The conspiracie of Catiline, written by Constancius, Felicius, Durantinus, and translated bi Thomas Paynell: with the historye of Iugurth, writen by the famous Romaine Salust, and translated into Englyshe by Alexander Barcklaye

¶Of what matter Salust intendeth to treate in proces of hys boke and what causes moueth hym of suche mater to wryte. The fyrste Chapter.

IN this warke I purpose to wrytte of the warre, whiche the Romaynes had an ex∣ecuted agaynste the tyrannye Iugurthe, wronfully vsurpyng the name of a kynge ouer the lande of Numidy. Many causes moueth me by writinge to commend this warre to per∣petuall memory. Fyrst for that in the same was fough∣ten at many tymes with greate multitude of men on eyther partie, with moche cruell murdre and variable victorye: the Romaines sometyme, sometyme the Iu∣gurthius preuaylyng in victory. Forthermore bycause that fyrst at this batayle: and from thens forwarde the commen people of Rome matched with the princes, re∣sistynge theyr pryde. For where as before this tyme the noble men of Rome oppressed & subdued the commens with vnresonable rigoure, the commens elect one na∣med

Marius a man of basse byrth to be cōsul of Rome and captayne in this batayle: whiche after he had obtay¦ned victory ouer Iugurth with greate glorye, triumph and fauoure of the commentie, he supported thē in suche wyse agaynst the noble men: that of the same rose a cy∣uile bataile and greuous discorde, betwene the noble men and commens of Rome: Marius maintenyng the commens partie, and Silla susteyninge that partie of the noble men. In somoch that finallye bytwene these two partes and captayns of the same was foughten an vnkynde, vnnaturall, and cruell batell: to the greuous ruine of the Romaine empire, and subuercion of the cō∣men wele. whiche contention and variaunce confoun∣ded bothe the lawes of god and man, and by the same were all good ordinaunces disordred. And this same fu¦rious debate and folye proceded at last to so vnresona∣ble madnesse & excecate fury, that it neuer desisted, nor this varyaunce and discencion bytwene the noble men and commens neuer ceased: tyll tyme that cruell & mor∣tall batayle foughten bytwene both parties, & tyl tyme that also distructiō of the land of Italy compelled both parties at last to consyder theyr owne blynde folye and cruell furor: & so finallye to mittigate and fynishe theyr debate and vnresonable dyssencion. But fyrst or I be∣gyn to write of this batell I shall repeate and declare a few thinges done before this war began: to thentent that al thinges moost chiefe, worthye & expedient to be knowē may be more euidēt, open & clere, to the reders.

¶How the kynge Massinissa came into the fauoure of the Romayns, and howe the lande of Numydy was commytted vnto hym. The second Chapter.

THe Romayns had thre notable & famous batayls agaynste the Carthaginences, in whiche the same Romayns had great dā∣mage. Howe be it in conclusion of euery batayle they wanne victorye of theyr enne∣myes: in the seconde of these batailes what tyme Hani∣ball duke and captayne of the Carthaginences wasted the welth and riches of Italy more thā any other ene∣my had euer done before, after the Romayns beganne to haue any greate name and to delate theyr dominion: A famous prince named Massinissa kynge of the lande of Numydy was receyued into frindshippe and fauour of the Romaynes: by one Publius Scipio captayne of the sayd Romaynes, whiche Scipio afterward for his manhode was named Scipio affrycan, bycause he ouer came and subdued the lande of Affrike. This Massinis¦sa so receyued into fauour of the Romayns in the fore∣sayde batayle dyd many noble and famous actes of chy¦ualry, with hygh valiantise and corage. For whiche de∣des: after the Romayns had ouercome the Carthagi∣nences and theyr citie, and after they had taken prisoner the king Sciphax, which had in Affrik a worthy, great and large impire the people of Rome gaue frely vnto the same kynge Massinissa, all suche cities and landes as they had taken and wone in batayle. For whiche be∣nefites so magnificent and ample Massinissa cōtinued vnto them in profitable and faythful frendshyp hys life induring but at last his lyfe ended, and the welth of his empire decayed also with hym. This kynge departyng lefte behynd hym thre sonnes, whose names were Ma∣cipsa, Manastaball, and Galussa, of whome Micipsa suceded his father, and alone obtayned the kyngedome

after that the other two brethern Manastabal and Ga∣lussa, were departed frome this lyfe by sickenesse. This Micipsa had two sonnes named Adherball & Hiemp∣sall. But Manastaball his brother which departed (as sayd is) left behynd him one sonne nat lauflly borne, but a bastarde, begoten of his cōcubine: wherfore departing he lefte hym orbate withoute lande or lyuelode. This consyderinge Micipsa suffered hym nat to faute nor de∣caye: but forasmoche as he was his brothers sonne, re∣ceyued hym into his court, & hym cherished in lyke wise as he dyd his owne sonnes, Adherbal & Hiemsal. This Iugurth after y^t he was a lytel growen vp to age: was myghty in strength comely, and fayre of face: but moost of all, excellente of wyt & wysedome. Nor he gaue nat hym selfe to be corrupte with lust nor incraftye slouthe: but as is the custome & maner of the people of Numidi hymselfe he exercised, somtyme in rydyng, somtime in ca¦styng the dart & iustyng, & somtyme in ronnyng & wrest¦lynge with his companyons of lyke age. And nat with standyng, that in laud and prayse he passed al his peres yet none enuied hym but he was derely beloued, chery∣shed, & lauded of al men. Moreouer he passed moche of his tyme in huntynge of wyld bestes which in that land habounded: he was the firste, or one amonge the firste which durst assaile and stryke the lyon, and other cruell and wylde bestes: he dyde moche: & lytel sayd or bosted of hymselfe. For suche demeanour his vncle Micipsa at first begynnynge was gladde and ioyefull: supposynge that in tyme to come the manly behauour & strength of Iugurth shuld be glory & honour to al his kyngdome But afterwarde in processe of tyme whan he cōsydred &

vnderstode his lyfe approchinge fast to ende, hys natu∣rall sonnes yonge, and vnexperte. And this yonge man Iugurth in honour and fauour dayly encreasing more and more he reueyled many thynges in minde greatly moued with such solicitude and busenesse. Forthermore he consydred that, all men of kynde be naturally incly∣ned to desyre to rule, and commaunde by lordeshyppe, rather than to be ruled and subiecte. And howe man is proue and hedlyng inclined to fulfyll the desyers of his mynde dredynge no daungers: nor suspectynge no peryl while he is excecate by ambicion and desyre of lordship. Moreouer aduisyng the oportunite of his owne age, & of the age of his chyldren whiche for youth were not a∣ble to resyst any power or violence: which oportunite is wonte to be not small confort, audacite and courage, not onelye to bolde hertes, but also to meane men and cowardes, intendyng to conspyre agaynst theyr princes in hope of praye and promocions. Suche consyderacy∣ons feared sore the mynde of Micipsa, besyde these, hys drede and doloure was augmented, whan he behelde the fauoure and hertes of all his subiectes of the lande of Numidy vtterly inclyned to Iugurth: wherefore to put to death the same Iugurth by anye gyle (as hys purpose was to to) he dreade moost of all: dowtynge leste thereof myght succede bytwene hym and hys sub∣iectes some insurrexion or battayle. Micipsa com∣pased on euery syde wyth these dyfficultyes, was soore troubled in mind. And whā, he saw y^e nother by strēgth nor gyle he might destroy a man so well beloued of the commens (as was Iugurth) at last he deuised an other waye to ryde hym, and that without daunger or suspec∣cion,

wherfore wherfore Micipsa aduertynge that Iu∣gurth was redy of hande to strike, auenterous & moche desyrous of honour and laude of chiualry, he concluded with himselfe to obiect hym to daunger & peryl of war, and by that meane to assay the fortune of batayle.

¶Now at the same seasō the Romains warred against a cite of Hispayne named Numaunce, vnto which war diuers kinges to the commens associate sent vnto them succours agaynst the same cite. Among whom Micip∣sa also sent a fayre companye of horsmen and fotemen, ouer whome he made Iugurth captaine, and sent hym forth wyth them into Hispayne, trustynge that there he lyghtlye shulde be ouerthrowen and slayne in batayle, other in shewynge his manhod and strength, or els by fyersnes and crueltye of his enemyes. But this thynge fortuned moche contrary to his opinion. For Iugurth was of mynde and courage valiaunt and bolde, and of wytte quicke and redye, so that after he had parceyued the disposision, behauour and maners of Publius Sci¦pio, at that tyme captayne of the Romains, and whā he had consydred also the maners of his ennemyes, he be∣haued hymselfe in such wise with moch labour, besines and cure, in obeynge his captayne with so good maner and often tymes countryng his enemies without dred of perill. In somoch that within shorte tyme he came to so great fame and worshyppe, that vnto the Romayns he was marueylous dere and well beloued, and of the Numantines dreade as deth: and certaynly, among the chefyst he was worthy and valiaunte in batayle: and also good of counsell, of wysedome pregnaunt and cir∣cumspect. Whiche two thinges be muche harde to be in one man both togyder, for wysedome is often wonte to

make men aferde and to drede many peryls because of prouidence. But boldnes and audacite causeth men to be rasshe and folehardy, bycause of stout courage. But his wysedome directed his strength, and his strengthe was obediente to wysdome. Wherfore Scipio the cap∣taine dyd almost euery ieopardous and whyghty thing by hande and counsell of Iugurth, hym countynge a¦mong his chefe frendes and daily cherysshed him more and more, and no marueyle, for there was no counsell, nor interprise begone of Iugurth frustrate or in vayne but all came to good effect. Besyde these gyftes aboue sayd he was curtes of mynde, lyberal, and of wyt right discreate and prudent: by which giftes he adioyned vn∣to hym many of the Romayns in familier frendshype. At that same season in the army of Rome were ryghte many newe, and also auncient gentylmen, whiche sette more by riches than goodnes or honeste. At home in Rome were they sowers of dyscord and debatful, great in fame among the frendes of the Romains. But more famous by worshyppe and rowme, than by honest con∣uersacion. These kyndled the mynde of Iugurth nat a lytell-promising often tymes and sayenge to set his co∣rage on fyre, that if the kyng Micipsa discessed the time shulde come that Iugurth alone shulde enioye the hole kyngdome of Numidy wythout any partiner. For in hym (they sayde) was greate vertue, greate manhode, strength, and audacite wyth wisedome, able to gouerne suche a kyngdō, and nothing was so iniust and false but that might be iustified at Rome for gold, and all thyn∣ges were there to be sold by couetyse of noble men.

¶Howe Publius Scipio counselled Iugurth at his departyng after the cyte of Numance was dystroyed. The thyrde Chapter.

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THus contynued Iugurth in the Romains army in Hispayne wyth greate fauoure of the Romains and namely of Scipio the captaine, tyll at last the army of Rome had distroyed the sayde citie of Numance. Thā Publius Scipio cōcluded to retourne agayne to Rome and to congye and lycence suche socours as were sente vnto him from other kynges: amonge all other he cal∣led Iugurth vnto him, and before the multitude of all the army assembled, lauded and commended him mag∣nificently recitynge his glorious actes and manly de∣des of chyualry. And after that worthely and rychelye rewarded hym for his labours. This done, he conueied hym into the captains tente, and there secretly warned hym that he shuld continue and worshyp y^e frindeship of the people of Rome rather hole togyder and comenly, thā priuatly leanyng to any singuler rulers. Moreouer addynge these monicions, that he shulde nat rather re∣warde and be liberall to a fewe priuatly: than to a hole commente, sayeng that it was a perillous thyng to bye that, of a fewe persons, whiche belonge vnto many in commen. If he wolde perseuer and continue in so noble condicions as he had begon, he shulde shortely come to greate honour, glory and dignite royall, more than he wolde desyre. But if he wolde procede and labour to as∣cende ouer hastely, than shulde both he and his ryches fall heedlynge to ruyne and decaye. After Scipio had sayd these wordes with suche like, he licensed Iugurth to depart, and sent him vnto his vncle Mycipsa againe into the lande of Numidy wyth letters directe vnto the same kynge Micipsa, of whiche letters the tenure and sentence hereafter ensueth, and was suche.

¶The sentence of the letter dyrect from Publius Scipio captaine of the Romayne army in Hyspayne vnto Micipsa kynge of Numidy. The fourthe Chapter.

PVblius Scipio Captaine of the Romayne army in Hispayne sendeth helth and saluta∣cion to Micipsa kynge of Numidy frende & felowe of the empire of Rome. The vertue strength and noblenes of your neuewe Iu∣gurth whome ye sent vnto our socours hathe bene pro∣ued in this warre of Numance, ferre excellent aboue a∣ny other warriour of our retynue, which thing I know for certayne is to your greate pleasure and gladnes. For his worthy merytes he is right dere and wel belo∣ued vnto vs. And we shall deuoyr vs to the best of oure power that he may bee lyke deere and well beloued of all the senatours & people of Rome. I am surely ryght ioyefull on youre behalfe of this youre treasoure Iu∣gurth, thauncient amyte betwene you and me, byndeth me to be gladde of this your commodite. For certayne∣ly lo here haue ye a man of Iugurth wrrthy to discende of such noble stocke as ye are and as his grandefather Massinissa was in his dayes whom he foloweth in all poyntes of vertue and magnanimite.

¶Howe the kyng Micipsa adopted Iugurth vnto his sonne. The fyfte. Chapter.

WIth these letters of Scipio Iugurth retour∣ned vnto Numidy vnto his vncle Mycipsa, where he was worthely and ioyefully receiued of the cōmentie. But after that the king Micipsa vnder¦stode by these letters of commendacion of the captayne

Scipio: that the valiaunte and noble actes of Iugurth were trewe, whiche longe before he had harde by report of the cōmen fame, thā what for the nobles of Iugurth and fauoure bothe of his dedes and commendacion of Scipio he moued his mynde chaunged frō his forsayd purpose, and not forther intended to oppresse Iugurthe by malyce nor enuy. But concluded to attempt to ouer∣come him with benefites and kindnesse, to thentent that he so ouercome, shulde not in tyme to come fynde in his hert for pyte to indommage hym nor his heyres. And sone after this purpose the same Micipsa adopted Iu∣gurth vnto his sonne: and farthermore decreed & orday¦ned in his testament that Iugurth shulde be one of his heyres, and partener in possession of his kingdome to∣gyder with his two natural sōnes, Adherbal & Hiemp∣sall. But a fewe yeres after this ordinaunce Micipsa what by age, what by sykenesse, drew nere vnto his end of lyfe, and was consumed by age and disease: wherfore consideryng his deth so fast approchynge it is sayd that he called Iugurth before him and than before many of his frendes and kynsmen, also in presēce of his two na∣tural sōnes Adherbal and Hiempsal, he had to the same Iugurth such wordes as he herafter insue & folowe.

¶The exortacion which the kyng Micipsa a lytell before his deth had to Iugurth. The .vi. Chapter.

MI dere sonne Iugurth, I knowe it is not oute of your remembraūce, howe after that ye had lost your father my brother I charitably & lo∣uingly receiued you yonge & of tender age in∣to my kyngdome: what tyme ye warre without riches, wythout conforte, and without any hope of comferte or

ryches: but very lykely to haue bene cast awaye. This dyd I thinkyng that for these my benefytes and kynd∣nesse I shoulde bee vnto you not lesse intyerly beloued than of myne owne naturall chyldren with my body be¦gotten. Nor certainly this thing hath not disceiued me. For why to ouerpasse your other great, magnificente & excellente dedes of you valyauntly done before, special∣ly now last of all cōmynge from the warre of Numāce ye greatly adourned and inhaunced to honoure & glory bothe of mine owne person and this my kingdome. And where as the Romaynes in fore times were fren∣des vnto vs, by your vertue and manlye actes, ye haue establyshed that amitie: and of frendes made thē moche moore frendes. So that in Hispayne the name & glorie of oure householde by your manhode is renouate and renewed. Thus finally, ye haue ouercome the enuie of your yl willers onely by your glorious actes and vali∣aunt interprises, whiche is one of the moost difficultie, wherfore nowe my sonne Iugurth, sithe it is so that na¦ture hath nere concluded the ende of my life, I admo∣nishe, charge and exhorte you by the faith of your right hand, and by the faith and fidelite which ye owe to this my kingdome I obtest and require you, that ye loue, meintaine and cherishe these my two sonnes, Adherbal and Hiempsall: whiche of kinnered be nere to you, and by my benefite and kindnes are bretherene vnto you. Forthremore I exhorte you that ye counte not better and moore pleasure to acquainte and conioine vnto youe forayns or straungers, rather than to ret••yne suche as be ioyned to you by natural blode and kynred. For neyther is a great army of men nor habundance of treasours: y^e chefe socours or defence of a kyngdome: but

••oche rather trusty & faythfull frendes: whome a man canne neyther compelled by force of armes: nor yet bye with golde nor syluer to parseuer in stedfast amyte: but they be optayned & kept by kyndnesse, good dedes, fide∣lite & faythfulnes. But among all frendes: who can be more frendlye & stedfaste in amyte than brother to bro∣ther. Certaynly none ought to be more louyng of natu∣ral inclination. Or what straūger shal ye fynd faythful and trusty to you: if ye shewe your selfe ennemy to your owne kynsmen. Forsothe if ye contynue togyder honest good & louyng in agreable concorde bytwene your selfe thanne this kyngdome which I committe & gaue vnto you shall continue sure and stedfast: as it is nowe. But cōtrarely if ye be yll and disagreynge among your selfe ye shal in short season make it ryght poore, feble & incer¦tayne. For by loue peace & concorde: small ryches, small lordshyppes, & generally al smal thynges increase and multiplie: by discorde the grettest thynges of the worlde decay and fall vtterly to ruyne. But you my sonne Iu∣gurthe by cause ye passe these myne other two naturall sonnes in age & wysdome, therfore it semeth you moche more than them: to make suche wyse prouision bothe for your selfe and for them also that nothyng happen other wyse than well. For in euery stryffe & debate howe be it whiche is mightyer & rycher often suffreth iniury. Ne∣uerthelesse it semeth more that he dothe wronge thanne his feble aduersary. But ye my dere sonnes Adherball & Hiempsall se that ye worshipe and loue this Iugurth your worthy vncle. And bewar that ye nat offende nor dysplease hym: but folow his vertue & manly behauour And do your deuoir to the best of your power after his example behauynge your selfe, so discretly & so wysely

that it be nat hereafter reported by me, that I haue ta∣ken vnto me by adoption, better chyldren than I haue begottē. Thus concluded the kyng Micipsa his words Howe be it Iugurth well perceyued the kynges wor∣des, but fayned and spoken agaynst his herte, if any o∣ther remedy myghte haue bene founde: neuertheles he answered benygnely for the tyme, all if he thought and reuoulued in his mynde moche otherwyse, and contra∣ry to his humble and mylde answere.

¶Howe the kyng Mycipsa departed from lyfe and of the fyrst cause of dis¦sencion and discord betwene Iugurth, A••herball and Hiempsall. The .vii. Chapter.

NOt long after the kynge Micipsa decessed whose deathe was dolourous and sore be∣wayled of all his subiectes: but most of all to his naturall sonnes it was to be lamen∣ted, and not without greate cause as the processe of this hystorie shall afterwarde declare. But after the kynges funerall exequies were magnificent∣lye ended as appertayned to his state royal. The thre princes that is to say Adherball, Hiempsall, & Iugurth anone assembled to the intent to commen and treate of busynesses of the royalme, concernynge particion & se∣paration of the same: and all other thinges conuenient. But whan they shuld sytte and take theyr places in or∣der: Hiempsal yongest of the thre was somewhat fiers of nature, & disposed to statelynesse. And in mynd longe before this time he disdained the ignobilitie of Iugurth for asmoche as he was vnlike vnto them of birth tow∣chinge his mothers side, and a bastard borne, as is said before, wherefore he disdained that the same Iugurthe

shulde haue the place of moost honoure amonge them, whiche were naturall sonnes of a kinge, and also lau∣fully borne: and so in contempte of Iugurth he set him selfe downe on the ryght hande his brother Adherball: to thintent that Iugurth shulde not syt in the myddes, bytwene them: whiche rowme the Numidiens count of most honour. And afterwarde howe be it his brother Adherball requyred him oftē to giue place to Iugurth bycause of his age: yet vnnethes coude he with moche paine induce hym therto, but at last fatygate by reques∣tes of his brother & of other noble men of the realme, he chaunged his place and set hym vpon the other side with countenance declarynge his mynde not contented. And thus at last satte Iugurth for his age in the mid∣des bitwene them bothe, as in place of moost honoure. Whan the thre prynces were thus sette and had com∣muned of many thinges concernynge the administra∣cion of the kyngdome, amonge many and dyuers other thinges Iugurth sayde, that all the statutes and ordi∣naunces which the kynge Micipsa had made fyue ye∣res before his deth, ought of congruence to be adnulled as of none effecte. For in that season (as sayde he) hys witte what for age, what for syckenesse was feble, dull and of small valoure. And therfore suche thinges as he had in that space enacted were done without wisdome or reason. Whan Hiempsall herde Iugurth thus speke he answered sayenge that it pleased him right well that it shuld so be done. For within the same thre yeres (said he) our father Micipsa hath adopted you to his sonne, & in his testament ordained you to be partiner of his kīg∣dome, whiche was the worst and most vnaduised dede that euer he dyd yonge or olde, wherfore Iugurthe ac∣cording

to youre owne ordinaunce this must fyrst af al be adnulled and broken, whiche done, my brother and I shall not greatly contende for the remenaunt. These wordes of Hiempsal pearsed the hart of Iugurth more profou••dely than any man there thoughte or suspected. Wherfore frome that tyme forwarde, what for wrathe of these wordes, and for drede of losse of his porcyon of the kyngdome, his mynde was in great trouble and an¦guyshe. In somoche that from thens forthe he went a∣boute, ymagyned, ordained, and onely reuoulued in his mind, by what gile or treasō Hiempsal might be caught in his daunger. But whan his purpose proceded but slowly forwarde, considerynge that the frowarde desire and vnresonable appetite of his mynde coud not be my∣tigated nor pacified, he cōcluded to bring his enterprise to effect by any maner meanes other by preuye treason and gyle, or els by euydent and open violence & force of armes. But to retourne agayne where I lefte In thys first assemble of the thre princes of whiche I spake be∣fore, it pleased them all that the treasours of kinge Mi∣cipsa shulde be deuided among them bicause of this dis¦sencion. And also that the marches and boundes of eche of theyr dominions, seuerally shulde be assigned to eche of them hys porcion, wherfore the tyme was appoyn∣ted and prefixed whanne bothe shulde be doone but the tyme to departe the treasoures was sooner assig∣ned than to deuyde and limitte the boundes of theyre dominions. This appointement made: the princes de∣parted company: the mynde of Iugurth not a lytell in∣quieted for the sayde checke of Hiempsall, for whiche cause he awayted his tyme to reuenge hym.

¶Howe Iugurth by reason murdred Hiempsall the yonger sonne of ••ynge Micipsa. The .viii. Chapter,

WHan the thre prynces were departed in sō∣der, as I haue sayd before they soiourned in sondrye places, & that nere to the towre where the treasure laye. Hiempsall drewe him to a towne named Thirmida not far distant, In whiche towne he had a dwellyng place: thā as happened in the same towne was a man of the gard longing to Iugurth of his lorde ryght derele beloued, and with him greatly in fauour. This seruaunt of Iu∣gurth was moche conuersaunte & familyer in y^e house of Hiempsall, whan Iugurth by chaunce remembred this oportunite to his myscheuous purpose, he called secretly vnto hym his sayde seruaunte. And after many wordes spoken to serche his minde: at last by promesse of large rewardes he induced him to consente to go as if it were to visite the house of Hiempsall: as he had often done before tyme, and bi some meanes & craft to coun∣terfayte the kayes of the gates and brynge them vnto hym. For the right kayes (after the gates were locked) nyghtly were delyuered vnto Hiempsall hym selfe: soo myght they nat be vnmyssed the space of a nyght, whan Iugurth had induced the Numidian to consent to this dede: he promysed hym self win short time after to come to the sayd lodgyng of Hiempsal what tyme y^e case shuld requyre: with great power of armed men. The Numy∣dyan in shorte tyme perfourmed the commaundemente of Iugurth, in somoche that he brought vnto hym the counterfayted keys: as he had apoynted. Iugurth here of was gladde in mynde: and anone prepared secretly a

great company of armed men: whome he commaunded to bringe vnto him the heed of Hiempsal trenched from the body & in executynge of this dede he commaunded them al to be ruled by the Numidyan which had coun∣terfayted the keys. This done the sayd Numidian con∣nayed these armed men preuyly by nyght into the house of Hiempsall, lyke as he was infourmed by Iugurth. Whan this tratoure satellyte was entred with his com¦pany & had broken into the in warde edifices: diuers of them serched for the prince Hiempsal: som murdred his seruauntes as they lay slepenge in theyr beddys suspec¦tynge no suche treason: some other a wakened with the dynne, stert vp & mette theyr enemyes defendynge them selfe but al in vayne: for they had no leyser to arme thē¦selfe And therfore were they slayne anone vnarmed, of men armed & apointed to myschefe: whan the treatours had longe sought Hiempsall and myght nat fynde hym than serched they more nerely euery hyd corner, and se∣cret close places they braste open: all was full of dynne mengled with noyse and clamour: So moche they sou∣ght and so nerely: that at last they founde out Hiempsal hyd in the cotage of a poore seruynge woman to whiche place he had fled at begynnyg of this affraye: as a man astonyed for drede and ignorant of the place. Anone as the Numidians had foūde him they slewe him without any mecri. And as they were commaunded cutte of his hed & brought the same to Iugurth; but shortly after y^e fame of this cruell & tyrannous dede was diuulgate & ouer spred all the landes of Affrike: Adherball and all they whiche were vnder subieccion of Micipsa whyle he lyued: were sore troubled and abasshed with fere for this tyrannous crueltie of Iugurth. The Numidians

anone duyded themselfe into two parties. The moost part drewe and leaned to Adherball, but suche as were most manly and best to batayle drew them to the other parte: and leaned to Iugurth. Wherfore he made redy as great an armie as he myght ioininge vnto him and bringing vnder his subieccion the townes and cities of Numidi: some by violence, & some other by theyr owne volūtary will. Insomoch that finally he kept vnder his subieccion and bondage the hole lande of Numidy. But notwithstanding that Adherbal had sent embassadours to Rome: to certify the senatours of y^e deth of his bro∣ther how cowardly he was murdred, & also to informe thē of his own miserable fortune & in what case he was neuer thelesse he made himselfe redy to fyght with Iu∣gurth as he which had trust & confidence in multitude of his souldyours assembled redy to batayle.

¶Howe Iugurth ouercame Adherball in battayl and putte hym to flyght howe Adherball fledde to Rome to complayne to the senatours: and howe Iugurth accloyed wyth rewardes many of the rulers of Rome: by whose fauour hys crueltie was defended. The .ix. Chapter.

NOwe had Iugurth assembled hys hoost re∣dy vnto batayle, not lyke in multitude of the company of Adharbal: but as I sayd before moche bolder better experte and exercised in warre. On the other partie Adherball had his people redy apointed, & both the armyes approched togider. But whan they ioyned batayle, & whan it came to byckerynge: that the matter must be tryed with stro∣kes. Anone Adherball was vanquished: and to saue his life fledde from the batayle into a prouince marchynge on the land of Numidi: & from thens with all hast sped him vnto Rome to complayne his miserable fortune, & to requyre socours, as I shall after warde declare. But

thā Iugurth whē he had al the land of Numidy at his pleasure, counselled w^t his frendes of many thinges At conclusion: whan he considred himself that he had slaine Hiempsall and chased Adherball out of his kingdome whan he was ydle & at rest: he oftē secretly reuolued in mynd his owne crueltie: sore dredyng what punisshmēt y^e Romains wold ordeine agaynst y^e same. Nor against the ire & displeasure of the Romains had he none other hope nor conforte, saue in the couetyse of the noble men of Rome, and in thabundaunce of his treasoure: wher∣with he trusted to corrupte the rulers of Rome to be fa∣uorable to him. This consydred within fewe dayes af∣ter he sent to Rome embassadours with moche golde & siluer to whome he gaue in commaundement: that first of al they shuld satisfy his olde frendes with rewardes and money, and thā to spare no gyftes to get vnto him mo new frendes. And brefely that they shulde not spare nor tary to procure vnto him fauourers & mainteiners of his part: and all thinges for his auauntage by giftes & promisses. But after these embassadours were come to Rome: according to the cōmaundement of theyr king they gaue & sent to his acquayntaunce and frendes, and to suche as among the senatours: at that time had most authorite: large and great rewardes. In somoche that anone among thē was so great a chaunge that the mar¦uelous enuy, hatred & euyl wil: which they had agaynst Iugurth was al chaunged into fauour & grace among the noble men. Of whome some wer so induced by gyf∣tes receyued: & some other by hope of brybes in tyme to come: that they went about among the senatours from one to one labourynge & intreatyng that at that season nothyng shuld be extremely nor greuously determined

against Iugurth. Thus after the embassadours of Iu¦gurth hadde confidence and trust ynough in theyr cause they laboured to haue a day apointed to apere in courte. The day of apearaunce was graunted as wel to them as to Adherball: to Adherball as playntife, and to the embassadours as defendentes for Iugurth: whan the daye assigned was come bothe the parties appered in courte before the senatours, than after audience graun∣ted Adherball began to speke vnder forme folowynge, for complainte and declaracion of his iniuries and op∣pression,

¶Here insueth the oration of Adherball, deuysed in forme deliberatiue: in whiche he exhorteth the senatours to commaunde socours and ayde to be assigned vnto hym, prouynge the same to be profytable honest and easy to the Romaines to do: profitable: that he myght continue a frende vnto the empyre of Rome: honest, for his father and graunfather hadde so de∣serued: easy to be done, for the Romains at that tyme had no other warre els where. The .x. Chapter.

