Feudigraphia The synopsis or epitome of surueying methodized. Anatomizing the whole corps of the facultie; viz. The materiall, mathematicall, mechanicall and legall parts, intimating all the incidents to fees and possessions, and whatsoeuer may be comprized vnder their matter, forme, proprietie, and valuation. Very pertinent to be perused of all those, whom the right, reuenewe, estimation, farming, occupation, manurance, subduing, preparing and imploying of arable, medow, pasture, and all other plots doe concerne. And no lesse remarkable for all vnder-takers in the plantation of Ireland or Virginia ... Composed in a compendious digest by W. Folkingham. G.

THE SYNOPSIS OR EPITOME OF SVR∣VEY METHODIZED. (Book 1)

SECTION .I. (Book 1)

Of the Materials of Possessions, the seuerall kinds of Earths, Waters, Stones, Minerals: the Crusts and in∣crease of Grounds, the peculiar ordering, mastering, manuring and imploying of seuerall Soyles, the due be∣stowing of Graine, Herbs, Plants; with the diuersitie of Ground-plots and Edifices.

CHAP. I.

SVruey in generall is an Art wher∣by the view and trutinate intima∣tion of a subiect, from Center to Circumference is rectified.

The Suruey of Possessions (the subiect of this Treatise) is the Arte by which their Graphi∣call Description is particulari∣zed.

This Suruey is Symbolized and distinguished into Actiue and Passiue.

* 1.1The Actiue may be referred to the Feudigrapher, and consists in Operation and Estimation.

The Operation is Mathematicall and Mechanicall.

* 1.2Mathematicall Operation is a part of Suruey by which the dimensions of the Plots propounded are per∣formed.

* 1.3Mechanicall Operation is the Manuall acting and proiecting of the workes.

The Estimation of Possessions is Materiall & Legall.

* 1.4The Materiall part is conuersant in Estimating the valuations incident to the subiect, by relation to the Materials, and Elementarie parts of the Plot.

* 1.5The Legall part prescribes Methodicall & Iuridiciall confines to the whole course of Suruey: and compre∣hends the Symboliographie or Clarke-ship, and pen∣ning of the Suruey with the Rectifying of Euidences and Records.

The seuerall functions of these partes are diffused thorough the whole Processe ensuing.

And so much for the Actiue part.

CHAP. II.

* 1.6The Passiue part of Suruey, hath reference to Pos∣sessions, as they consist of parts Essentiall and Ac∣cidentall.

* 1.7The Essentiall partes comprehend the matter and forme coincident to Possessions.

* 1.8The Matter comprises the Elementarie composition and constitution of Possessions: and in discussure there∣of, the Materiall parte is most conuersant.

The Matter is either Naturall, whose state hath ad∣mitted of no substantiall alteration, other then the hand

of Nature hath impressed therein: or Artificiall, trans∣formed and chaunged from the Natiue and Originall Habite by humane industrie.

Naturall matter may bee diuided into Appropriate and Communicate.* 1.9

Appropriate is that which is peculiar and proper to some certaine person, place, or other particular limitati∣on; and hath reference here to Earth and Water.

In the Earth the Qualitie and Composure thereof are to be considered.* 1.10

In the first the Species and Habitude require to bee iudiciously obserued.

The Species of the Earth is either Vulgar or Preti∣ous.* 1.11

The Vulgar is either Simple, as Clay, Moulde,* 1.12 Moore, Grauell, Sande: Or Commixt; as Creachie, Claulkie, Clayie, Sandie Earth.

Pretious Earth is that which consists of a middle Nature twixt Stones and Mettals;* 1.13 and all sorts thereof are Friable and conuertible to Powder: And these are either Liquable or Not-Meltable.* 1.14

The first are Iuices Concrete; as Salt, Alume, Bitu∣men, Vitrioll.

Salt (Naturall) is found either in the Earth or Wa∣ter. Of the first kind is Salt Armoniake, Sal-gem,* 1.15 Sal-niter, and Indian Salt.

The other sort is digged vp in Fountaines, Riuers, Washes, Salt-Meeres, Sea-shoares.

Alume is either white or blacke,* 1.16 The first (and best) is either Liquid or Compact.

Liquid Alume is the soft, fat and limpid Roch (or Red) Alume.

The Compact is ether Sugar like, or Shiuering.

The blacke is a kinde of Alume wherewith gold is purged and purified.

Bitumen is either hard, as Asphaltus, Pissasphaltus,* 1.17

Rosin; Or Liquid, as Naphta, Petroleum, Amber, Vitriol, Coppras.

* 1.18The Pretious Earths, which are not Meltable, nor indurated into Stones nor Mettals, are Stibium, Azure, Auripigmentum or Arsenicke, Sandaracha, Calx, Playster, Chaulke, Coale, Canole, Marle, O∣ker, Terra-sigillata, or Lemnia, Armenia, Germani∣ca, &c. Tuckers or Fullers Earth, Argilla or clay for Pots, Gallie and Thacke Tiles, Bricke, Water and Tabacco Pipes, Purslaine.

And thus much for the Species.

CHAP. III.

* 1.19THe Habitude of the Earth dependes vpon the in∣herent disposition and temperature of the same in Heate, Colde, Moisture and Drinesse. For although in regarde of the Colde and Drie substance and Na∣ture, whereof the Earth generally consists, it may be saide to be of one temperature; yet vppon occasion of the diuersitie of Situations, Affinitie, Intercourse and participation it hath with things of repugnant qualitie, it purchaseth and acquireth contrarie qualities.

And therefore it would be also perue∣stigated, whether it be light,, loose, softe, fatt, oylie, slip∣perie, mouldring, cleauing, tough, stiffe, moorie, leane, barren, fertile, water-swallowed, soale bound, constipated, or what other due or vndue poize nad pro∣portion of temper predominates.

* 1.20The Composure of the Earth comprises the Base and vpper Crust of the same.

* 1.21The Base of the Earth offers due obseruation to peruestigate the Pregnance wherewith the Earth is imbowelled, whether it bee Prime; as in the pre∣cedent

Species; or Concrete, as in Quarries and Mines.

In the first discouer, what Ragge, Freestone,* 1.22 Mil∣stone, Grind-stone, Syth-stone, Emeril-stones, San∣guinin-stones, Hones, Tutch, Ieate, Slude, Slate: What Marbles, as Alablasters, Ophites, Porphy∣ris, &c. Also what Gemmes, as harde Adamants, viz. the Cenchros, Macedonicke, Cypricke, Siderite: the flammid Carbuncle, purple Amethist, greene E∣meraulde, and Opall Paderas, with their Trineuned luster: the vyolet Hyacinth, Skie-coloured Saphire, Lustrie Diamonde, shining Topaz, starrie Calche∣donie, sparkling Rubie, golden Chrysolite, splendid Asterite, various Achate, horny Corneol, greene Iasper, pellucid Onyx, cerule Tarqueis, candid Cry∣stall, harde Blood-stone, attracting Loade-stone, white yellow and Falerne Agate.

For the second note, what Mettals or Minerals,* 1.23 are therein generated? whether Pure as Golde, Sil∣uer; or impure as Leade, Tinne, Brasse, Iron, Steele, Lattin, Copper, Coperas, Quicksiluer, Stibium, Antimonie, Chrysocolla or Boras, Minium or Vermil∣on naturall, Sandaracha, Verdigreece, Salt, Allome, Brimstone.

Also Coale, Canole, Colours amongst the Minerall Oare of Gold and Siluer, as Sil, Azure.

The vpper Crust is the Soile or Seale of the Earth through which the irradiation of the Sun penetrating,* 1.24 corroborates & cheeres vp the Natiue heate with tempe∣rate calefaction, which together with the infusion of mo∣derate showers and moistures, soaked from soilings en∣lifens the radicall humour, and doth so foment and fer∣ment the whole Masse of Moulde, that Dame Vesta is inuited and extimulated to inuest her selfe in her richest Roabes of painted brauerie, and to produce and power foorth her Cornu-copia of selected plenties.

* 1.25The Crassitude of the Soale, is diuersified in seuerall Plots, and particular Modulets, as from 3. foote, to ½ foote more or lesse, and is distinguishable from the Base by compacture, by qualitie, by colour, by extention of the roots and fibers of grasse, herbes, plants. And vpon this Crassitude of the Crust, together with the Qualitie and Habitude of the same, doth the production principally depend (although the estate of the Base (by reason of the imparture of the innate facultie) be not vtterly excluded all importance of fertilitie) and offers due obseruation, what Trees, Plants, Shrubs, Graine, Grasse, Herbes, Weeds, Mosse, and other Vegitables are in each Plot voluntarily or plentifully produced.

* 1.26And hence dimaines the Inuesture of the earth, which giues consideration of the Grouth & Repletion of produ∣ctions, both Vegetant and Animall.

* 1.27In Grouth, the thriuage, verdure, fruitage, prematu∣rance &c. of particular Vegetables are regardable; as the boaling, spreading, arming, timbring & tapering of trees, braunching and bearing of Plants, Bushing of Shrubs, prolation and seedage of roots and herbs, depth and colour of grasse, &c. For thereby (sans further search) the Species and Habitude of the ground, where∣in they grow, are ingeniously intimated.

* 1.28For if they prosper and thriue in burgening, sappines, flowers, fruit and the like, according to their seuerall kinds, in extraordinarie good proportion, it implies that either the ground is very fertile in generall, or that they are implanted in Plots Sympathizing with their Na∣tures.

As the high timbring Oake dilating mightie armes in large extent, denotates a rich and battle soile; where on the contrarie, the knurly, crooked and crabbed harde sparing starueling, bewraies his barren and hungrie bedde.

The large and loose grained timber of the red Oake

and frusshie Ash showes a light, moist, rich & déepe soile: the like doth the largenesse and waterishnesse of rootes and fruit.

But the firme and solid graine of the white Oake and tough Ash, signifies a more fast and close ground. ½

High grounds produce wood of a more beautifull-fea∣therd and better graine, than the low, except in Apple trees and Peare trées.

Rest-harrowes growing rancke and rooting farre a∣broad, intimate a fat, fruitfull, and long lasting soile.

