out from the precinct of the campe, with anie bootie or spoile, without leaue of the chiefest officers or head captaine, vpon the paine of the losse of his life.

90 Item if any man for feare forsaketh the place appointed him to fight in, and for feare throweth downe his weapon, the officers or souldiers may kill him without anie danger.

91 Item if any man saying that he hath done some worthie thing in fight •…•… be proued contrarie, shuld be punished by death.

92 Item if a Regiment, or band, shall by mutinies or other∣wise incurre the lawes of the field, it is requisite and necessary, for that all shall not be put to death, that euerie mans name be taken and put into a bagge, and that the tenth lot should be exe∣cuted: The which although euerie man do not feele, yet neuer∣thelesse he shall feare the euent.

93 Item at such times as the General or captain doth muster, traine, or faine any battaile, skirmish, assault, or other warlike encounter, if anie souldier doth either negligently or witting∣ly, hurt, maime, or kill his companion with powder, bullet, or meanes so euer, such a one shall seuerely, and exemplarly be pu∣by what nished accordingly.

94 Item that ech corporal, and other officer, shal haue either in written hand or print, these martiall lawes, and this booke, wherein a priuate souldier is instructed, bought and prouided at the charges of the whole squadron out of their paie, to the end that it being continually repeated to the souldiers, no man may plead ignorance, but receiue condigne punishment according to his offence.

95 Item that euery captain, lieutenant, ensigne-bearer, ser∣geant or corporall, so often as their bands, squadrons, and soul∣diers enter into ward, shall appoint the clarke of the band or some one that can read, once in the day or in y^e night, to read vn∣to the companie (that must attentiuely giue eare) not only these martiall lawes heere set downe, but also all the course of my di∣rections belonging to a priuate souldier, Corporall, &c▪ contained in this booke, for their instructions, vnder paine of open punish∣ment by the Generall, or Marshall.

96 Item that the foresaid officers after one twelue monethes seruice, wherein the souldier hath had sufficient experience, & is inured in these preceptes and directions, they shall euen as the schoolemaister doth the childrē, call euery one particularly to ac∣count, & examine them seuerely heerein, and to esteeme those for old and perfect souldiers, that know these lawes and their dutie by heart, and at their fingers endes, and the rest Bisonians and fresh-water souldiers, that are ignorant, although they haue ser∣ued seuen yeares, yea & to place them in the most seruile serui∣ces. And if there be any that maliciously or disdainfully persist in their blunt ignorance, either to disarme them, and discharge

them, or else to punish them with open shame and infamie.

97 Item if there be any man that shall infringe, and not maintaine, confirme, and to his power diligently and dutifully kéepe and obserue these articles aforesaid, such shall as periu∣red persons with all seueritie be punished: And if anie souldier or souldiers shall offend in anie maner of thing that doth be∣long and appertaine to the dutie of a souldier, whereof there is no mention made in these articles, such an offender shalbe pu∣nished at the discretion of the Marshal of the field and Generall.

These articles must be opēly read in the presence of the chief Captaines, by the notary or scribe of the Court, and after that they be read, the oth shall be ministred vnto euery man by the pretor in this wise, or the like wordes, to the same end and pur∣pose: speaking vnto the whole companie, and saying: My bre∣thren and friends, that are héere present, you haue heard the ar∣ticles of our soueraigne, containing the chiefe and principall points of our rights and lawes of the field, and of the oath, and the maner thereof, which euery souldier ought to take. All you therefore that do meane faithfully and valiantly to obserue, maintaine, fulfill, confirme, and kéepe the foresaid articles, let him heere now either openly refuse to be a souldier, or with me hold vp his finger, and say after me.

All these articles which haue bene openly red vnto vs, we hold and allow as sacred and good, and those will we truely and stoutly confirme, fulfill, maintaine, and kéepe so helpe vs God, and his deuine word, Amen.

These articles with others, which for tediousnesse I omit, would be published, some vpon paine of death, some with grea∣ter, and some with lesse punishment, to euerie one that doth of∣fend, without anie remission or forgiuenesse, or regard of bloud, degrée, kindred, or friendship: specially at the beginning to lie in campe, whereby the army may the better be set in good or∣der, and to make it fearefull of God, of iustice, and of the Ge∣nerall, with loue and feare.

The execution heereof onely appertaineth to the Maister of the Campe, for the hearing, ordering, and determining of causes of iustice vnder the Generall, as the Lieutenant of a Citie or Towne, deputie, for the prince. For the maister of the Campe is

the chief of the orders, who hath place in the field in many things as principall next to the Generall, who hath the chiefe gouern∣ment in pitching the campe, and dislodging.