MOost discrete chosen fathers and noble sena¦tours, Micipsa my father at houre of his deth commaunded me that I shulde thinke nought els of the land of Numidie to aper¦taine to me, saue onely the rule and admy∣nistracion of the same, affirmynge that the title of pos∣session and empire of the same belonged to you and to the people of Rome. Moreouer he gaue me in commaū¦demente to do my deuoure, to be vnto you seruisable a∣boue all thinges, both in place and warre. And that I shulde count you vnto me in place of kynsmen: and ne∣rest frendes of alyaunce. Saienge that if I so dyd: thā by your amite and frendshyppe, I shuld fynde socoure riches and defence of the kyngdome of Numidy, and of me and myne all tymes of nede, whiche preceptes of

my father: whyle I caste in mynde to obserue: sodayn∣lye Iugurthe the moost cruell and cursed of all men whome the grounde susteyneth: dyspisynge youre em∣pyre: hathe dryuen me frome youre kyngdome and frome all my other goodes of fortune: nothynge regar∣dynge that I am neuewe of Massiniss••, and by myne auncestry a felowe and frende of the empyre and peo∣ple of Roome. But certaynlye worthye and chosen fathers: sythe I am come to that myserye that necessy¦tye constrayneth me to desyre youre ayde and suc∣coures: I wolde moche rather that I myghte call for youre helpe: for myne owne merytes agaynste you doone: than for the merytes of my forefathers: and that by suche meanes of myne owne deseruynge: youre benefytes and socours were due vnto me, whiche wolde God that I neded not at all: but yf this youre socoures myghte soo of you be desyred by my merytes and deseruynge, than shulde I call boldlye to you: and vse youre socours of duetye as myne auncestrye haue doone in tymes passed. But nowe sythe it is soo, that honeste lyfe and innocencye: in thys worlde fyndeth lytell surenesse by theim selfe wythoute protection of some other. Moreouer syth it was not in my power to mitigate nor to withstande this tyrannous iniurye of Iugurthe. Therfore chosen fathers I am nowe flede vnto you as to my chefe refuge, coarted to neces∣sitie to requyre youre socours and constrayned to put you to besynes and charge: before I haue done anye pleasure or profete vnto you: whiche thynge greued me moost of all, and is one of my gretest myseryes. Ryght worthy senatours other kynges haue ben recei∣ued into your frindshyp & fauoure after ye haue ouercō

them in battayle, or els perceyuinge them selfe in dan∣ger and in doubtefull chaunces of fortune, they haue coueited and desyred your feloweshype and fauour, ra∣ther for theyr owne wele than for yours. But moch cō∣contrarely: our forefathers and rote of our linage. Mas¦sinissa confederated hymselfe with the people of Rome in the secōd bataile of Carthage, what tyme was more faythfulnes to be trusted in thē & theyr good wil, thē of welth or riches to be optained of the Romains, beinge at that tyme assayled with warre on euery side, theyr ri∣ches and treasours consumed by often batayles. Thus it is euident that our auncestry confederat not themself to your felowship for their owne defence, in hope of do∣minion: nor for any other priuate profet, but onelye for fauour & loue whiche they had vnto your empire, wher¦fore noble senatours suffre not the progeny and braun∣ches of his stocke to be distroied. Suffer not me which am neuew of your trusty frēd Massinissa to aske of you helpe and socoure in vaine. But prudent fathers, if it were so that I had none other cause to demaūd socours of you, saue onely this miserable fortune wherewith I am oppressed, that I whiche was lately a kynge by ly∣neall discent: myghty of auncestry: excellent and clere of fame, habundaunte in riches, and of men of armes: and and now disformed by miserable calamite, poore & ne∣dy, so that I am constrained to seke helpe and socours of other men: if I had none other mater whereof to cō∣plaine, saue this miserable fortune onely. Neuertheles it longeth and is conueniente to the magesty of the peo∣ple of Roome, to prohibite and to withstande iniurye, nat to suffer the kyngedome or dominion of anye man to ryse and increase by falshode and mischeuous tyran∣nye.

And the ryght heires agaynst right, agaynst iustice and agaynst reason, to be excluded from theyr true heri¦tage. But verely I am excluded and cast forthe of that countrey, which the Romaines in time passed gaue vn∣to my forefathers: out of the which countrey my father and grandfather accompayned with your army & helpe haue chased the kyng Siphax, and also the Carthagi∣nences, bothe moost violente enmyes to the empyre of Rome. Your benefites be spoyled fro me: In this myne iniurye be ye dispysed: Wo is me miserable exulate: A∣las my dere father, Micipsa, are youre good dedes and kyndnesses against Jugurth come to this poynte and conclusion: that he before all other shoulde namelye be dystroyer of your lynage and chyldren: whome ye haue made felowe with your owne sonnes: and also partiner of youre kyngedome: alas than shall oure stocke and houshold neuer be quyet? Shal we alway be tossed and turned in effusion of blode, and, in batayle, in exyle and in chasing from our countrie.

¶While the Carthaginences reigned in prosperite, we suffered and that paciently, and not vndeserued al cruel¦te & vexation. For then were our enemies on euery side of vs: our frendes in whome we shulde haue found so∣coure at tyme of nede were ferre disioyned and separate from vs. Thus all our hope: all our trust was in oure strength and armoure. But nowe after that pestilente dystruction of the Carthaginences is chased and casten out of affrike we continued a tyme ioyfull & quiet: pas∣singe oure life in peace and tranquilite, for why we had no ennemy: excepte paraduenture for any iniury done a¦gaynste you ye wolde commaunde vs to take youre en∣my for ours also as reason and ryghte requyred.

But now sodainly & vnwarely to vs: this Jugurth ex∣altyng him selfe by his intollerable audacite, by cruelte & pride hath first slaine my brother & his own nere kins∣man Hiempsall: & in augmenting his mischefe hath v∣surped to him as in pray my brothers part & porcion of the kingdome of Numidy, & after: seing that he mighte not take me lyke maner of trayne as he had done my brother, what time I douted nothing lesse than any vi∣olence or bataile in the kingdō whiche I holde of you, he hath chased me (as ye maie se) out of your kingdome and hath made me as an abiect outlaw: chased frō my coūtrey: and dwelling place, oppressed with pouertye, & laded with miseries. In so moch that I maie be ī more surety & saue garde in any place of the worlde, than in owne natife countrey & kingdome, whiche I holde of you. Forsoth worthy senatours: I haue euer thought in like maner as I haue oftentimes herd my father Mi∣cipsa openly reporte with sadnesse: saieng y^e they whiche shulde dyligentlye continue in youre frendship by theyr merites must take great labours at many tymes vpon themselfe in your causes: but of all men they were most sure from iniury of any man. And sothely all my linage hath done asmouche as in them was at your desyres: And euer hath ben redy in all batails and nedes to as∣syst you. Wherfore if ye folow the precepts of gratitude, if ye bere in remembraunce these merites of myne aun∣cestry, it is both right & honesty y^t in this myne extreme necessite, ye ayde and socoure me and restore me againe to quietnesse, whyle ye haue none othere businesse in hande, whiche maye be to youe inpedimente in this en¦terprise. Moost discrete fathers: more brefely and cler∣ly to declare vnto you my complaint and my myseries.

And also to certifie youre excellence moore playnlye of myne vnnaturall and vnkynde kynseman Jugurth: and of his cruelte. It is not vnknowen vnto youre ma∣iestie: that my father Micipsa after his departing: lefte behynde him vs two brethern his naturall and lauful sonnes: supposynge that by his benefites and merites Iugurth shulde be ioyned wyth vs, as thyrde brother. But alas: muche contrary the one of vs is murdred by this cruell Iugurthe, blynded by insaciable ambicion and desyre of dominion. And I my selfe the second bro∣ther scarselye and wyth greate difficulte haue escaped his cruell and vnmercifull handes, what maye I doo? or whether shall I rathest flee for conforte vnhappye exulate thus desolate and infortunate as I am? All the socours all the comforte, of my stocke and kinred is ex∣tincte by dethe, my grandfather Massinissa, and my fa∣ther Micipsa: as necessite hathe constrayned them: haue payed the generall tribute of nature: delyuered frome these mundayne vexacions by naturall deth. My nere kynsman Iugurth: moch otherwyse thā it be came him to doo: hathe cursedlye berefte my brother of his lyfe by tyranny and myscheuous couetise of dominion: mine other kinsmen by consanguinite and affinite: with mine other frendes by his cruelte bene also oppressed or put to dethe, some by one meanes and some by other: some of them be taken captiue: some put to shameful death of gybet, galous, or crosse, wyth most cruel tourmēt: some be casten to wylde and rauenous beastes to be deuou∣red of thē. A fewe which ar left with theyr lyues ar clo¦sed ī dongions & darkenes: passīg theyr miserable liues w^t mournīg & wayling more greuous thā dethe. Thus am I inuironed w^t anguish on euery side. But if it were

so that all these socours whiche I haue lost by crueltie of Jugurth: or if all thinges which be turned to me, frō prosperite to aduersite, remained to this hour hole with oute detriment or dāmage lyke as they were in my best estate, yet certainly noble senatours: if any yll or misfor¦tune prouided shuld happen to me: I durst be bolde to call your ayde and conforte. Bycause it semeth you to haue cure of right and wrong belongyng to euery man consydryng the excellent magnitude & gretnes of your empire, and to suffer no vertue vnrewarded, or vice vn¦punished, and finally no wretch oppressed to cōtinue vn¦defended. But now moost of all syth I am exulate frō my natife countrey, frome the kyngdome which my fa∣ther ruled vnder you, and from my owne house & dwel¦lynge place: also nedy and poore of all thinges belon∣gynge to myne estate and alone without company or de¦fence, to whome or to what place may I resorte, or in whom may I cal: for ayde or conforte in these my ma∣nifolde miseries. Shall I resorte or call for socours of nations, or of kynges adiacent and aboute the lande of Numidy, alas I shulde lytell preuayle or nought at al. Sith al they for your amite ioyned with you, be mortal ennemies to vs & so oure linage: maye I resorte to any contrey aboute vs: but that I shulde fynde there many tokens of cruelte of warre, which my fathers haue don in theyr times passed in your causes. Whether shall any of them whiche haue bene olde ennemies, haue mercy or compassion on vs nowe in this extremite. But final∣ly most noble senatours, my father Micipsa thus or∣dred vs at his departinge: and gaue vs in commaunde¦ment that we shulde obserue nor mentayne the frende∣shyppe of none other king nor people, saue onely of the

people of Rome: and that we shuld seke no new felow∣shype, nor newe confederacions or bondes of concorde, sayeng that in your frendshyp and helpe: we shulde find great-socours & ayde and that largely. But if it shulde fortune that the welth of this your empire shuld fall in∣to ruyne or change from this excellence (which the god∣des defende) than: sayde he that we and our kingdome of necessite shulde also decay togyther with you. But nowe landed be the goddes by whose helpe and fauour and by your owne strength & vertue: ye be at this tyme myghty and riche: al thyng to you is prosperous and to your cōmaundement obeyng. Wherfore it is so moche more laufull easy and conueniente to you to take cure & charge in redressynge thiniuries done to youre frendes and felowes. I am onely in drede and dout of this one thyng, lest the frendshipe and singuler fauoure of Iu∣gurth: not parfetly knowen as he is worthy: do induce the mindes of some so parcialite against Iustice & right I here & vnderstande that suche laboure with all theyr myght for fauour of Iugurth goynge aboute from mā to man, praing and intreating w^t moche solicitude ma∣ny of you aparte by one and one, desirynge and requy∣ring you to determine nothyng against Iugurth while he is absent, and the matter and cause not knowen per∣fetly: I here suche persons corrupt with parcialitie and fauour obiectinge secretly agaynst me, and sayeng that I fayne and ymagine these wordes to accuse Iugurth vndeseruyngly, and that I fayne to be chased forthe of my lande by hym: where as I might surelye ynoughe haue remayned within y^e kyngdome of Numidy. That wold god I might se once the cursed & vnkind kinsman of mine Iugurth, by whose vnmerciful & cruel dedes I

am castē in these miseries, in such case: y^t he wer faining y^e same thinges vnder like maner as I faine thē at this time: & wold god I might ones se hī as truely without fayning driuen out the land of Numidy, as I am now chased frō the same by his cruelty: & wold god y^t at last other ye or els y^e immortall goddes wold so care for y^e bu¦sinesses & troubles of vs miserable mē in erth; y^t the same Iugurth which now bereth himselfe proud of his sīfull dedes shewinge himselfe & coūting hī noble onely bicau¦se he escapeth vnpunished for his sinne & cruelte: might therfore suffer greuous punishmēt w^t all my miseries & other mischeues & yls, accordīg to his deseruing: for his vnmerciful cruelte shewed against our father Micipsa ī murdrīg of my dere brother Hiempsal, & chasīg me for¦th of my natife coūtre: thus oppressed w^t al miseries ī ex¦treme necessite. O my brother my brother Hiēpsal most dere to my hart of al creatures: how be it nowe thy life is berefte y^t in thy flourīg youth, lōg before thy natural hour of deth and y^t by cruelte of him, whō it semed not of al mē, so to haue done: neuertheles me thīketh ī my mind this chaūce of thy deth, more to be ioyed of: thā to be so∣rowed. For y^u hast not onely lost thy life & thy kingdom but also y^u hast escaped this chasīg, this flight, this exile this ned, this pouerty, w^t al other wretchednesses & mise¦ries, which oppresseth me w^tout confort or socours. But I vnhappy & miserable exulate thus throwē downe frō my fathers kingdome into so many yls & so greate my∣series; may wel be an example & spectacle to al y^e world of the mutable courses wherein fortune turneth man∣kinde. O my dere brother vncertayne am I what I doo: whyther I thus distitute of socour & ayde: maye persecute and reuenge thy iniuries and thy deth: or els whether I may prouide & seke socours for recoueringe

of the land of Numidy. I am in that case: that my life & deth dependeth in the socour of other men, wold god I were dead out of hande: yf death mighte be an honeste conclusion of these my miserable misfortunes: rather than to be counted as contente & pleased to lyue in re∣buke, and shame, as an exulate weryed and ouercome with iniures: and giuenge place to the iniust cruelte of tyrannous persecucion, and not able nor bolde to resiste the same. But nowe certaynly it is against my wyl that I liue, for in my life I haue no likinge nor pleasure, & yet can I not dye without disshonour. Wherfore moost prudente fathers and noble senatours: these premisses cōsidered: I obtest and humbly requyre you: in honour of the goddes immortall: for the aunciente amite by∣twene you & my forefathers: for the naturall loue which ye haue against your children and parentes, and by the magestie of the people of Rome, & this your most excel¦lēt empire, haue pite of my manifold calamites & socour this my miserie. Resist this tirānous dealyng & iniury of Iugurth cōmitted not onelye against my wretched persō, but also against you & your empire. Suffre not y^e kingdō of Numidy, which is youre owne, to decay & be destroied by cruel tirāny of Iugurth, & by the effusiō of blod & murdre of y^e linage of Massinissa, somtyme most faythfull and constant friend of this your empire.

¶How the embassadours of Iugurth replied against these wordes of Ad∣herbal, & what direccion was taken for bothe partes of the Senatours of Rome. The .xi. Chapter

AFter y^t Adherbal in forme aboue writē had en∣ded his cōplaint, anone y^e embassadours of Iu∣gurth arose & answered brefely in few wordes as they whiche had more trust and confidence in theyr greate giftes giuen befoore to manye of the rulers of

Rome: than in any right of theyr cause & thus they re∣plyed in effecte: saieng before the senatours that Hiemp¦sall was slayne of the Numidians for his owne hasty∣nes & cruelte, and not by knowlege of Iugurth: and as touchyng Adherba••: he began warre agaynst Iugurth of his owne froward mynde without any occasion: but after he was ouercome in batayle, bycause he was not able to reuenge him self, nor to make his partie good, he fled vnto Rome to complayne hym to the senatours of Iugurth: where al y^e faute was in himselfe & in none o∣ther, concernyng the partie of Iugurth: they requyred the senatours in his behalfe in his absence to count him none other, than he was proued & knowen in the warre of Numance: & that they wold not set more by the wor∣des of his ennemy, than by his dedes magnificently pro¦ued. This saide: anone after: bothe parties departed in sonder from the court. Immediatly the Senatours to∣ke coūsell what best was to be done in the cause. The fa¦uourers of Iugurth & of his embassadours, and more ouer a great part of the Senatours wer corrupt before by parcialite, fauour, and rewardes of Iugurth, & so de¦prauat: that they contemned & set at nought y^e wordes of Adherball, exaltyng & cōmendynge the manhode of Iugurth: with laude, fauour, coūtenaunce, voyce, & all other signes: And so finally they laboured by al maner of meanes for an other myscheuous vice & cruell crime to defende the same: as if it had ben in defence of theyr owne honor, worshyp, & honeste. But on the other part were a fewe other, whiche set more by iustice & honeste, than by false goten riches: these counselled to socour Ad¦herbal & sharply to punisshe & reuēge the death of Hiēp∣sall. But amonge al other of this opinion: was one na∣med

Emilius Scaurus a man of noble byrth redy to disturbe euery busynes, debatfull & besye: desirous of power, of authorite, of honour & of riches: but crafty in cloking of these his fautes. After this Emili{us} Scaur{us} sawe his gyueng of brybes of Iugurth so shamfully & openly knowne: he fered lest y^e corrupcion of the Sena∣tours and head rulers of Rome might ingendre enuie, debate and slaughter betwene them and the commons, lyke as in suche cases often had fortuned in tymes be∣fore. Wherefore in this consideracion, he refrained his mynde at this tyme from his accostumed vnlawful lu∣stes. Neuertheles among the Senatours in this coun∣sell the worste parte preuayled: and that part which set more by fauour and rewardes, then by right and equi∣tie, ouercame the other part, whiche labored to sustaine the ryght without any fauour or parcialitie. And so the fauorers of Iugurthe optayned their purpose, and hys crueltie had no punyshement. Neuertheles it was con∣cluded and decreed that .x. embassadours shuld be sente into Numidie to deuide the kingdome which longed to Micipsa betwene Iugurth and Adherbal. The princi∣pal of this ambassad was one named Lucius Opimus a man of noble fame, of greate authoritie and power a∣monge the Senatours in those daies: what tyme Cai∣us Gracchus and Marcus Fuluius great fauorers of the cōmens: were slaine of the noble men of Rome for the same cause. After victorie of the noble men againste the cōmons & the same two princes: this L. Opimus en¦raged greuously with rigorous & sharpe inquisicions & examinacions against the pore comontie: and was one of the chiefe oppressors of them. What time this L. Opi¦mus with his companie was come to Numidye: Iu∣gurth 〈1 page missing〉〈1 page missing〉

deuouringe all thinges whiche they maye ouercome. But this omittinge I wyll now brefelye declare what maner people firste of all inhabited this coūtrey of Af∣frike & what people thither resorted to inhabite nexte af¦ter thē. And how y^e same peoples wer mingled togyder. Howe be it that whiche I shall write is moche diuers from the commen fame and opinion of many men: ne∣uerthelesse, I shall folowe the bokes writen in Affrike langage which) as it is sayd) belonged to y^e yong prince Hiempsall: whome Iugurth murdred, of the same bo∣kes I shall folowe the true interpretacion in this ma∣ter, and lyke as the inhabitauntes of the same countrey affirme to be true. But touchynge the very credence of the truthe of the mater I reporte that to the authours.

¶The first people which inhabited the countrey of Af¦frike weere named Getulians and Libians, a people harde, sharpe and vnmanerd. These lyued of fleshe of wylde beastes, and fedde vpon the grounde as beastes vnresonable. And were not ruled by any maners, but lyued without lordes or lawes, as vagabundes & ro∣uers. They had no certayne bydinge place, but wher as the night toke thē ther they rested for the time. But af∣ter that Hercules died in Hispain as the Affricans say, his armye whiche was assembled of dyuers nations, whan their captayne and heede was lost: dispersed thē abrode anone after his deth, and came to dyuers pla∣ces of the world to seke theyr fortune, wher they might optaine any habitacion or lordshyppe. Of whiche com∣pany the Medeans, Perseans, and Armenians arri∣ued wyth their shyppes in that coost of Affrike, whiche was nerest to the empire of Rome, and longe tyme af∣ter occupied those costes. But y^e Persians inhabited thē

self more inward in y^e cuntrei toward the ocean sea, & in stede of houses thei turned their ships botoms vpward & dwelled vnder the same. And no marueil, for in y^t cun¦trei about thē grew no timber nor other stuffe mete for building, nor of y^e Spaniards which inhabited next to thē might they nether bie nor borowe. For y^e sea was so gret & tēpesteous betwen thē, & their lāgages so diuers & vnknowen to either people, y^t by these .ij. īpedimentes they wer letted frō y^e cours of marchādise or exchanges betwen thē. These Persiēs by mean of mariages by ly¦tle & litle mīgled y^e Getuliās with thē, & bicause thei pro¦ued oftētimes y^e cōmoditie of their groūd & fildes, by of¦ten cōmutaciōs & changings one w^t other, at last thei na¦med thē selfe Numidiās, that is to say herdmē diuided. And to this presēt day y^e cotages or tylmens houses be made long w^t croked sides or couerturs bowing īward as if thei wer belies of ships trāsuersed or turned vp set downe. Touching y^e Medeās & Armeniens thei ioyned thē self w^t the Libiēs. For y^e Medeans and Armeniens dwelled before more nere to y^e sea of Affrike. The Getu¦liās īhabited more nere to y^e sunne rising: not far frō the feruēt cuntrey of Inde, & this peple anone had roumes & dwelling places, for y^e sea bitwene thē & Spaine was but narow, wherfore they agreed w^t the Spaniards to make exchāges & bargins of merchādise with thē. The Libiēs corrupted their name by litle & litle changing y^e same, & at last in sted of Medeās, named thē selfe Mau¦riēs by barbarike {pro}nūciacion of their lāgage. But the welth & riches of the Persiēs in short tyme increased & multiplied. In somoch y^t after they had named thē selfe Numidiās, thei īcreased in so gret multitude: that theyr fyrst coūtrey was not able to noryshe thē al. So y^t after

ward many of y^e yong & lusty people departed in sonder frō theyr frindes & left their cuntrey, resorting to a cun∣try nere y^e citie of Carthage, vacāt at y^t tyme. In which cūtrey they īhabited thē selfe & named it Numidy after their name. Shortly after this: both they which remay¦ned stil in their first cūtrei & these which remoued thēce assisted one an other with al maner help & socour. In so much y^t what by strength & what by feare they brought vnder theyr subiecciō & dominiō suche other nacions as marched nere thē: so y^t within short tyme they much in∣haūced & augmented their name and glory, but namely they which inhabited y^e part of Affrike, which is ouer a¦gainst Italy & nere y^e Italian sea, these most īcreased in welth & honor. For y^e Libiens were not so good men of war as y^e Getuliās or Numidiās. And so al the inward part of Affrike was for y^e most parte in possession of the Numidians, & so much dyd they: y^t al the nacions of thē subdued, wer called Numidians after y^e name of ouer∣comers. Now haue we declared how y^e Getulians & Li¦biēs wer first inhabitātes of Affrike: & how the Perse∣ans, Medeās, & Armeniens came afterward & ioyned w^t thē. How the Perseans named thēselfe Numidians. And y^e Medeās & Armeniens by corrupciō of langage wer called Mauriens. And now cōsequently I shal de¦clare what other peple came afterward & inhabited the same land of Affrike. After al these naciōs before reher∣sed, out of y^e land of Phenice cam much peple to inhabit thē selfe in Affrike. Some bicause theyr owne countrey was not sufficiēt to sustaine so grete a multitude as wer¦of thē. And other some great men of birth & desirous of lordship raised vp & assēbled y^e nedy cōmen people & left their owne cūtrey: in hope to fynd some other greter do∣miniō

els where, & in proces of tyme ariued at y^e land of Affrike: & there builded thre cities vpon the sea cost na∣med Hippona, Abrumentū & Leptis: w^t other diuers cy¦ties, but not so gret and famous as these were. These ci¦ties in short tyme wer so augmēted & incresed y^t some of thē wer honour, and some socour & ayd to their original cūtries. But of the citie of Carthage whiche also by thē was bylded: & afterward became y^e hed citie of Affrike, I thinke it is better to pas ouer with silence, thā of it to speke a litel & thā to leue y^e matter in the myds vnperfet and also this my busines procedeth to an other purpose. Neuertheles some what shal I touch the fyrst founda∣ciō of this citie of Carthage, not folowing mine author Salust: which wrteth nothing therof: but folowing the opiniō of Virgil as he writeth in y^e first boke of Eneas.

¶The quene Dido doughter of Belus kyng of y^e land of Cipre & wife to Sicheus king of Phenice, fled wyth her shyps laded w^t gold & other riches out of her owne cūtrey: dreding the cruelte of her brother Pigmaliō whi¦che blinded by couetise and ambicion had slayne her hus¦band Sicheus by tresō. This Dido at last ariued with her shyps & cōpani at the coast of Affrike, wher reigned a king named Hierbas: which moued w^t beaute of Di∣do, desired her to wife. But for loue whiche she had to her first husbād Sicheus she wold not cōsent therto by any meanes: but desired to bie of y^e same kyng as much groūde as might be cōpased about w^t the hide of a bul. And after y^t it was graūted, she cut the hide of smal that with the same she cōpased .iij. myle of groūde about. In which space she buylded a citie, which first was named Birsa, after in {pro}ces of tyme it was called Tiros, & last of al Carthage. Vnder which name bi long cōtinuaūce

so amply it encreased in fame & welth, that it contained xxiiij. miles in compasse. But whā it was in most excel∣lence it was vtterly distroied bi the Romains, Publius Scipio Affrican•• y^e tyme being captayne of y^e Romaine armye. Touching y^e foundacion of this famous citie of Carthage, so moch haue I writtē more than mine au∣thour Salust. But now wil I returne to mine institute & purpose concerning y^e discripcion of Affrike, & brefely bring it to cōclusion. The valey of whō I spake before named in Affricke langage Cathahathmō, deuided the coūtrey of Affrike frō Egipt on y^e side, saue that an ar∣me of y^e see is bitwene y^e first citie or habitaciō of Affrik toward this valey, & is called Cirene. And nere to the same be other two cities, y^e one named Tolonia y^e other Thercō: beiond these thre cities be two quicksādes & by¦twen both y^e sādes a cite named Leptis. Beyond this ci¦te of Leptis is a place named of y^e Romains Phyleno∣rū, in english, y^e auters of two brethern called Philenis bicause these two brethern suffred thē selfe to be quicke buried in y^e same place for y^e commē wele of their coūtre wherof thistory herafter shal be writtē at more oportu∣nite. This place diuideth y^e dominiō of Carthage from Egipt on y^e side. After this place on y^e side costs be other cities belonging to y^e dominiō of Punike. Al the places from thens forth to Mauritany or land of the Mauri∣ens, be vnder subiecciō of y^e Numidians. The Mauri∣ens haue theyr habitacion nere to Hispaine. But as we rede, y^e Getulians haue theyr habitaciō beiond y^e Numi¦diās: some in pore lodgis: & some other more vilely w^t∣out habitaciō wandring as vagabūdes. Beyonde these Getuliās is y^e land of Ethiope: & frō thens forth be coū¦treis so brent w^t feruour of the sōne y^t they be inhabita∣ble.

But durīg this war bitwene y^e Romaīs & Iugurth the Romains had ī their possessiō many townes of Pu∣nike & much of the costes of thēpire of Carthage: & ru∣led y^e same by officers vnder thē therto assigned. A gret part of Numidy & of the Getulians vnto a flode named Muluchā: was vnder the dominiō of Iugurth. Ouer al y^e Mauriās raigned one kinge named Bocchus of whō the Romaīs had no knowledge saue of his name only. And before this bataile, he was nother in peace nor in war acquainted nor knowē of the Romains. Of Affrik & of thinhabitaūtes of the same, ynough is spoken, & as muche as is requisite of necessite to the processe of this hystory. Nowe wyll I make regression and prosecute my first purposed mater insuing mine authour Salust.