The lowe stubbed Heath, argues a barren grauellie cold ground, the rancke and high showes it to be a more warme and tillable; and commonly the white flowred Heath hath better layer, than the purple.

Diuels-bit, Eye-bright and yarrow by plentie in reple∣tion, and mean in proportion, point foorth a Sandy earth, of moderate heat and moisture, and a sweet shallow and wel-swoorded Crust: and thus are these herbes frequent in the Irish Soile.

Grounswell, Thistles, Nettles, and other wéedes by their rankenesse show a rich tilth.

Blackish, misliking and vnkinde herbes show a leane hungrie and bitter, or sowre ground.

Burnt & scorched herbes, and harsh, reddish, blewish spirie and prie-grasse bewray a cold, vnkind, rough, star∣ued and baked, or soaked soile.

Base herbes, and rough sandy stone, denotate a leane greety sandie or grauelly ground, according to the Poet:

Nam Ieiuna quidem cliuosi glarea ruris Vix humiles apibus casias rorem{que} ministrat, Et tophus scaber &c.

Iuniper demonstrates a chalky, drie and meane seat.

The knagged Mosse mattes and cloathes the barren∣nest Mountaines with horned shoots, but promises that the Minerals of Iron, Leade, Tinne and Coale, shall Counteruaile the infertiltie of Soile with the rich Bal∣laste

enwombing the intrals of his spacious Base.

And thus much for the obseruations to bee collected from the grouth of Vegetables.

CHAP. IIII.

* 1.29THe qualitie of the Soile is also not obscurely inti∣mated by consideration of the breedage of the A∣nimals therein produced: for it is commonly seene that Cattle, Fowle, Fish, and other liuing Creatures doe differ and varie in colour, Bone, proportion and o∣ther peculiar attributes according to their places of Breede.

The large limbed Neate, Horse and Sheepe betoken that they had their breeding in fat and rich soiles. But the small and sound Sheepe, cleane limbed Horse and Beast of meane bignesse bewraies a harde Country and shallow Crust.

In Ireland, where the soile is not déepely rancke, but moderately fertile, both in tillage and forrage, their Cat∣tle and all other liuing Creatures (Men & Greyhounds onely excepted) are of a meane and middle stature and proportion, suitable to the soilage.

Yet the Shéepe of Cotswolde (quamuis situs sit & col∣linus & gracilis) are of great bone, large Necks and square Bulkes.

But according to the Nature of the Countries, diuers Animals are famoused for peculier parts: so Virgil saith.

—Virosa{que} Pontus Castorea, Eliadum palmas Epeiros equarum; Continuo has leges aeterna{que} foedera certis Imposuit Natura locis &c.

So wee haue the Ripon Colt, Northerne Bilder, Scotch & Welch Nags, Irish Hobbie, Spanish Iennet.

The English and Frizeland Stéedes, Barbarian-Coursers, Cappadocian Hunters.

The Sicilian Horse is praised for swiftnesse as are al∣so the bréede of Libia and Siculia, the Moorian for va∣lour and courage, the Dutch Mare is in request for the Caroach, and Thessalonian Mares for battell.

The Parthian Horse is famed for nimblenesse and dexteritie in running: The Median is excéeding faire and great: the Sardinian faire and nimble: the Missee∣an is goodly, shapie, easie and submissiue.

The Marsh and Holland Oxe is preferred for draught, the Lancashire and Darbyshire for tallow, hide and horne, and these are short legged, of square bulke and black haire, the other are tall, and (for the most part) par∣ty-coloured.

The Methol Rabbet is famed for fatnesse and fleshi∣nesse: the Cotswould weather for large body, déepe, fine, white, and soft fléece: Norffolke Mutton for swéetnesse, but Lemster Ore merits the preheminence (though it be short) for a purely-fine, soft and crisped Staple.

The Goates of Angori are hung with shag ground-déepe, but those of Morroco haue their haire of ordinary length and refined smallnes.

English a 1.30 Mastiffes, Gase Hounds (or Lurchers) and Tūblers, are in special request: so Westphalian Bacon.

Russia bréeds white Beares and blacke Foxes, and Island white Partridges, Phesants, Faulcons, and Hares. Pegu carries the Palme for Parrets, & Muske-Cats, and Ceiland (nigh Calicut) for Elephants.

The Vandall Trout is held in high estéeme, and wée approoue Wytham and Ancam, this for Eeles, and that for Pikes, English Pikes, and Oysters.

So the Barbarie and Pembrokeshire Faulcons, and Tercell-gentles, Island Ierfalcon and Ierkin, Irish Merline, Goose-hawlke, and Cocke of the wood, English Hobbie, and Sparrow-hawlkes.

And in regard of such diuersities coincident to many creatures, by reason of their Countreys of bréede, it is remarkeable to obserue the seuerall particulars peculi∣ar vnto them: as in Horses their stature, courage, clean∣nesse of limbes, soundnesse and seruiceablenesse; in shéep their bulke, depth and puritie of Staple; in Neat their bone, hide, and haire, in Rabbets their furre and fat∣nesse: and the like of other things according to their kind.

And thus much of earth appropriate.

CHAP. V.

WAter Appropriate is either Commorant, viz. confined within the plot.* 1.31 Or Current, not ter∣minated within the limits thereof.

* 1.32The first is either Stagnant, as standing Pooles, Ponds, Lakes, Loughes, Méeres: Or stillant, viz: Springing or bursting forth of the bowels of the earth, as Wels, Fountaines, Bathes, &c.

* 1.33The second is either Fluent, as Rils, Brookes, Ri∣uers, springing, and appearing with their first source within the bounds of the Plot:* 1.34 Or Influent, viz: dimay∣ning from elsewhere, and flowing or passing by or through the precincts and confines of the Plot. And to this place may also bee referred all swéeping or floating Waters, which flit and fléete to and fro with wind-cat∣ches,* 1.35 such as bee the Waters falling & descending from Vplandish countreys by land-floods surrounding Fens, and other Flats.

And both these sorts of Current Waters, though they passe thorow, and beyond both the plot and Priuiledge of the same, yet so farre forth as they may be prescribed and intituled to the bounds or liberties thereof, they are thereunto appropriate. So much for Matter Appro∣priate: Communicate followes.

CHAP VI.

COmmunicate Matter is that which is participa∣ble to the Plot together with other Places,* 1.36 and may bee referred to Water Transient and to the Cli∣mate.

Waters Transient are Riuers, Brookes,* 1.37 Flouds (whence so euer dimayning) which passing beyond the extention and priuiledge of the Plot are communicably imparted to it, and to some other.

The Climate may also not improperly bee admitted as Communicate,* 1.38 in regard it may be said to bee the same (and in some sort not immateriall, by reason of the inseperabilitie thereof) sans manifest change, in a greater circuit then the limits of one Lordship, or an ordinarie Plot, doe vsually extend vnto, yet in the Sur∣uey of whole Continents and vast Countries the Cli∣mate is not excluded from Appropriates:* 1.39 But howsoe∣uer you distinguish, it is not impertinent perticularly to be penned downe, viz: in what degrée of longitude and latitude the Plot is situate, and also in what Ayre, as Pellucid, milde, subtill, cleare, swéet, persant, soone hot and colde, healthfull: Or grosse, close, foggie, sharpe,* 1.40 fenny, vaporous, vnholesome: in what proportion of heat, colde, moisture, drinesse: what windes, stormes, gusts, are most remarkeable: what ordinarie effects and accidents, are vsually obserued to ensue, and suc∣céede vpon immoderate fals of wet, or long continuance of drowth: And what Diseases as Catarrhes, Feuers-Fluxes, &c. are most frequent and common. And the like for Cattell.

And besides these and the former obseruations & di∣stinctions,* 1.41 there is a peculiar intimation to be made of the nature and goodnesse of Waters.

Clay-waters are swéet, thick, fat, and potable, requiring the least proportion of Malt for Brewing.

Waters which haue a stony and grittie Current, doe by strayning thorough the same become cooler, pure, swéet, holesome, and light of disgesture.

Springs dimayning from thicke sand, and slender grauell, quickly gather mudde, and they are not dura∣ble, pibbles and grosse grauell affoord good and plea∣sant waters, were they of continuance.

The Marle grauell, stonie sand, and redde stones pro∣duce best Waters.

The red stones with Plinie carry chiefe preheminence for euerlasting Springs, and water, coole and simply the best.

But the particular notifying of the Natures of or∣dinarie Waters, may bee with facilitie effected by the exact knowledge of the peculiar attributes, and proper∣ties of good Water.

* 1.42The best Waters are those that deriue their Sources, and Originals from Rockes, or stonie Fountaines irra∣diated with the Orient-Sunne, sliding in channels of hard and compact grauell or sand, repleat with redde stones, or blacke and burnt carbuncle stones, of limpid cléerenesse, light in poize and disgestion, quicke in con∣uersion of heat and coldnesse, cooler in Summer then in Winter, sans taste, smell, and colour, yet readily taking tinctures and qualities infused, leauing no discoloured spots by standing simple in a cleane vessell, nor excre∣ments by decoction, by imparting neat and pure com∣plexions, sound breasts, and cléere voices to the natiue Inhabitants.

* 1.43Besides these ordinary waters, there be Aquae Calidae, other waters indued with medicinable qualities acqui∣red by vertue of some Minerall, from whence they di∣maine: as Bathes, Wels, Fountaines, springing from Mines of Nitre, Sulphure, Allome, Bitumen, &c.

There be also Waters both vpon the Coast and with∣in the land (as at the Namptwich, &c,) of so brackish a Brynage, that they wil be conuerted to Salt by boyling.* 1.44

Other waters tho they be not conuertable in appro∣ued measure and goodnes to Salt, yet they haue vertue to augment and refine salt which is boyled in them: so the Zéelanders boyle Spanish salt in Sea-water, to the increase of 45. in the hundred, that of Portingale 35, and that of Brouage 25.

Some Fountaines creame with a liquid Bitumen, like to the lake Asphaltus, as at Pitchford in the Coun∣tie of Salop.

Now for Repletion,* 1.45 it intimates howe and where∣with the Plot is fraught, stored and replenished both with Vegetants, and Animals: viz.