Briefly from the General downward, it is the greatest charge and burden that is in the armie, and therfore it is requisite that he haue good knowledge and remembrance of all the orders whereby the warres is to be gouerned, and that he be of good practise and experience, and duly obeyed.

But such cases as are capital and of great importance, should be heard and determined by the Generall and his iudges: It suf∣ficeth that God is the knower and determiner, and next vnto him his deputies vpon earth: who failing to do iustice, either for zeale, loue, or hatred, shal yéeld account thereof before the di∣uine iudge, and this law cannot be auoided by vs, but we shalbe cited and called by way of appeale.

Briefe notes of other meane offices, as Drums, Fifes, Sur∣geans, and the Clarke of the Band.

DRums and Fifes must be chosen of able qualities and per∣sonage, secret and ingenious, skilfull in the sound and vsing of their instruments, which must warne as the mouth of a man to all intentes of seruice, diligent in times conuenient to in∣strust souldiers in the same, that none by ignorance neglect their duties. These be oftētimes sent on messages, importing charge, which of necessitie require languages, sometimes to summon or command the enemies to render, sometimes carrie ransomes, or redeeme, or conduct prisoners. Many other thinges to them do appertaine, as before is rehearsed, &c.

A chyrurgion is necessary to be had in euerie band, who ought to be an honest man, sober, and of good counsell, skill in his sci∣ence, able to heale and cure all kind of sores, wounds, & griefes: to take a bullet out of the flesh and bone, and to slake the fire of the same, and that he haue all his tooles and instrumentes with other necessarie stuffe, as oyles, balmes, salues, step•…•…es, roulers, bolsters, splenters, and all other things to the science belonging, which also ought to haue courage for his patient, and allowed stuffe, he shall readily imploy his industrie vpon the so•…•…e and wounded, and not intermedling with others, to his own charge noisome. Such be placed with the ensigne, and lodged neere

to the captaine, and neere their bal•…•…rickes in time of fight, which by law of the field is their charter.

The Clarke of a band would be a man chosen of a discréete behauiour, such a one as hath the vse of his penne and skilfull in Arithmaticke, who must haue a booke in the which hee must write all the names of the souldiers appertaining to the band, diuiding euerie weapon by themselues, that they may be the redier to be mustred, & otherwise to be placed in order of march, at watch and ward the clarke must be attentiue with his booke to call euery mans name, to sée who is absent, and that certifi∣cate thereof be made vnto the captaine, who must as before is rehearsed, without sicknesse or some licence of the head officers see him or them punished to the example of all others. He must sometimes in the watch and ward, read vnto the souldiers, the Militarie lawes and directions, causing first a solemne silence to be made, and then proceede in reading, examining, and con∣ferring with euerie particular and common souldier, touching his memorie of these thinges, for his full instruction. Also the Clarke is to take charge of the captaines munition, who seeing it deliuered vnto the souldiers, must take note how much is de∣liuered, vnto whom, and what daie of the moneth it is deliue∣red, with the prise. Likewise he must repayre to the Clarke of the victuals, and by the Captains warrant receiue such bread, beere, and other victuals, as is to be had, and to deliuer it to those that shalbe thought by the Captaine to be of credite, to victuall the band by the princes price, and to take tickates of them as well for that it is deliuered vnto them, as what they doe deliuer vnto souldiers. Also he must in the captaines name and by his warrant repaire vnto the merchantes and other artificers, and take such wares as the officers and souldiers haue need of, who must at the paie daie by the Captaine be answered. Also pro∣uided that the victualler alloweth but the Souldier six pence a daie, the ouerplus goeth to their paiment of furniture and apparell.

The Clarke must oft peruse the tickates to see that no more be deliuered them their wages come to, that the captains therby receiue no losse. The clark ought to inquire when any be depar∣ted this world, also when any be slaine, and discharged the band, and to make a iust note thereof, wherby certificate may be made

to the muster master, that y^e Prince in no wayes may be hinde∣red, neither the Captaines by the victuallers receiue any detri∣ment or losse. Finally, he must vpon the report of the Corporals or other officers, finde and procure of the Captaines, reliefe for the sicke and wounded souldiers and prisoners, which ought to be redeemed out of the enimies hand.

The Prelates charge that takes care of souldiers of the Band.