¶Howe Iugurth inuaded the kingdome of Adherball yet ones agayne and howe Adherball agayne was ouercome in batayle: and put to flyght. The .xiii. Chapter,

AFter the embassadours of Rome: of whom I haue spokē before, had deuided y^e realme of Nu¦midy bytwene Adherbal & Iugurth, & wer de∣parted out of Affricke toward Rome: anone Iugurth reuoulued in mynd how he had escaped vnpunished for his crueltie otherwise thā his mind feared before: And how ī sted of punishemēt for his sine: he was rewarded w^t the better part of the land of Numidy. Now he con∣sidred y^t al was true which his frēdes had told him be∣fore whyle he was in Hispaine w^t the Romayne armie in the war of Numāce: y^t is to saye. That nothing was so false & iniust: but y^t myghte be iustified at Rome for money, for all thinge mighte be bought ther for money. This cōsideraciō inhaūced his mynde vnto esperaūce &

y^t not a litel. Forthermore he was inflamed w^t the large promesses of thē, whom he had acloied before w^t gyftes & rewardes at Rome, In somoch y^t agayne of newe, he fixed his mind to inuade & vsurpe the kingdō of Adher¦bal, & by some poynt of prodiciō to take him in trape as he had done Hiēpsal his brother. Thus Iugurth was fierce: sharpe, & apte to war, wel inured with the same, & expert in feates therof, but cōtrarely Adherbal: whō he assaied & pursued, was a mete mā & oportune to take in iurye: more fereful & dreding other, thā to be dread of o∣ther. Wherefore sodēly. & without any prouisiō on par∣ty of Adherbal: Iugurth inuaded the marches of hys kingdō, with a great power & multitud of mē of armes many of thinhabitātes he murdred: & many toke he pri∣soners with bestes & al other maner of praies: robbīg & spoiling euery wher: as for as his armie dispersed, tow∣nes, castels, & other edifices he brente & beate downe, & many other places he assailed & inuaded more inward∣ly ī the coūtrey by excourses of his horsemē. This done he returned into his coūtrey with al his multitude, pra∣yes and prisoners: supposing y^e Adherbal moued wyth angre & displeasure wold reuenge these iniuryes, and y^e thing shuld be cause and occasion of open war bytwene thē. But Adherbal aduised him selfe wel: by remēbraū∣ce of his first bataile had w^t Iugurth y^t he was not able to cōtend with him in bataile nor with force of armes: & more ouer he had more confidence and trust in frēdship of the Romains: thā in the incōstant Numidyā: whiche leaned more to his ennemy thā to him. These thynges cōsidred: he send embassadours to Iugurth to cōplayne of these iniures. But these embassadours had noughte els of him, but cōtumelious proud, and hastye wordes. And so disposed of Iugurth returned agayne to theyr

lorde Adherbal: though such answers myght haue mo∣ued any coragious hert: neuerthelesse, Adherbal deter∣mined in mind: to suffer al thīges: and to take manye in iures paciētly, rather thā againe to begyn bataile wyth Iugurthe. For (as said is) the bataile foughtē befoore bytwene thē was both disshonour & also great dāmage. But for al this sufferaūce of Adherbal: the mind of Iu¦gurth was not more pacified, nor lessed of his cruelte. The pacience of Adherbal abated not y^e ire of Iugurth but it augmēted. For all redy he had cōcluded in mind to inuade y^e hole kingdō of Numidy. Therfore he begā againe of new, not as before w^t a cōpany of rouers, but with a mighty and gret army assēbled togither demea∣ning opē war, and chalāging openly the hole empire of Numidy, and with such power proceded into the land of Adherball: wasting the townes & fyldes on euery syde, driuing away praies of catel & other riches: and increa∣sing corage to his men and dred to his ennemis. Whan Adherbal saw it was come to y^t point y^t he must nedes other abandō and giue ouer his kingdome, or els main¦tayne it with force of armes, as he which was cōstray∣ned by extreme necessite, he assēbled & empareiled an ar¦my aswel as he might, & with the same proceded forthe to mete Iugurth. At last the two hostes of Adherbal & of Iugurth approched & rested nere togither, beside a towne named Cirtha not fer distant from the see coost & for asmoch as y^e day drew nere to night: the bataile was not anone begon, but either remained in theyr tentes. A¦none after moch of the night was ouerpassed, and the starre lyght some what dimmed with obscurite of clou∣des. The soudiours of Iugurth raysed by the sound of trumpettes vnwarly, & sodenly inuaded and assailed the tentes and felde of Adherbal, some they murdr•••• halfe

slepinge: and some other they slewe whyle they were in hand to arme them selfe. On the part of Adherball was pityful murdre, and on Iugurthes syde no mercy, but obstinate persecuciō and vengeaūce & so fiersly fought, Iugurth & his cōpanye y^e shortly Adherball fled to the towne of Cirtha, acompaned w^t a few horsemē. But Iu¦gurth pursued him so nerely y^t if the inhabitātes of the towne of Cirtha in hast and w^t great multitude had not receyued Adherbal, and w^t force of armes defended the walles, and kept forth y^e soudiours of Iugurth, whiche persued Adherbal, the bataile bitwene thē both shulde haue begō and ended y^t same daye, and y^e to destruction of Adherbal, But Iugurth perceiuinge the entre into y^e towne denied to him, a none beseged it on euerye side w^t al maner ingines inuasiue to his ennemies & defēsiue to his cōpany: he caused hastely to be framed large pa∣uaises and towers of timbre to be driuen vpō whelis to¦ward y^e walles of the towne. And w^t these & al maner o∣ther ingins wente in hand fiersly to assayle the towne, & somoch more hastely he sped him to thintēt to bring his purpose to effect, before any embassadours shulde come frō Rome to resist his enterprise. For asmoch as before this bataile he herd y^t Adherbal had sēd embassadours to Rome to certifie y^e senatours of his miserable state.

¶How y^e fauourers of Iugurth at Rome laboured so in his cause y^t thre yong me inexperte & without policy were send embassadours into Aff••ike to cesse this strife bitwene y^e two kinges: & how these embassadours retour¦ned to Rome without any thing done. The .xiiii. Chap.

BVt after & Senatours at Rome herd tidinges of this battel, they send into Affrike thre yonge gentilmē embassad cōmaunding them to go to both the kinges, & to cōmaund thē in behalfe of the Se¦natours

and of the hole people of Rome to cesse theyr warre, and to shewe them that the senate and Romains wylled and vtterly commaunded them so to do. And so doing, they shulde do as it semed them: and as of con∣gruence they ought to do bothe for pleasure of the Ro∣mains and for theyr owne honour & profite. The em∣bassadours with suche commaundement hasted them & came vnto Affrike, the Senatours had commaunded them to make somoche more expediciō in theyr iourney bycause tidinges were brought to Rome: whā these em∣bassadours prepared themselfe forwarde: howe the ba∣tayle was done bytwene Adherball and Iugurth, and how Iugurth kepte Adherball beseged straitly with∣in the towne of Cirtha. But this rumour was some∣what alayed & kepte by fauourers of Iugurth, after these embassadours were come to Numidy: they expres¦sed to Iugurth the effect of theyr embassad, in forme as the Senatours had commaunded them, whā Iugurth vnderstode the pleasur of the Senatours by theyr wor∣des and embassade: he answered benignely, saieng that he counted no erthly thing more greate, nor excellente, nor more dere vnto hym than the authorite of the sena∣tours and people of Rome, and that from his youth to that tyme he had euer so indeuored to order hymselfe, y^t euery good and worshypfull man commended and alo∣wed hym for his vertue and manhode, and not for ma∣lyce nor mysdemenour. And for the same manlyues, & not for malicious dedes, nor for disordred maners hys company and conuersacion was accepte and pleasure vnto the righte hyghe and worthye Captaine Publius Scipio. Moreouer: for the fame, conuersaciō and good maners & not for faute of chyldren naturell, hys vncle

Micipsa had adopted him for his sonne: and made him inheritour of his kyngdome, partner w^t his owne na∣turall sonnes: and for asmuch as he had demeaned him selfe ryght wel & worthely, in executynge of many hygh & glorious interprises: somuch the lesse coude he suffre iniury done vnto hym vnreuenged. As touchyng Ad∣herbal Iugurth alleged for hymselfe that this Adher∣ball by gyle and treason lay in wayt to flee hym: whiche thynge perceyued: he made resystence agaynst the same to the best of his power, as any man was bounde to do for sauegard of his owne lyfe. And if the Romayns wolde prohybit and deny that vnto hym, which Iustice permytted to euery man (that is, with violence to resyst and repell violence) than shulde they neyther do wel nor ryghtwysely in that behalfe. Whan Iugurth had an∣swered the embassadours after this maner: than said he for conclusion that shortly after he wold send embassa∣dours to certify the Senatours of all other thynges cōcernyng this busynes: and on this poynt Iugurth & the embassadours departed in sonder. Thus Adherball had no confort nor lycence to reply agaynst the wordes of Iugurth, nor syght or cōmunicacion with y^e embassa¦dours: all onely was it graunted vnto hym to appeale to y^e court of Rome, for of these embassadours coude he haue no iustice, nor dyreccion, in his iniuries and per∣secucion. Whan Iugurth thought that thembasssadours were passed forth of Affrike, toward Rome, and whan he saw y^t with force of armes he coud not wynne the to∣wne of Cirtha, bycause of natural sytuacion & difficulte of the place. Anone he besiged the towne agayn of new, and all difficultes not w^tstādyng, he made a profounde and depe trench rounde about the towne with sharpe

stakes and pales sticked on the hygheste parte of the same trenches wyth sharpe pykes at the vpper endes. This dyd Iugurth for manye consideracions: firste to thintent that the inhabitantes shuld not breke forthe of of the towne sodenly at any syde vpon any parte of hys souldiours which besieged them. Secondly to thintent that on no part any vitailes shuld be brought in to thē. Thirdlye that the men of war within the towne shulde not thruste forthe withoute the towne the multitude of poore commons in tyme of famine and scarsitie of vy∣tayles. And fourthlye, that no succours shoulde enter in to them to rescue the towne, nor to supplye theyr gary∣son. Whan thys trenche was made and fynyshed, Iu∣gurth moreouer made stronge bulwarkes and towres of tymber withoute the towne, and strengthed the same wyth a garrison of wyghte and bolde menne of armes. Besyde all these ordinaunces he lefte nothyng vnassay∣ed, neyther spared he to attempt any thyng by strength, or by treason and gyle. Somtyme he proued the watch men and defenders of the walles wyth gyftes exciting them to betraye the towne. Whan his rewardes auay∣led naughte, than he threatened them wyth fyerce and sharpe woordes, hee inhaunced by exhortacions the myndes and courages of hys owne menne to manly∣nesse and audacitye. And soo he applyed his businesse that nothynge he omitted wonte or possible to be doone in suche a case, nor no engynne of warre lefte he vnpro∣uided, whyche in those dayes was contryued or founde: but rather besyde all olde inuencions he imagyned and deuysed newe enginnes and ordinaunces of warre not sene before that tyme, and al for destrucciō of the towne of Cirtha, and of Adherball whome he besieged wyth∣in

the same. But what tyme Adherball consydred hys fortune come to extremyte on all partes, he cast manye thinges in mynde. On the one syde he pereciued his en∣nemy Iugurth violente agaynste him, and no trust of comfort or socours. On the other syde he consydred wel that for penury and wante of soudiours and other thin¦ges necessary he was not able nother to fyght with hys ennemie, nor to dryue forth or prolong the batayle: and for faute of vytaile he myght not long defend y^e towne. These thinges with many mo well reuoulued in mind: he chose for the two whiche were most diligent and tru∣sty of that company which had fled with hym into Cir¦tha. To them he wofully bewailed his misfortune: and made so large promisses of rewardes vnto them: that at last he induced them to go forthe of the towne by night priuely, and if they might escape theyr ennemies, to re∣sorte to the nexte hauen towne: and from thens to haste them to Rome with letters whiche he had deuised and written to be delyuered to the senatours. These messā∣gers were trusty and faythfull, wythin few daies with¦out any disturbance: they fulfylled the commaundemēt of theyr soueraigne, and delyuered the letters of Adher¦ball vnto the Senatours, whiche letters anone were redde in the counselhous before the senatours of Rome of which letters y^e sentēce hereafter insueth & was such.

¶ The sentence of the letters sente from Adherball vnto the senatours, what tyme he laye beseged by Iugurth within the towne of C••rtha. The .xv. Chapter.

MOost worthy fathers, it is not throughe my faute y^t I sende so often to you requiring your socours, & complaining myne iniures, but the vi¦olence

& rigour of Iugurth, compelleth therto, whose mynde is filled with so great a lust and desire to bereue my lyfe: y^t neyther hath he in mynde the dred of goddes punishement, nor feare of your displeasure. My bloude he coueiteth more than all thinges: Insomoch that now is the .v. moneth sith I am kept closed & besiged w^t ar∣med men, by tiranny of Iugurth. He nothing regardīg that I am confederate felowe & frende of the people of Rome. Neither can preuaile nor help y^e great benefites of my father Micipsa done to this Iugurth, nor youre authorite nor ordynaunces or decres. I am vncertaine whyther I am constrained & oppressed more greuously by force of armes or by hunger, for bothe involueth me on all sides, I wolde wryte vnto you moche more tou∣ching the tirannous cruelte of Iugurth but my misera¦ble fortune moueth me contrary: and moreouer I haue often perceiued before this time: that small credence is gyuen to such as ar oppressed with misery. Saue this I perceiue clerely that the mind of Iugurth coueteth a greater thinge thā my deth or kyngdom. And if by your sufferāce: he shal subdue me and bereue me of my king∣dom: at last he shal ryse and rebel agynst your empyre. Wherfore yf ye lyste not to defende and socour my lyfe: at leest defende your kyngdome of Numidy, and pre∣uente the vsurper of youre empire. Suffre not this ty∣ran to enioye the kyngedome of Numidye, and your good wyll wythall. But truely ye may well perceyue that he loketh not after your fauour: after he shal haue vsurped the realme of Numidy. But whyther he set∣teth lesse by losse of youre frendshyppe and fauoure, or of the domynion of Numidy, none is so blynde but that maye euydentlye perceyue the trouth. For his deedes

declare: that he counteth lesse greuous to haue youre hygh displeasur, than to lose his fiers purpose to sle me, and than to ocupy the hole lande of Numidy. For this hath he proued and made manifeste by hys vnnaturall and cruell dedes, first of all he hathe slayne my brother Hiempsall: which dede he durst not haue done if he had feared your displeasure, next that, he droue me forth of my countrey & fathers kyngedome. But these iniures for certayne wer done agaynst my brother and me, & no¦thinge they longed to you. But nowe he conspyred hyer inuadinge, vsurpinge, and wastynge the hole lande of Numidy with force of armes. And where as ye set me as your leuetenaunte vnder you to gouerne a parte of Numidy. This Iugurth nowe hath dryuen me frome my libertie into the towne of Cirtha, and besegeth me wyth menne of armes closed on all sydes with outward drede and inwarde famine: So that my peryls maye playnlye declare howe lytell he setteth by the wordes of youre embassadours. Certaynly I can se nothinge remayninge able to remoue his violence: nor that cane socoure this my misery, saue onely your power and vi∣olence. I wolde right gladly: that these thynges whiche nowe I write to youe: and all those thinges whiche I haue complayned before in the counsell house were but fayned and false rather than this my euidente myserye shulde proue them true and credible vnto you. But sith I was borne in that hour, and my destiny is suche that Iugurth mooste manifesteth his coursed crueltye by me: therfore nowe my request nor prayer is not that I may escape the sharpenes and cruelte of deth whiche I behold instant & ineuitable but onely my prayer is y^t I

maye escape the long subiection and bondage of my en∣nemie and prolonged tourmentes of my miserable bo∣dy. But worthy fathers: touchinge the kyngdō of Nu∣midy, whiche apertayneth to you: prouide youe for the same as it likethe you, and if it be your pleasure: rid and deliuer me from the cruell and vnmercyfull handes of Iugurth my mortall ennemy for the honoure and ma∣geste of your empyre, and for the fidelite of all frenshyp yf any remembraunce of my grandfather Massinissa remayneth yet among you.

¶Howe the senatours sende new embassadours to Iugurth commaun∣dynge hym to desyst from his persecucion of Adherbal, and howe they pre¦ualed nothing: howe the towne of Cyrtha was yelded to Iugurth, & howe he slewe adherball. The .xvi. Chapter.

AFter these foresaide letters were openly red and recited before the senatours: manye of them were, whiche counsailed to sende an army into Affrike, and in all hast conueni∣ente to socour and helpe Adherball. And in the meane tyme they wolde take counsell and aduise touchinge Iugurth what shuld be done to him: bicause he had not obeyed theyr embassadours. Whan the fa∣uourers of Iugurth herde of this they laboured with∣all theyr might: that no suche decre shulde be made nor procede to effect. And thus the commen wele was ouer come and subdued by pryuate profete and parciall fa∣uour, as in many other businesses is dayly wont to hap¦pen, Not withstanding this parcialite: at last it was so determined: that other new embassadours wer sent yet

ones agayn to Affrike, not yong men & inexpert as be∣fore but well aged men of grauite and discress••on which were of great dignite: & had borne great & worshypfull offices ī tyme past in the cite of Rome. Amonge which embassadours was one named Marcus Emilius, Scaurus, of whome we haue made mencion before. This Scaurus was a man by riches and fame coūted able to be coūseller of Rome: & also at that tyme a migh¦tie prince & great doer among the Senatours, and in maner ruler of them all. For asmuch as all men for the moost part were displeased with Iugurth and sore mur¦mured agaynst his cruelte & agaynst y^e parciall fauour shewed to hym at Rome: and also for that y^e messāgers of Iugurth besought the embassadours to hast them to Numidy, therfore y^e third day after theyr cōmission they departed from Italy, & toke shypping and in short tyme after aryued in Affrike, at a citie named Vtica in a pro∣uince subiect to y^e Romains: Assone as they wer ariued they sende letters vnto Iugurth chargyng hym in all hast to come to the sayd prouince to knowe the pleasure of the Senatours to Rome which had sende them ther¦for the nones with certen commaundemētes dyrect vn∣to hym. Whan Iugurth vnderstode that such noble mē famous, & of preeminent authorite at Rome were come to prohybit his interprise, at first begynnyng he was somwhat troubled with drede, on the other part his lust was much kyndled to wyn the towne of Cirtha, and to get Adherbal into his hādes, and so was his mynd di∣uersly distract with drede & desyre: with drede of the em¦bassadours, & with desire to bryng his purpose to effect. Greatly he feared the angre and displeasur of the Se∣natours if he dyd not obey theyr embassadours: but his

mynde on the other part was vtterly blynded by lust of dominion, which desyre drew him violently to performe that he had begon. And so at conclusion in such mynde desyrous of lordshyp, the worst counsell ouercome the best. And couetise excluded feare: & thus he determined in mynde to win the towne (if he might) before he wold go to cōmen with the embassadours This thing deter∣mined and fixed in mynde he compased the ••owne about with his army: and with great violence assayled it con∣tendyng to breke in therto: this dyd he: trustyng that namely: by diuidynge of his armye on all sydes of the towne, and compellyng his ennemeis within the towne to breke theyr hole company for to defende the walles assayled on all parties, he myght at last by such meanes wyn victory ouer thē. But after many & sharp assautes at last whan he sawe his purpose proceded not to effect and that he was not of power to haue his pleasure of the towne and of Adherball before he shulde cōmen w^t the embassadours, he was right pensyue in mynd. And lest his prolongyng might angre Scaurus y^e chefe of the embassadours whom he greatli drad: at last he cam into the prouince with a smal cōpany of horsmen. Assone as he was come the embassadours shewed vnto hym many greuous manaces and words of displeasure in name of all the senate bycause he cessed not for all theyr cōmaundementes from beseging of the towne of Cirtha but at cōclusion after much communication spent in vayne: the embassadours departed agayn to Rome: w^t∣out any dyreccion or apoyntmēt made. Whan tidynges herof came to Cirtha such as defended the towne were much abasshed, but Adherball most of all. At last the Italyans, of whom many were within y^e towne: and by

whose strength the walles wer chefly defēded, began to thynke among them selfe y^t if the towne were yelded vp to Iugurth, he durst not be so bolde to shewe any vio∣lence agaynst them for the honour and mageste of the name of Romayns. For asmuche as y^e same Italians were counted as Romayns. In such dyuises they came to Adherball and hym aduised to yelde hym selfe and the towne to Iugurth vpon apointment and condicion, that the same Iugurth onely wolde promyse to graunt hym his life: and as touchyng all other iniuries which Iugurth had done to hym, the Senatours whan they shuld se tyme oportune & conuenient wold se a dyreccion and remedy: Adherbal heryng this counsell, anone con∣sidred in his mind that nothyng coude be more vnstable nor more incertayne, than was the promes of Iugurth. Agayn he called to mynd that if he accorded not to theyr counsell it was in theyr power to compell hym therto. And so accordyng to theyr aduisment he yelded vp the towne to Iugurth vpon promyse onely to haue his lyfe saued. But anone Iugurth contrary to his promes put Adherbal to deth first of al with manyfolde tourmētes. After that he slewe all the yonge and lusty men of the towne bothe Numidyans and Italyans marchauntes indyfferently: sparyng none namely if they were found in harnesse.

¶ Howe the Senatours certyfied of thys crueltie of Iugurth prepared on army against hym: how the embassadours of Iugurth were not recey∣ued into Rome: and how Calphurnius the Romaine captaine was acloy∣ed wyth brybes. The .xvii. Chapter.

WHan this cruelte of Iugurth was knowen at Rome the Senatours beganne to take coūsell what thyng was best to be done in the case But

they whose fauour Iugurth had bought before sore distourbed the counsell, and prolonged the tyme w^t faire wordes and prayer somtyme: somtime with ••auorable promes made to other lordes: And other whyle w^t brau∣lyng & thretnyng couertly. In somuch y^t bi such meanes at last they alayed the dispeasur taken against Iugurth and mitigated the cruelte of his dedes. And certaynly all the yll wyll and hatred whiche was taken agaynst Iugurth shuld vtterly haue ben let fal and quēched by dryuyng forth the tyme in counsellyng: had not ben the resystence & repugnaunce of one named Caius Men∣mius: So great was the power of the fauour & treasur of Iugurth. This M••nmius was elect and assigned to be protectour of the cōmens for the yere next insuyng & was a man sharpe and fiers of cōdicions, and agaynst the power of the noble men of Rome w^t all his myght: and therfore whan he sawe this vnresonable fauour and parcialite among the Senatours he informed the commen people that y^e Senatours wer about to pardon the cruelte of Iugurth, by couetyse and corrupcion of a fewe debateful lordes. The commenty vnderstandyng this, was sore moued against the Senatours and coun¦sell. And the Senatours againe sore feared the cōmens bycause of the offences bothe of Iugurth and of them in fauouring hym were openly knowen: therfore they dradde lest all the cōmens ioyned togyder myght make insurrection agaynst thē: wherfore they thought it ne∣cessary to pacify and alay the commens. Nowe it was so that long before this tyme a noble man of Rome na∣med Sempronius whyle he was in authorite made a statute and lawe that if it fortuned at any tyme: that the Romayns stode in doute and feare leste any warre or

batayle myght come vpon them sodenly, newe cōsuls than shulde be chosen and assigned for the nexte yere to come, and send into suche prouynces where the batayle or warre was feared. These consuls were thus chosen before the yere of the olde consuls was fully expyred to thintent that in meane tyme they myght haue more tyme and leyser to make conuenient prouision for the warre: And this act so decreed was called the lawe of Sempronius, bicause he first inacted the same. By this lawe of Sempronius: the two prouinces of Numidy and Italy were decreed to the two cōsuls for the yere to come. The prouince of Italy to be defended and con∣serued: & the prouince of Numidy to be recouerd (Scipi¦o Nasica) (and Calphurnius Bestia) were proclamed Cōsuls for the next yere commyng. The lande of Nu∣midy came by lot to Calphurnius that he shulde do his dilgence to recouer the same, and the countrey of Italy fell to Scipio to defende the same. After this an army was assembled to be sende into Affirke, and so forth to Numidy: wages, and vitayles for the soudyours with o¦ther thynges nedefull to war, were decreed of the Se∣natours, and: prouyded of the cōsull Calphurnius. But whan Iugurth herd tidyng from his frendes at Rome of this ordynaunce, and perceyued that the mater went forward, other wyse thā he trusted it shulde haue done. For his mynd was fixed that al thing right and wrong myght be bought and solde at Rome: nowe went he in hand agayn with his olde craftes, and sende his sonne with other two of his moost familyer and trusty frends embassadours vnto the Senatours. And lyke as he had commaunded these embassadours whome he had sende to Rome after he had murdred Hiempsall: ryght

so he commaunded these that they shuld go in hande to stop euery mānes mouth with money. For in his great treasour and in couetyse of the rulers of Rome was al his confidence. O cursed hunger of gold most execrable thou driuest blynd myndes to yls innumerable. Whan these embassadours of Iugurth wer come nere Rome: the consull Calphurnius demaunded aduise and coun∣sell of the Senatours whyther it pleased them that the sayd embassadours shuld be receyued within the wales of Rome or not. But the Senatours decreed, y^t except they came to yelde bothe Iugurth and kyngdome of Numidy vnto the Romains: vpon a great payne they shulde depart out of the countrey of Italy within x. dayes next after. Calphurnius commaunded this or¦dinance and decree of the Senatours to be brone and declared to the Numidyās by one named Decius. And so thembassadours departed home agayne without any thynge done, wherefore they came. In the meane time Calphurnius prepared his armye: & chose to him noble men, debateful, and hauyng mani clyentes and seruātes retayned with them. This dyd he, to thintēt that if he dyd any thyng amysse in his viage: he myght trust to be supported by theyr authorite. Among whome was na∣med Scaurus: of whose cōdicions & behauour I haue spoken before. But in this consull Calphurnius, weere mani good propertis and vertuous condicions, bothe of mynde and body: but the cursed vice of couetyse which was in hym: blynded and ouer came all those vertues: so y^t he put thē not in execucion: he might wel indure la¦bour, his wit was quick & pregnāt, he was puident and ware inough. In batail he was so expert y^t in gretest pe¦ril, he was boldest & strōgst ageinst y^e gile of his enmies

But to our purpose, this Calphurni{us} whā he had elect and assembled such compani as him thought competent for an army, he deuyded all his hoost into legyous, con¦taynyng in euery legion .vi.M.vi.C.lx. & sir men. And so sende forth his men by legiōs by y^e countrey of Italy to a towne called Regium, which towne is in the mar∣ches betwene Italy and Cycil: frō this towne of Regiū they wer conuayed into Cycile, and so into Affrike, and there they mustred and wer set in aray, and so proceded by lande tyll they attayned vnto Numidie. Anone Cal∣phurnius prepared vitailes and all maner ordinaunces requisite, and proceded forwarde, assaylyng fierselye the land of Numidy, as a hardy captayne, pretendyng great valyantise at the first brunt. Many men toke he prisoners, & a fewe townes he subdued vnto him suche as resysted his power he brent them, to the grounde to increase fere to theyr neighbours. Iugurth aduertyng this sharpnes of Calphurnius send embassadours to hym with great plenty of gold to attēpt his mynde, and shewed vnto hym y^e hardnes and difficulte of the warre which he had begon. Whā Calphurnius felt the wyght & valour of the glystryng gold, his corrupt & vnstable mynde by contagion of couetyse, anone was peruerted to receyue the money, and induced to fauour and assist the part of Iugurth. But Scaurus (of whome I haue spoken before) was receyued vnto thē for partiner and felowe of al theyr counsels & busynesses. And howbeit at begynnyng this same Scaurus strongly resisted the party of Iugurth: what tyme many other of his sect were corrupt and accloyed with bribes long before this neuertheles now at last his mynde was abstract lyke other mo from the defence of goodnes and honesty vnto

his olde vice of insaciable & execrable couetyse by mean of haboundaunce of golde and greate rewardes of Iu∣gurth. But at firste begynnyng, this Iugurth redemed of Calphurnius, but onely delayinge and deferrynge of of the warre: trustynge that in the meane tyme he shuld bringe aboute somwhat of his purpose at Rome, other by pryce, prayer, or fauour. But now after he had wone Scaurus to be partener of hys busynesse, and fauorer of hys cause also wyth Calphurnius: he was broughte in to a verye greate truste fullye to recouer his peace at Roome: and concluded whyle both Calphurnius and Scaurus weere presente together, to take aduisemente and treate presently with them of all apoyntmente and thinges necessary to be done for performing of his pur∣pose. Howe be it he trusted not Calphurnius so muche that he wold come to his army, except some hostages of the Romaines were lefte within some stronge towne of his, and in warde of his people wherby he myght truste without damage safely to be remitted againe to his ar∣mie. Calphurnius to auoide this dout of Iugurth, and to put hym in more assurance, send the treasourer of the Romaine armie named Sertius, vnto one of the chiefe townes belongyng to Iugurth called Vacca, fayninge among the army that he sente the treasourer thither for prouision of wheat and other vytayles necessary to hys hooste. And the same commaundemente to prouyd vy∣tayles the captaine Calphurnius gaue to his tresourer openly in commen audience: to the intent that no manne shulde suspecte his false purpose: saying to his tresourer that he neded not to be in doute of Iugurth, for asmuch as truce was taken betwene both parties tyll a certeine daye prefyxed. The tresourer Sextius went to the sayd

cyte of Vacca at commaundement of Calphurnius his captayne. Wherfore anone after Iugurth (lyke as he apointed before) came to the army of Calphurnius, and there in presence of the rulers and counsell of the Ro∣mains, spake lytell of his purgacion, concernyng the displeasure, enuy, and hatredde, which the senate and commens of Rome had takē against him for his dedes sayeng that he had nought done but prouoked of his ennemies, and for his owne defence: with violence to resyst violence. Howe beit he sayd that he was cōtented to yelde and submit hym selfe vnto the Romayns cle∣mencie and mercy. Somuch spoke he openly before al the chefe counsel of the army. But al the remenaunt he concluded & dyd secretly with Calphurnius & Scaurus at more leasure, and thus ended y^e cōmunication of this day. On the next day after insuynge the captayne and the counsel of the army, and also Iugurth assembled to¦gyder agayn to common of the same mater concernyng peace to be graūted to Iugurth. Now it was so that at Rome was decreed an ordinaunce long before this time named among the Romayns the Satyre lawe, which lawe commaunded that the captayne of euerye armye shulde aske aduyse of all wyse counsell of his hoost whā he went about any wheyghty mater concernynge the cōmen wele. Wherfore Calphurnius thought so to order hymselfe that he shulde not be counted a brekar of this lawe: And desyred counsell and aduise of all the noble and wyse men of his hoost. This dyd he to thyntēt that if the peace graunted to Iugurth shulde be afterward dysalowed at Rome (as it was) he myght auoyde the faute from hym selfe into the common counsell. But at conclusion, whan Calphurnius acordyng to the sayd

lawe had required aduise of the common counsel, euery man cōsented that peace shulde be graūted to Iugurth vpon condicion and conuenaunt that he shulde delyuer vnto the Romayns thirtie Elyphantes with moche o∣ther catel and many horses with a great some of golde. To which ordinaunce Iugurth acorded and soone af∣ter deliuered the same Eliphantes, catell, and horses & golde vnto the tresourer of the Romayne hoost. Thys done the consull Calphurnius departed to Rome to re∣quyre the senatours and other rulers to confirme thys peace and concorde whiche they had made w^t Iugurth. In meane tyme ouer all Numidy and also in the Ro∣mayne army was peace and concorde in abydynge the answere of the senate and rulers at Rome.

❧ Howe the rulers of Rome for the most parte were greuously displea∣sed for grauntyng of this peace, and disalowed the same. And how Mem∣mius inflamed the commen people agaynst the fauourers of Iugurth. The .xviii. Chapter.