For woods, how peruiable, how penetrable, how en∣terlaced, as Timber with Tinsell, Coppice, or vnder∣wood: what Trées, Plants, Shrubs: what Fruitage, Mastage, Gummage: what Hawlkes, Fowle, Venery, &c. are therein found and produced.

For Pasture, and Meadow; how and with what Herbage the Crust or Sword is matted, mantled and swarthed: what decrement by Mosse, Wéedes, Water, Stones, &c.

So in Waters, the kinds, goodnesse, and store of Fish, and Fowle, both peculiar and common, would bee re∣corded.

And thus much may suffice for the Naturall Matter; It followeth to entreat of the Artificiall.

CAP. VII.

THe matter may also be said to be Artificiall,* 1.46 in re∣spect of labour and industrie conferred vpon or a∣bout the Subiect and Adiunct of the Plot.

These incidents to the Subiect are comprehended vnder Tillage, and ground Plots.

* 1.47Tillage generally taken may comprehend all maner of husbandings of grounds, but it is heere limited to Vertilage and Fertilage.

* 1.48Vertilage consists in Deluage and Fictilage.

* 1.49Deluage is applyed about preparing, and putrifying of the Earth by stirring, tossing and turning of the same, according to the Poet.

Et cui putre solum, nam{que} hoc imitamur arando: viz. Vt arando solum sit putre: Ne{que} enim (inquit Columella) ali∣ud est colere quam soluere & fermentare terram.

And this Deluage is distinguishable into Caruage and Scaphage.

* 1.50Caruage comprehends all sorts of plowing of Grounds, as well ordinarie, viz. for Graine, Hempe, Line, &c. As Extraordinarie, viz. for Woods, Woade, Dyers-wéede, Rapes, Cole, Saffron, Mill, Millet, Panick,* 1.51 Amilcorne, Spelt-corn, Garences, Dewgrasse, Iobs-teares, Comin-séede, Annise-séede, Worme-séede, Cotton-séede, Canarie-séede, &c.

Scaphage is the digging, deluing, and preparing of the Soile with Spades or other handie-tooles for the sowing, setting, planting, and propagating of Séedes, Hearbs, Plants, Trées, &c. and is most conuersant in Gardens, Hort-yards, Hop-yards, Vine-yards.

And here it is expedient to animaduert what choice, selected, and endenized Hearbes, Plants, Fruits and Phisicall Simples be implanted & bestowed, with their Growth, Repletion, Fruitage, Fecunditie, with Con∣triuage both of Plots and Plants.

* 1.52Fictilage is the forming & transforming of y^e Matter in form or substance; as in making of Tile (for thack, roofe, crest, gutter, pauing) Brick, Pots, Tabaccopipes, Tōnel or Conduit-pipes, Glasse, Purslane, and other Plasma∣ture. If therefore the Plot doe affoord any Earth or

Clay, which may be accommodated to such purposes, it behooues to record the same.

CHAP. VIII.

FErtilage consists in the enriching of the Soyle,* 1.53 and the Rectifying of the Production. And in pursuite of this practise, diligent consideration must be had of the variation of the Plot, from the due Habitude of a rich and battle ground; to the like and equall condition, whereof, it must be endeuoured by appropriate meanes to reduce the same, or at least to correct and qualifie the vndue Habitude in the eminentest exorbitance.

And it shall not bee amisse to particularize the Na∣tures and qualities both of good and badde soyles, to the end their distinctions may be facilized.

The Nature and goodnesse of ground is diuers waies be-tout and manifested; as by the mixture, temperature,* 1.54 colour, compacture, touch, weight, taste, smell, &c. to∣gether with the voluntarie Production and Repletion of the Plot.

Such a diffused mixture of Clay and Sande,* 1.55 moy∣sture and dryeth, heat and cold as confounds their distin∣ctions of deriuing appellation, from the eminent pre∣dominance of any particular qualitie inherent in the soyle, carries a generall approouement of goodnesse.

Virgill infers the best layer for Tillage to be an Earth which is blackish and darke, not too compact,* 1.56 of a déepe crust, viz. fat vnder the share, though it goe a déep pitch, well putrified and resolued, &c.

Nigra fere & presso pinguis sub vomere terra Optima frumentis &c.

And Mancinellus saith, it must bee neither moyst nor drie, waxing black after the plow, easie to be tilled, and where Rooks runne fluttering after the share at the ve∣rie

héeles of the holder, and that not of ranke, but mode∣rate fruitfulnesse, with which the deprecation of the Poet, doth not vnfitly concurre, where he shewes that moist layers, are knowne by ranke and aboundant grasse.

Humida maiores herbas alit, ipsa{que} iusto Laetior: ah nimium ne sit mihi fertilis illa, Neu se praeualidam primis ostentat aristis.

But notwithstanding the preheminence giuen to the blacke and darke colour,* 1.57 some are induced to preferre the red layer, and so much the rather for that Adam (who was immediatly created of Earth) importeth Earth of a redde or ruddy colour: And experience also giues in∣stance of diuers such soyles (though not so frequent to confirme euerie man in the same opinion) of wondrous worth and fertilitie, amongst which the Territories of the Towne of Armagh in Ireland, are famoused for la∣sting and perpetuall battlenes, as hauing time out of minde, as appeares partly by their vaste dung-hils, pe∣stering both yards and stréets, without any kinde of ma∣nuring, yéelded plentifull increase of grasse and graine, howsoeuer the Natiues attribute this continuing rich∣nesse of the soyle to the speciall benediction of their Sain∣ted Patron Saint Patricke.

* 1.58Some let not to conclude in commendation of the Soile vpon the bare experiment laid downe by Virgil for distinguishing betwéene open and rare soyles, and such as are condense & close, where he wils to sinke a pit in some solid place, and to take out, and breake the earth, and after to tread it in againe, and if it swell aboue the former height, they iudge it rich according to the propor∣tion of the supereminence, if it prooue euen and flat, they estéeme it meane, if it settle vnder, in••ertile. But the Poet commends that which is rare, and not condense, for producing of grasse and plants fit for broouage, and browsage of shéepe, and for Vines; and that which by

filling the Fosse appeares to bee compact and dense, hee intimates to yéeld large and tough furrowes, and desti∣nates it to Tillage.

Rara sit, an supra morem sit densa requiras, Altera frumentis quoniam fauet, altera Baccho, Densa magis Cereri, rarissima quae{que} Lyaeo; Antè locum capies oculis, alte{que} iubebis In solido puteum demitti, omnem{que} repones Rursus humū, & pedibus summas aequabis arenas: Si deerunt, rarum; pecori{que} & vitibus almis Aptius vber erit: sin in sua posse negabunt Ire loca, & scrobibus superabit terra repletis Spissus ager; glebas cunctanteis crassa{que} terga Expecta, & validis terram proscinde Iuuencis.

And the fat soyle he saith, dissolues not,* 1.59 being laboured in the hands, but becomes clammy, coheres, & cleaues to the fingers: and that Earth that by moulding in the hand doth clift and cleaue, and resolue into powder, or moulde, argues a barren, and leane layer.

Pinguis item quae sit tellus, hoc deni{que} pacto Discimus; haud vnquam manibus iactata fatiscit, Sed picis in morem ad digitos lentescit habendo.

The poize and colour (saith the Poet) are euident,* 1.60 but the scorched and noysome chilnesse of the soyle is be∣wrayed by the voluntarie growth of Pitch-trées, Ewes and blacke Iuie:

—At sceleratum exquirere frigus Difficile est; piceae tantum taxi{que} nocentes Interdum, aut hederae pandunr vestigia nigrae.* 1.61

For deprehending and finding out the taste of the Earth, Virgil prescribes a generall Specimen in his con∣clusion for triall of salt and bitter soyles; viz. to fill close wicker baskets with the earth and water, and then to runne and straine through the water by treading or pressing, and so by the taste of the water to iudge of the Earth by the qualitie imparted:

—tu spisso vimine quallos Cola{que} praelorum fumosis diripe tectis; Huc ager ille malus dulces{que} a fontibus vndae Ad plenum calcentur, aqua eluctabitur omnis Scilicet, & grandes ibunt per vimina guttae, At sapor indicium faciet manifestus, & ora Tristia tentantûm sensu torquebit amaror.

Ponticke Worme-wood bewraies a bitter and bar∣ren soyle, according to Ouid:

Turpia deformes gignunt absinthia campi, Terraque de fructu, quam sit amara docet.

* 1.62If somewhat before Sunne-set in the first rain-fall ensuing a drought, or in earing, the Earth shall breath forth an aromaticall odour and swéet sauour, it is held an infallible signe of a temperate fertilitie: And that ground which exhailes and breathes-forth exile and fu∣mie vapours quickly vanishing, which attracts humors and selfely expels them, which inuests and cloathes it self with a close swoord of fresh-gréene grasse is parabile, gentle, and plyant for the plowe, good for graine, Elmes, Vine-yards, and Oliuets.

Quae tenuem exhalat nebulam, fumosque volucreis, Et bibit humorem, & cum vult ex se ipsa remittit, Quaeque suo viridi semper se gramine vestit, Nec scabie & salsa &c.

Cato in two significant Epithites (sed per transennam) comprehends the seuerall attributes,* 1.63 both of a good and bad soyle, viz: Pulla and Cariosa.

Plinie disentrauerses the meaning of Pulla to imply a blackish, gentle, mellow, and tender soyle, and such a one (saith he) is determined to be best, both for Tillage, and worke, because by Tenera is intended a soft and ply∣able earth.

* 1.64And amongst other signes of a good soyle, hée enu∣merates Wall-wort, Skeg-trées, Brambles, the little wilde bulbous Crow-toes, (called our Ladies Cow-slip)

Clauer-gras, Trefoile, Melilot, Oakes, Wilde Peare-trées, and Wildings, to betoken a temper appro∣priate for Wheate and White-Corne. And this is the more probable, if they be plentifull in number, and ranke in growth. And both he and Virgil, commend the soyle to bee singular good for Corne, where woods haue béen lately stocked vp:

Aut vnde iratus siluam deuexit arator, Et nemora euertit multos ignaua per annos:

The qualities of a badde soyle are implyed in the Epithite Cariosa,* 1.65 which Plinie explaines to import a Wood-like rottennesse, viz: drie, spungeous, ful of holes, rugged, hoarie, olde, and hollowe.