TO knit vp this first discourse of Militarie directions, and martiall lawes, special care must be had to prouide one man amongst the many scores of souldiers, that may gouerne and direct in spiritual causes, who ought to be wise, learned, honest, sober, patient, and of exemplare life: who must offer vp dayly sacrifice of thankes for his whole companie, must instruct them to be penitent, confessant, and restore to euerie man his right: to communicate in Catholike and Christian manner, so often as they can, chiefly at speciall times appointed by the Church, and before any dangerous attempt, to feede them with holesome foode of learned instructions, wherein they may learne how to liue, and so consequently to teach their companies their dueties towards God and their Prince, and to giue ghostly counsel and spirituall reliefe vnto the sicke, wounded, weake in bodie or in conscience, and that such be well armed with spirituall ar∣mour, that is, with good knowledge and good liuing, readie to perswade them manfully to withstand their enimies, the flesh, the diuel, the world and desperation, putting them in sure hope through y^e equitie of their cause, their conformitie to the church, and their firme faith in our sauiour Iesus Christ, to enter into the campe of euerlasting life, where they shall ride amongst the souldiers on white horses, clothed in white and pure silke, crow∣ned with bright triumphant garlands, as the scriptures do wit∣nesse. This and such like belongs vnto such personages as take care of the souldiers in a warlike band.

Now then to conclude, & to make an end of my first discourse, I would wish all valiant minded souldiers, carefully to carrie in mind those precepts which are proper and due vnto a priuate souldier, which I partly haue collected and set downe in this

short pamphlet, that when he shalbe called vnto a hyer office, he may deseruedly ascend the third steppe of martiall office, and so by degrées rise to the height of supreme gouernment.

How pikes are to be carried in aray, march, or battaile.

THose that are appointed to carrie pikes in aray of rankes or battell, must know that pikes amongst all other weapons that belongs to souldiers, is of greatest honor and credite: and truely, whosoeuer doth carie and manage the same weapon wel and with good grace, doth make a verie beautifull and pleasant shew to the beholders, and chiefly when it is caried vpon the shoulder, sustained and supported with a good grace, and the hand that doth sustaine it be on that side the shoulder where it is pla∣ced, and with il Gombedo alto.

They must likewise be aduertised which march in the for∣most ranckes, if they be vpon the right side, to hold their pikes continually in marching in the right hand, and vpon the right shoulder without euer changing it: and so likewise being vpon the left side of the ranck, to hold it alwayes vpon y^e left shoulder: those that be in the midst of the ranckes haue libertie to vse that side y^t is best for their commoditie, either vpon the right or left hand, and to moue their pikes from shoulder to shoulder at their choise and pleasure: It is true that the iust carying of the pike of those that march in the midst of the ranckes, is to hold it vpon the left shoulder, & to carie their right hand behind vpon their dagger, or vpon their side, and so generally all, as well they that be in the midst, as those that be in the head of the ranckes are to obserue this order, to carie that hand which is at libertie behind them, or vpon their sides. Let him march then with a good grace, holding vp his head galantly, his pace full of graui∣tie and state, and such as is fit for his person, and let his bodie be straight and as much vpright as is possible, and that which most imports, is that they haue alwayes their eyes vpon their companions which are in rancke with them, and before them, going iust one with the other, & kéeping perfite distance with∣out committing error in the least pace or step, and euerie pace and motion with one accord and consent, they ought to make at one instant time. And in this sort all the ranckes entyrely are

to go, sometimes softly, sometimes fast, according to the stroke of the drum. The héele and tippe of their pikes would be equal∣ly holden, both of length and height, as néere as is possible, to auoid that they fall not out to be by bearing them otherwise, like vnto Organ pipes, some long, some short. The measure & proportion thereof, to hold the héele of the pike is this. It is necessarie for him to haue an eye to the rancke that doth march before him, and so carrie the butte end or héele of his pike, that it may be iust ouer against the ioynt of the ham of the souldier, that in march shall be straight before him: and so euerie one from hand to hand must obserue the proportion of that height, that is right behind vpon the ioynt of the knée, for by doing so they cannot commit errour, carying in their march that legge that is vnder that arme that sustaines and carries the pike of iust and euen proportion, by mouing their pace right vnder the staffe of the pike, going in their march, as I haue said before, iust and euen, with a galant, stately, and sumpteous pace: for by doing so, they shalbe estéemed, honored, a•…•…d commended of the lookers on, who shall take wonderfull delight to behold them march in that order.