BVt after it was knowen at Rome in what maner the consull had behaued hym selfe in Affrike with Iugurth: in euery place a∣boute Rome, and amonge euery companye within Rome it was commined of the dede of Calphurnius. In somoche that among the commē∣ty was raysed greuous hatered and displeasure against hym. The senatours were sore troubled & wer in doute whyther they myght confirme and alowe this foule & shamefull dede of the consull, or els abrogate and an∣null the same. In this perplexite they were long tyme vncertayne. And moost of all the myght and power of Scaurus (bycause he was a doer and felowe with the

consull in the saide dede) let them from discussing of the ryght. But whyle the senatours in such wise prolonged the tyme. In this dubitacion Memmius (of whose con¦dicions, promptnes of wytte, and hatered: which he had against y^e power of the estates and noble men we haue written before) at dyuers tymes he assembled the com∣mon people, exhortyng and inflamyng them to reuenge the cruelte of Iugurth, and parcialite of his fauourers and warning them not to forsake the defence of theyr commen weale and lybertye of theyr cite. He rehersed vnto them the pride the cruelte, and manyfolde vnlaw∣full dedes of the senatours and of other estates at ma∣ny tymes done to disworshyp and oppression of the com¦men wele. And vtterly at conclusion so he behaued hymselfe that he kyndled the myndes of the vniuersall commentie to resyst the parcialyte of the estates, and to se the cruelte of Iugurth extremely punyshed. But by∣cause the eloquence of this Memmius at that season was at Rome notable and moche set by, dyscrete and of greate authoryte. I haue intended of so many exortaci∣ons as he had to the people to commyt one to remem∣braunce by wrytinge. And speciallye before all other I wyll wryte that exortacion whiche after returnynge of Calphurnius from Affrike the sayde Memmius spake before the commen people in fourme folowyng.

¶The oracion of Memmius had before the commē people of Rome. In whiche oracion he induceth them to defende theyr lyberte, And to expresse and persecute wyth hatered the no••le men of Rome. The .xix. Chapter.

RIght worthu cetizins many thinges wolde w^t draw me from defence of you and from charge & medling w^t your businesses were not y^e great

loue & fauour which I haue to the commen wele: y^t cau¦seth me to set a side al such impedimentes, & vtterly to take vpon me the defence of youre liberte against these corrupt estates. More plainly to ascertaine you: y^e thyn∣ges which might withdrawe me from defence of youre cause be these. F••rst the power of them which are begi∣ners of this variaūce, y^t is to saye of Calphurnius and Scaurus. Secondly your paciēce whiche is easye to be subdued of cruelte: sithe ye be disposed to endure this wronge. Ayd thyrdly y^e infecciō of Iustice whiche is no wher here among vs, but clene exyled from oure cytie. And principally this letteth me for that I se you so in∣nocent, so feble minded, & so simple, y^t in eueri place ye ar sure of al y^e peryl, of al the laboure: & of al the paine, but these estates which do nought y^t is cōmendable haue al y^e honour: auantage, & worshyp. And sothely, it greueth me to speke to you of y^e iniury y^t now of late hath bē don to you: howe moch ye haue ben had in skorne, derision & in disdayne: to y^e power & pryde of a few estates. And al so it greueth to recount how vnreuenged many of your defēders by thē haue shamfully be put to deth for your sake within these fiftene yeres. And to se how your min¦des be corrupt with cowardise & negligence y^t ye wolde neuer socoure them whiche in your quarell and defence haue suddued thē self to deth. What intend ye? wil ye stil be subiect vnto these estates your enemies. It is surely tyme at the last to arise and defend your lybertie, ye do dred them, whome if semeth to doute and to drede you, consyderynge youre true quarell, and theyr vngodlye misdemeanour. But not wythstandynge that ye bee thus dysposed to lose youre lybertye and in myserye to passe forthe the resydue of youre lyues, neuertheles

the good wyll, whiche I haue to you and to the commē wele causeth and dryueth my minde to resyste this fals fauoure and parcialyte of these proude and vniuste lor∣des. Certesse I shall assay and proue howe I can defēd the lyberte whiche my father lefte me, but whyther I shall so do to auauntage or els in vayne that lieth hole in your handes and power. Surely worthy citezins I do not exorte you to withstande these wronges and op∣pressions with force of armes as our forefathers haue often done. To resyst and repell this wronge nedeth no violence no deuydynge of you frome the senatours as your elders haue done before tyme. It must nedes be y^t these great men confederate in malyce at last shal come to decaye by theyr owne condicions and insolente be∣hauoure.

¶Were not sharp inquisicions & greuous examinaciōs had against the commen people of Rome, after that Ti¦berius Graccus was slayne for the defēce of the lawes belonging to the commentie: whome his euyll wyllers accused as vsurper of kingdome ouer the commen peo∣ple. And moreouer after y^t Caius Graccus and Mar∣cus Fuluius, were put to deth for defending of your ly∣berte, were not many of youre order and behauour that is to saye of the commentie put to deathe or murdred in prison: And at both the seasons the estates made no ende of theyr crueltie agaynst you after the lawe, but af¦ter theyr immoderate pleasur. Well forsothe I graunt that it be reputed for treason and vsurpacion of a king∣dome to defende the lawes and the right of the commē∣tie, and I graunt also that what thyng can not be con∣dygnely punished without effusion of blode of many ci∣tezins, that the same punishemēt be executed according

to lawe and right vpon a fewe such as were begynners of the trespasse, within these fewe yeres passed ye disdai∣ned and murmured secretly amonge your selfe that the sayde lordes spoyled the commen treasoure wyth∣out youre consente. And that kynges and nacions con∣trybutory to Rome, payed theyr trybutes to a fewe pri∣uate estates, and not generall to the vniuersall citie in commen: and ye grutched that these estates had all the moost dignite and all the rychesse and treasoure, also in theyr handes. Neuerthelesse they counted but a small thynge to escape vnpunyshed for these so great offences. Wherfore nowe are they become so bolde, so fiers, and proude: by youre sufferance that at last they haue betra¦yed and put in handes of youre ennemyes, your lawes, your dignite, youre magestye, wyth all other thinges bothe humayne and diuine to your libertie belongyng. So that in pardoninge of these inhumayne and cruell offences of Iugurth they haue polluted and betrayed the lawes bothe of god and man. And howe be it that suche is theyr demeanour it nothynge repenteth them: nor they be nought asshamede therof. But dayly iette before youre faces solemly and pompouslye bostynge them selfe: Some of theyr dignities, theyr lordshyppes, and offices. And other some craking of their triumphes and victories, as who saieth that they attained the same by honoure, and not by falsehoode and robberie. Haue ye not dayly experience seynge that symple bondmen bought & solde for money wyl not suffer nor endure the vniust commaundementes of theyr lordes or maisters. But contrarye wyse ye gentylmen: fre borne cetezyns, are contented to suffre wyth meke myndes thys bon∣dage wherin ye are holden subiecte by the power of

these lordes. But I praye you what maner of men be these whiche thus subdue you, and presume thus longe to occupy the commen weale at this season? Forsothe they be menne most vicious▪ with bloddy handes infec∣ted, with the blode of innocentes. Men of immoderate and insaciable couetyse: noysom and greuous to euery good man. Whose pride incredible no man can compre¦hend, which for money haue sold & dayly are redy for to sell for lucre: theyr fidelite, theyr worshyppe, theyr deuo∣cyon, and good name: And brefely all thynges honest & dishonest are they redy to do for auantage. Wherby it apereth euidently that all theyr ioye and felicite resteth in couetyse. Some of them count hymself more assured bycause they haue slayne the protectours of the commen¦tie to the intent that other may drede thē so much more And other some of them in wronge examinacions and inquisicions had agaynst you reioyse & count them selfe hardy and surer therby: And many other thinketh their defence and auauncement in murdring of you, bostyng them selfe of the same: and thus howe muche wors that eche of them doth: y^e more sure he is & more set by. In so much y^t wher they ought to fere you for theyr mysdedes they transpose that fear vnto you, and cause you by your cowardyse to fear and drede them: whiche are conioyned al togyder agaynst you in one maner desyre of yl, in one maner couetyse, ī one hateredde of good, & in one maner fere of your auauncemet, but among good men to be al of one mynde vnder this maner one not withstandynge an other it is to be counted for amyte and frendshyppe. Among yl men such agreynge of maners is but a knot of discorde and causeth sedicion, variaunce, and debate. But verily if ye had so great desyre and care to recouer

your lybertye (whiche is lost) as they haue to encrease theyr lordeshyppe: than shulde not the commen wele be oppressed and wasted as it is nowe: and than shoulde the offices, maiestershyppes, and dignitees of Rome, (whiche are your benefites to gyue where lykethe you) be in handes of good and vertuous men, and not in the handes of bolde bosters and iniust men confederate in myschefe. The comentie of Rome youre forefathers beefore this tyme haue armed themselfe and forsaken the senatours two sondrye tymes and kepte them selfe togyther vpon the hyll of Aduentyue, onely bycause they wolde haue a lawe decreed and inacted of them. And maisters or officers electe for them whiche shulde be theyr protectours againste the iniury and extorcyon of the estates whan nede shuld•• ••••quyre, whiche thinge at last was graunted to them and manye other lyber∣ties also. Than shulde not ••e laboure mouche more wyth all youre myghte for co••seruacion of the same ly∣berties, whiche they haue l••••te vnto you as hole as e∣uer they had them. And speciall for this cause ought ye to defend your priuileges for that it is more shame and rebuke to lese the priuilege and lybertie goten than ne∣uer to haue optayned them: And speciallye what shame is it to you nothynge to augmente nor encrease that au¦thorite, whiche youre elders and forefathers haue lefte to you: but to suffer the same by youre cowardise by ly∣tell and lytell to decay, and at laste vtterly to be loste & come to noughte. But anye of you maye than requyre of me what is youre mynde what wyll ye that we doo. I wyll forsouthe and counsell that punyshe∣mente be taken vppon them whiche haue betrayed the

honour of the common wele vnto your enemy Iugurth without aduyse of the Senatours or of the commenty: but this my counsel is not to punyssh them violenly w^t your power in batayle, for certes that were more dys¦honoure vnto you to do, than to them to suffre the same. Not withstandynge that they be worthy so to be delt withall But this thyng mai be best done bi inquysition examinacion and confession of Iugurth hymselfe, and by his accusacion of these treatours, whiche Iugurth surely wyll be obedient to come hyther to Rome at your commaundement if it be true that he hath yelded hym∣selfe. But if he dyspise your commaundementes than may ye wel thinke and consider what peace or yeldinge he hath made by the which yeldyng he is vnpunyshed and pardoned of his detestable and shamefull dedes and these estates laded with richesse and treasure. But our cite and welthe of the commenty is come to losse, dammage, and vtter shame & disworshyp. Thus muste ye do, suche examinacions muste ye make without ye thynke that these great men haue not yet sufficiēt lord∣shyppe and power in theyr handes or els without ye shewe outward that ye were better pleased and content with that season whan kyngdomes, prouinces, iustices lawes, iugementes, batayle, peace finally euery thyng both diuine & humaine were in handes of a few estates. Than ye be now pleased with the season and tyme that now is whan your lybertie is gyuen to you which ye are able to mayntayne if ye so be disposed. But in that season passed, howe beit ye were vnouercome of your ennemies, maisters, and emperours, ouer the most part of the worlde: yet had ye ynough to do to defende your own lyfe from the cruelty of these few mighty men. For

of you al who was so bolde to withstād their subieccion and bōdage. Wherfore if ye entend to endure and suffre the destruction of your libertie as ye begyn than truely the tyme which is to come shalbe much more cruell to you than the tyme passed. But as for me not withstan∣dyng that I vnderstand the great offence and abhomi∣nable of this wycked Iugurth is suffred vnpunyshed: yet wolde I suffre paciently that ye shulde forgyue and pardō the wicked doers of this dede as men most vngra¦cious bycause they be citezins. If it wer not so, that such mercy and forgyuenes shulde tourne to our dystruction and ruyne of our empire. For ye may se how great opor¦tunite & sufferance they haue in somoch that they counte but a smal thyng to do vnhappely without punishment. Wherfore they now dayly encrease theyr cruelty against you, if ye do not herafter take from them the power and authorite therof. And specially cōtynual busynes with∣out end shal remayne vnto you whan ye se playnly that outher ye must be seruauntes or bondemen: or els ye must retaygne and defende your libertie by strength of your handes. For what hope or trust is there of faithful¦nes or of concord bytwene you and them? None surely. For their mynde is vtterly set to be lordes ouer you: and ye on the other parte wyl nedes be fre and at libertie. They be extremely inclined and disposed to do wrong and iniury vnto you. And ye labour to withstande them vtterly. And brefely to speke they take the frendes and felowes of our empire for ennemies. But our mortall ennemies they take for theyr felowes and frendes. But ye wolde withstand this cursed and vnkynd behauour. Wherfore can ye suppose that peace, loue, or friendshyp can be among people so cōtrary of myndes & disposicion

For these consyderacions I warne and exhorte you that ye suffre not so greate myschefe to escape vnpuny∣shed. This offence is nothynge lyke to the robbyng of the common treasure, nor to the spoylinge of money by extorcion from the felowes and frendes of oure em∣pire. Whiche dedes (how be it they be greuous and in maner intollerable) neuertheles by custome and vse of the same thei are repu••ed for smal fautes & for nought. But this dede is moche more greuous and vtterly in∣tollerable. For the authorite of the senate is betrayed to our most cruell and fiers ennemy Iugurth, youre em∣pire is falsly betraied to other mennes handes and pos∣session. The commen wele hathe bene put to sale to Iu∣gurth by the senatours bothe at home in our citye, and also in oure army by Calphurnius the consull: In so moche that if examinacion be not made hereof: and if they be not punished whiche be culpable and fautie her in. What thynge shall remayne vnto vs but that we must passe our lyfe vnder obedience and bondage of thē which thus haue done, and vs shall they kepe in subiec∣tion as yf they were kynges? For what thinge longeth to a kynge saue to parfourme his wyll and pleasure be it good or yl without any resistēce or punishmēt of any mā. Do not these estates without any contradictiō, not¦wythstanding y^t it is in your power to withstand thē if ye wil. Nor certes worthi citezins I do not thus exhort you to coueyte rather that youre citezins shulde do yll than well. But I speke to thintente, that ye shulde not so fauour and: forbere a fewe iniust and yll disposed mē that the vtter distruction of all good men shulde pro∣ceede of suche indiscrete fauoure. And also name∣lye in a cytie or a commen weale it is muche better

and more tollerable to forgette the reward of good de∣des, than the punishement of yll dedes. For a good mā seynge his goodnes not rewarded nor set by, he dothe but onely withdrawe his owne kyndnes: but an yl man not punished, is the more bolde and cursed: And more∣ouer if suche as be misdoers be punished: at y^e last theyr nombre shalbe abated and decresed, and if there be few vniust men, the lesse wronge is done. And he to whome no wronge is done nedeth not to call for socoure nor helpe. Thus is it better to leaue a good dede vnrewar∣ded, than an yll dede vnpunished.

¶How Memmius induced the people of Rome by the sayde oracion: so y^t Cassius was sente for Iugurth to brynge hym to Rome to declare and ac¦cuse the supporter of hys dedes. The .xx. Chapter.

MEmmius coūsellynge and inducynge often tymes by these wordes & other lyke at laste dyd so moche that Lucius Cassius one of y^e chefe .x. iudges of Rome shulde be sende to Iugurth and assure hym of his lyfe, and to come and retourne in saue garde vpon promes & fayth of all the hole commenty of Rome. And vpon this pro∣mes to bring him to Rome to thintent that by his owne wordes and confession of the treuth, the falshode & coue¦tyse of Calphurnius the consull, of Scaurus & of other whiche had bene corrupted by hym before by money & rewardes myght be euydently proued and knowen.

¶Of the behauour of the Soudyours and other which were lafte in Nu∣midy while Scaurus the consull was at Rome. The .xxi. Chapter.

WHyle these thinges were in hand and done at Rome, in meane tyme the chefe of y^e sou∣diours, whiche Calphurnius had lefte be¦hynde hym, in Numidy folowed the ma∣ners and behauoure of theyr captayne and dyd many vngodly and myscheuous dedes. Some of them were so corrupt with golde that they delyuered a∣gayne to Iugurth the olyphantes, which he had gyuen to Calphurnius what tyme the peace was graunted & truce, first taken bytwene them. Some other solde to Iugurth the traytours whiche had fled from hym vn∣to the Romayns army. And other some spoyled & rob∣bed the people of Numidy, whiche had al redy peace w^t the Romains, and had yelded themselfe. So great and shamefull was the violence of couetyse whiche had in∣fected theyr minde, as if it had ben an vniuersall conta∣gion of pestilence. But nowe wyll I returne to my ma∣ter wher I left before cōcerning Cassius the iudge & his viage to Numidy for to bringe Iugurth vnto Rome.

¶Howe Iugurth came to Rome with Cassius and howe he behaued hym selfe there. The .xxii. Chapter.

CAyus Memmius in name of all the com∣mens gaue commaundemente to Cassius, (accordynge to the ordinaunce inacted) to spede hym towardes Numidye, and to bid Iugurth come to Rome vnder suerte and condition before rehersed. Whā the estates which knew them selfe cul••able vnderstod of this were maruelusly abashed. But whan Cassius was come to Iugurth not wythstandynge that he was ferefull of hys parte,

and had no confidence in his cause for asmoche as he knewe hymselfe fauty in his owne conscience, yet Cas∣sius aduised him: and induced hym, bycause he had yel∣ded hym selfe to come vnto Rome: without he wold ra∣ther proue the Romayns strengthe and violence than theyr mercy and pyte: and moreouer the sayde Cassius promised also hys owne faith and trouth that if he wold come to Rome and answere truly to all suche thynges as there shulde be demaunded of hym, he shulde safely go and come wythout any impediment. Cassius had so good a name at that tyme that Iugurth had asmoche confidence in his fayth & promes alone as in the pro∣mes or assurāce of the hole cite: And so at last Iugurth consented to go to Rome wyth Cassius. Wherfore to en¦duce the Romains to the more pyte he arayed himselfe in rude aparell agaynst his honour royall moche vile & myserable, and, so wyth Cassius came to Rome not as a kyng, but poorly and with a small company. And not wythstandyng that his mynde was moche confirmed, assured, and bolded: by the conforte of them whiche he had corrupted with rewardes before, whose defence & supportacion he had committed so moche cruelty, yet he behaued hym so wyth his gyftes of newe assone as he was come to Rome, that by his great reward be indu∣ced a lorde of Rome named Caius Bebius, one of the protectours of the commenty to be supporter & mayn∣tener of his cause amonge the other mo. By whose dy∣shonest and vnmesurable couetise he trusted assuredlye to be defended, astaynst lawe, from all punyshmentes due vnto hys demerites. But the commentye of Rome was violently and sore wrathe agaynst Iugurth, some commaunded to haue hym to prison, and there to kepe

hym in bandes: And other some wolde that acordyng to the lawe punyshment of dethe shulde be taken of thē as of theyr mortal enemy, if he wold nat shortly cōfesse and discouer the felowes, partiners, and supporters of his cruell dedes. Caius Mēmius heryng herof called togyder the cōmenty and alayed the mocyon and wrath of theyr myndes apeasing theyr vnauised rancour. And requiringe them to kepe the fayth and trouth of citie (which they had promysed to Iugurth) clere, inuiolate and vndefyled. Thus dyd Memmius exhort them as he which more regarded & set more by the conseruacion of the dignite of Rome, than by the parfourminge and satisfyeng the wrath and ire of the rude cōmens. But whan sylence was made among all the assemble: anone Iugurth was brought forth before them al. Memmi{us} than began to speke to him demurely rehersing & openli recounting how he had corrupt the estates of Rome with his treasur, & cruelli against right had done mani abhominable dedes at Rome, & also in Numidi against the king Micipsa and his sonnes, as slaine Adherball and Hiempsall falsly dysceiued the king Micipsa: and wasted the kingdome of Numidi. And howe beit (sayd Memmius) that the Romaynes knewe well his sup¦porters yet they wolde moste of all that Iugurth shuld openly discouer and accuse them himselfe. Wherfore he desired him truely to cōfesse the names of thē by whose supportacion he was so bolde to cōmyt so many inmo¦derate and cruel dedes. Sayng that if he wolde so do & confesse & disclose the trouth than might he haue great trust and confydence in the fauour clemency, and mercy of the people of Rome But if he wolde not so do, he shulde do no profite by his silence to the noble menne of

Rome whiche had supported him. And also he shuld be dystruction and vndoinge of himselfe, and of his riches also. On this pointe Memmins ceased his wordes and helde hym styll. Anone Iugurth was commaunded of the commente to make answere. But whan he was re∣dy to haue spoken Caius Bebius whome he had cor∣rupted with treasure (as I haue made mencion before) commaunded hym to holde his peace. In somoche that howe be it the people sore moued wyth displeasure put him in feare with exclamacion agaynste hym with an∣gry countenances and often violentlye rennynge vpon hym, and with other tokens of yre and dyspleasure. Neuerthelesse for all this the frowarde counsell of Be∣bius ouercame theyr threatnyng, in somuche that Iu∣gurth wolde nothing speke nor dysclose. And thus the people had in derision and abused, departed from the cō¦gregacion and assemble. So the myndes of Iugurthe of Calphurnius, and of other theyr partyners were thā inhansed & increased in boldnesse: which wer troubled and moche ferefull before, whan Iugurth was fyrste sende for and brought to be examined.

¶Howe Iugurth encreased his crueltie at Rome and renued his murdre in sleyng an other noble man of the stocke of Micipsa by occasion wherof he was constrained to departe from Rome, & the batayle renewed againe of hole. The .xxiii. Chapyter.

AT the same season was a gentelman at Rome named Massiua, borne of the coun∣trye of Numidy, whiche was the sonne of Galussa, and neuewe to the good kynge Massinissa. Thys Massyua was a∣gaynste Iugurth in the stryfe and discencion betwene

Adherball and hym, whan the towne of Cirtha was yelded and Adherball slayne. Wherfore he trusted not Iugurth, but to saue hymselfe fled from Numidy vnto Rome. Nowe was a lord•• at Rome named Albinus, whiche was creat consull wyth an other partayninge felowe named. Minucius, the next yere after Calphur∣nius. This Albinus came to Massiua and counsayled hym (bicause he was of y^e stocke of Massinissa) to greue Iugurth, asmoche as he coulde, wyth enuy, feare, and displeasure for his offences and cruelte: And by peticion to desyre of the Senatours the administracion of the kyngdome of Numidy. Albinus gaue to hym this coū∣sel, for as much as he hymselfe was desirous of bataile wherfore he wold much rather that euery thynge were moued wyth trouble, than pacified or at rest. Thā was a custome at Rome, that the consull shulde haue a par∣tynge felowe, and bytwene them the prouinces belon∣gynge to Rome shulde be deuided. Thus in departyng of the prouinces, the countre of Numidy fel to Albinus and the countrey of Macidony to his felow Minutus. Shortly after Massiua begā to moue the mater to the senatours touchynge administracion of the kyngdome of Numidy. Iugurth heringe of thys had not so greate trust in hys mater not to hys frendes as he had before: For some of them wyth drewe theyr selfe for knowlege of theyr fautes, and other some for feare of yll name & fame or rumour of the people. Wherfore Iugurth con∣syderynge this, requyred Bomilchar, one of his moste nere and trusty frendes to prouyde and to hyer by gyf∣tes and rewardes a company to sle the sayde Massiua: and that as pryuely as coulde be done. But if it coulde not priuely be done, thā to sle him openlie by one meane

or other Bomilchar shortly went about y^e commaunde∣ment of Iugurth, and anone prouided men and hyred such as were mete for such a dede: and commaunded thē to espy and serche his wayes, his goynges & commnigs and to wayte a season and place cōuenient to parforme theyr enterprise. But afterward whan he sawe his time he prepared to execute this treason. Wherfore one of thē which were ordayned and assigned to this murdre, assay¦led Massiua rashely, with smal prouisyon or auisement and slewe hym vnware. But he whiche dyd the deede anone was taken and brought before the iudges. The people in great nombre desyred and at last constrayned him to tell by whose counsell he dyd that myscheuous dede, and specially Albinus the consul coarted hym ther¦to. The murderer anone confessed the treuth & declared howe he had done it at the instigacion and counsell of Bomilchar: And not withstāding that the same Bomil¦char came to Rome, vnder sauegarde and assurance of the fayth of the commente as dyd Iugurth, yet he was iudged gyltie of the dede, consideryng that he was coun¦selloure therto, and not accordyng to the common lawe, but after very equite and good cōscience. But Iugurth consyderyng himselfe culpable in the same faute, ye wold by no meane confesse nor knowlege hymselfe fau∣tie, tyll tyme that he vnderstode and sawe that the enuy and displeasure which was taken agaynst this dede passed al his fauour and rewardes which he had gyuen at Rome, so that at last in his giftes he found no socour nor ayde. But howe be it in the first accion or accusemēt which was layed agaynst him, he had brought in and layd .l. suerties of his frendes for hym and all other of his retynue that he shuld purge hymselfe of euery thing

which was or shuld be layed agaynst hym, yet thought he better to prouide for the proteccion for his pledges or suerties. And this cōsydring he priuely sent Bomilchar a way from Rome vnto Numidy, dredinge that if con∣dyng and worthy punyshement were taken of Bomyl∣char at Rome, lest the other commentie of his realme at home wolde drede to be obedient to hym. And anone after Bomilchar was departed Iugurth hymselfe fled also from Rome after hym, commaunded of the Sena¦tours to depart from Italy as enemy to the Romains and theyr empyre. But whan he was departed a lytell without Rome: it is sayde that he loked often backe¦warde behynde spekyng secretly to himselfe, but at the last he spake playnly in audience that they whiche were assistent might here him and sayd. O noble and famous citie corrupt and accloyed with infect citezins, whose couetyse is so insaciable that they wyll profer the forth to sale, and shortly thou shuldest be solde and peryshe, if thy rulers could fynde any man that wold bye the, and gyue money for thee.

¶Howe Albynus consull of Rome renew••d the warre of Iugurth, and at laste returned againe to Rome, leauyng hys brother Aulus in Numidye, wyth the army in his roume. The .xxiiii. Chapyter.

IN the meane season Albinus which was create consull next Calphurnius renewed the warre agaynst Iugurth and without ••aryeng: causeth vitayls, wages & all other thynges necessary, expedient, & belonginge to soudyours: to be conueyed spedely into Affrike. And he anone hymselfe in all haste toke his vyage thyther∣warde

also, and so forth to Numidy. In which vyage he made more hasty expedicion to thintent to fynishe the warre with Iugurth, other by force of armes, or els constrayning him to yelde himselfe, or by some other meanes what so euer might be founde namely before the tyme of election of newe cosuls, whiche tyme was not longe to come. But contrary wise Iugurth prolon∣ged euery thing by one cause or other. As faste as Albi∣nus went forward, so fast Iugurth found impedimen∣tes, somtyme he promised to yeld himselfe, and somtyme fained himselfe afrayed. One whyle he fled from the army of Albinus whan it was nere hande to him: And anone after lest his men shuld mistrust by disconfort or dispayre, he boldely withstode and defended himselfe manly. And thus in prolonging the tyme: somtime with warre and somtyme with peace, he abused and mocked the consull, wherfore some were which suspected that Albinus was not ignorant of the counsel of Iugurth, but consentyng to him bi fauoure: And for asmuche as at the begynninge he was so fiers, hasty, and diligent: it was suspected that he droue forth the tyme nowe rather by craft than cowardise. But after the tyme was passed and the day of election of newe consuls aproched and come faste on. The consull Albinus ordayned his bro¦ther named Aulus, to remayne in his steede as capy∣tayne and ruler in the army: and he himselfe departed towarde Rome, to be at election of the newe consuls, as the lawe requyred.

¶ Howe Aulus and the Romayne armye were discomfyted of Iugurth: and howe peace was graunted to hym by Aulus: and to what shame the Romaynes were 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ra••••e folye of the same capytayne Aulus. The .xxv. Chapter.