And Virgil affirmes, that the barren ground waxeth pallid and whitish after the plowing:

At rudis enituit impulso vomere campus.

To these may be added salt, bitter, chauning, burnt, parched, soale-bound, choaked, colde, and wet spewing grounds.

To conclude:* 1.66 Out of the premisses it may be colec∣ted, that the best soyle in generall, consists in a wel-seaso∣ned mixture of a blackish moulde which is light, déepe-fat, swéet in taste and odour, murling, plyable, mellow, of moderate warmth, not stowable in the primer conti∣nent, shining blacke after the share, dulcique vligine laeta, and rich in radicall humour.

So much for the knowledge of ground.

CHAP. IX.

THe Nature and qualitie of Grounds thus layde downe,* 1.67 and the present state and Habitude duely considered, the meanes befitting for the Enriching of the Soyle will be more euident.

The enriching of Grounds doth consist in Clearing and Chearing.

The clearing of the Ground is conuersant in disbur∣thening the Soile from incumbrances and annoyances, as Water, Stones, Wéedes, &c.

* 1.68Surrounded grounds may be won by Sewing them with competent Draines, Tonnels, Goats, Sluces, and such like, if the Water-fall be sufficient; otherwise some Enginarie aide must bee assistant to mount the water by Screwes, Pullies, Poizes, by causing Vacuums, or reinforcing of Spirits into narrow straights and Cy∣linders.

And to retriue the difference twixt the line of Leuel, and the Circular or Water-leuel; to the Earths Semi-diameter (viz: 3436 4/11 Italian Miles) squared, add the square of the distance propounded, from the square roote of their Totall take 3436 4/11: the Remainder is the dif∣ference.

* 1.69Spungy and boggy grounds must be intertraced (cor∣responding to the Current or Discent) with Trenches of some eightéene inches breadth both at toppe and bot∣tome, and where the toughnesse of the swarth or turffe wil permit some spare spaces, may be vnder mined; but to preserue all the sweard, you may couch good coggles, al-alongst the Trenches a competent height, and the soddes vpon them, so the water will soake and draine thorow: And this practise is most approouable and pecu∣liar in mildring Clay, which otherwise by shooting and melting downe into open Trenches, would choake vp the water-passages.

* 1.70For Coggles, Flint, Pibbles, Shingles, and other stones hindring the earing, and oppressing the graine or grasse, the conceit (in Aiax) of setting hable Vagrants to earne their Almes, is not vnworthie imitation, whe∣ther to the Lime-kill, house, high-way, ponde, foord, or other vse.

For Vegetable impediments, as Bushes, Shrubs,* 1.71 Bryers, Furres, Whynnes, Broome, &c. they being once rooted vp by dogging or grubbing, the Plot must be well plyed with the Plow, and sewen some Crops suc∣cessiuely after: to which earing if well-soyling with good Marle, and Stall-dung be added, they will bee vt∣terly extinguished, though they be rooted in a barren, hot and drie soile, their proper element; but the cause being remooued (vt supra) the effects of producing these bad burthens must néeds surcease by consequence.

The infusion of Lupine flowers in Hemlocke iuyce caste vpon Shrubbe roots, is said to kill them; but this is too curious.

Linge, Heath or Hather, in salt, sandie,* 1.72 drie and bar∣ren soyles will die and decay, if the distemper inherent be reformed by manurings with fatte marle, rich and rotten moulde, &c.

If they grow in grauelly colde Earth, they require Stable dung, but in grauelly colde Clay drenched with blacke water, Lime and Chalke worke best effects, by soaking vp the superfluous Water, killing the Heath and comforting the Earth.

Brakes Brakin or Ferne,* 1.73 though it cannot be cured with avulsion, by reason of the ranke power of reger∣minating or increase, retained in euerie particle of their roots, which are so recurued as they are not possible to be plucked vp without some Remainders: Yet being cut downe in their infancie, and cast vpon their own roots, they will suffocate and destroy themselues, especially if they be therewithall Shéepe-folded and ground-fedde with ruminant Cattell.

Flags, Sedge, Rushes,* 1.74 and other wéeds abounding in boggie and spungie grounds, doe wither and waste a∣way, by the superfluous moisture which bréeds and féeds them, being drawne forth by draynage; but if the Plot be pestered with Alders, you labour in vaine to euacu∣ate

the wet before the Trées or Bushes bee eradicated, for their roots do naturally attract so much moisture for their nutriment, that all the ground adiacent will be eft-soones choaked with a continuall cold wet.

* 1.75But the former wéeds with Thistles, Hemlocks, and all sappie wéedes cut downe in Wood-seare, and often mowne againe whilst they are tender, their roots will putrifie and rotte ouer-burthened with affluent iuyce wanting due and woonted passage for growth: and the Thistle stalke, must not be permitted to rest gréene néere to the earth, for by the euaporation thereof, it will adder-like reuiue and roote againe.

* 1.76Rich Grounds pestered with Burs, Hemlocks, Net∣tles, & ranke wéeds are commodiously disburthened by sowing them with Hempe, Line, Mustard-séede, &c.

* 1.77Rushes, ranke sower grasse, Prie and Quitch-grasse, Mosse, Wéedes, &c. In waterie colde Clay, are destroy∣ed with Marle, Lime, Chalke, Vraic, Soote, Cole-dust, Soape and other Ashes, Shauings of Horne, Burning of Beate.

* 1.78Mosse generally is destroyed with Doues and Hens-dung, and it putrifies being turned-in with the Plow: But Bushes, and Shrubs, must bee also remooued, for by their oft-droppings of wette retained after showers, mists and deawes, the swarth or turffe is so infrigida∣ted and chilled, that being continued for or conuerted to meadowe, or grazing, it eft-soones reassumes his mos∣sie habite, though the Plot bee not naturally prone and inclining thereto.

But a scurffie hungry Mosse and small Lung-wort, dispersed ouer an hot, drie, and heartlesse ground, is best destroyed with a slimie, and oylie Marle.

* 1.79Where Mosse, Ant-hils, and Mole-hils doe abound, it is excellent husbandrie to eare it, and sowe certaine Crops of Oates, for they prepare all lay-grounds, espe∣cially if they be sower and soaked with wet.

And for Ant-hils I haue obserued a rich increase of Oats (in an indifferent soyle) sowne in the very mould of the hils (being many and great) castabroad and well harrowed without plowing-vp the plain turffe, the sum∣mer season proouing not too drie.

The quartering of the sweard of Ant-hils, casting their ballas't, & playning their Plots for pasture, are so frequent & approoued, as there néeds no demonstration.

Wilde Oates pestering and pilling of Tilthes, are best destroyed by Summer fallowings.* 1.80

And so much for Clearing of Grounds.

CHAP. X.

THe Chearing of Grounds consists in the curing of their infirmities,* 1.81 inherent naturally or by acqui∣sition, and in the refection, and refreshing their weake and languishing vertues.

Clayes and all grounds distempered with colde and moisture, are cured and cherished with stable-dung,* 1.82 Doues-dung, folding, burning, lime, soote, iron sinders of the furnace beat small and sowen thinne, and with Coale, Ferne, and Soape-Ashes.

Barren hot sandy-soyles, and hot drie Earth produ∣cing parched grasse and dwarffie Mosse,* 1.83 doe craue stal-dung, stréet-soyle, pond-mudde, rich mould, fat marle, Mawme or Riuer-slubbe, scowrings of hedge-rowd Ditches, slimie or moorish earth or Murgeon to helpe all defects.

And Virgil saith,

—Arida tantum Ne saturare fimo pingui pudeat sola:

Nor is the shéepe-folding and foddering, and the Compost of putrified Henbane, Hemlockes, leaues of Apple-trées, willowes, &c. of lesse efficacie.

Brittle and fickle Mould of meane temperature

twixt hot and cold,* 1.84 is best soyled with well rotted horse-dung.

* 1.85Spewing grounds ouer-soaked with sower moisture are well reléeued by being sowne with Oates, for by their arifying and drying qualitie they sucke out and consume that noysome humour.

* 1.86Boggie and spungie grounds are not a little setled, fastened and firmed by frequent ouer-flowing them with Fords or Land-flouds,* 1.87 affording a fatte and slimie sub∣stance or slubbe.

* 1.88The stiffe colde Clay craues Ashes, especially of roots stocked vp, Chaulke, Sea-sand, Malt dust sowen thinne on the tilth, lime incorporated with Stable-dung, salt.

* 1.89Crust-clung and Soale-bound soyles craue Caruage for prest and peculiar Gaole deliuerie, this lightens and looseth the soyle, and enlargeth and prepares way to the operation of the radicall humour, and consequently serues in lieu of Compost.

* 1.90Chapping grounds, chinking, or chauming with Cranies are cured, and stiffe-cold spuing grounds, are admirably relieued and fertilized, by burning the stub∣ble, fegge, or turffe; whether that by closing vp the Chinks, it auerts the extremities of wet, winde, frost, and Sunne, whereby the séede might be suffocated, bla∣sted, starued or parched, or the soyle distempered; Or that it exhales and purges forth, and euaporates al hurt∣full and pernicious humours; Or that it pinguifies the soyle, and imparts to the séede some secret nutrimen∣tiue power; Or that by stirring vp the natiue heat of the Earth, it reuiues the radical and vliginque humour, and by opening and enlarging the obstructed passages, and vaines, giues entrance to the airie spirit, and iuyce that quickens the graine:

Saepe etiam sterileis incendere profuit agros, At{que} leuem stipulam crepitantibus vrere flammis: Siue inde occultas vires, & pabula terrae

Pinguia concipiunt; siue illis omne per ignem Excoquitur vitium, atque exudat inutilis humor; Seu plureis calor ille vias, et caeca relaxat Spiramenta, nouas veniet qua succus in herbas: Seu durat magis, & venas adstringit hianteis, Ne tenues pluuiae, rapidiuè potentia Solis Acrior, aut Boreae penetrabile frigus adurat.

But generally all grounds, be they neuer so barren, are much bettered by burning the dryed heapes of the turffe or swarth delued, howed, pared, or plowed vp and dried, and after spread all ouer the excoriated Tilth, whether it worke as aforesaid, or that according to Pli∣nie, it burnes vp and destroies the Seminarie of grasse and wéedes, which would robbe and depriue the soyle of the rich Iuices and vertues which should féede the graine.

And the excellent effects deriued from this Beat-bur∣ning,* 1.91 haue brought the same into such approoueable re∣quest in Deuonshire, that of the frequent vse and fruit∣full practise thereof in those partes, the name of Den∣shiring deduceth the originall.* 1.92

Sommer-cating doth greatly enhearten weake Me∣dowes, and restore their decaying heat and vigour im∣peached by yéerely mowing.

In the North of Ireland,* 1.93 they do with much conueni∣ence, by kreating & shifting their Boolies frō séed-fur til haruest bée inned, both depasture & soile their grounds, and preserue their graine from destruction by their cat∣tell, and them from the Wolfe and Wood-kerne.

And the sowing of the séede of Trefoyle, or Clauers,* 1.94 Melilot, Prunel, Milfoyle, Ribwort, Septfoile, Cinque∣foyle, &c. Mixed with Murling Mould, doth much inrich Meddowes and Pastures both in Forrage and Fenage.

Sea-sand diffused amongst infertile Tilthes,* 1.95 infu∣ses animall power of such efficacie, that it produces Crops equiualent to burthens of very battle Glebes.

And Rest to a meane layer, serues no lesse in lieu of Compost:

Nec nulla in terra est inaratae gratia terrae:

Also,

Alternis item tonsas cessare noualeis * 1.96Et segnem patiere situ durescere campum.

And all Emacerated Soyles are much amended with fatte Ashes:

—Neue Effetos cinerem immundum iactare per agros.

And there is so much attributed to Rest and Ashes for inriching of soyles, that they are numbred amongst the thrée things seruing to increase productiōs of Crops:

Laetas faciunt segetes stercoratio, intermissio & cine∣rum sparsio.

Of diuers Ashes we haue before (and shal hereafter) vpon speciall occasions, made mention for their ap∣prooued efficacie in seuerall distempers. And Plinie re∣ports that Ashes are in such request, for soylings néere vnto Po, that they burne their Horse-dung to make them; but wée are too wise, holding it ridiculous to inno∣uate, nay to imitate any thing not approoued by con∣tinual practise, howsoeuer we haue authenticke records from antiquities to animate vs thereunto.

* 1.97Wée willingly wish the fruition of soiles parallell to the Territories of Bi••acium in Affricke, which is so plyable to the Plow, that after a good ground showre, a sorry Asse and a silly old Trot, may roundly trot away with the Téeme, and so plentifull in production, that it yéeldes increase one hundred and fifty folde, but wée would grudge at the stubbornesse of the ground in a dry season, when wée found it scarce tillable with a strong Téeme of Oxen.

Or we could plausibly approoue the light & easie Til∣age, and rich Graynage, by Winterton in Norfolke: the Austrian soyle tilled with a single horse; the fruitfull Plaines of Podolia where they sow but euery other

yéere (the shaked corne seruing (like Rapes) for the se∣cond séedage) the Hungarian treble haruest, the fertile Meddowes of Komora (Iled with Danubius) which produces grasse man-high, yet farre short of the Meade vnder a Bourne néere to Salisbury, where the produ∣ction extendes to sixtéene foote.

The Meades of Interamna, yéelding yéerely foure Mathes of Hay, &c. but we would not with like alacrity imitate the industrious paines of the ingenious Chi∣mists, who by their diligent and intentiue husbanding their fertile fieldes, support their strangely populous Territories in farre greater wealth and plenty, then can be deriued from their trebled fruitage and afluent vintage, without their own extraordinary industry and diligence.

In rich soyles we are slacke and supine, neuer prac∣tising any new or invulgar inuention (how probable soe∣uer) to helpe Nature and fertilize our fieldes, but wée plod-on in the common Road of habituated husbandry, and so oftentimes come short of that proportion which good husbands reape in a farre meaner layer.

In barren and harde Countries,* 1.98 wee are force per∣force vrged to some industry more then ordinary: As in the Countries of Salop, Denbigh, Flint, &c. they fetch Lime stone foure or fiue miles, to burne for battleing, and Sea-sand sixe miles to scatter on their Tilthes, in Cornewall, Deuon, Somerset, &c. And in some partes of Hartfordshire (not to defraude the industrious of any praise due to diligent devoires) they fetch Mault-dust further, and shauing of Horne aboue twenty miles,* 1.99 to strow vpon their Arable (though it be a good soyle of it selfe) to kill the wéedes, and cheare the soyle, and therby doe much increase their Crops.

In Denbighshire, and else where, they plow vp the Crust of barren soyles in thinne Turffes, with a broad winged share, then dry it in round heapes, and about

September,* 1.100 burne in and disperse the Ashes all ouer the bared and Excoriated groundes, and thereby refresh their faint and hungry sterility, to an incredible produ∣ction of Oates.

In Flintshire, they soile their sandy layers (both blacke and red) being seckie,* 1.101 tough and wet, with lime made of a dunny gray stone, hewed forth of the Rockes and broken with yron malls (though the smooth hard beach on the Sea-shoares burnes to a purer white) and after burning, lay it thicke vpon the layer, leauing it to be slecked with the next showre, by which being dissol∣ued and then intermedled by the plow with the soyle, it puffie-lights and party colours the same, and produces diuers rich Crops; The vse thereof is also well appro∣ued for their Claies in thinner quantitie: but they tea∣sil their perring wild sand with stall dung.

* 1.102About Workensope in Nottinghamshire, their best Compost is slecked Lime (sixe quarters to an Acre) sowne vpon the Tilth, for two Crops, for Winter corne in Sommer, the other contrary, and this giues good increase, not so much through the imparture of any fas∣tening facultie, as by fastening the wilde loose sand of their light, hotte, and red layers: And though the small show of winter verdure giues wanne hope, yet his faire May-florish reviues the drooping spirits of the doubtful and wauering experimenter, with ful assurance of a rich vesture for haruest.

* 1.103And generally for the quantity of dung, it is held best to Manure oft & little, for ouer dunging burnes away the heart of the soyle.

The better the soyles are, the lesse Compost they craue, but grounds not dunged grow cold and weake, howsoeuer some are so battle in fertilitie, that their ranckenes cannot with continued tillage be sufficiently abated; as the Territories of Tacape mentioned by Plinie.

But, to speake somewhat of the qualities of Com∣post, there are diuers kindes of dung,* 1.104 and sundry opi∣nions touching their goodnes and efficacie.

Marcus Varro attributes the chiefe estéeme to the dung found in the Bartons of mewed Blacke-birdes,* 1.105 both for tillage and forrage.

Pullen and Landfowle are commended for their dung, but all water fowle reiected.* 1.106

Columella commends Pidgens dung,* 1.107 and with vs it carries chiefe preheminence for due prizall of worth.

Many giue the first place to mans excrements (the Ballast of Ajax) but the excessiue heate therof would be qualified and abated with the swéepings, parings,* 1.108 and filth of house floares.

Some preferre mens Vrine, when hide-haire hath béene soaked therein, with Lime in a Tanne-fat, others commend the Vrine mixt with water.

Diuers affirme the Asses dung to bee best, most pre∣pared,* 1.109 and presently fit for the earth (whereas other dungs require time to putrifie) but Plinie is contradic∣tory.

But for generall approouement, the Treddles of Shéepe and Goates may passe for current.* 1.110

Next followes the dung of Neate,* 1.111 then of Horses and Mules.

The Ordure of Swine is current with some for good Compost, but it séemes by Columella,* 1.112 that it best fits the Asse-pasture, whose forrage is Burres, and worse bag∣gage, but doubtlesse the immoderate heat therof burnes vp the radicall humour of the soyle.* 1.113

For Lime I haue spoken sufficiently before of the Moderne vse thereof, nor was it in lesse request amongst the Heduans and Pictones for fertilizing their fields.

Cato prescribes an Artificiall Compost of Litter,* 1.114 Lupines, Chaffe, Beane stalkes, Leaues and Branches of Mast-holme, and Oakes laide to putrifie.

* 1.115But as Oculus Domini saginat equum, so dayly expe∣rience approoues Domini Vestigia to be Stercus optimum.

* 1.116Dane-wort, Hemlocks, dead-leaues, ranck-wéedes, Ferne mowne in August, Sea-wéedes &c. withered, cast on Tilthes and foulded with shéepe, doe very much pro∣fit. And no lesse béeing cast into the Cratch-yard all Winter, and bestowed on the fallowes next September and October.

* 1.117And Vraic or Orewood, (Alga Marina) is diuersly applyed for soyling. In Ireland they rot it in great heapes, from Sommer to Sommer, and then cast it on their Tilthes for two or thrée Crops.

In Anglesey, they plow it in without putrifying for two Crops in any soyle.

In the Ile of Gersey, they dry the wéede for fewell, and with Ashes fertilize their fallowes no lesse then with Marle.

In Cornewal they vse both Orewood, Sea-sand, and Sea-flubbe for soylings,

* 1.118The very fruites of the earth being sowne doe serue well for batling, as Buck-wheat or Brancke, Pease, Vetches, Beanes, Fasells, Madder.

Sic quoque mutatis requiescunt faetibus arua.

And Columella saith, Medica agrum Stercorat.

* 1.119The sowing of Lupines is no lesse approoued for bettering the Tilth, but especially if they be turned in with the Plowe, and so left to putrifie, about their flowring.

And because white corne is commonly a soaker of the soyle, the Poet counsels to sowe it after Pulse and fatning graine.

Aut ibi flaua seres mutato sidere farra Vnde prius laetum siliqua quassante legumen, Aut tenueis faetus viciae, tristisque lupini Sustuleris fragiles calamos, Syluamque sonantem.

* 1.120Nor is Saffron inferior to fatning graine, insomuch

as their bulbous rootes doe so inrich the ground, that after thrée yéeres continuing the same with Saffron, (as Master Camden affirmes) at the rate of eightie or one hundred poundes new (but twenty dryed) vpon an Acre, the soyle about Saffron Walden, produces great store of Barley, for some eightéene yéeres without Compost, and then againe refuses not his former fruit.* 1.121

But Wheate, Barley, Woade, Vetches, Fenigréeke and all Pulses, plucked vp by the rootes, are great im∣pairers and soakers of the soyle: And Line, Poppy, and Oates doe burne and pill the Tilth. Solo virus Ciceris & Lini; the one with his salt, and the other with his hotte qualitie. Tremelius. The Poet.