IN the same season was the commen weale at Rome muche troubled with variaunce and debate, betwene the protectours of the commenti. For of thē one named Lucullus and an other Annius laboured to continue and kepe styll their office and agaynst the ordynaunce of the lawe to contynue more than one yere. Wherfore the other whiche were partyng felowes in office with them labored with all their myght the contrary to resyst them and to mayntayne y^e olde constitucion, ordynaunce and custom. This dyscencion & debate letted the election of the newe consuls al that yere. Aulus whom Albinus had left with the army in Numidy as his lyefetenant herd of this prolongyng of the tyme and was brought in great hope to wynne great honour or treasour. Wher¦fore in the colde moneth of Ianuary he called the soul∣dyours forth of theyr tentes to execute the batayle with Iugurth without more delaye. Outher dyd he thus shortly to make an ende of the batayle in his tyme, and therby to wynne honoure or els with his army to put Iugurth in feare (so that to haue peace) he should re∣deme the same of Aulus with great treasoure. Aulus concludynge on this purpose, spedde hym so fast with his soudyours makynge dayly great iournayes (not¦withstandyng the sharpnesse of wynter) that at last he came to a towne in Numidy, named Suthull: in which towne the treasurs of Iugurth were laied. This towne with walles, waters, and mountaygnes of nature was strongly defended: for without the walles buylded on the heyght of a mountaygne broken on the forefronte was a great plaine fenne, or marrayse grounde: al ouer couered with mudde, and standyng wynter water. In

somoche that what for the sharpnesse of the wynter sea∣son: and what for natural defence of the place, this town coulde by no meanes be well besyged nor taken: yet this notwithstādyng Aulus to encrease fere to Iugurth, and for the blynd desyre which he had to wyn y^e towne in ma¦ner of dissimulacion assayled the same & made pauasies about the walles of shieldes conioyned like vines, wher vnder his men myght fyght with lesse dāmage or peryl Than made he a dyche or trench round about the town with great hepes of erth casten vpon the sydes of the same, to the entent that no socour shuld entre into them, nor they escape forth at theyr pleasurs. And finally he made redy euery thynge which belonged or was necessa¦ry to besegyng of suche a towne. But Iugurth anone perceyued the vayne and folyshe behauoure of Aulus, and craftely encreased by polycy the madnes of hym, sending often embassadours vnto him to requyre in de∣rysion that he wolde desyst & leue besyging of the towne and intreatyng hym of peace mekely. But in the meane tyme Iugurth hymselfe in maner as yf he wolde not intermel with Aulus, ledde his army by wodes, forests by streyte passages, by hyls and dales, and by bywaies causinge Aulus to suspect that he was a dradde of him: And finallye he enduced Aulus to truste after some ap∣pointemente. And thus Iugurth with his men fleyng alway into desertes and hidde places gaue confort to Aulus and encreased his corage by such auoyding. In somuche that at laste Aulus gaue vp the segynge of the towne of Suthul: And with his hole power hastely pursued Iugurth as sleynge from him for drede into places vnknowen to him and his men. Thus was the treason of Iugurth more hydde from Aulus, wherfore

he made the les prouision therfore. In the meane sea••on Iugurth by subtyl messangers attempted the Romaine army day and night inducyng them to consent to betray theyr felowes, the capytayns, and vndercaptayns: anon for lucre consented to hym. Some in tyme of batayle to forsake and betray theyr owne company and to fyght on the part of Iugurth. And other which wolde not graunt to so foul a dede, as to fyght against theyr owne compani, he exhorted & induced thē whā the trumpettes shulde blowe to batayle to leue theyr places and array: And depart from theyr company without stroke on one syde or other. Whan euery thing was brought to his purpose and accorded to his requestes: Than about mid¦night he stale priuely toward the tentes of the Romains & sodenly with a gret compani of Numidians, cōpassed them about on euery syde and assailed them fiersly. The Romayne soudyours which were with Aulus, thus vnwarly inuaded: were meruelously abashed and ama∣sed, for the vnwonte and sodayne feare of this treason. Some of the most noble hertes: with great courage drew to them theyr harnes, and resysted theyr enemies valyantly: fully assured and prefyxed to dye lyke men: yf fortune shuld graunt them none other meanes to escape that instant danger. Some other as cowardes hydde theim selfe in caues and other secrete places, yf they might any fynde. The boldest and most vsed to suche chaunces conforted theyr felowes whiche were ferefull and vnexpert of such chaunces of warre. How beit none of them al was so bolde nor so well assured of hymselfe, but that he was bothe in great drede and daunger. And no maruayle, for in euery place and on all sydes about them they were inuironed in compasse with great vio∣lence

and plenteous noumber of theyr ennemyes hidde vnder the darkenesse of the nyghte and cloudes, which vtterly obscured the starres lyghte. Theyr peryll was indifferente and doubtefull whether they fledde or a∣bode the batayle. For death was instante and depended ouer theyr heades euery waye, and either hope or espe∣raunce was none, saue deathe ineuitable. So that fy∣nallye it was vncertayne vnto theym whether it was better or more sure to flee, or to abyde their aduenture. But of that companye whiche Iugurth hadde corrup∣ted with rewardes, as we haue sayde before, one bende or cohorte of Lumbardes and twoo turmes, that is to saye three score Thraciens, and a fewe rude and com∣men souldioures betrayed the Romaynes, and went o∣uer to Iugurth. Also the Centurion whyche was assyg¦ned to be capitayne ouer them, whyche were commit∣ted to fyghte aboute the firste standarde of the thyrde legion drewe hym and hys companye a syde, and suffe∣red theyre ennemies to entre in to the myddes of the hooste on that syde whiche they hadde taken to defend. Thus all the Numidians brake in on that syde wyth∣oute anye resystence. And at conclusion the Romaynes hadde a foule flyghte and a shamefull discounfiture, in so muche that they trusted more to theire feete, than to their handes and armoure. And manye of them to ren lyghter, threwe away theyr harnesse, and toke the top of an hyll whiche was neare thereby, and there taried. The companie of Jugurthe, what for spoylynge of the Romaynes tentes, and darkenesse of the nyghte hadde lesse honoure of vyctorie, and suffered many of the Ro¦maynes to escape. On the next day after Jugurth and

Aulus came to communication together. Than sayde Jugurth to Aulus that not withstandinge that he had hym and his army which were lefte a liue sure ynough compased and enuironed wyth wepen and hunger soo that they cold not escape hym: and how be it it was in his power to oppres hym and all his. Neuertheles he remembred well ynough the incertaine chances of mā∣nes businesse & wolde not be to hym cruel nor vncurtes so that he wolde make w^t hym a bonde of peace and no more contend agaynst him in batayle, on this condicion that all the soudyours of Aulus shuld do obesance vn∣to hym and passe vnder a spere in token of subiectyon & so without more damage departe out of the contrey of Numidy wythin the space of .x. dayes nexte after. But how be it this composision and condicions were harde, and greuous, and full of shame and misery, and worthy to be punished of the Senatours yf Aulus agreed to them. Neuerthelesse theyr myndes so wauered for dred of deth that at last the composicion and agrement was concluded and agreed at the wyll and pleasure of Ju∣gurth vpon the sayde condicions.

¶What sorow and heuines was at Rome, and how they demeaned them selfe in the Citie after that tydynges were brought thither. The .xxvi. Chapter.

WHan the Romayns vnderstode of this at Rome, all the cite was fylled with drede, ••••¦rowe, lamentacion and mourning. S••me bewalyng the worshyp of thempire as lost, by that shamefull composicion. And other vncustomed to suche busynesse of batayle and not kno∣wyng nor consideryng the variable mutabilite of chaū∣ces

of war fered the losse of their libertie, of their cite, and of al theyr empire. They al were wroth and vtterly displeased w^t Auius cause of this subiection and shame¦full composicion. But namely they which had ben good warriours in their dayes wer displeased with him most of al: whan they considred that he beyng armed and wel apointed to batail rather sought meanes to escape from deth by suche shameful and bond cōposicion than manly abyding the e••tremite of bataile to haue delyuered hym selfe and his cōpani: or els valyantly to haue died with honoure. But the consull Albinus, himselfe dreded sore for this thinge considring that for his brothers faute in tyme to come he shulde not auoyde the displeasure of the Senatours and commens of Rome. For as he con¦iectured all his brothers dedes shuld redounde to his dishonour and paryll, bycause he had lymitted hym in Numidy in his stede to be captayne of the army in his absence. Wherfore (these thyngs duely aduised) he went to the Senatours desyringe them to take counsell and aduisemēt whether they wold approbate and alowe the sayd cōposicion bytwene his brother Aulus & Jugurth or els not. But he knew ryght wel that the Senatours wolde not cōfirme the same. Wherfore (in meane tyme whyle they were counselling) he elect soudyours for supplemēt to fulffyl & parforme agayn the army which was in Affrike, and sore diminished. For many of them were slayne by Iugurth and his company. Wherfore Albinus raysed vp socours of suche as were nere to the costes of Rome, and frendes to thempire: as Latinians and Italians with other nacions. Of these he raysed as many as he myght, and assembled them togyder by all meanes which he could deuyse to fournishe and aug¦mente

his army. At conclusion the Senatours decreed in their counsell that no bonde of peace nor composicion might be confirmed without their consent & without the aduyse and commaundement of the commen people also as right and reason requyred. And thus was the sayd composicion of Aulus abrogate, as a thynge presumed without consent or commaundement of the Senatours or commens. But whan the consull Albinus had orday¦ned and prepared supplemēt of his army (as sayd is (he was prohybet and letted by the protectours of the com∣menty: In somuche that he was not suffred by them to conuey suche company as he had raised into Affrike, with hym as he intended to repayre and fornyshe the army whiche there remayned. Wherfore he spedde him∣selfe forth into Affrike disapoynted of his purpose with a smal company of men, of his owne retinue. The army of the Romayns whiche he before had commytted to Aulus his brother: accordyng to the apoyntment with Jugurth, was departed forth of Numidy. And to passe forth the wynter, taryed in a prouince of Affrike which was subiect to thempire of Rome. Whan Albinus the consull was arryued and come thyder: his mynd arden∣tly was kyndled with desyre to pursue Iugurth, and to remedy the yl wyll and displeasure which the commens at Rome had against Aulus his brother. Neuertheles whan he knewe the maners and yll behauour of the soudyours: of whome some were fled treyterously to Iugurth (as is sayd before) and some by sufferaunce of theyr captayne were infected and corrupted with ouer∣much pleasure, dissolute liberty, and voluptuous lyuing this consydring he concluded (as the case requyred) to do nothyng for a season: and to attempte no maistry but

to passe forth the wynter with his army without remo∣uynge or puttyng himselfe in ieopardy or paryll.

¶ In the meane season whyle Albinus and his army soiourned in the prouince of Affrike tyl the wynter wer ouerpassed. At Rome was one named Caius Manlius elect and lymitted protectoure of the commen people whiche anone after he was set in authorite: assembled the commens: and desyred and counsayled them that inquisicion might be made of all such whose supportaci∣on and counsel Jugurth had dyspised and set at nought the ordinaūces decreed of the Senatours. And against them whiche had restored agayne to Iugurth the ely∣phantes which Iugurth had delyuerd to Calphurnius at the first composicion and apoyntment whiche was made with him. And also agaynst them whiche had re∣ceyued any money or other rewarde of Iugurth whyle they were embassadours or captains of armies ageynst him: send forth by the Romayns. And finally the same inquisicion also was extended against all such as had made any pactions, apointmentes, or promises of peace or of warre with enemyes of thempire without general consent of the Senatours or commens.

¶Whan this inquire was moued, many of the Sena∣tours and noble men of Rome knewe them selfe culpa∣ble in the forsaide articles. And other some douted sore of peryls for to come because of the yll wyll and malice whiche the partye of the commens confederate had a∣gainste them. Wherfore syth the same noble men might not well resyste the examinacion of these artycles open∣lye, but of necessitye they muste agree thereto, eyther elles knoweledge them selfe (by theyr resystence) gyltie in the same: th••rfore they prepared impedimēt priuely

agaynst suche inquisicions by theyr frendes, but speci∣ally by the felowes of thempire which were confederate wyth the Romaynes, as Italyans and Latinians. The princes of these nacions and suche other like gaue counsell to the senatours whiche were not fauty in the premisses, and also to the commenty: that in such a trou¦blous, besy, and peryllous season no suche examinatiōs shulde be made nor procede forwarde to effect: for drede of many inconueniences whiche of the same myght rise bytwene the noble men and the cōmens. But (this not wythstandynge) it is a merueylous thynge and in ma∣ner incredible to speke of, how besy and diligent the cō∣mens were to haue the same inquisicion to procede, and to be brought to effect: and that rather for hatred which they had agaynst the noble men (against whom the said inquisicion was ordayned) than for any good wyll or fauour, whiche they had to the commen wele. So great pleasure & desire of variance was among thē. Wherfore while the remenant of the noble mē were sore troubled with fere and dred. Marcus Scaurus whiche was be∣fore sent into Affrike w^t Calphurnius (as I haue sayd) prouyded for hym selfe in craftye maner as I shall nowe declare. Whyle the commentie was merye and ioyeouse of thys examinacion, and manye of the com∣panye of Scaurus that knewe theim selfe faultye fled for feare. And the hole cytie was in muche dreede and Manlius obtayned his peticion and wyll of the com∣mentye. In so muche that anone were ordayned thre noble menne commissioners to examine the three arti∣cles before rehearsed and here insuynge, of whom the fyrste was of theim whyche counselled Jugurthe to dispise the decreis of the senatours and that toke money

or rewardes of hym. The second was of them that sold agayne to Iugurth the foresayde elyphantes and the Numidiens that leste Iugurth commynge on the Ro∣mayns sayde. And the thyrde examination was of them whiche had made any appointmente of peace or warre wyth the enemies of Rome as was Iugurth. But not withstanding that Calphurnius was culpable in the same asmoche as any other of the noble men. Neuerthe¦lesse he shyfted so for hymselfe that he was electe to be one of the examinours or commyssioners to make in∣quisicion of these thre pointes rehersed. The inquisicion proceded to effecte & was handled and put in execucion with moche violence and sharpely after the commen ru¦mour and pleasure of the commenty. Thus the people seynge theyr pleasure fulfylled, at tyme beganne to bee proud and stately therof in lykewyse as the estates had ben in foretyme of theyr power and lordshyp. But here wyll I make a small dygression for my purpose and tel wherof this variance and discorde bytwene the com¦mens & noble men first proceded.

¶Wherof the discord and takynge of partyes betwene the noble men and commens of Rome had fyrst begynnyng The .xxvii. Chapter.

THis maner of deuisyon of the commente from the estates of Rome: This discorde and takyng of parties bytwene them: and this inordinate custom of al other inconue¦nyences began among them but a fewe ye¦res before this tyme by meane of ouer muche reste and ydlenes: by superfluous habundance of richesse, voluptu¦osite, and of other worldely delectacions: which many counte and repute for most chiefe pleasures of this lyfe.

For before the dystruction of Carthage, the Senatours and commenty of Rome treated and gouerned the com∣men wele bytwene them peasably in loue and concorde. So that among the citezins was no stryfe nor debate, for laud, excellence, for diginte, nor for great dominion. The drede whiche they had of their enemis made them ware and kepte them in good maners causyng them to gouerne their citye with good and vertues institutes, without variance, without robbery, without oppression, without slaughter nor other lyke cruell tyrannies. But whan Carthage was ouercome anone was expulsed fere from theyr myndes: and voluptuosite, wantonnes, and pride (which ar greatly loued in welth and prospe∣ritye) anone entred their myndes: so that they desyred peace whan they had warre. But whan the warre was ended: and that they had peace and ydlenes after theyr owne desyre: theyr peace and rest was more sharp, more bytter, more intollerable, and more perillous to them than the war was before. For the estates bgan to tourn theyr dignite and worshyp, into immoderate affection of great lordshyppe and dominacion. And the commen people began to tourne theyr libertie into lust and plea∣sure. Euery man prouyded and drewe to hymselfe rob∣bynge and reauynge without measure, from the cōmen wele. Thus was the commentie abstract and deuyded from the lordes. So was the citye deuyded into .ii. par∣tes. And the cōmen weale which was in the myddes by¦twene them on euery side was pylled, robbed, and vtter¦ly wasted of them both: on both sides. But the power of the noble men and of theyr party was more mighty thā the power of the commens. For all the estates were all togyder assembled, conioyned, and vnyed. But the com∣mens

were dispersed and spred abroade into diuers pla¦ces and companies gettyng their liuynge with laboure of their handes and sweat of their bodyes. So euerye thinge was gouerned in peace and in warre at the plea¦sure and aduise of a fewe priuate noble men. The com∣men treasure, the prouinces, mastershyps, offices, try∣butes, worship, triumphes, & al other things longing to honour or auantage, wer only in the handes and posses¦sion of the same few noble men. But the symple cōmen people was weried and opressed with pouertye, bataile, and warfare. Euer in ieopardie, and neuer in auantage nor lucre. For the capitaynes with a fewe other noble men pulled suche prayes as were taken in batayle only to their singuler auantage and behofe. But in the mean season the parentes and smal children of the souldiours wer driuen from their dwelling places and possessions by the saide noble men, eche one of them by that lord vn¦to whom they dwelled nereste. And so the myghte and power of suche noble men conioyned with immoderate couetise assayled, defyled, wasted, and destroyed euerye thynge without good maner, without measure or mode¦racion: hauing no respect nor consideracion of any thing belonging to goodnes or vertue, tyl they had so farforth proceded that at conclusion they were destroyed and o∣uerthrowen by their owne obstinate pryde and tyranni. But at laste as soone as euer some of the estates were founde which remembring and considering them selfe: sette more by true and laudable glorye, than by vniuste power & dignitie. And wer moued in mind by cōpassion to shew merci, & pite against y^e cōmente & to socour their misery, thā began the citie to be troubled & moued gre∣uously for the courage of y^e cōmens was reuiued by sup¦portacion

of such noble men: by meanes wherof discord and deuysion began to ryse in the cite, as it were drye dust of the grounde raysed in a great and tempesteous wynde. For after that Tiberius Gracchus, and Caius Gracchus (whose progenitours much encreased the cō¦men weale in many batayls, but namely in the batayle of Carthage) began to restore the commētie into theyr olde libertie, and to detect the cruel mysdedes of the few iniurious estates. Than al the lordes cōfederate: and af¦ter maner chafede with yre assembled theyr felowes, as Latynians and some knyghtes of Rome, which in hope of promocion left the commens party and helde with the nobel men. All these with suche as were to them lenyng of other nacions began to withstand the accuse∣mentes of y^e cōmenty: and first of al they slew Tiberius Graccus: And after that within a fewe yeres the slewe the other brother named Caius Graccus, while he was protector of y^e cōmenty, bicause that he according to law & right deuided among y^e pore cōmente such landes as they had won in batayle of theyr ennemies. And at the same season the estates put to deth also a lorde named Marcus Flaccus, bycause he defended the commens liberte agaynst theyr extorcion. But touchyng the two bretherin Tiberius, and Caius Graccus: sothly their myndes were greatly immoderate and vnmeasurable in theyr desyre to ouercome thestates. Neuerthelesse it had be muche better to thestates to haue suffred them in theyr ryghtwyse tytell, and somewhat to haue inclyned to theyr myndes than to haue ouercome them so iniuri∣ously, how best that they were ouer hasty and busy. But whā thestates had the victory of them after their desyre and pleasure than put they to death the commenty with

out nombre, and many they exiled and droue out of the cite. In somuch that from thens forth they rather encre¦sed theyr crueltie and feare to the commens, than their owne honoure or power. By which meanes many wor∣thy cityes haue often tymes ben dystroyed whyle the estates and commens contend the one, to ouercome the other, by one meane or other. And whyle the party vyc∣toure wyll punyshe ouer greuously that party which is ouercome. But if I wolde prepare to write of the besi¦nes and dedes of both the parties seriatly and distinctly And yf I shuld touch al the maners of the cite acording to the gretnesse of the mater and as it requyrth: sothely the tyme shuld fayle me rather thā the mater. Wherfore I will omyt this superfluous and infinite besynes, and retourne to my first mater and purpose touchyng this cronycle of this tyranne Iugurth.

¶Howe Metellus was create consull and sende by the Romayns to war agaynst Iugurth, and of the wyse and discrete behaueour of the same Me∣tellus. The .xxviii. Chapter.

AFter the truce and composicion of Aulus before sayde made with Iugurth, and the foule and shameful flyght of the Romayne army: Quintus Metellus, and Marcus Sillanus, wer create & proclaimed cōsuls of Rome, whiche acordyng to the olde custome parted and deuided the prouinces belonging to Rome betwene them both. The countrey of Numidi fell and happened to Metellus. This Metellus was a fierse man and a noble and a worthy warriour. And how be it he fauo∣red the party of the noble men and, was contrary to the party of the commens: neuertheles he was of fame vn∣defyled

and vnuiolat & coūted of good name indifferēly on bothe parties. Assone as euer this Metellus entred in his office and dignite, he thought that euery thynge apartayning to his rowme and charge belōged aswell to his partynge felowe as to himselfe, saue the war of Numidy: whiche onely belonged to himselfe and to his particuler charge: Wherfore he commytted all other charges to Sillanus, and onely sette his mind to make prouysion for the war agaynst Iugurth. But bycause he mistrusted the olde army whiche was in Numidy with Albinus and Aulus, and had no confydence in the myndes of these soudyours corrupted with ydelnes and many other vices: therfore he elected & assembled newe soudyours. And of al such as were felowes and frendes confederate to the Romayns, he called for helpe and so∣cours. He prepared & made redy armoure, wepyn, horse harnes, and all other ordynaunce expediēt to warfare. And also he ordained abundance of vytayls. And short∣ly to speke all thynge he ordayned which ar wont to be necessary and profitable to the variable chaunces and incertayne accidentes, and ieopardies of warre which requyreth reparacion of many thinges and chargeable. But suche as were felowes of the empire of Rome at instaunce and request of the Senatours: and by theyr authorite and by the Latinians many other strange kinges of their own frewil sent socours to Metellus to auaunce him in his enterpryse: And shortly to speke the hole citie laboured with all theyr might to socoure and ayde Metellus in his besines. Thus at last whā euery thynge was prouided & sette in order after his pleasure and intent: than toke he his iournay in Numidi••, with great hope of all the citezins of Rome that for his good

maners: and specially for that his minde was vnouer∣come with ryches or couetise that he shulde do more ho¦nour to the empire then his predecessors had in the war of Numidie. For before his departing the welth of Nu¦midie (by couetyse of the officers of Roome) was aug∣mented: but the welth of the Romaines wasted and di∣minyshed. Whan Metellus was come to Affrike, the army was deliuered to hym by Albinus: which armye was vncraftie, sluggishe and feble, neyther able to en∣dure peryl nor labour: of tonge more readye, fierce and hardy, then of hande: which was wont to pyll from fe∣lowes and frindes of the empire. But it self indured by cowardise to be robbed and spoyled of ennemies of the empire, as a laweles and disordred company of men vn¦gouerned and without authoritie or maners. Wherfore Metellus the newe capitaine had muche more thought and busynes, for such corrupt and vicious maners of a companye so farre oute of order, than he hadde helpe or good hope of conforte in the multitude of them. Thus howe be it he sawe the tyme of eleccion of newe consuls drawe nere, and also though he vnderstode that the Ro¦maynes dayely looked after some ende of the warre. These causes not withstanding yet he concluded, not to begyn warre, tyll he had exercised and vsed the souldy∣ours with busines and labour after the instruccion and custume of olde captaines vsed before his tyme. For why, Albinus was so astonyed wyth the aduersitie and myschaunce of hys brother Aulus, and for the murther of his host: y^t after he purposed not to departe out of the Romains prouince which was in Affrike he kept y^e soul¦diors alway idle in their tentes as long as somer lasted

and as long as he was in authoritie, in so muche that they chaunged no place except the corrupt sauour of the place, or els necessitie of vytaile constrained them to re∣moue. Nor according to the custome and maner of war¦riours among them was no watche: but euerye manne came and went at his owne plesure, and absented them selfe from their standerds whan it lyked them. The sco¦lions and pages wandred daye and nyghte mingled a∣monge the horsemen and chief of the soldiours without any order. And many other as rouers dispersed abrode destroyed the countrey, fyghtyng against the small vil∣lages and not against cities nor townes. They caried a waye from the said vyllages praies of catell, and led a∣way with them also the inhabitantes as prisoners with other praies, striuing together who myght haue moste and than after chaunged the sayde robries with mar∣chants for delicious and stronge wynes caried from o∣ther straunge cuntreis, where better wyne grewe than in that cuntrey, and for other suche delicious thynges. They solde away the whete and other vitayles whiche was deliuerd of their captaines among them in commē and dayly they bought theire bread. And finally what so euer shame or rebuke longyng to couetise or lechery could eyther be saide, done, or imagined of any man, all was vsed in that hoste. And amonge some, more shame¦full dedes than ought to be named. But Metellus be∣haued him selfe as a mighty and wyse man, not lesse in this difficultie and hardnes, than if it had bene in a ba∣taile foughten agaynst his enemies, as he which in the middes of so great couetise, voluptuositie, and crueltye, was singulerly induced with temperance: and he vsed meruelouse good maner in coartyng the same faultes.

Wherfore at the fyrst beginning he withdrewe & auoy∣ded from the army at his cōmaundemēt and ordinance the occasions which stired the soudiours to such slouth, cowardise, and voluptuositie. For he commaunded vn∣der great paine that no person shuld be so hardye to sell among the souldiours nother bread nor other vitaile al redy dressed saue the common prouision: that the pages, waterlaggers & scolions shuld not come nere the army nor folowe the same. That none of the commen & sym∣ple souldiors shuld kepe or maintaine seruant nor beast in their tentes nor vyage, while they moued fro place to place. These inconueniences firste of all he redressed & reformed. After these amended, al other fautes he mesu¦red bi his wisedome, craft, and pollicie: reforming them by litle and litle. This done (to haue his souldiors occu¦pied) he moued daylye from place to place: and that not in waies commen & vsed, but by hard and vnoccupyed waies. He caused them dayly to cast dyches & trenches about the armie, to the intente that they shuld not waxe slouthful nor vicious, by ouermuch reste and ydlenesse. He ordeined ouermuche watch among thē euery night, and he hym selfe accompanied with his vndercaptains and head officers often serched if the watches were tru¦ly kept cōpassing about the army on euery side. While they remoued & chaunged places, sometyme he was in the forward and among the firste, sometime in the rere¦ward or hinder part, and anone in the middes, ouerse∣yng their order to the intente that none shuld passe oute of order, aray & place to them assigned. But kepe thicke together euery man and company about their owne stā¦dards: and also he ordeined that among them selfe they shuld conuey & carye their owne vitailes and armoure.

And thus in shorte tyme he confirmed and sette the ar∣mye in good order rather wyth faire wordes, or rebu∣kinge and blaminge theire faultes, and prohibitinge their disordre: than in chastisinge or punyshynge their offences with rigour or crueltye.

¶Of the behaueour of Iugurth against Metellus, and howe he send em¦bassadours to Metellus requiryng vnfaynedly to yelde vp the kyngedom of Numidy to the empyre of Rome: and how Metellus behaued hymselfe agaynst the same embassadours. The .xxix. Chapter.

IN the meane season whan Iugurthe vn∣derstode by messangers and espyes of this behauour of Metellus: and also whan he remembred that which was infourmed to him at Rome of the integrite and vndefiled name of Metellus, whiche wolde not be corrupte with money nor accloyed with brybes lyke other before: he began to mystruste his matters and to haue lesse con∣fydence in his cause, thā euer he had before. In somuch that thā he began to labour to yelde himself vnfaynedly and to make a trewe composytion with Metellus and the Romains without any fiction, gyle, or disceyt. Wher¦fore he sende embassadours with supplicacions and peti¦cions, requyring humbly of Metellus to graunt to him his owne lyfe: & the lyfe of his chyldren onely: and con∣cernyng al other thing he wold yelde thē into y^e handes of the Romayns. But Metellus knewe well ynough long before this tyme by often experience that the Nu∣midians of natural disposiciō wer vnfaythful, mouable and vnstable of minde: newfangled and much desirous of newe besynesse and nouelties. Wherfore he began with the emassadours of Iugurth, tasting and prouing the mynde of eche of them, by lytel & lytel, and separatly

one by one. And whan he knewe that they somwhat inclyned to his purpose: he then promised to them great gyftes and promocions so that they woulde doo some pleasure for hym, and for the Senatours and people of Rome. Than at laste he counselled and desired them to deliuer Iugurthe to hym a lyue, speciallye if it myghte be broughte a boute: And if they coulde not so, then to delyuer hym eyther quicke or deade. But when he had made this apointment secretly with the ambassadours deuided in sonder one by one, than openlye that euerye man myght here, he shewed to them all together as his pleasure was that they shoulde certifie theyr kinge Iu∣gurth concernynge theyr ambassade.

¶After this within fewe dayes when he sawe his host moste ready, and contrary to Iugurth he remoued his tentes, and so addressed hym with his armye readye in araye, and wente forwarde into Numidye, where con∣trarye to any similitude of warre the vyllages and co∣tages were full of menne, the fieldes ful of beastes and tyllmen, and euerye where as muche plentye of people yonge and olde, namelye rude people and tyllers of the grounde, whyche hadde styll fledde before the armye in fore tyme for feare: but at laste when they sawe no de∣fence nor socoure, the kynges liefetenauntes and all o∣ther lefte theyr townes, villages, and lodges, and went foorthe to meete Metellus wyth all humilitie, honour, and seruice submittynge them selfe to hym, and readye to gyue to him wheat and other corne such as they had. And to cary vitailes after his hooste to ease the souldy∣ours to do and parfourme all other thynges what euer they were cōmaunded. But for all this, Metellus was not lesse diligent nor circumspect in ordering of his host

but proceded forward togyder with his army in aray redy in armour, & defended as if theyr enemies had ben nere at hand serchyng the cuntrey abrode on euery syde by his espyes doutynge treason and thynking that all these tokens of subiection were but for a face or cloke to couer the treason and gile of Iugurth. And so by suche dysceyt to wayt a tyme to execute his treason. Wherfore Metellus thus mysdemynge kept himselfe in the for∣warde of the hoost with an elect and chosen company of archers, slyngers, and other lyke soudyours apoynted in lyght harnes. His vnder captayne Caius Marius had rule and charge of the rereward among the horsmē and on bothe the wynges of his hoost he ordayned hors¦men and other soudyours for supplement, subsidy, and socours of the forwarde yf nede shulde requyre, and among them to expell their ennemies on what syde so euer they shuld come, wer mengled bowmen and other lyght harnenised fotemen w^t dartes, pikes, and iauelins to trouble the horsmē of theyr enemies. For in Iugurth was so muche gile so great experience and knowledge of the countrey, and also so great practyse of chyualrie: that a man coude not well know whether he were more to be douted or more greuous in peace or in ware or whyle he was absent or present.

¶ Not farre from that way whiche Metellus helde with his army was a towne of the Numidians muche acustomed and frequented of marchantes of Italy and other strange cuntreis: and the princypal market towne of al the kingdom of Numidi. This towne was named Vacca, Metellus drewe him and his army thyder, and set garnyson into the same towne. This dyd he to proue the inhabytantes: for if they had kept forth the garnison

than shulde they euydently haue declared themselfe en∣nemies of the Romayns. And also he ledde a garnyson thyder to thintent to haue taken the towne by force of armes, yf the inhabytauntes wolde not haue admytted the same garnyson. Also he commaunded vytayls, and all other thinges necessary or expedyent to warre for to be brought thyder thinkinge (as the case required) that the concours of marchantes resortyng thyther, and his good prouision of vytayls shulde be great defence and conseruacyon for him & his army bothe in warre and in peace. But whan the citezins sawe such purneyance as he made of vitels considring that he shulde not hurt nor disprouyde thē whyle he had vttail ynough of his owne prouyson: anon they opened the gates and suffred hym to entre withall his garnyson and retynue. But in the mean tyme Iugurth agayne sende his embassadours to Metellus more diligentlie and instantly than he had done before, mekely beseching & requyring him of peace And yeldynge to him euerye thinge, onely reserued his owne lyfe: and the lyfe of his chyldren. Metellus sende these embassadours home againe attysed to the prody∣ciō of their master Iugurth as he had done to the other embassadours which were sent before. But concernyng the peace which they desyred in their maisters name: neyther he graunted nor vtterly denyed it. And in this prolongyng of tyme he loked alway after parfourming of the promesse of the other embassadours, which before had graunted to the betrayeng of Iugurth. But whan Iugurth consydred and pondered togyder the wordes and dedes of Metellus, & whan he parceyued in mynde himselfe assayled with his owne craftes of subtylte: and that Metellus vsed suche craftes againste him, as he

himselfe had vsed agaynst other: than was his mynde greued most of all. For Metellus fayned peace, but in very dede he shewed sharpe warre. Iugurth thus con∣sidred also: that his greattest towne named Vacca, was alienate and lost from him: his ennemies by longe con∣tinuaunce and exercise knew the coostes of his countrey of Numidy. The myndes of his lordes and commens were prouoked and moued agaynst him. Whan he aduy¦sed these dyfficulties with other mo contray to hym he concluded and fullye determined at laste to resyste and withstand Metellus in batayl, with strength and force of armes and no farther to meke nor submitte himselfe by peticion.

¶Howe Iugurth prepared and addressed hym selfe to warre, and what or∣dinaunce and pollicye he vsed agaynste the newe consull Metel••us. The .xxx. Chapter.

WHerfore Iugurth thus determyninge to assaile Metellus caused his wayes to be es¦pyed, hauyng hope of victorie by auaunce∣ment and auauntage of some place: where he intended of the place and countrey: and anone prepared the greattest army that he coude of all sortes of people. This done, he dyd so much that by hils narowe passages and bypathes he preuented and ouer∣passed the hoost of Metellus.

¶ In that parte of Numidi whiche before in deuision of the kingdom was assigned in possessyon to Adherbal was a flodde named Muthull, rennyng from the meri∣dyonall parte of the countrey. A certaine hyll and longe was nere to this water, so that at any place the hil was about .xx. myle from the streme and of equall dystance

in length. The grounde of this hil was of suche nature that euer it was barayne, wherfore it was not apte to mennes habitacion but deserte. Aboute the myddes and pendant of it was an other hil smaller of quantite: but of an vnmesurable height couered and all ouergrowne with wyld olyue trees, with myr trees, and other sortes of trees wont to grow naturally on dry & sandy groūd. The playne bytwene the hils and the water was desert and vnhabitable for lacke of water: saue such places of the playne as were nere to the flodde of Muthul which parte was growen with smal trees, and occupyed with men and beastes. Iugurth came to the saide small hyll whych descended from the pendante of the greater hyll ouerthwarte the valey. And there toke place wyth hys armye not together, but dispersed abrode amonge the trees by companies and bendes: he made his frind Bo¦milchar capitaine and gouernoure of his olyphantes, and of part of his army of fotemen, and informed hym parfitely howe he shuld behaue hym selfe, and gouerne them whome he hadde committed to hym bothe before the batayle, and also in the batayle whan it came to the poynte. But he hym selfe drewe nerer to the greate hyll wyth all the horsemen and many of the footemen whi∣che were electe and chosen menne, and set them in order and in aray with much policie & wisedome. This done he hym selfe w••nt about & compassed euerye companie, cohort, and bende singulerly, and one by one warninge & requiring thē to call to their mindes their olde stren∣gth, nobles and victorie: and therby to defend themselfe and their cuntrey of Numidy from the immoderate co¦uetyse of the Romayns, which were not content nor sa∣tisfied with the possession of the most part of the world:

sayinge fathermore that they shuld fight but with suche as they before had ouercome and subdued. And how be it they had chaunged theyr capytayne: the cowardise of their hertes was not chaunged: Also he rehersed and declared to them that he had made all prouision for thē whiche a captayne might or ought to make for his ar∣my. He declared howe he had taken for them the vpper place: that they were crafty in batayle and many in nom¦bre: and shulde fyght with a fewe vncrafty cowardes. Wherfore he desyred & exhorted them whan tyme shuld come that than they wolde be redy to assayle the Ro∣mayns manly at sounde of the trumpettes, for that one same day sayd he shuld other establishe al theyr labours victories, and besynesses: or els it shulde be the heed and beginning of their most great mischief, and distruccion. Moreouer through out all his army he put them in re∣mēbrance man by man of the benefytes which he had done to them before for their manly dedes of chyualry: as suche as for their worthynes he had rewarded with dignite, money offices, or other worshyp: & shewed suche vnto other comen soudyours sayenge that if they wolde so demeane themselfe manly: so shuld they be promoted and auanced to worshyp & ryches. And thus he confor∣ted thē all euery man after his maners and condicions, some with gyftes, some with promesse, some with thret¦nynges, and other lyke ways accordynge to the disposi∣cion of their mindes and nature.

¶ Whyle Iugurth thus exhorted his soudyours Me∣tellus nought knowyng of his ennemies apered with his company dyscēdyng downe the pendant of the great hyl which at first seyng but fewe men much marueyled what it might signifie, for he suspected nothyng lesse

than bataile, but in beholding more intentifely toward the top of the small hyl afore hym, he espyed among the yonge trees both horses and men which were not fully hyd, because of the lowenes of the trees: yet was he in∣certeine what it might be. For what by secretnes of the place, and what by gyle of Iugurth, theire baners and the most parte of the souldiours were obscured and hyd¦lyinge downe vpon the ground. But anone after when he perceiued this gyle and treason: by litle and lytle, he set his army in araye proceding forward styl as he dyd before, fayninge hym selfe ignorant of the treason. But he chaunged the order of his souldiours, & on the right winge which was next to the Numidiens his enemies, he ordeyned as it were a forward enforced with a thre∣fold subsidie or socour, that is to saye with thre bendes of proued souldiours to rescue & help them whan nede shulde be. The archers, such as with slynges shuld cast against their enemies plūmets of lead and yron, and al other which were of lyght harnes: all these he deuided amomge the standerdes of other souldiours as the case required: where as after the right ordinaunce of batail, such souldiours by them selfe deuided shulde begin the batayle: but in this bataile the situacion of the place not so required. All the hole cōpany of his horsemen he or∣dered in the extremities and corners of the fore front of the batayle. This done as the breuitie of the tyme suffe¦red, he made a shorte exhortacion vnto his souldiours, and so proceded forth with his hoost set in a raye in ma¦ner beforesaid. But because Iugurth was on the small hyll before hym, and by that meane on the hyer ground he thoughte to remedye that incommoditie, and ledde forth his hooste on the side halfe, not toward Iugurth,

but alonge on the hill to warde the flodde Muthul, into y^e playne which was betwene the hyll and the flod. But whan he sawe the Numidiens quyet and that they de∣parted not from the hyll whiche they had taken, he con∣sidred the hete and feruentnes of the somer season. And lest his army might perishe for lacke or scarcite of wa∣ter: he sent before one of his capitayns named Rutilius with a cōpany of lyght harnessed souldyours & parte of his horsmen vnto the flodde named Muthul for to take vp a place wherin they might set their tentes in tyme of nede: thinking that his ennemies wyllyng to continue longe in that place by often assautes and scyrmishes shuld disturbe the Romayns whyle they resorted to the water. And for asmuche as the Numidiens trusted not much in their strength and armoure. He thought that they purposed and intended to trouble his soldyours with werynes and thirst. Whan Rutilius was gone to¦warde the water, Metellus descended procedyng forth withal by lytel and lytel as the mater and place requy∣red: he commaunded one named Marius, with his com¦pany to kepe in the rerewarde. But Metellus himselfe with the horsemen kept him in the lyfte wyng of the forward of the batayle, which alway remoued forward first of all his army.

¶Of the fyrst batayle foughten betwene Metellus and Iugurth. The .xxxi. Chapyter.

BVT whan Iugurthe sawe that the rere∣warde of Metellus was passed his fore∣ward: he beset the hyl from which Metel∣lus discended with two thousand fotemen by which garnisō if Metellus wold again

take socour of the same hyll, he shuld be prohibyted and dryuen bacwarde agayne into the handes of Iugurth. This done: sodenly he dyd the trumpetes to be blowne and anone withall, inuaded and set vpon the company of Metellus on euery syde. The Numidyens assayled and bete downe the Romayns, some on the rerewarde and other some dyd their deuoyre to breke the aray on both sydes: both on the ryght and lyft wyng, withall their myght assaylyng the Romanys, and auauncing them selfe on euery syde to breake their araye and ordi∣naunce: & after theyr power to trouble, disturb, & deuide them. The Romayns whyche were moste stable and bolde of mynde in metynge their enemies were abused and deceyued wyth the vncertaine bataile. For their or∣dinaunce and araye was set and strengthed only but on one syde. But their ennemies assayled them on euerye syde: so that somtyme they were striken and wounded of their ennemies from farre of, but by no meanes coulde they strike their enemies againe, nor ioyne wyth them. For Iugurth had taught his Numidiās on horseback before the bataile, that whan they shuld begyn to assaile the Romains: they shuld not kepe thē selfe together, nor nere, but as much dispersed as they coulde, & in diuers places: one company here, and an other ther. And wher the souldiors of Iugurth could not auoyd nor repel the Romains whiche assayled thē, because they were mo in nombre: therfore they cōpassed and trapped thē behinde or on the sides beaten of & disioyned from their compa∣nie. And wher it fortuned any of thē to flee, the Numy∣dians had more auantage then y^e Romains. For where they fled into the fieldes, they assailed the Romains on the backe halfe or els on both sides in diuers cōpanies.

But where they sawe it was more auayle and expediēt to fle agayne to the hyl where they set first their ordy∣naunce. They had also auantage therby for their horses wer acustomed to mountaynes and combred wayes, wherfore they mounted with lesse difficultie, but in con¦trary wise the Romayns for the sharpnes of the hylles and lacke of vse could not folowe them in their assēding without much difficulte, payne, and paryll. But not withstandyng that Iugurth and his men had the most auantage of the countrey and grounde, yet the batayle on both sides was variable, vngoodly, vncertein & mise¦rable to behold: for the best men sonest were slayne & in most ieopardy. For the corage & valyant mindes & bold hertes of the Romains: was worth w^t the gyle & treson of y^e Iugurthyns: & so on both sydes he which was bol¦dest & most auaunced himselfe was sonest ouerthrowen Some which were deuyded from their owne company and in hande of their ennemies, gaue place to them and yelded themselfe. And agayne some folowed and chased their ennemies fleyng: where they myght make their party good: there resysted eyther partie manly. None of bothe parties kept vnder their standerdes: nor folowed not the order of batayle: nor kept none order nor array, but euery man resysted & defended hymselfe ther where most ieopardy & paril was laied to him: and endeuored himselfe to withstande vyolence of his ennemis with hye valyantise. And so the armour defensyfe, dartes, mē horse, Romayns, Numidians, soudyours, and pages were all confounded and mengled together: withoute order or ordinaunce obserued. Nothyng was done with dyscression of the soudyours nor with counsell of the captayns: vnauysed fortune and chaunce gouerned all

the bysynesse of that day: so vnstable was the batayle. All was committed to rule of fortune, and thus passed forth muche, of the day in great murder and slaughter yet styl was the end of the batayle vncertayne and none knewe whyther partye shulde haue the victorye. At last bothe parties with labour and heat began to languyshe and become wery. Metellus vnderstandynge that the Numidians lesse resysted in fyghtyng than they dyd be∣fore assembled and gathered togyder agayne his soul∣dyours by lytell and lytell, and without tary restored the aray and set them agayne in order. And .iiii. cohorts taken forthe of the legyons he set agaynste the fotemen of his ennemies. But before Metellus had thus assem∣bled his company: a great parte of them oppressed with woundes and werynesse, withdrew themselfe to the hyl before named and to the hyer places from the batayle ther to refreshe and rest themself. But whan Metellus (as sayd is) had reasembled them againe: he began in fewe wordes to pray and exhort them in such maner.

¶ O worthy and trusty souldyours and companyons dyscourage not your selfe in this batayle, nor lette not your olde noblenesse nowe fayle you? suffre not your ennemies wont to put their trust in flyght, now to ouer come you by your ferefull myndes. Remēbre well: if ye be disposed cowardly to flee: ye haue no tentes, no cities no townes, no castels, nor no maner places of defence: wherto ye may ren for refuge and saue your selfe: your helth, your hope, and defence is onely in your armoure and strength: and specially in your bold hert. Wherfore dere frendes remembre your olde worshyp. and suffre not the hole empire of Rome to suffre disworshyp by your temerous and cowarde myndes. Remembre it

worthyer to dye in batayl lyke men than to fle, and than to be taken and murdred lyke bestes, or to dye in prison. With these wordes and such lyke Metellus recōforted the hertes of his soudyours. But in meane tyme Iu∣gurth for his part was not ydle, quiet nor lesse prouidēt but compassed and went about his men conforting and exhortyng thē also and praysng their dedes. He renued the batayle also for his part: and among the myddes of elect soudyours he fought and proued thextremite of euery thynge: & assaid al meanes wherby any auantage might be wonne conforting and socouringe men with wordes, dedes, and exāple. He boldly fought and assai∣led suche of the Romayns as were in fear of dout: and suche as he knew and proued bolde and stedfast, he kept them of with arowes, iauelyns, and dartes that they coude not approche to their felowes to auaunce them nor to be socoured of thē. Thus two worthy men noble & excellēt captains fought & cōtended togeder bytwene themselfe. They themselfe lyke in strength, courage, wysdome, and policy: but of things longing to chiualry vnlike of prouision. For Metellus had strength of soudiours sufficiently: but the auantage of the countrey and place was muche contrary to him. But Iugurth had euery thing necessary & expedient, saue company of men of armes whiche he wanted.

¶ At last the Romayns whā they vnderstode that ther was no sure place wherto they might fle: and also that they coude finde no meanes to fight with their enemies indifferently hande to hande. And that the night was come vpon them: at laste they ascended vpon the toppe of an hill which was ouer against them like as Metel∣lus their captayne commaunded them to do. For the

Numidians had lost that place and were fled and spred abrode dispersed, but fewe of them were slayne: for they were swyfte, and the countrey was not well knowen to the Romaines to pursue thē: wherby many of the Nu∣midians were defended: and so by flyght escaped. But Iugurth with his horsemen of gard for his body: fled also from the batayle whan he had longe foughten and sawe none auaile nor auauntage.

¶Howe Bomylchar vnder captayne of Iugurth and hys companye were discomfyted by Rutilius vnder captayne of Metellus. The .xxxii. Chapter.

IN the meane season Bomylchar, whome Iugurth hadde made maister of hys Oli∣phantes, and of a parte of hys foote menne (as I haue wrytten before) assoone as he sawe that Rutilius (whyche Metellus had sente vnto the flodde of Muthull to prouyde a place for theyre tentes) was ouerpassed hys companye, by lytle and lytle he conuayed and ledde downe hys companye into a playne. And while this Rutilius hasted hym to∣warde the flodde as he was commaunded of Metel∣lus. Bomylchar set hys companye in order and araye styll and quyetlye as the matter and case requyred. And in the meane time he forgatte not to searche by es∣pyes what Metellus dydde, and what waye Rutilius toke toward the sayd flodde, and in what maner he be∣haued hym selfe and guided hys armye. Wherfore after he vnderstode by his epyes that Rutilius with his cō∣pany had takē their place by the said flod wher he wold abide, & was voide of busines, quiet & douting no peril. And on the other syde when he vnderstode y^t the crye of the bataile betwene Iugurth and Metellus encresed,

he feared lest Rutilius (if he vnderstode therof) wolde leue his place by the flodde: and retourne to the batayle to socour his felowes which were in ieopardy. In this consideracion Bomilchar: where as before he had orde∣red his army nere togyder by craft and that bycause he mystrusted the courage of his men: and in their boldnes had no great confidence. Therfore nowe agayne he deuyded them abrode muche larger than they were be∣fore: and so proceded towarde the tentes of Rutilius to thintent to lette hym and his company on euery syde, if they prepared towarde rescous of Metellus. Rutilyus and his company suspectynge no peryll sodaynlie of vnware aduysed great vyolence of smoke and duste styred vp & raysed by mouyng of the ground: but what it mighte be they coulde not parceiue by any meane by¦cause of the thicknesse of yonge trees that grewe on all the ground bytwen them which letted their sight. First of al they thought it had proceded of drines of grounde by mouyng of the winde. But afterwarde whan they sawe the same smoke and dust continue styll after one maner: & that the same approched alwaye nerer & nerer likewise as the company of their ennemies moued and drewe toward them. Than they parceyued and knewe the mater as it was: and in al hast euery man toke to him his harnesse: and stode redy before the defence of their tentes as their captaine Rutilius had ordred and commaunded them euery man redy at defence and in aray. After whan their enemies approched nerer with an horryble noise and cry, they ranne togidre on bothe parties. The Numidiens did but onely continue the skirmishe abidinge and loking after their eliphantes in helpe of whom was al their trust. But whan they sawe

that their eliphantes wer stopped and lette with thycke¦nesse of the bowes of the trees: and so taried and kept from their socours by the compassing of the Romayns so that in them was no trust of socours. Than all they toke them to flight with all their power. But many of them (leuing their armour behinde them) escaped with out wounde by helpe of the hylls which were about the place: which they coude better and quicklier ascend than the Romains. And also by socour of the darknes of the night (which than was at hande) many of them escaped hole and sounde and saued themselfe. Foure of the ely∣phantes were taken and all the remenaunt (fourty in nombre) were slain. Whan this was done: the company of Rutilius, notwithstandinge that they were fatigate and weried with great iourneis before, and also with muche labour in ordering of their tentes: and with the sayd bataile or skyrmyshe: neuertheles whan they sawe that Metellus their chiefe captaine taried longer than they thought he wolde haue done, if all thyng had hap∣pened well wyth hym, they ordred them selfe redy & dy∣lygently went backeward againe to mete hym. For the falsehode and gyle of Iugurth and of the Numidians caused them to be busye, diligent, and circumspect in eue¦rie thyng for sauegard of their lyues, and suffered them to do nothing slowely nor with delaying. But whē they were in their iourney in y^e darkenes of the night the cō∣panies on bothe parties were not far in sunder the one from the other: & bothe parties approched together not knowing eche other as if they had ben ennemies. The one against the other makyng noyse and clamour eche one increasing feare to other as warriours are wont to do at beginning of batail. In somuch y^t a miserable de∣struction

and murdre had almost ben cōmitted bytwen them by their imprudent negligence, if the espyes and horsmen which were sent bytwene them on bothe sydes had not with more diligēce & wyselyer espied the treuth of the mater. But whan the parties knewe eche other, their sadnes and feare tourned to great ioye and glad∣nesse. The souldyours ioifully anone met together one saluting and welcoming other. One shewed to other their actes done on bothe parties: and ioyous they were to here on both sides euery mā cōmending and exalting their own dedes, and also the dedes of other vnto heuen with mirthe and gladnesse. And that aswell suche as were worthy men as vnworthy cowardis ascribed to themselfe worthynesse. And certes in suche businesse it often happeneth, that on that side whiche hath victorie: such as be but cowards, rude and vncrafty, exalteth thē enioyeth, and may bost themself on other mennes dedes and worthynesse. But in cōtrary wyse on that partie whiche is ouercom though many be good warryours, noble and worthy men: yet ar they reputed for cowards without policye, bycause of other mens cowardyse and aduersite of fortune. Thus farethe it in skirmisshes of bataile. But whan Metellus and Rutilius (as I haue said before) wer met together & rehersed their actes one to other Metellus hasted him with all his army to the flodde of Muthull, and taried in the places and tentes which Rutilius had prepared and soiourned there the space of foure daies. In this season he was besy in refreshing and healing his souldyours whiche were wounded, suche as manly had behaued themselfe in the bataile he worthely rewarded them, he called them togyder al into one cōpany & greatly lauded and com∣mended

them: thanking and much praysing thē for the great diligēce, paine, and labours: which they had taken in defence of the honoure & dignite of their empire with suche wordes.

¶ O worthy soudyours ye se nowe that, the hardest of our labour is ouerpassed by your boldnes and manhod wherfore I exhort you: be ye of lyke courage in the resi∣due of our besinesse, whiche shalbe but light and easy in cōparison of this which is ouerpassed. The beginning and first brunt of euery besinesse is hardest. Which shall be but light vnto bolde and circūspect beginners and cōstant folowers of their eneterprises. But this begin∣nyng ye haue manly ouercome by constant labour as a thinge most easy. Inough haue we foughtē alredy for y^e glorie of victory: for that haue we optayned in the firste conflicte. If we labour or fight any more it shalbe but onely for prayes and robberies of our enemies wherby we shalbe enryched in substance: like as we nowe be inhaunced with glorie of victory. Wherfore my dere fe∣lowes and mooste constaunte friendes of the commen welth, nowe I exhorte you for complement of all your honorable fame, to remembre your old accostomed wor¦thynes: and suffer not thys excellente honour and glory whiche ye haue now optayned by boldenes: to be quen∣ched and decaye againe by ignominious cowardyse.

¶With such wordes & many other like Metellus recō¦forted his cōpaynie, and maruelousely kindled their co∣rage to the desire of honour by valiant feates of armes But in the meane season the knowen gyle of Iugurthe went not frō his mynd: & therfore to exclude al danger of tresō, he fente certaine of y^e Numidiās, which betray¦ing Iugurth had forsaken him & fled to the Romains:

and also wyth them he sente forthe diuerse other of hys owne companie whiche were expert of the cuntrey, and oportune to suche businesse to serche and espie amonge what people or in what place Iugurth helde hym selfe: and wherein he was occupyed. Whether he kepte hym with a smal company, or whether he hadde an army re∣assembled for a newe batayle, and how he behaued him selfe, and where about he went sythe he was ouercome. But Iugurth had conuaied him selfe into suche places as were ful of dyches, valeis, hylles, trees, bushes, and dales defended of nature. And there had he assembled a¦gayne a newe armie of men mo in numbre than he had before. But they were but vncrafty, inexpert, and dul to bataile: and could better tyll the ground and kepe bea∣stes, then exercise the dedes of chiualrie. For therto had they neuer ben vsed before: but in the other seruyle oc∣cupacions and businesses had they ben occupied al their lyfe tyme without intermixtion of other occupacion. It fortuned that Iugurth had non other souldiors but suche rurall people aboute hym at thys tyme, namelye for this cause. For whan he fled from the bataile fough¦ten before with Metellus, none of all his souldiors fo∣lowed hym, except the horsemen of his gard. For al the other souldiors departed where it lyked them best. Nor this is not counted nor reputed for any fault or rebuke among the Numidian souldiours. For suche is the co∣stume of the cuntrey: whan the captaine fleeth, the hoste forsaketh hym.

¶What waste and destruccion Metellus made in the lande of Numidye after this fyrst batayle and flyght of Iugurth: and of the gyle of Iugurth agaynste Metellus. The .xxvi. Chapter.

WHan Metellus vnderstode by his espyes that the mynd of Iugurth cōtinued yet styl in his olde fiersenes & crueltie, thoughe he was lately ouercome in bataile. And whan Metellus sawe that Iugurth renewed the warre againe, and prepared a new bataile: which could not be done but at the pleasure of Iugurthe, bicause he had taken suche a place to abyde in that no man coulde conueniently contende with hym for difficultie thereof. Metellus this knowing aduised himselfe of many thin¦ges. Namely he considred that they were not indifferēt and egall on both parties in executyng therof. For al if that he had the vpper hand ouer Iugurth, and had put him to flight, yet lost he mo men, and had more damage in ouercomyng hym, then Iugurth had which was o∣uercome. For this cōsideracion Metellus purposed no more to contend with him in plaine fildes nor in ordred bataile, but by an other maner to execute war with him from thence forthe. This determined: Metellus with his hole host and ordinaunce went forth into the moste ryche and plentefull places of all Numidye, and there wasted and destroied the fieldes and contrey on euerye side. He toke without any resistence castles and townes not strongly defended with walles, dyches, nor garny∣son. And brente and beate them downe to the grounde. All suche as came in his waye and were able to beare harnesse, full growen to age and apte to batayle he slew and rydde out of hand. Thinkyng that the mo he slew, the fewer aduersaries and ennemies shulde he haue to contende againste hym. He commaunded his souldiors to spare no robbery nor prayes, but gaue all thynge ha∣uocke amonge his souldiours.

¶For feare of this crueltie many of the Numidyens yelded themselfe to the Romains: and gaue vnto them hostages, vytaile, soldyours, and all other thinges ne∣cessary abundauntly. In some townes whiche were taken: Metellus sette defence and garnison where nede requyred and fortified them sufficiently. This besinesse troubled the mind of Iugurth muche more than the bataile that was foughten before to his great damage and disconfort of his men. For he lost more people by this way than by any other meane before. Thus Iu∣gurth whiche before put all his hope and trust in his flyght: was nowe of necessite compelled to folowe and pursue his ennemies: and he whiche could not defende his owne places whiche styll remianed in his possession was constrained nowe to warre in those coostes, which Metellus had wonne of him to recouer them if fortune wolde suffre him. Neuertheles of suche poore shyft and counsel as he had he toke the best which could be taken by his aduyse in such extreme necessite. He commaūded his army for the most part to remayne styll in the same place where they were. And he himselfe with a cōpany of horsemen whiche wer bolde and chosen men ensued Metellus priuely, making his iourneis by night tyme by biwaies & secrete valeys. And at last sodeinly of vn∣wares he fel vpon a part of the Romaines which were dispersed abrode frō the host in foraging and spoyling. Many of thē without armour wer slaine, & many takē. None of thē al scaped clen nor fre without dāmage, but ether wer slaine or els sore woūded. Whē Iugurth had done this skirmy she anone he withdrue him selfe & his cōpany into the hyls & mountaines next to thē: before a¦nye socours or rescous myght come from Metellus to

reuenge their treason and deathe of the Romaynes.

¶ Of the great ioye that was demeaned at Rome for thys worthy behaue our of Metellus, and how he guided hym selfe and hys army to contynue and augment this honour which he had gotten. The .xxxiiii. Chapter.

WHile Metellus and Iugurthe striued thus to∣gether: the one w^t manhode, wisedom & strēgth, the other with treason crafte and gyle: tydings were brought to Rome of this noble behaueour of Me¦tellus. Ouer all the citie was demeaned great ioye and gladnes for that Metellus behaued himself and gyded his army acordyng to the maner and ordinance of olde noble capitains of the Romains before his days. And how be it he was in place aduerse & contrary to him, yet had he y^e vpper hande of his ennemies as victorie ouer thē. And by his strength & manhod he had in possession the countrey of his ennemies: and had driuen thē from place to place. Al these things cōsidred: they much reioy¦ced & greatly cōmended Metellus: namely for y^t he had caused Iugurth to put his trust of helth only in fleyng into the moūtaines & wildernes which before was ma∣gnificent and proud by the feare & cowardise of Aulus predecessor of Metellus. Wherfore for these fortunat & glorious dedes of Metellus, y^e Senatours decreed & commaunded ouer all the citie sacrifices and suffrages to be done to their ydolles. The citizens which before were fearful & sore troubled douting the vnsure chance and incertaine fortune of the ende of this warre demea¦ned nowe amonge them myrth and gladnesse ouer all. The honour and fame of Metellus was recounted ve¦ry noble, excellente, & glorious in euery mans mouthe. Wherfore he so much was the more diligent & labored more busely towarde the victory laboring & hastyng to

finyshe the warre by all meanes and wayes so it might be to his honoure and confusion of Iugurth. But neuertheles he was well ware from puttyng himselfe in danger of his ennemies: and was ware exchuynge oportunite of their gile in euery place where he went. He remēbred well and consydred that often after laude and glorie foloweth enny and euyl wyll. And therfore howe muche more noble that he was reputed: the more besy and dilygent he was to meyntayne his fame and honour, and in drede to lose this worthy fame whiche he optayned. Nor after the foresayd gyle of Iugurth he suffred not his hoost to deuide nor to departe themselfe dispersed one from an other: nor to make excourses to fo¦rage or spoyle in diuers places far dystant in sonder. But whan they had neede eyther of mannes meate or horsemeate: all the horsemen with great companyes of the fotemen, went forth and kept them nere about suche as were sende forthe to make prouision to defende and socour them: if nede shulde requyre. Metellus himselfe deuyded his hoost in two partes: the one part he kept with himselfe: and the other he commytted to a noble warriour of his hoost named Marius, bytwene them both they distroied and wasted the contrey on euery side but rather with fire than with robbry or prayes. Metel¦lus and Marius set their tentes in places not farar di∣stant in sondre. But whan any perilous or nedy besines was to be done with Iugurth or his company whiche required great might: than anone Metellus and Mari¦us were redy together; but they kept themselfe thus in sonder in diuerse places to trouble the Numidiens, and increase their feare more largely in eueery coost: and to make them fle and auoyde fer abrode in cōpas for fear.

¶At his season Iugurth ensued by the hylles and de∣sert places sekyng and espyeng a conuenient season or place to make some skirmishe with the Romains (that is to say) if he coudle espy any parcell of them sekyng forth foūtayns of water for the army of the which was much penury in those costes. If he might any such espy than anone wold he breke downe from the hylles vpon them. Somtyme he shewed himselfe to Metellus som∣tyme to Marius, somtyme he wolde assemble his com∣pany togyder in a bend as if he wolde fight with the Romayns to attēpt them, and after wold he retourne againe vnto the mountaynes. And afterwarde sodenly appere againe thretning nowe the one company of the Romayns, and nowe the other. Yet wold he neyther anēture batayle nor suffre neyther the Romayns to be ydle or in rest, nor yet himselfe. His mynde was onely sette to kepe his ennemies from their begynnyng and purpose of distroying of the contrey which they intēded.

¶ How Metellus besieged Samam one of the strongest townes of Numi¦die and how Marius vndercaptayne of Metellus escaped the daunger of Iugurth. The .xxxv. Chapyter.