Vrit enim lini campum seges, vrit auena, Vrunt lethaeo perfusa papauera somno.

And Theophrastus saith, that Oates by their drynesse and multiplicity of rootes, doe arifie and extenuate all Soyles.

And in this place it shall not be impertinent,* 1.122 to make some mention of Marle, sith the good approoument both of the ancient and moderne vse thereof is such, as may iustly challenge to be had in no meane estéeme for ma∣nurings.

Plinie affirmes that there are but two kinds of Marle in Nature, viz. either hard and churlish,* 1.123 or gentle and fat, and these are tryed by the hand: and both for graine and grasse (though we say Marle kills both wéedes and grasse in arable) held in good request.

And the various sorts of Marles, found out by in∣uentiue wits, doe all of them fall vnder the two former kinds, whether they bee white, red, Columbine, sto∣ny, Sandie, Clay-soyle, &c. or what others.* 1.124

The white Clay or Marle is fat, sharpe and mordant and yet the best. It is vsed for moist cold grounds in Magara, as our Chaulke with vs.

And the white Chaulkie Clay,* 1.125 vsed by Gold-smithes

lies déepe in Britaine, and lasteth for soyling eighty yeares.

The Fullers Chaulky Clay mixed with a viscous and fattish Earth,* 1.126 is another white Marle, and is bet∣ter for graine then for grasse, yet, howsoeuer it suppres∣ses wéedes and grasse in corne (as all Marles doe) the Tilthe, after haruest be inned, growes so growthsome that it yéeldes an after-math, for Crowen Hay.

This Marle continues the soyle in good plight thirty yéeres, but if it be laide on ouer thicke it choketh the ground.

* 1.127The light red Marle intermingled with some stony gritte full of Sand, fertilizeth both Tillage and For∣rage for fifty yéeres.

In Anglesey they approoued red Marle, and in some places white, to refresh and giue life to the spent and tired Glebes.

Columbine or Pidgeon Marle, lies in lumpes and cloddes,* 1.128 but with Sunne and Frost, it resolues and cleaues into thinne slakes or flakes, and serues both for corne and Hay.

In some parts of Ches-shire, they bestow forty loades of Doue-discoloured Marle vpon an Acre,* 1.129 and this being Frost-mellowed & spread abroad, dissolues and incorporates with the Glebe, and so fattens the Sandy and hungry Soyle, that it repaires the charge of thrée or foure pound, with rich increase for twelue or sixtéene yéeres. Insomuch, as to farme this wel-nigh worthlesse ground, they will Marle, Till, and Séede it for halfe the increase: And they let and set such Marled grounds, vnder twenty yéeres at an incredible rate of monies in hand.

* 1.130Stony and Grauelly white Marle, found amongst Springs and Fountaines, causes infinite fruitfulnesse though it be rough, but if it be laid on too thicke, it par∣ches the very ground.

And Sandy Marle serues (for want of other) chiefe∣ly in cold moist and wéely grounds.* 1.131

The dry Marle sortes with moist Soyles, and fatty Marle hits the dry and leane.

For Soyles of middle temperature it skils not whe∣ther you vse the White Gold-smithes Chaulke, or the Columbine Marle.

But generally most Marles, (saith Plinie) craue to follow the Plow, that their medicinable vertues and substance may the sooner and more gréedily be attracted and receiued: and a medly of dung were not amisse, to correct the ouer-rough hardnesse of maine Marles.

The Vbians enrich most fertile grounds, with any earth digged from thrée foote depth, and lay it foote-thick for tenne yéeres.

At Chatmosse in Lancashire, their vliginous and soaked Mosses doe recompence their meane ayre with vnctious Turffes, Wood for woorke, fewel and Candel and fat Marle to manure their Soyles.

And were we as iudicious in inuention, or industri∣ous in imitation of the diligent, as we are supersticious in plodding in habituated & accustomed courses of hus∣bandry, we would endeuour (all idle pretenses abando∣ned) to make seuerall Soyles serue interchangeably,* 1.132 each to other in true validity of Compost, by inter-soy∣ling or seasoning the one with the other.

As Grauell and Chaulke, Clay and Sand, So light and sadde, tough and friable, hot and colde, battle and barren, &c.—Yet Plinie saies it is a méere folly and wast expence to lay fatte earth vpon leane and hungry, or dry light and thirsty vpon ouer moist and fatte.

But land-flouds,* 1.133 fatte Riuers and Gusts of water participating of a slimie and muddy substance, induced and brought into Meddowes and pastures in the spring by draines, dams, inuersions from towne ditches, sew∣ers,

wayes, stréetes Tilthes, do very much comfort and reuiue them.

So Virgill:

—Huc summis liquuntur rupibus amnes Faelicemque trahunt limum.

Also,

Et cum exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis Ecce supercilio cliuosi tramitis vndam Elicet: illa cadens raucum per leuia murmur Saxa ciet, scatebrisque arentia temperat arua.

* 1.134So the Egyptian Soyle (though it bee a blacke and battle layer) deriues the aboundant fruitfulnesse from the Riuer Nile, whose inundation supplies the want of raine, and féedes and fattes the Earth with the slime and mud left behind it.

But I shal be taxed for this tedious penning of those petty experciments, and therefore I will omit to speake of the parti••ular bestowing of Salt, Soote, Ashes and Powder of Hornes, Oistershels, &c. the infusion of Lu∣pine flowers, Wine Lées, and the like, and so much the rather because their cost or scarcitie derogates from their goodnes in efficacie.

This may therefore serue for chearing of grounds, and consequently for enriching of the soyle.

CAP. XI.

* 1.135THe Rectifying of Production, is accomplished by bestowing the grounds to purposes, suiting their appropriate Natures with due regard to the Sympa∣thie and Antipathie, betwéene Séedes and Soyles, Plants and Plottes.

* 1.136The great fast Yellow Sand, is not vnfit for Graine The close Sand with some earthy mixture is good for Grazing; The White and dry for Woodes and Wilde

fruits; But a loose and light Sant swords slow and thin, yet with rest and lecking sommers it yéelds good Corne:

More particularly:

Wheat craues a fat Clay (and dry to make it hard and compact) and durty Séedage.* 1.137

Barley loues a mellow Clay and a dustie March.* 1.138

Rie suits with a Sandy soyle and drownes i'th hop∣per.* 1.139

Beanes looke for a strong moist Clay,* 1.140 if you expect stiffe ware and great Burthens.

Pease presse for a putryfied Clayie mould of meane strength.

Vetches are fruitfull in Creachie Countries.

Lentills like well of a leane and vntilde Sandy Soyle and a dry season.

Lupines loue dry Sand and Grauell and neede no Plow.

Oates doe well in a leane dry Clay, though they péele a better and prepare a moist.

But for rough dry and barren soyles Buck-wheate is best to fill the measure and manure the fielde.

Spelt-corne in a fat moist layer degenerats from bad to better viz. in thrée yéeres space to Wheat.

Tare, Cich and Mill loue moisture, this with loose∣nesse, that with fatnesse, the first with leannesse.

Pannicke is pleased with a leane grauelly or stony Earth, so it be light and moist.

Medica in putri solo hyeme decocto & stercorato vno satu amplius trecentis annis durat. Plinius.

Rice requires to be sowne in a fennye and waterish layer.

Saffron ioyes in a frée Chaulkie or red sandie soyle, indifferently husbanded, but manured with Neats and Doues dung.

Woad and Blaunch would haue a strong ground, and this brookes well the roughnesse, yea in the coldest

clime, but the other must haue it in good plight.

Commin couets a layer that is fat, hot and putrified.

Hollie, Worme-wood or Wormeséede, loues both la∣bour and a hot clime.

Caruwaies craue a good cleane & manured ground.

Anni-séede must haue a blacke rich mellow-mould, or a battle and well-dunged earth: and those and other earely sowne séedes, doe néede a thin strowing of Horse dung to rebate the force of frostie coldes.

Mustard multiplies well in a plot repleat with gra∣uelly rubbish, but it would be moist and battle; and wel tilde also for the whitish séede.

Rapes require a broken-vp lay and a rich layer.

Hempe lookes for a fat moist laboured land plowed plaine and déepe.

Line loues a meane depth, but a very fine light, gen∣tle and fat mould, yet a leane layer refines it, and Plinie commends Grauell.

* 1.141Rootes require fat, cleane, loose and light grounds, as Potatoes, Earth-nuts, Turneps; and this in sandy lay∣ers, growes more sound, firme and delicious.

But clay produces sound, dry, delicate and large-Parseneps, and enlarges the Parslies Roote.

Onyons, Chiballs and Chiues thriue well in a red short, murly and moistish earth.

Garlicke delights in a dry vndunged but laboured ground.

Sowbread likes both labour and Compost: so doth Teasell with flattes two foot and an halfe déepe.

But large and long-rootes must also haue their layer déepe and well dunged in the bottome, if you would en∣large their growth: as for these Meateable Rootes, Par∣snep, Carrot, Skirrot, Radish, Goates-beard, Caru∣waies, Mirrhis.

And the like for Medicinable Rootes, as Endiue, Succory, Scammony, Aristolachia.

But if you intent a plot for séedage, let their beds bée incorporated in a medley of mould and dung.

Liquerice runnes downe with straight smooth rootes in a light loose battle and cleane laboured bed of 4. or 5. foote depth and bredth wel manured withstal-dung & Colum∣bine Marle.

Madder respects not so much the strength of the groūd so it be light moist sandy frée well-dunged and digged 6. foote déepe and broad.

Eringoes shoote forth long rootes to a large but shal∣low extent, in a rough dry sandy and stony shoare.

But generally strong and long rootes neuer Sympa∣thize with firme hard and solid soyles; nor the fibrous and flender with light and loose layers.