WHan Metellus sawe hym selfe so weryed with the gyles and craftes of Iugurth and that by no policy he coudle haue faculty or tyme to fight with him in playn batayle: at last he concluded to besiege & assaile a great towne named zamā, which was the most chife & strōgest holde of all the realme of Numidy in that part of the lande where it was buylded. And so sped him thyder with all his army & ordinance wher the sayd holde was (thinkyng as the mater requyred) that Iugurth wolde drawe thyther for defence of his chife towne and for so∣cour

and relefe of his people and so shuld the batayle be there foughten bytwene thē. But whā Metellus was in his iourney thyder warde, anone were certayn of his army whiche fled to Iugurth and certified him of this prouision and interprise of Metellus. Whan Iugurth herof was certified he hasted him by gret iourneis so y^t he ouerpassed the cōpayy of Metellus and came to the towne of zamam before him: and there exhorted the in∣habitātes boldly to defend y^e walles. And farthermore assigned to socour and helpe thē all suche as had fled frō the Romains, & had brought him those tidings. These traitours were the surest men which Iugurth had. For they could not disceiue him, but if they wold yelde them agayne to the Romains whome they had forsaken and betrayed which thing was not sure to them to do. Whā Iugurth had ioyned these souldiours to the garnison & socours of y^e towne and castell, & had ordred & apointed all other thinges acording to his mind: thā he promised to be there agayne with them with all his hole army in tyme of nede. This done he departed frō the towne into the most preuy and secret places which he knewe in his coūtrei ther by. But whā Metellus was in his iourney toward zaman, he send Marius for prouision of whete and other corne and vitayle for the army vnto a towne name Sicca, which was y^e first towne y^t forsoke Iu∣gurth & was yelded to Marius after y^e batel late fough¦ten with Iugurth to his great damage. Whā Iugurth had knowledge herof he went thyder by nyght priuely w^t his elect souldiours so y^t whā Marius had sped his maters & was redy to depart forth of y^e town: Iugruth was redy at y^e gates to assayl y^e Romains cruelly crieng w^t a hye voyce to them of the towne and exhortynge thē

to assail y^e Romains also on y^e backehalf: saing y^t fortune had offred to thē y^e chaunce of a noble acte of an excellēt & glorious dede: so that (if they wold folowe his desire) they shulde restore him againe into his kingdome, and thē selfe into their lybertie & frō thens forth passe their tyme without peryl, wythout danger or drede. And cer∣teynly if Marius had not boldly and strongely broken out of the towne with his stādardes and men of armes through the thickest of his enemies which wer in y^e ga∣tes. All they of the towne or y^e most part wold haue bro¦ken their othe & promes which thei had made before to Metellus whē thei first yelded thēself & the citie to him The mindes of the Numidiās be so vnstedfast & moua¦ble. But Iugurth so cōforted his souldiors y^t they resi∣sted the Romains a litle seasō. But whē Marius & his cōpani began to encrese their violence against y^e Iugur¦thius, and more fiersly to prease vpon thē. Anone some wer slain, & the residue fled with their master Iugurth. This daunger ouer passed: Marius departed thens toward the town of zamā, & at the last came thither safe with al his cōpany & busines sped wherfore he was sēt.

¶ This Samam was a towne bylded in the playne grounde without hylles or waters nere it defended ra∣ther by the warke of mannes hande, than by nature of the place. In it fayled nothing necessary to batayle. For it was wel garnished both with men, ordinaūce, vitails, & armoure. Anone whā Marius was come: Metellus acordyng to the tyme and place made redy all thynges necessary and compassed the walles on euery syde with his army: assigning to euery one of his vndercapitains a separate place of the towne to assayle and there to do his deuoyre and shewe his manhode.

Whan euery thynge was thus ordred, Metellus com∣maūded to sound to the assaulte with trumpets and cla¦rions. The Romaines immediately assayled the towne on euery side with horrible noyse & clamour. The Nu∣midians therof were not a dradde at all, but stode styll and kept them selfe in silence as if they had not ben dis∣pleased nor prouoked to batayle: howe be it they kepte the walles euery man on the part to hym assigned, and all were ready to resyste and to assayle the Romaynes. Anone the batayle was begon. The Romaines exerci∣sed and occupied them selfe euery man with such wepin as he coulde beste handle, and was most expert in: some with slinges threw plummets of lead, and some stones from a farre into the citie, and at them which defended the walles: some assayled the towne nerer inuading the same, and couetyng to haue entrey and vnderminynge the walles: some boldely scaled the walles, desiringe to come so nere that they myght fyght hande to hand. On the other side thinhabitantes of the towne and garny∣son resisted manly. Some rowled downe and ouertur∣ned great and waighty stones on such as were nerest to them and that vndermined the walles. Some pytched downe vpon them dartes, iauelins, pykes, firebrandes and also greate burnyng polles, faggots, and blockes ouercouered with pytche and brimstone ardentlye fla∣myng. Some boldely ouerturned the scalyng ladders, and slewe and ouerthrewe suche as scaled the walles. But some other whiche were farther from the towne, & for prease coulde not approche nere to the walles in the meane season were nother fearefull nor ydle. For there was no maner instrumente of batayle which coulde be throwen wyth hand, or with any other engine of batail

but that they threwe it into the towne, wherewith they wounded and slewe many of the inhabitātes and of the defenders of the walles. The dartes & crossebowes on both parties were not vnoccupied. Artyllery nor gōnes had thei none. For at y^t time was no mencion of thē nor they were not yet inuented. The Romains which were farthest of al from the walles escaped not free: but with dartes were ouerthrowen in great nombre. Howe be it their cowardous and fearfull myndes caused them to drawe them selfe a loofe behynd al other for to saue thē selfe, yet could they not auoide the peryl. Thus wer the worthy and vnworthy Romayns in lyke ieopardy and peryl: but their glory and fame was much vnlyke.

¶Howe Iugurth assayled and inuaded the rentes of the Romayns in the meane tyme whyle Metellus gaue assault to the towne of Samam. The .xxxvi. Chapter.

WHyle the assault continued thus at zamam with great murdre and distruccion on both parties: Iugurth sodeinlye and of vnware stale downe from the mountaines wher he was hyd, and wyth a greate power of men assayled & inuaded the Romains tentes whyle the soul∣diours whom Metellus had assigned to the ward and defence of them were within the same at their reste, and suspectyng nothing lesse then any suche assaulte. Wher∣fore Iugurth brake in vpon thē vnprouided. The Ro∣mains were sore abashed of that sodein feare. And eue∣man prouided for him selfe according to his maner and disposicion. Some which were cowardes fled wyth all theyr myght: some other valyant and bolde herted men drew to their harnes & manly withstode their enemies.

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Neuerthelesse the moost parte of them all were, eyther wounded or slayne. But among all the company and of all the multitude of thē wer no more but .xl. men which abode. These .xl. acompanyed themselfe together remē¦bringe the worshyp of the empire of Rome, and tooke a place a litel aboue their enemies: which place they defē∣ded so manly that they coude not be driuen from it by muche violence of their ennemies, agaynst whome they thrue dartes from a far. And such dartes as their enne∣mies thrue at thē: they thrue they same againe. So they beyng but a few against so many dyd nothing in vayne. For they could throw no dart, but that it lighted among the thyckest of them. But so coulde not their ennemies do against them. For they were so fewe: so nere togyther & on so sure a place that their enemies might litel thing preuail against thē. But whā the Numidiēs approched nerer to them: than specially these .xl. valiant Romayns shewed and bestowed their manhode and strength with most excellēt courage assayling their enemies: ouerthro¦wyng and chasynge them backwarde by very force and strengthe.

¶ In the meane tyme whyle Metellus was moste of all ocupied and busyed in the forsaide assault of zamam sodenly he herde behynde hym a great clamour & noyse of people. Anone he refrained his horse: and in tourning backe parceiued great cōpanies of men renning toward him: wherby he well kenwe that they were of his owne people and company. But whan he vnderstode all the chaunce which was be fallen. Anone in all hast he sent al the hole company of his horsmen vnto his tentes: and soone after he sent thither also his chefe vndercaptayne Caius Marius with his retynue and company to him

assigned. And sore wepynge he obtested exhorted, and besought hym for all loue and frindshyp, and for the ho¦nour of the commen weale, that the wold not suffer any disworship or contumely remaine in the Romayns that daye whyche euer thytherto had ben victorious and o∣uercommers with greate laude and honoure: and that he wold not suffer their ennemie Iugurth and his com¦pany to departe awaye vnreuenged. Marius dyd the commaundement of Metellus, and that shortlye. But in the meane season Iugurth perceyued many of the ke¦pers of the tentes fallen into dyches that were made a∣boute the same for defence: so that for haste to runne a∣waye they hurte them selfe more then he dyd. Iugurth aduysing their daunger, considered that hym selfe was lykelye to be set vnder the same maner, if he auentured ouer farre. And therfore he departed betyme into the surest places that he coulde deuise nere by, leauyng ma¦ny of his men behynde, eyther deade or mortally woun¦ded. Thus was Marius frustrat of his labour: for Iu¦gurth was fled before he came to the tentes. But Me∣tellus (without any thynge brought to ende at zamam) whan the nyght drewe neere, retourned wyth his hoste into his tentes. On the next morowe after, before he re∣tourned againe to the assault of zamam: he commaun∣ded all the companye of his horse men to course vp and downe before their tentes on that syde where they sup∣posed Iugurth wolde come to socoure his people. The entres into the tentes and places neere to them he com∣mytted and deuided to warde of hys vnder captaynes. After that he retourned agayne to the towne, and fierse¦ly assayled the walles in lyke maner as he hadde done the daye before.

¶ In the meane season Iugurth agayne sodenly stale vpon the Romayns: and speciallye on them which cour∣sed before the tentes: they which wer next him and whō he encountred first of al were a lytel tyme sore troubled and abashed: but the remenant of the Romayns lightly assembled their socoure. And so valiantly behaued them selfe that the Numidiens shulde not long haue cōtinued the skyrmyshe: if their footemen myngled with the Ro∣mains horsmen had not in the mydell commytted great myschefe & dystruction. For the horsemen of Iugurthe trustyng to the helpe of these fotemen which wer myn∣gled among thē: did not first procede forward auaūcing themselfe and than retourne backe agayne as the vse is in a bataile of speremen. But thei ran in making incour¦ses among the thickest of the Romains ouerthwart & sydlinge: in foldynge and dowblyng theyr courses: and cōtendyng to trouble and disorder the array and order of the forwarde and wynges of the Romayne hoost. In somuche that whā with the Numidiens on horsebacke & with thē on fote it lacked but lytel: but the Romains were confounded & ouercom in that greuous conflict.

¶ But here wyll I leue the horsemen of the Romains fightyng for their lyues and honour agaynst Iugurth and his speremen. And nowe shall I declare howe Me¦tellus the chefe capitayn of the Romayns behaued him selfe with hys hoost in the assaut of zammam.

¶Howe Metellus behaued hym selfe for his part, and of the greate con∣flict which the Romains had agianst the Numidians: Metellus with hys footemen assaylyng the towne of Samam for the one parte, and Iugurth fierselye fyghtyng wyth the Romayns speremen on the other parte. The .xxxvii. Chapyter.

IN the fame tyme whyle this skirmyshe cō∣tinued bytwen the Romains horsemen and the Numidiens, which wer with Iugurth the assaut also against the towne of zamam indured with muche strength, violence, and murder. And specially wher as Metellus had assigned his vnder captaines on euerye syde of the towne (as I haue sayd before) there cōtynued the assaute most sharp¦ly. One of them put not his trust nor hope in other: but euery man in his own dedes and in himselfe. Vnder the same maner dyd the garnyson and inhabitantes of the towne behaue themselfe: they fought manly againe and also ordayned all thinges cōuenient for their defence in euery place of the towne. Bothe the parties were redier and more besye one to strike and wounde other, than to defende themselfe. The clamoure and noyse was myxt with exhortaciō and confort of some, and the ioye of the quellars & murderers was mingled with the wayling of them which were quelled and murdred. The sounde of the armoure, & horrious strokes mounted to the ayre The sky was darked with dartes fleing on eyther syde. And the walles and dychesse were dyed with blode: and fylled with deed corses pyteful to se. But whan the Nu¦midiens were somwhat at laiser, & whan the Romains a lytell abated and remitted the assaut: than they whiche defended the walles of the towne looked out a far and intentifeley behelde the batayle of the horsmen whiche styl cōtinued. There might one haue sene thē somtyme mery and ioyous, somtyme ful of dolour and heuynesse after as they sawe the case of the part of Iugurth went forwade or bacwarde. And aswell as they could be sene and herde of their felowes which were with theyr king

Iugurth: some warned them to audacite, some exhorted them to courage, other thei gaue them signes with their hands or with the iesture of their bodyes & coūtenances mouyng & excityng them to boldnes. If they saw a Ro∣maine strike a Numidian: they moued & withdrue their bodies auoiding the stroke as if it had ben thēselfe whi∣che had ben striken. And if they sawe a Numidian cast a dart against a Romain: they moued their bodies also as they had cast it themself. Thus toke they so intentife hede to the bataile that they forgat themselfe wher they wer, & it semed thē that thei had ben with their felowes in batayle. Whan Marius which besyged the towne on that syde: vnderstode this maner and behauour of the inhabitauntes and garyson: he abated his fiersnes for policy & was more slow in besyeging of the towne than before, faining that he had no trust nor cōfidence to wyn it and suffred the Numidiēs within the towne to behold the bataile of their kinge, for a while without any resi¦stence or besynes. But whā he sawe thē most intentifely beholding the batayle, and most amased for the besinesse of their felowes and coūtrey men: than sodenly with all his power he gaue assaut to the walles, so that many of the Romains with ladders & other ingines, had almost mounted vnto the highest part of thē. Thinhabitantes seinge this expelled their amasednes remembryng thē∣selfe: & ran manly against thē with resystence throwing vpon them stones, fire, and all maner dartes of bataile. The Romains at byginning resisted valiantly, defen∣dyng themselfe and auancyng them to the walles. But whā thinhabitantes had first ouerthrowen and broken one ladder, and than ouerturned an other. They which abode last were maymed or slaine. Anone the remenant

departed and gaue ouer the walles vnder the beste ma¦ner that they coulde a fewe or none whole. For a greate parte of theim wythdrewe them selfe transfixed wyth mortall woundes. Anone after the nyghte fell vpon theym whyche caused bothe the partyes to desyste, and leaue of the batayle.

¶Howe Metellus remoued the syege from zamam, and how Bomylchar so parswaded Iugurth that he yelded hym selfe, hys kyngedome, and all other thynges to mercye and grace of the Romayns. And howe Iugurth after losse of hys men, treasour, elephantes, armoure, and horse: chaunged hys mynde agayne. The .xxxviii. Chapter.

BVt when Metellus sawe his purpose and labour all in vayne: and that he coulde not wynne the towne: & also that Iugurth dyd nought but by gyle and falsehod, nor wold not fight but if it were in places for his pro¦fite and great ••uauntage. And also whan he perceyued that the sommer was passed, he departed from the siege of zamam, and in such townes as he had wonne of Iu∣gurth, which were strongly defended wyth walles and water, he set garnisō and souldiours of his company to defende them. But the remenaunt of his armye he con∣uayed and ordred in the nexte prouince vnto Numidye, which was subiect to the Romains: to remaine ther tyl the sharpnes of wynter were passed. Nor in the meane tyme suffered not them, nor hym selfe to be corrupted wyth superfluous wealthe, reste, nor lecherye: after the maner of other before hym. But because the warre proceded forwarde but lytle wyth armoure or strength he beganne to proue and prepare treison agynste a trey¦toure, deceyte agaynste a deceyuer, and gyle agaynste

gyle of Iugurth: and this thought he to proue by suche as were most chiefe frindes of Iugurth, and moste fa∣milier about hym. So that he purposed to vse the false hode and treason of them against their master: in stede of armour and batayle. Wherfore firste of all he began to proue the mynd of Bomilchar which had ben before at Rome with Iugurth: and (as I haue sayde before) fled priuely from thence for the death of Massiua, lea∣uyng his sureties behind in daunger for his cause. Me¦tellus considered that thys Bomylchar (because of the great frindshyp and familiaritie which he had with Iu¦gurth) sonest myght deceiue and betray hym. Wherfore (as I haue saide before) he beganne and went in hande with hym firste of all by promisyng of grete rewardes. And firste of all he dyd so muche that this Bomilchar came priuely to Metellus & spake with hym. Metellus anone promised him on faith and truth to do so for him that the Senatours shulde pardon hym of all thynges past, and of his lyfe and goodes: so that he wold betray or deliuer to him Iugurth either quicke or dead. Light¦lye he perswaded the Numidian: for anone Bomilchar agreed ther to. What for his traiterous and false mynd which he had of nature: and what for that he douted if any peace or composicion after that shulde be made be∣twene Iugurth and the Romaines, hym selfe shuld be deliuered by condicion to the Romaines to be punished for the deathe of Massiua whom he caused to be slayne at Rome. This Bomilchar whan he saw his time toke leaue of Metellus on this apointment, and soone after came to Iugurth whom he found doutfull in care and bewaylyng his aduerse and miserable fortune with pro¦founde syghes and heuynes, and doutynge what waye

was most expedient to be taken. Bomilchar after many wordes beganne to counsell and warne him, praynge, and obtesting him piteously wepyng and wayting: and requyring that at last he wold make some prouision for the sauegarde and socours of himselfe, of his children & frendes: and for the people of Numidi whiche well had deserued agaynst him to be prouided for and better sene to. Bomilchar also obiected to Iugurth how he and his menne were ouercome in euery bataile, and his people also diminished or alienate frō him, his feldes & townes wasted and distroied, or els in possession of his enemies: his men some taken and in prison. Some slaine: & many wounded and maimed: the ryches of his realme dimini¦shed and wasted. Bomilchar alleged also to him that he had proued the strength of his souldyors and fauour of fortune sufficiently ynough, wherfore it were better for him to se some remedy and prouision for all these ylles and other mo, and to be ware lest whyle he prolonged the tyme douted: the people of the contrey shuld prouide for themselfe without his aduise or counsell. With these wordes and other lyke Bomilchar induced the kynges mynde to make some cōposicion, or els to yeld him selfe and al other thinges to mercy & grace of the Romains. Anone embassadours were send to Metellus to certify him that Iugurth was redy to do what euer he wolde desyre or commaunde him: and that he wolde commyt and yelde both himselfe and his kingdome to the fayth and grace of Metellus: and of the Romayns without any pactyon, conuenaunt, or exception: sauing onely as it pleased them to deale with him. Metellus heryng of this mynd of Iugurth was very glad: & commaunded all the most wyse, noble, and worthy men of his army

a none to be called together vnto him from their wyn∣tring places. Whan they were come thā toke he counsel of them and of other such as he knewe wysest and most discrete touchynge the embassade of Iugurth. Anone it was cōcluded & decreed among the coūsel and declared to the embassadours (acordinge to the olde custome of Rome) that they shuld commaunde Iugurth to sende to Metellus and the Romains two hundred thousande pound weyght of syluer: al his elyphātes which he ocu¦pyed in war: & a certayne quantite of armour & a nōbre of his chife horses. Al these things were fulfilled & done of Iugurth without any tary or delay. Wherfore anone after Metellus commaunded agayne that al they whi∣che had betrayed his host, forsaken hym and fled to Iu∣gurth shuld be bounden and so brought to him againe. The most part of them wer brought as he commaūded but a fewe of thē whā they herde first of this cōposicion (fering the same mater) fled vnto Bocchus kynge of the Moryens.

¶ Whan Iugurthe after this maner was bereft of his armour of his horse, of his men, & also of his treasour. Anone after he was called by Metellus to come to a∣towne called Tysidium there to here what farthermore shuld be commaunded to him: and to yelde hymselfe to thempire of Rome acordynge to his embassade. But he began than to change and to tourne his mynde agayne dredyng for the knoleging of his cruell dedes that he shulde neuer escape condigne punyshement if he were ones in the Romains handes. Thus he cōtinued many dayes in douting what was best to be done Somtyme he volued in mynd rather to subdue hymselfe to any dif¦ficultie & to byde all paines than to begyne war agayn:

considerynge the aduerse and vnhappy fortune whyche he hadde before. Sometyme agayne he called to mynd howe greuous a fall it shoulde be to descende frome a kyngedome into subieccion and bondage. But at con∣clusion whan in vaine and to none effecte he hadde loste suche greate ordinaunce and helpe of warre as he had lately deliuered to Metellus, as a volage brained man he fullye determined agayne to begynne and continue the warre wyth Metellus, rather then to yelde hym selfe to deathe or captiuitie.

¶But duringe this season at Rome was a counsell a∣mong the Senatours cōcerning thassignement of rule & gouernauce of the prouinces belonging to the empire in which counsel it was decreed that the contrey & war of Numidy shuld be committed to Metellus by proro∣gacion of hys authoritie for another yere more.

¶But here wyl I leaue a while to speke of Metellus, and write of the ambicion of Marius: and howe he be∣haued him selfe in supplantinge the same Metellus for his roume and dignitie.

¶How Marius by ambicion labored to be consull & to prosecute the war of Numidy, & how he detracted and supplani••o the consul Metellus. The. .xxix. Chapter.

AT the same season the sayd Marius was in a towne named Vtica, & there made supp••ca∣cion & oblacion to the ydols with much sacri∣fice to the intent that it myght be his fortune (by helpe) to haue y^e place of Metellus. A costome dāna¦ble was amonge the people at those dayes, whan they slew any beast in sacrifice, to loke within the intranes & bowels of the same beast so sacrifised: where was shew¦ed vnto them diuers tokens whither they shoulde haue

any hope to bringe that mater to effect: for which they sacrifised or els not. And often times the wicked spirites to cause thē perseuer in their ydolatry: & to gyue credēce to that blind errour shewed many tokēs to them in such maner sacrifice: which tokēs they often found true. But now to my purpose. The preest of the ydolles whiche sacrifysed for Marius shewed great and marueylous tokēs vnto him: wherby he might greatly trust to come to his intent and purpose, byddyng him prosecute that thing on whiche he had sette his mynde: and haue sure confidence in his goddes. Sayng that if he wold proue the extremite of fortune diligētly and often: than dout∣lesse euery thing prosperously shuld happen to him. But Maryus afore that tyme a longe season wonderouslye desyred in his minde the dignite of the consull. And to say trueth he wanted nothing which longed to him whi¦che shulde haue suche a dignite saue onely antiquite of his progeny & auncient noblenes of birth. For thoughe he were but a gentyl man of the first heed: neuertheles his cōdicions were worthy and excellēt. In him was great experiēce of wisdome, much probite, honestie, and sadnesse. He had greate polycy and conning in chyualry: in batayle his mynde was excellent and bolde. But in peace it was lowe and moderate. He ouercame couetise and sensualite of his body. He desyred nor coueyted no∣thing erthly saue glorie, lande, and worshyp. This Ma¦rius was borne and brought vp by all his chyldhode in the coūtrey of Champayne beionde Fraunce in a towne named Arpine. But assone as he was encreased, so that he might bere harnesse and bide the herdnes of warfare he concluded to lyue on the wages of chyualrie. And in that study he exarcysed hymselfe: and not in eloquence

of greke langage or in other study or science: nor yet in the superfluous aparayle nor carnall lustes of citezins vnto whiche he neuer subdued his body. And thus was he indued with good maners: and excercysed amonge honest ocupacions and so continued that his hole and vndefyled wytte shortly encreased and exalted himselfe growyng to honour & vertu. First whan this Marius desyred of the commenty of Rome to haue an office: that is to say, to be ordained protectour of the souldyours: many of the citezins knewe not his persone: bycause he was alway from the citie in warre and batayle: but his actes made his name wel knowen. Wherfore after that the cōmentye vnderstode that he was Marius of whose nobles al Italy much cōmuned and talked: anone they graunted his peticion, and proclaimed hym protectour of the souldyours ouer all the prouinces and tribes of Italy. In that maistership and office he behaued him∣selfe so well and wisely that after that he obtained an o¦ther office of more worship and authorite: and after that againe an other of hyer dignite. And shortly to speke: in euery office and dignite he so behaued himselfe that eue¦ry man thought & coūted him worthyer of more dignite and honour than he had. How beit for al these cōdicions as honorable as he was: he durst neuer before desyre thoffice of consull of Rome tyll this tyme whan he had suche comfort by his sacrifice. But whan he was thus warned and put in hope and confort, euer after he was hedlyng enclined to ambicion & couetise of that dignite.

¶ At this season the commenty of Rome had all other offices amonge them or at their gyfte and dystribucion But the estates and noble men kept among them and in their handes the consulship yerely one succedyng o∣ther

by election. So that of the commenty was none so noble nor excellent of dedes, but that was reputed vn∣worthy of that dignite, and as who saithe vyle and pol∣luted. But whan Marius sawe and consydred that the wordes and counsel of the enchauntour and preest whi∣che he helde his sacrifice pretended to the same poynte and conclusion as the desyre of his mynde moued him longe before. Anone he came to his captiaine Metellus besechyng hym to be dyscharged of the batayle tyll he mighte go to Rome to thintente to desyre the consulship of the Senatours. But how beit that in his Metellus was vertu, glorye, worship, and al other things longing to a good man plentifully ynough. Neuerthelesse of his courage and mynde was he sōwhat proude, despisinge and dysdaynyng other: which were not come of so hye lynage as he was. But speciallye he was statelye and proude of minde: which is a commen vyce and mischefe amonge estates and gentylmen. Wherfore Metellus hering this interprise of Marius, first of al was moued with the nouelty of his peticion. For at that tyme were none wonte to speke for that dignite, but if they were come of a noble stocke. And so was not Marius. And thus Metellus marueyled much at his enterpryse: and who might counsel him therto: warninge him as vnder colour of amyte and frendshyppe, not to presume vpon so contrary and vnlikely a thyng: nor to exalt his mynd so hy aboue fortune cōuenient for his state and cōdicion Sayng also to hym that euery thing was not to be co∣ueyted or desired of euery man. And that it became him wel by reason to be contented, pleased and satisfied with that honoure which he had and that was his owne, and not to desyre thyngs vnmete for his degre. And finally

he exhorted and counselled hym to beware to desyre the thynge of the Romayns whyche lawfullye myghte be denyed vnto hym, considerynge and hauyng regarde to hys lynage and auncestrie.

¶After Metellus had counseiled Marius wyth these wordes and other lyke, and that he could not turne nor apease hys mynde, he answered hym at last, that assone as he could conuenyently (not lettynge the busynesse of of the commen weale) he wold graunt his desyre and pe¦ticion. But after this when Marius desired the same discharge importunely and often: he made hym answer saying that he shuld not make so gret hast to Rome for that purpose, for he shulde come tymely ynoughe to de∣maund that dignitie acompanied with the sonne of the same Metellus, which sonne shuld also go to Rome in tyme to come to demaunde of the Senatours the same dignitie wyth Marius. This sonne of Metellus was at that tyme in the armye of hys father, continually ex∣ercising the feates of warre, notwythstandinge that he was but twenty yeres of age. Thys answer of Metel∣lus stirred▪ Marius against him with greuous yre and wrath, what for the honour which he desired, and what for the lycence to departe, whyche he could not obtayne of hym by no prayer nor requeste at hys pleasure. In so muche that he enraged agaynste Metellus moued by desyre of that office, and prouoked by yre, whyche two vyces ambicion and yre, counselled and impelled thys Marius to muche euyll agaynste the sayde Metellus, sparyng neyther worde nor deede whiche myght enda∣mage or hynder hym, hys honour and name. And that myght helpe or auaunce hym selfe by ambicion to come to the dygnitie whyche he desyred.

He gouerned the souldiours which passed forth the win¦ter vnder his gouernāce not as he ought to do, but suffe¦red them to haue their pleasure to the intente thereby to optaine their fauoure and good wyll in his enterpryse. Also he spake often in blaming Metellus, and proudly cōmending and exalting him selfe to the marchantes of Rome: of whom was great resorte and concours to the sayd citye of Vtica where Marius soiourned. And oftē tymes he boasted saying to them, that if the one halfe of the armye were graunted and committed to hym with∣in fewe dayes he woulde so behaue hym selfe that he wolde haue Iugurthe in bondes and subieccion. Fur¦thermore he sayde to them in auauncinge him selfe that Metellus prolōged the bataile for the nonce, for a craft because he was a man pompous and desirous of glory and worshyp, vtterly reioysing in authoritie and geuen to pryde and affeccion of dygnitie: and because he knew well that whyle the batayle continued he shulde be re∣puted in maner as a kyng, therfore he dyd hys deuoyre the more to prolonge the warre to the ende that in the meane tyme he myghte exalte and magnifie hym selfe. The wordes of Marius semed to the sayd marchantes certayne and trewe, and also as they thoughte (by suche informacion) moste expediente to the common weale that some newe captayne were chosen, whiche shortely wolde fynyshe that warre. For by longe continuance of the same warre: many of the sayde marchauntes hadde wasted and spente muche of their sayde substaunce and rychesse. And also to suche desyrefull myndes as they had, nothing could to faste be hasted or brought to end.

¶Moreouer at thys season was in companye of the Romayne armye a certeine Numidian named Gauda,

whiche was sonne of Manastaball, and neuewe vnto Massinissa. Micipsa in his testamēt ordeined that this Gauda shuld be second heire of Numidi after the death of his two sonnes and of Iugurthe. This Gauda was sore enfebled wyth diseases and sickenes, and for that cause his mynd was a lytle endulled and priuate of rea¦son and memorie. While this Gauda (as sayd is) was in the Romains army: he required of Metellus to suf∣fer hym to haue his seate and siege next vnto hym after the vse of kynges of Numidye. Also after that because of defence and garde of his body: he desired that a com∣pany of souldiours of the Romayns myght be graun∣ted and assigned to hym. But Metellus extremely de∣nyed both his peticions, saying for the firste, that suche honour longed only to them whom the Romaines toke and named for kynges. And also for the second peticion he sayd that it were vnaduised and iniurious ordinance if the Romaine souldiours were geuē or assigned to the garde and seruice of a Numidian, which was no kyng but a souldiour lyke many mo hyred for stipend. Whyle Gauda was displeased and angry wyth Metellus for denying of these his peticions: Marius came to hym, and prouoked hym to reuenge the displeasure and in∣iurye whiche the captayne hadde done to hym with hys helpe and auauncement. This Gauda (as I haue sayd before) was feble and vnstable minde, and the mannes wytte was of lytle valour by meanes of diseases why∣che long hadde holden hym. Wherefore Marius wyth hys elegante, fayre and flatteryng wordes at his owne pleasure induced hym, and exalted hys mynde sayinge that he was a kynge, and an excellente and great man: and also neuewe to the worthy and noble kyng Massi∣nissa.