Artichokes, Beetes, Beanes of Egypt prooue best in fat moist and laboured plots.* 1.142

The fat Ground for Phaselles or Kidney Beanes and Carduus Benedictus, with moderate warmth for Corianders Mandrake and Balme, with labour for Spikenarde, with moistnesse and lightnesse for Lettice and Purslaine, with spunginesse and cleannesse for As∣paragus, with closenesse for Basill.

The Coley-florey, Rape-cole, Muske-melon, Cucum∣ber, Gourd, Pumpion, Thorne-Apple, Apples of Loue, Spinnage, Arach, Sun-flower, &c. must haue horsedung labour and a fat layer.

Léekes looke for a loose, plaine and battle plot.

The meanly fat with dunging and digging, for Cole-worts, and Cabbage.

Sage is suited with cold clayie Earth.

The leane layer for Asarabacca, Time, Cammamile and dry for all, stony for two last, with rubbish for Ca∣pers and Orobus.

The stony grauell gratifies Fennell.

Rubbish with fine dry earth is a repast of best relish for the Rose, if rough brickie and hot, for Rue.* 1.143

The rough dry and barren for Plowmans Spike∣nard.

Rough leane layers suite both Sauouries.

The Chalice or Chin-cough Mosse créeps along the barren dry grauelly ditch banckes.

The dry earth for Peionie, with sand for Paunces, sand and stones for ground-Pines, Mullein, Egrimony and (if grauelly yellow) for Neuewes.

Dry stony layers are destinate to white Saxifrage, Bugle, Lauender.

Rosemary and Iesamines rampe vp in a rotten earth, mixt with rubbish or broken tiles and bricks.

The moist layer for Conuall-lillie, Peruincle, Bis∣torte, Orpon, Pimpernel and meanly fat for Mints and Calamint, with compost for Chiruill and (if olde) for Margerom, if battlef or Dragons, and Liuerwort, if sto∣ny for Harts-tongue, if laboured for Peniroyall, if light for Endiue and Succory, if coole for Muncks Reubarb, and Betony, if stony and sandy for Parsly, according to the Etymologie.

The Fenny waterish Soyle by lakes and Pooles fits Comfrey, Tornesele, Butter-Burre, Marsh-Mal∣low, Clownes Wound-worke.

The Boggie, Sandy and Sunny plot, suits with Sun-dewe, Marsh Whorts.

Spungie lowe grounds are good for Hops (so is a crumbling fenny layer) vntrencht and wet for the Ozi∣er-Hope which will parrallell the profit of the best Wheate in a rich soyle of equall extention.

The Knot-berries and Cloud-berries climbe and clad the tops of Moutanous fells.

Marigolds, Clary, Melilot, Spoone-wort content neither for place, clime or layer.

* 1.144And all soyles are acceptable to Burrage, Buglosse, Violet.

The Apple askes a fat moist mould, blacke and Ashco∣lored.

Peares, Peaches, Wardens, a good clay.

Plumbes presse for a loose layer,

The Apricot, a hot sand, the Cherry a cooel and moist with some mixture of clay.

The moist plot fits the Ash, Agnus Castus, Tamariske Quince, Seruice.

The Grauell if moist is best (and sand not amisse) for the Elme, if ston for the Almond.

The Chaulke layer for Iuniper & Yew, though this brooke a light barren soyle.

Knée-holme thriues in a rough, dry barren earth.

The stony solid Clay is for Fig-trées.

The blacke soft soyle for Chesnuts.

Philberds, loue dankish places, but Walnuts hate them, and wish a hot soyle though meane in fatnes.

The Medlar and Corneill contend for a sand and fat crust.

The sandy nitrous soyle serues best for Dates: San∣dy, light, leane and brittle for Mirrh and Mirtle: but these brooke no colde Regions.

Pome-granates, presse for Compost and hot Coun∣tries.

The Bay and Mulbery, beg a temperate aire, and this earnes after fat manurings, the other rests satisfi∣ed with a leane layer, so that it be solid.

The mountanous hils, delight the Almond, Seruice, Firre, Larch.

The Quince ioyes in the Plaines, so doth Béech, though Birches kéepe the Hilles.

But the Indian Moly replenishes the lowly Vales.* 1.145

Diuers Plants couet to bath in Sunny rayes, as the Figge, Apricot, Peach, Plumbe, Quince, Cherry.

All whcih produce more delicate fruits being spread vpon a South wal, to shield them from Northerne iniu∣ries, and reflect the Sunne-beames.

Nor doe many Hearbes with lesse pursuit of affecti∣on,

presse for the Sunnes enlifening comfort, as the Pe∣iony, Goates-bearde, Sothernewood, Rue, Fennel, Lauender, Isope, Mints, Saffron, Carnations, Pinkes: Also Roses, Hoppes, Time, Spikenerd, Sage, the great Sun flower and the Ozier.

But Turnesol with opposite eager eie al daylong ga∣zes in Titans face nere daunted with his eye-dazing lu∣stre according to the Poet: Herba velut Clitie semper petit obuia solem: contrary to the Pudifetan which droops by day, &c.

In aprico quidē aëre multa faelicius viv unt, quae densa et crassa consistunt substantia, quoniam sole, ad calorē lentum suum excitandum, & adducendum indigent.

But the shady reposure refreshes the Bay, Tama∣riske, Red Winter Cherrie, Liuerworte, Harts-tongue Betony,* 1.146 Margerom, Smallage, Asarabacca, Sow∣bread, Auens, Dragons, Mandrake, Peruincle, Orpin, Pimpernell, Basill, Strawberries, Louage, Sprea∣ding Time, Garden Cresses, Cúm multis alijs quorum tenuis & subtilis facultas nimia aëris tenuitate dissipatur & disperditur, ideoque denso optimè gaudent aëre.

Yet Vegetables Sympathize with plots differing in temperature from their Natures.* 1.147

The hot and dry subtile Cedar crownes the tops of the stony and snowie-cold Mountaines.

And hot and dry Hearbes are produced in cold moist soyles; as Pennie-royall, Margerom, Betony, Land∣cresses, English Saxifrage, Marsh-mallow, hedge Hy∣ssop.

The dry Adders-tongue, Cowslip, Prime-Rose, and Teasill, ioy in moist and dankish places.

The hot and dry Smallage, Bitter-swéet, & Clownes Wound-worte, delight in colde and moist ditches.

Nor can the grauelly colde of rilling fountaines, extin∣guish the hot and dry temperatures of the water Cresse, Becabunga, Agnus Castus, Butter-Burre, Gaule.

The Bog-berry retaines his colde and dry astrin∣gence, and Rosa-Solis his hot and dry causticke quali∣tie, maulger the loose moistures of their layers.

Calamus Aromaticus hotte and dry craues a moarish couch.

The dry (though cold) and astringent Quéene of the Meddowes replenisheth the watry moist plaines.

The White Poppy colde and moist, couets a hot and dry place.

The colde Mandrake and Sycomore couet hot Regi∣ons.

The Cucumber, Gourd, Melon cold by nature co∣uet hot stable-dung.

So Apples of Loue, of Aethiopia, of Peru and Mad Apples relinquish not their cold and moist temperature, notwithstanding their hot regions and Horse-dung.

Peculiar Composts are also requisite for refreshing of seuerall vegetables.* 1.148

Rue and Sage doe battle with bucke or other Ashes.

Rosemary requires Shéepes-dung, horne-shauings brickie rubble, Tartaror Wine lées.

Liquerice loues Stall-dung, and Saffron the same, and Doues dung.

Fresh mould medled with horne-shauings, is the best bed for the Vine.

Lime-stones fertilize both Vine and Oliues, and the drooping Vine reuiues with the owne Ashes.

In planting of trées it is good to mixe Sand-stones and old shells with the mould and dung, the reason is rendred by the Poet.

—Quaecunque premes virgulta per agros Sparge fimo pingui & multa memor occule terra:* 1.149 Aut lapidē bibulū, aut squalenteis infode conchas; Inter enim labentur aquae, tenuisque subibit Halitus, atque animos tollent sata: Iamque reperti Qui saxo super atque ingentis pondere testae

Vrgerent: hoc effusos munimen ad imbreis: Hoc, vbi hiulca siti findit Canis aestifer arua.

Nitre and Oile doe make Beanes great, tender and sooner sod.

Semina vidi equidem multos medicare serenteis Et nitro prius et nigra perfundere amurca, Grandior vt faetus siliquis fallacibus esset, Et, quamuis igni exiguo, properata maderent.

Quidam si (faba) triduo ante satum vrina et aqua ma∣ceretur praecipue adolescere putant. Vino semina perfusa minus aegrotare existimant.

* 1.150But as there is affinitie betwéene Plants and Plots, so is there a kind of Enmitie and naturall repugnance.

The Rose and Colewort abhorre grauell and sand; nor do the Chesnut and Fennel brooke too sandy a layer.

And dung it selfe is an enemie to Penny-royal, Rue, Ferne, Garlicke, Flower-de-luce, Plumbe, Cherry, Vine.

Neither doth Isope or Sage delight in dung or fat soyles.

And although diuers Vegetables are indifferently bestowed in soyles aires and climes, not so precisely suit∣ting their propper exigence and that with good successe; yet could Plots of peculiar temper be conueniently con∣triued, no doubt their productions would bee much bettered either in quantity or qualitie.* 1.151

And hence it comes that we haue in cheife request the Heston Wheate, Fulham Parsenep, Hackeney Tur∣neps, Sandich Carrot, Walsingham Saffron, Worken∣sop Liquerice, Birtport Hempe, Kirton Pippin, Cam∣bridgeshire Pearemane, English Hops, Hony and Iu∣niper, Halliwel Mosse, Teukesbury Mustard, Droit∣wich Salt.

So forren fruites, drugs, simples. &c, are as farre fa∣med as fetched, for preheminence in meliority, acquired by appropriate ayre and layer; as Candy Oyle, Oliues,

Cipres, Zeilan Cloues, Palestine Dates, Arabian Mirrh, Banda Nutmegs, Malauar Cinamon, and Pepper, Stagonian Frankencense, Iaua Saunders, Persian Bezar, Canarie Sackes and Sugers, Oruieto Muscatell, Cracus Tabacco, China Rice, Ruber be and China-Rootes, Quito Mechoacan, Italian Sow∣bread, Chauchinchina Purcelain, Prussian Amber, Ve∣nice Turpentine, Spanish Cordoua, Malta Cottonwool, Camba Turbith, Syrian Scammonie, Norway Firres, Apulian and Tarentinian Wooll, Apulian Barley, Oates, Hearbes, Melons, Lemons, Siuill Orenges, Indian Ebony and Iuory,

So Masticke of Chios, Sene of Alexandria, Potatos of Virginia, Zarza parilla of Peru, Lacer of Syrene.

Hic segetes, illîc veniunt faelicius Vuae, Arboreifaetus alibi, &c. Nec veró terrae ferre omnes omnia possunt.

Experience also shewes that the Change of Soyles for Séed, is not the least point of Fertilage;* 1.152 as to bestow Clay Corne in sandy soyles and contrary.

So the leane Vine is best fitted with a fertile soyle, and the fertile with a leane.

The thicke and rancke braunching Vine, must bée restrained from immoderate spreading with a solid and compact layer: the thin brauncher néedes a battle soyle to enlarge the Dilation.

And Plinie saies that in Venafrano their Vines are best fitted with a glareous soyle, viz. dry, leane and crea∣chy; but in Betica the fattest layer is fittest.

But the exact and full knowledge of seuerall soyles with their due and peculiar mastering, subduing, prepa∣ring, compassing and imploying, with their seuerall or∣ders and seasons for fallowing, twifallowing, tri∣fallowing and séed-furre; as breaking-vp, stirring, cru∣shing, setting-vp, casting-downe, requires more copious handling in some peculiar volume. It shall suffice in this Compendium, to haue giuen onely this superfi∣ciall

toutch or taste, relinquishing the pervestigation of the secrets of Agriculture to more capable and inge∣nious spirits.

And hetherto of Tillage; Ground-plots succéede.

CHAP. XII.

GRound-plots are proiectures, eleuations, and all fundamentall contriuances,* 1.153 destinated and acco∣modated to some speciall and proposed ende. And they are either Internal as Vaults, Cellers, Caues, Sincks:

Or Externall, as Groues, Arbours, Bowers, Cabi∣nets, Allies, Ambulatories, Mounts, Mazes, Snailes, Cocke-Pittes, Bowling-Gréenes, Moates, Pondes, Stewes, Draines, Dammes, Sluces, Iitties.

To these may be added Rampers, Counter-scarpes, Rauelins, Forts, Flanckers, Vammures, Curtins, Pa¦rapets, Sconces, Caualires, Pallisadoes, Bulwarks, Bastions and such like fortifications.

But I haue béene too prolixe in the Subiect: I will be more compendious in the Adiunct.

CHAP. XIII.

* 1.154LAbour and Arte imployed about the Adiunct com∣prehends the Leuying and Erecting of Edifices, and Engines, in or vpon the Subiect or Plot.

* 1.155Edifices are either Principall; as Minsters, Mona∣steries, Churches, Chappells, Pallaces, Courts, Ca∣stels, Manour & Mansion Howses, Mesuages, Watch-Towers, Lodges, Cottages;

Or Collaterall, as Darie-howses, Conduit-howses, Stables, Barnes, Granaries, Maltings, Mil-howses, Doue-Coates.

Also buildings of Pleasure and prospect; as Tennis∣courts, Banquet-howses, Towers, Theaters, Amphi∣theaters.

And buildings of Monument, as Piramides, Labe∣rinthes, Obeliskes, Statuaes, Tombes.

Engines are either Militarie; as Battering-Rams,* 1.156 Sowes, Horses, Tortuses, Trepanes, Briccols, Tow∣ers, &c,

Or Ciuill, as Mills, for Siewing of surrounded grounds, sawing of Timber and Board, beating of Hempe, Iron-Mils, Blomaries or Finaries and Ham∣mer Forges, Grist-milles, Gun-powder mils, Paper∣mils, Fulling-mils, Shere-mils, Turne-broach-milles, Oyle-mills, Barke-mills, Madder-mills, whether they goe with winde, water, hand, or horse.

Likewise Cranes, Pumpes, Aquaducts, Conduits, Goates, Sluces, Tonnells.

And thus haue I passed thorrow the Matter, being the first Essentiall part of Possessions: It followes to speake of the Forme.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Actiue.
• * 1.2

  Mathemati∣call.
• * 1.3

  Mechanical.
• * 1.4

  Materiall.
• * 1.5

  Legall.
• * 1.6

  Passiue.
• * 1.7

  Essentiall.
• * 1.8

  Matter.
• * 1.9

  Naturall.
• * 1.10

  Earth.
• * 1.11

  Species.
• * 1.12

  Vulgar.
• * 1.13

  Pretious.
• * 1.14

  Liquable.
• * 1.15

  Salt.
• * 1.16

  Alume.
• * 1.17

  Bitumen.
• * 1.18

  Not-melta∣ble.
• * 1.19

  Habitude.
• * 1.20

  Composure.
• * 1.21

  Base. Pregnance.
• * 1.22

  Quarries.
• * 1.23

  Mines.
• * 1.24

  Crust.
• * 1.25

  The Crassitude.
• * 1.26

  Inuesture.
• * 1.27

  Grouth
• * 1.28

  Soils known by their pro∣ductions.
• * 1.29

  Animalia.
• a 1.30

  For bignes, strength, and fiercenesse.
• * 1.31

  Waters.
• * 1.32

  Comorant. Stagnant.
• * 1.33

  Fluent. Current.
• * 1.34

  Influent.
• * 1.35

  Floating.
• * 1.36

  Matter cō∣municate.
• * 1.37

  Waters Transient.
• * 1.38

  Climate.
• * 1.39

  Latitude.
• * 1.40

  Aire.
• * 1.41

  Nature of Waters.
• * 1.42

  Cognisance of good Water.
• * 1.43

  Aquae Cali∣dae.
• * 1.44

  Brynage.
• * 1.45

  Repletion.
• * 1.46

  Matter Arti∣ficiall.
• * 1.47

  Tillage.
• * 1.48

  Vertilage.
• * 1.49

  Deluage.
• * 1.50

  Caruage.
• * 1.51

  Scaphiage.
• * 1.52

  Fictilage.
• * 1.53

  Fertilage.
• * 1.54

  The Nature of grounds how known.
• * 1.55

  Mixture.
• * 1.56

  Blacke.
• * 1.57

  Red.
• * 1.58

  Compacture found by the stowage.
• * 1.59

  Moulding.
• * 1.60

  Weight.
• * 1.61

  Taste.
• * 1.62

  Smell.
• * 1.63

  Pulla & Ca∣riosa.
• * 1.64

  Production.
• * 1.65

  Barren layer.
• * 1.66

  Characters of rich soyles.
• * 1.67

  Enriching.
• * 1.68

  Surroun∣dings.
• * 1.69

  Bogges.
• * 1.70

  Stones.
• * 1.71

  Bushes. Broome.
• * 1.72

  Heath.
• * 1.73

  Ferne.
• * 1.74

  Flags.
• * 1.75

  Thistles.
• * 1.76

  Burres
• * 1.77

  Rushes.
• * 1.78

  Mosse.
• * 1.79

  Ant-Hils.
• * 1.80

  Oates.
• * 1.81

  Chearing.
• * 1.82

  Cold and moist.
• * 1.83

  Hot and drie.
• * 1.84

  Brittle Mould.
• * 1.85

  Spewing.
• * 1.86

  Boggie.
• * 1.87

  A Paradox.
• * 1.88

  Stiffe-Clay.
• * 1.89

  Soal-bound.
• * 1.90

  Chapping.
• * 1.91

  Denshiring.
• * 1.92

  Meddowe
• * 1.93

  Kreatings.
• * 1.94

  Sowing of Seedes.
• * 1.95

  Sea-sand.
• * 1.96

  Ashes.
• * 1.97

  Rich Soyles.
• * 1.98

  1. Lime.
• * 1.99

  Mault-dust. Horne-sha∣uings.
• * 1.100

  Burning of Beate
• * 1.101

  2. Lime.
• * 1.102

  Slecked Lime.
• * 1.103

  The quanti∣ty of Com∣post.
• * 1.104

  The quality.
• * 1.105

  Birdes.
• * 1.106

  Poultry.
• * 1.107

  Doues.
• * 1.108

  Ajax.
• * 1.109

  Asse.
• * 1.110

  Sheepe.
• * 1.111

  Neate and Horses.
• * 1.112

  Swine.
• * 1.113

  Lime
• * 1.114

  Compost. Artificiall.
• * 1.115

  Optimum Stercus.
• * 1.116

  Vegetables.
• * 1.117

  Vraic.
• * 1.118

  Sata.
• * 1.119

  Lupines.
• * 1.120

  Saffron.
• * 1.121

  Pillers of the soyle.
• * 1.122

  Marle.
• * 1.123

  Two sortes of Marle.
• * 1.124

  Leucargilla.
• * 1.125

  Tripela.
• * 1.126

  Gliscomar∣gon.
• * 1.127

  Capnumar∣gos.
• * 1.128

  Pelias.
• * 1.129

  The quanti∣ty.
• * 1.130

  Stony Marls.
• * 1.131

  Sandie Marle.
• * 1.132

  Intersoilings
• * 1.133

  Waterings.
• * 1.134

  The Riuer. Nilus.
• * 1.135

  Rectifying.
• * 1.136

  Sande.
• * 1.137

  Graine.
• * 1.138

  Barly.
• * 1.139

  Rie.
• * 1.140

  Beanes.
• * 1.141

  Roots.
• * 1.142

  Olera.
• * 1.143

  Hearbs.
• * 1.144

  Trees.
• * 1.145

  Sunne.
• * 1.146

  Shade.
• * 1.147

  Sympathies.
• * 1.148

  Composts, Peculiar.
• * 1.149

  Spiritus In∣trabit & Se∣minaria Plantarum erigent vigo∣rem suum.
• * 1.150

  Antipathies.
• * 1.151

  Chiefe Pro∣ductions.
• * 1.152

  Change of Seede.
• * 1.153

  Ground Plotts.
• * 1.154

  Adiunct.
• * 1.155

  Edifices.
• * 1.156

  Engines.