Wherfore (sayd he) yf Iugurth wer eyther slayne or taken prisoner it were lickely to come to that poynt: that the kyngdome of Numidi shulde be assigned and commytted to him of the Senatours without any tary or resystence: whiche thynge shulde shortely be brought to passe yf Marius himselfe were creat consull in place of Metellus, and than assigned to execute & finyshe the warre with Iugurth. Vnder this maner Marius coū∣selled and induced bothe the said Gauda, the Romayne knyghtes, the commen souldyours, and also the mar∣chauntes and occupyers whiche were in the towne at that season with many other whō he impelled with his wordes so: that some of them for loue whiche they had to Marius: And other some for great hope and desyre whiche they had to haue peace and concorde wrote to Rome to their to kynsmen and frendes of the bataile of Numidy and that very sharpely agaynst Metellus de∣syring and beseching them to labour at Rome with all their myght y^t Marius might be elect consul & assigned to erecte the warre of Numidi. And thus at Rome was the consulshyp desyred by many men with great fauour and very honest peticiōs for Marius. Also at that tyme had the said Marius this auauntage. For the cōmentie at that season deposed many of the states: and exalted suche as were newe gentelmen after the lawe of one na¦med Manlius whiche before had ben protectour of the commentie. This Manlius ordeyned & inacted a lawe that if any thing were vngoodly done and against right of the states beynge in any office or dignitie: than he whi¦che so had done shuld be deposed of his office: and in his place some newe gentyll or actyue man of the cōmentie sette and deputed and so exalted.

This lawe in those daies was kepte in effecte and exe∣cuted at Rome: wherfore euery thynge proceded prospe¦rousely to the purpose and profite of Marius. For (as I haue saide before) in hym was no noblenesse of aun∣cient lynage nor byrthe.

¶ But here wyll I leaue to speake of the ambicion of Marius, and retourne to write of Iugurth: and howe he behaued hym selfe against Metellus.

¶ How Jugurth renewed the warre agaynst Metellus, and how the Nu∣midians inhabiters of the towne of Vacca by treason murdred the garni∣son of the Romayns whych Metellus had set in the same towne. The .••l. Chapter.

IN the meane tyme whan Jugurthe hadde brokē the composicion which he had before made with Metellus by counsel of Bomil¦char, & had concluded againe to begyn the war: thē anone he prepared al things neces¦sary to warre with great diligence, and with great hast he assēbled an army. Moreouer he dayly troubled with thretnings or feare, or els with great rewardes: suche cities & townes as before had forsaken hym and yelded thē selfe to Metellus. So that he spared no pollicye to make them render them selfe againe to hym. In suche holdes & townes as were in his possession: he set garni∣son and defence of men of war. He renewed & bought a¦gayne armour and wepen, & set al other thinges which he had lost before, or deliuered to Metellus in hoope of peace. He attised to hym many of the Romaine subiects and bondmen by promising to thē their lybertie. He al∣so proued & attempted with rewards thē, whom Metel¦lus had set & assigned in garnisō, gard & defence of such places as he had wonne in Numidy: so that vtterly he suffered nothing to be left quiet or vnassayed but by all

maner meanes made prouysion for him selfe mouyng and puttyng in profe euery thinge. But among al other thinhabitantes of the citie called Vacca (in which Me∣tellus at beginning had set his garnisō: whan Jugurth first sought his peace of Metellus) were desired often of Jugurthe and with great and importune instance exited to treason. In somuche that at last they assented to him to cōspire against the Romains. Thinhabitants of the cite dyd not yelde themselfe from Iugurth with their owne good wyll: and namely thestates and rulers therof did neuer yelde them to Metellus saue fainedly. Wherfore specially they were the firste that conspired against him secretely amonge themselfe. For why as it often happened the commentie, and speciallye of the Numidiens were vnstable of minde, vtterly enclined to sedicion and discorde couetous of newe thinges: and contrary to rest and quyetnesse. But (as I haue said be∣fore) whan the chife of this cite had secretly concluded & apointed their mater & treason among thē selfe: against the third day they ordeined that the same thyrd day next after shuld be cōmaūded solemne, holy, and worshipped ouer all the countrey of Affrike, and Numidie. Which day shewed and pretended by al similitude mirth, game and sport: rather than any drede to the Romains wiche were in garnison of the cite. But the Numidiens full of prodicion and treason whan they sawe their tyme called vnto their houses all the chefe captains and maister souldiours of the Romains whiche were in towne. And also one named Turpilius: whome Metellus had or∣dained to be his lieuetenant, prouost and chife capitain of the towne: they enuited and called as if it had ben to there and feast them, one to one house, an other to an o∣ther.

But this chere was such as the Scorpiō is wont to make: whiche whyle she maketh glad semblante with her mouth mortally stingeth with the taile: so this feast was a cloke to mortal treason. For whyle the Romains were in middes of their dainties vnarmed suspectinge no parill. All the Numidiens at a token geuen, and at one houre apointed before, slewe eche one his geest whi∣che dined with him without fauoure: so that among thē all escaped not one, except the sayd Turpilius heed capi¦taine or lieutenant of the towne. This done: all the Nu∣midiens together set vpon the remenant of the commen souldyours whiche wandred and straied abrode in the towne & in the stretes, dispersed abrode without any ar∣mour: as is wont on such a dai without order, ferīg nor douting no daūger. Some of the cōmens whē thestates had made them priuie of this treason came also to helpe them, and some other ignorant of the mater sauing that, that they had desyre & pleasure in such murder inuaded the Romains also. For though they were ignorant of the counsell of this dede: yet the noyse or skirmyshe and nouelty of the matter pleased them ynough. The Ro∣main souldyours were ignorant and incertaine of the vnprouided feare and cruel murder douting what was best to be done. Their enemies cōpasinge them on euery side letted them to go to the castell of the towne where their armour and wepyn was: & the gates of the towne were shut on euery syde before this skirmishe beganne, wherby they wer prohibyted to auoyd the towne. More¦ouer women & children threw downe vpon them stones and other thinges that came next to hand from the win¦dows & hiest parts of their houses: striuing who might throw first and most. Thus this doutful & vnprouided

mischife could not be eschued: nor they which wer right worthy and strong souldiours wer not able to resyst the very cowardyse and feblenes of women and chyldren, whiche thrue downe vpon thē. Thus both good and yll worthy, and vnworthy, strong, and feble: wer all slayne without difference. In this so great ieopardy: the Nu∣midiens being mad and cruell in murdre, and the gates shutte on euery syde: of all the Romayns, or Italyens: onely Turpilius the captayne escaped without hurt of his bodye. Whyther it so happed by the fauoure of his host which called him to banket: or by some apointment of treason: or els by some other chance: it was not know¦ne for certayn. But this was knowen that euer after as long as he lyued he was reputed for a vile & a wretched cowarde and without credence: bycause that in so gerat losse and mischief he counted it better to escape: and after to lyue, and dye in shame and rebuke: thā manly to haue died in defence of the towne. And euer after to haue had an honorable name of a worthy capitaine.

¶ How Metellus destroyed the towne of Vacca, & slew al the inhabytants in reuengyng theyr treason: and how Turpilius leuetenant or captayn of the towne was beheaded at commaundement of Metellus. The .xli. Chapter.

Whan Metellus vnderstode of this lamen∣table chance, and treasō doone at the towne of Vacca: his mind was meruaylously gre¦ued, abashed, and sadde withall. But to thin¦tent that none shulde parceyue his heuines he withdrue hymselfe frome company a litell tyme: but after whan he had satisfied his mynde with teares, and secrete lamentacion. And whan his dolour was myxed

wyth wrath and displeasure agaynste that cruell deede, then hasted he hym selfe with greate cure and diligence to go to reuenge thys iniurious and cruell treason. A∣none he called forthe a legyon of souldioures whyche passed forthe the wynter wyth hym, and wyth them also as many horsemen of the Numidians as he might assē¦ble whiche had forsaken Jugurthe and fledde to hym, whom he thoughte moste trusty. Hys legion he arayed in lyghte harnesse and easye armoure to the intente to speede the waye more redelye. And because he entended to go aboute thys matter secretely: therefore pryuely e∣uen wyth the sunne goynge downe, he tooke hys iour∣ney and proceded forw••rde towarde Vacca, and labo∣red so that on the nexte daye after aboute the third hour he came wyth hys company into a certayne playne a ly∣tle closed or compassed aboute wyth small downes not muche hygher then the extremities of the valey. There called he together his souldiours whyche were weary for the greate laboure of their iourney, and longe waye whyche they had gone. In so muche that they refused to procede any farther. But Metellus conforted them saying that the towne was but one myle thence. Wher∣fore he desired them to suffer and endure the remenante of theyr labour wyth paciente myndes, but onely to re∣uenge the death of the cityzens and theyr felowes whi∣che were stronge and worthy men: and very miserably murdred. Moreouer he shewed to them benynglye the greate praye whyche was ready for them, if they wold manly procede. Thus weere their myndes exalted, con∣forted, and enboldened wyth his wordes. Metellus se∣yng that, was glad, anone cōmaunded the horsemen to procede in the forward: these horsemen wer Numidiās.

And the fotemen he commaunded to kepe secrete their standerdes, conysances, and badges: and to go behynd vnder the shadowe of the horsmen as nere togyder as they might: and so proceded he towarde the towne.

¶ Whan the citezyns saw an army approche and moue towarde them: at the beginning they thought it had ben Metellus (as it was in deede) and anone shut the gates of the towne against him. But afterwarde whan they aduysed them well: and sawe that the company whiche approched made no deuastacion nor distruction by the feldes nor countrey as they went. And also whan they parceiued that the horsmen which wer in the forwarde were Numidiens: againe the thought that it was Ju∣gurth with his company. Wherfore with great ioy they issued forth of that towne to mete him. Metellus anone parceiued their ignorance & gaue a token to his people to assaile them. The horsmen and fotemen knowinge the wyll of their captayne by blaste of the trūpettes as∣sayled and ouerthrue the commentie which came out of the cite against them dispersed ouer the feldes. Some of the Romains ran to the gates of the towne & entred without resistence: and some toke & inuaded the towres of the walles maugre the kepars. Thus the dispeasure and yre whiche the Romains had for death of their fe∣lowes: and the hope of prayes of the towne ouercame & excluded their werines which they had in their iournay thyderwarde. Thus the inhabitantes of Vacca enioied treson but onely two daies. For onely the space of two daies cōtinued their falshode and crueltie vnreuenged. For that great and riche cite was all giuen to hauocke and murdre vtterlye distroied of the Romaines: so that no creature escaped a lyue to bost of their treason before

committed agaynste the Romains whome they had so traiterously slayn within their cite. Turpilius lieftenant or captayne of the towne whiche (as I haue said before escaped onely with his lyfe: was called before Metel∣lus and commaunded to answere for hymselfe by what way or meanes he escaped, whyther by treason done to the towne, or by any other policy. But bycause he coude but simply excuse nor pourge hymselfe of that whiche was layed against him, he first was scourged and beatē and after that his heed striken of from his shulders, for that it was thought that if he had not be••raied the cite he coude not haue escaped more than any other. Farther∣more that great dystruction of the Romains was ascri¦bed to his negligēce or treason. If this Turpilius had ben a Romain he shuld not haue bē put to deth. For the lawe of Porcius prohibyted any citezen of Rome to be slayn: but if they cōmitted any great offence, the extreme punyshement by the lawe was to commyt them to exyle But this Turpilius inioyed not the priuylege of this lawe: for asmuche as he was no citezyne of Rome but an Italyan of the towne of Collace.

¶ Howe Bomylchar conspyred treason agaynste Iugurth, and by what meanes thys treason was discouered, and Bomylchar wyth certayn other put to death for the same. The .xlii. Chapyter.

AT the same tyme Bomilchar (by whose coū¦sell and mocyon Iugurth before hadde be∣gon the composicion with Metellus, whi••h he omitted and brake agayn for feare) was cōuersant with Iugurthe, whiche a lytell suspected this Bomilchar of treason. Wherfore he sus∣pectynge him agayne ymagyned newe policy agaynste 〈1 page missing〉〈1 page missing〉

deuyses entred his mind & much cure he had in musyng what was moost expedient to be done in the cause. But whyle he was in this study: sodenly he fell in a slombre and his wery membres desyring rest moued him to fall in slepe. This Nabdalsa had a seruant longyng to him whome he muche loued and trusted, in somuche that no busynesse nor counsel he hidde nor kept secret from him, this counsell of betraynge of Iugurthe onely excepte. Whan this seruant vnderstod that the sayd letters were brought to his lorde he thought that he had nede of his counsell as he was wont & acustomed to haue in other maters: anone entred in to the tent where his maister lay. And seing him fast in slepe he toke the letters which Nabdalsa had vnwysely layd aboue his heed vpon the pyllowe: and seyng by the superscripcion that the letter came from Bomilchar he redde it to thende. But whan he vnderstode the treason: in all hast he addressed with the same letter to Iugurth. Nabdalsa not longe after awaked and missed the letter, wherfore anone he enquy¦red who had ben there in his tent. But in short season came dyuers of his louers from Iugurth, whiche certi¦fyed him of al the mater as it was done. Nabdalsa first of al entended to pursue his accuser: but whan he percey¦ued that it was but in vayne so to do, consyderinge that he was all redy in the company of Iugurthe: he went vnto Iugurth himselfe to thintent to pacify & mitigate his displeasure & wrath. And sayd vnto hym that whan the sayd letters wer first deliuerd vnto him he had fully purposed not to kepe them secret: but hymselfe to haue disclosed them to Iugurth. But whyle he was sleping his false seruant (in hope to be aduansed therby had pre¦uented him his purpose and done the same thing which

he himselfe had fully purposed to do. Farthermore we∣pyng he besought and required hym for all amyte and loue whiche had ben bytwene them and for all the faith¦full seruice whiche he had done to hym in foretyme not to haue him suspected in so cruell a dede. Iugurth an∣swered to these requestes of Nabdalsa myldly and so∣berly lest any gretter variance myght ryse therof: but muche contrary to the disposicion of his mynde. For he thought otherwyse than he answered: howe beit he had well refrayned and alayed his wrath before with the deth of Bomilchar, and of many other whome he knew first deuisours and partynge felowes of that treason whome he had caused to be put to death before the com∣ming of Nabdalsa: lest some batayle or other insur∣rection shuld haue porceded of that businesse if they had lyued and leuger.

¶ From this day forwarde Iugurth was neuer quiet day nor night: so that he trusted neyther place, neither man, nor time: but suspected and mistrusted euery thing His ennemies and his owne subiectes he dreeded and suspected both in lyke and after one maner. He searched and espyed euery place for drede of treason douting and suspectyng euery sound or noise that he herde. He rested and lay some night in one place some night in an other, and that in abiect and secrete places against the honour of his estate roiall. Somtyme he rose from his bed in his slepe in myddes of the night & armed himselfe cring enraging, and violently smiting agaynst the walles of the chambre: as if he had ben in bataile. So that for the great drede of treason whiche he had, he toke no rest nother slepynge nor wakyng: but was violently vexed and fered like a mad man without reason or discression.

¶ How Metellus renewed the warte agaynst Iugurth, and how Mari∣us was creat consull and assygned to execute the warre of Numidy at the pleasure of the comens against the wyll of all the noble men of Rome. The .xliii. Chapter.

WHan Metellus by suche as sledde bitwene the two parties vnderstode of the chance of Bomilchar and of his treason disclosed, he began than agayne to contende with Iu∣gurth: with open warre and therto hasted all thyng necessary and expedient. And considryng that Marius was cōtinually cryeng on hym for the sayde licence and congy to depart to Rome and also greuous, hatefull, and contrary to hym: aduysyng hym not much necessary but lytell mete in so sharpe a besynes. And se∣yng hym yll wyllyng to euery thing he graunted hym lycēce at last: to depart toward Rome as he before had often requyred and demaunded by peticion.

¶ But as I haue sayd longe before, the letters whiche were sende to Rome to the commens by fauourers of Marius were well accepted. For whan the commentie had ouersene them, and by them vnderstode the praising of Marius, and the dispraysyng of Metellus. They were al inclined vtterly to the auaūcement of Marius and detraccion of the other. The noblenes of Metellus the capitayne whiche was before to his great worshyp and honour tourned now to enuye and hatered against hym. But the lownes and vnnoblenes of Marius en∣creased to hym fauour specially of the cōmentie whiche were come of vnnoble bloude, as he was. But the dili∣gente fauour of bothe the parties (that is to say of the states which helde with Metellus: and of the commens that helde with Marius) dyd measure and gyde euery

thing rather than the good or yll disposcions of the two aduersaryes Metellus or Marius. For the cōmens to dye for it cōcluded to exalte Marius. And thestates in the same maner labored to kepe hym vnder because he was vnnoble borne, and to exalte none saue thē whiche were come of noble progeny. Farthermore the masters & head officers of the cōmenty which loued debate at e∣uery assēble & congregaciō of the cōmens, sore blamed Metellus & dispised his deedes, desiring of the cōmens that Metellus might lose his head: saying that he was so worthy for that he prolonged the war in Numidy a∣gainst Iugurth more than nede was. But in despising & accusyng Metellus, they forgat not to cōmend Ma∣rius & exalte hym with wordes somwhat to much, and more thē he was worthy in many pointes. In so moche that the people wer so gretly inclined to him with their fauour, that al the craftes men & laborers of the citie, & also of the contrey which had no liuynge saue in the la∣bour of their handes, left their worke & busines & folo∣wed Marius, frequēting and resorting to his cōpanie. And set more by his auancement & honor, then by their owne profet or auantage, trusting that after if he obtey¦ned the said honor, they shuld haue their liuing by him. And thus shortlye to speke, the estates & noble men be∣yng sore astoined, the cōsulshyp was cōmitted to Mari¦us a newe gentleman whose predecessours before hym to suche dignitie could neuer attayne, and were counted vnworthy. Thus that thyng which many yeres before that tyme could neuer be done nor brought about, was now brought to effecte: that is to saye the consulshyppe which was y^e most excellēt dignitie of Rome was now in hādes of y^e cōmense, & cōmitted to a mā of base birth

Shortly after this, the protectour of the commenty na¦med Lucius. Maulius enquired & demaunded of the people whom it wold please them to send into Numidy to fynyshe the warre with Iugurth. The most parte of the commentie answered that Marius shuld haue that office and busines: how be it a lytle before that tyme the Senatoures had assigned by their ordinaunce the pro∣uince of Numidie to Metellus for his worthy deedes: wherfore now this ordinance was frustrat & void. For the cōmēty wold haue their statuts executed & fulfilled.

¶Of the seconde batayle foughten bytwene Metellus and Iugurth, and how Iugurth lost the batayl & also one of his chief townes named Thala. The .xliiii. Chapter.

IN the meane tyme whyle the enterprise of Marius proceded thus forward at Rome Iugurth was sore troubled in his mind for many cōsideracions. Fyrst he considred the losse of many whō he reputed for his frien∣des tyl before he knewe their treason of whō he had ma¦ny put to death, and many other had fled from hym for feare, some to the Romains, and other some to Bochus king of the Mauriens. He called also to his mynd that without ministers and men of warre, he was not able to execute the warre: and moreouer he thought it ieoper¦dous after so greate falsehode and treason of his olde frendes to proue or assay the fidelitie of newe. For these causes and mo lyke (as I haue sayd before) his mynde was driuen to and fro, variable & incerteine in diuers o¦pinions, I so much that there was no maner thyng, no counsell nor no maner man that could sufficiently satis¦fie nor please his mynd. He chaunged his iourneys and waies euery day into sundry places for feare of treasō.

Somtyme he addressed hym towarde his enemies: and anone after returned into wodes & wildernesses. Often tymes he had trust and cofidence in flyght: and anone after put his trust in armour and bataile. He douted whither he might lesse trust to strength or trueth of his mē which wer with him: so that what euer he purposed to do: or whither so euer he intended, euery thynge was contrary to hym. But while Iugurth thus prolonged & taryed: sodenly Metellus with his army appered in his syght. Iugurth that parceiuing: set in order and array his Numidiens aswel as he might after the short tyme which he had therto. And immidiatly the armies appro¦ched: and the batayle began. In that part of the batayle where Iugurth himselfe was: they stroue and resysted a lytell space but all the other Numidyens at the firste brūt, concourse or assaut wer put to flyght with violence and driuen backwarde. The Romayns toke some of their standeres and armour, whiche they fleyng away left behynde them: but of their ennemies they toke but fewe. For the Numidiens in that bataile and almoost in all other defended themselfe better with their fete: than with their handes or armoure. Iugurth at this tyme: mystrusted his case muche more than at any other tyme euer before, for the cowardous withdrawynge of his people. Wherfore he acompanyed himselfe with the Romayns which had forsaken and betrayed Metellus and fled to him. With them, and with a part of his hors∣men he fled in to the wildernesses therby: and frō thens vnto a towne named Thala, which was a great towne and a riche: and much of his treasour and of the aparell longing to the youthe of his yong chyldren was in the same towne. But whan Metellus vnderstode that Iu∣gurth

was fled to so ryche a towne, how beit he knewe that bytwene the towne and the next flod therto was .l. mile space of dry ground voyde and without habitacion neuerthelesse he toke in hande to ouercome all sharpnes and difficultie of places: and also to ouercome nature, though it semed impossible to mannes mynde. This thynge Metellus toke in hande in hope to fynishe the batayle muche soner yf he myght wynne that towne.

¶ Wherfore he commaunded that al the beestes which serued for cariage, shuld be vnladen of al such baggage and burthen as they caried longynge to the souldyours saue onely whete and vitayle for the space of .x. dayes. Also he commaūded some of the bestes to be laded with bottels full of water, and other vessels mete to be caried with water. Moreouer: ouer all the contrey he gathered togyder as many tame bestes as he coude get and them laded with empty vessels of euery sort. Many of them were treene vessell which he had done to be gathered a∣mong the villages of the Numidiens. Farthermore he commaunded thinhabitantes of those marches whiche after the flight of Iugurth had yelded them to him that they shulde make them redy to folowe the hoost euery man with asmuche water as they myght beare. And assigned them a daye and place, where they shulde be re¦dy vnder payne of deathe. Whan Metellus was come to the sayd flod which was fifty mile from the towne of Thala, & nerest water therto (as I haue said before) he dyd all the beestes to be laded of the same water. And so went towarde Thala, his hoost set in order and aray: so that if any ieopardy apered he was euer redy at defence but afterwarde whan he was come to that place where he had apoynted the Numidiens to mete him with the

water wherwith they were laded and folowed the host. And whan his tentes were pitched, set, and defended a¦bout with trēches, cut tres, bowes and stakes after the polycie of warre, sodeinlye from the heauen descended greate violence and plentie of rayne water that it was more than sufficient to all the armye, as well to men as beastes. Moreouer their vitayles were more plentefull then they trusted or looked after. For the Numidians which newly were yelded, were so much the more serui¦sable & redy to minister euery thyng necessary to the ar∣my. And no maruell: for euery thyng is quicke at the be¦ginnyng, which often fadeth at the ende. But the souldi¦ours and men of warre, were more glad to occupye the rayne water for deuocion, than suche water which was brought to them in vessels by cariage. For thei supposed that their goddes loued and fauored them, whiche in so drye a countrey, and in suche a chaunce sente to them so greate plentie of water besyde prouision of theire cap∣tayne. This thynge greatlye conforted the myndes of them all: and incouraged them with boldenesse, stren∣gthe, and dilygence to ouercome all difficulties whyche remayned. Thys conforte kyndelynge theyr myndes: they sped them selfe so forward, that on the nexte daye after they came to the towne of Thala, contrary vnto the opinion or knoweledge of Iugurthe. The inhabi∣tauntes whiche thought them selfe surelye defended by the sharpenesse and difficultie of the place, were sodein∣ly abashed and astonied for that great vnwonte and vn¦prouided case. Neuertheles they made prouision to ba∣tail as quickly as they might by sufferance of the time. The Romains addressed them in the same maner. But kyng Iugurth anone cast in his mynde y^t to Metellus

was nothing vnprouided nor vnable to be done: as he that by his craft, diligence, & polycie: had ouercome both wepen, armour, place, and tyme. And also nature it selfe which ruleth other thinges longing vnto men. Iugurth this aduysing and reuoluyng in his mynde fled priuely by nyght forthe of the towne with his children and a∣great part of his treasour. Nor after this tyme he neuer taryed in one place paste the space of a daye or of a night fayning that he fled so frō one place to an other bycause of his present besynesse: but the ryght cause of his remo∣uyng was for that he feared treason whiche he thought best to auoyd and eschue by continuall chaungyng of places. For suche counsels of treason can not be taken without deliberacion & proces of tyme, and conueniens or oportunyte of places where princes dothe longe so∣iourne and continue.

¶ But whan Metellus sawe that thinhabitantes wer redy to batayle, and also that the towne was strongly defended bothe by crafte of mannes handes and by na∣ture of the place. Anone he compased aboute the towne on euery syde with profounde dychesse, trenches, and herdels: of sharpe stakes the poyntes vpwarde to then∣tent that none of thinhabitantes shulde breke out nor escape by night, as Iugurth had done before: nor that no vitels shulde be conuayed into them, wherby they might the longar resyst hym and indure the sege. After warde he commaunded scaffoldes to be made about the walles specially in such places as were most conuenient and penteses of sheldes conioyned in maner of vynes to be driuen to the walles vpō wheles. And about the sayd scaffoldes to be cast a hepe of grauell and stones: and toures of tymbre and bulwarkes set vpon them and: o∣ther

souldiors he assigned to defend the worke, and thē also that laboured there vpon. These scaffoldes, penty∣ses and pauasies were made to thenteut that vnder thē the Romayns myghte vndermine the walles withoute great peryll or dammage. On the other syde, the garni∣son and inhabitantes hastely labored to resiste the Ro∣mains, and to defende them selfe and their towne man∣fully. So that on both parties was nothing forgotten, able to be done touchinge their defence. But briefely to speke, the Romains weried with much labour and ba∣tayle .xl. daies after they were come thither, at last wan the towne. But all the pray & ryches of the towne was destroyed by them which were within the towne in gar¦nison of the Romayns which had fled from Metellus to Iugurth: whiche speciallye had assigned them to de∣fende the towne. These traytours whan they sawe the walles vndermined and brused with diuerse ingens of batayle: & their fortune was brought to extremite: and no socours nor hope remayned. Than they assembled and caried together all the treasour and ryches of the towne, as golde, syluer, with other precious ornaments or iewels into the palays of Iugurth, and there fylled themselfe with wine and other delycate meates. And at conclusion whan they were full saturate and ingorged: they set fyre on the palaice and wylfully brente and de∣stroyed the ryches, the palayce, and them selfe wythall. So that suche punyshemente as they dreeded to suffer of theyr ennemyes, they voluntarely suffered the same wyth their owne handes to auoyde the subieccion and daunger of their ennemies, by desperate folye and pre∣sumptuous madnesse.

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the custome of sydoni, which they maintayned and kept styll: somuche the more easely: by cause they dwelled se∣perat in the extreme and vtter partes of the contrey far from the court and frequentacion of kinges of Numidy For bytwene this cyte of Leptis and the wel inhabited partes of Numidy be many places deserted and wyde wyldernesses vnhabyted for dryenes of the contrey.

¶The descripcion of that place of Affryke whyche is named the Phele•• ••utres, and for what cause the same place was fyrste so named. The .xlvi. Chapter.

BVt for asmuche as by occasyon of this be∣synes of the cite of Leptis and their embas∣sadoures, I haue made mencyon of their cite and partlye discrybed the sytuacion of the same. Nowe me thynke it a thynge con∣uenient, and not vnworthy to recount an excellent and merueylous dede done in the same coostes by two bre∣thern borne at the cite of Carthage and namely bycause the place is called the Phylen auters me thynketh it requisyte to declare the cause of that denominacion. For this place of our hystorie so requireth.

¶ What tyme the Carthaginēses had in possession and wer lordes ouer the moost part of Affryke: at the same season the Cirenenses also were great and famous of name: and abundant of welth & riches. Than betwene the costes of these two cities was a great and large feld all ouer spred with sande without diuision, perticion, or difference. But bytwene them was neyther flod nor mountayne, whiche myght discerne the boundes and marches of bothe their coostes: whiche thyng caused cōtinuall and longe warre often and great batayls by∣twene bothe parties. But after that manye armies on

both sydes were ouercome, slayne, or put to flight bothe by land & by sea: and whan bothe people had somewhat wasted the one the other by spoylyng and murder: than began they to perceiue their owne foly on both partes, fearing lest some other nacion anone after shuld assaile them, both the ouercommers, and them that were ouer come, when they were wasted and weried wyth batails and brought to extremitie. Wherfore this cōsidred, they toke truce bytwene them both, and to auoide that longe variaunce betwene them: they made agremente and co∣uenant that messengers or embassadours of bothe par∣ties shulde depart out of their cities at one certaine day and houre assigned. And that same place wher the mes∣sengers of both the cities shuld meete together, shuld be for euer after taken for the bowndes & marches of the contrey, of both the nacions and cities without more cō¦tencion or variance. To bryng this apointment to effect and cōclusion, forth of the citie of Cyren were chosen .ij. for their parte and send forth at the daye and houre ap∣pointed. And in lykewyse out of Charthage were sende two brethern named Phelen, which swyftely sped them in their iourney. But the Cirenenses wente much more slowely, whether it so fortuned by negligence or chaunce I know but lytle the truth. But this is knowen for cer¦tayne, that aboute those costes tempeste of wynd & we∣ther is wonte to let men and prolonge their iourney in lykewyse as vpon the sea, and that for this cause. For whan by those euen places wyde and bare without any thyng growyng on them: the wynd ryseth and styrreth the small sand from the ground, the same sande moued by greate violence of the wynde is wonte to fyll the fa∣ces, mouthes and eyes of such as passe that waye with

dust and sande. And thus often by lettyng of their sight their iournay is prolonged & hyndred. But after whan the Cyrenenses sawe themselfe some what ouer slowe and late in their iourney: they fered punishemēt at their retournynge home for their negligēce. And blamynge they accused the Carthaginenses obiectyng and saying that they had come forth of their citye before the tyme assigned: and thus they troubled al the mater and brake the ordynance. But shortly to speke these Cirenenses concluded rather to suffre death and to do any thynge possible than to retourne home again ouercome. Wher∣fore the Carthaginenses desired some other condicion or apointment to be made indifferēt and equal bytwene both the parties. The Cirenenses consented therto and put the Carthaginenses in choyse whyther they wolde be quicke buryed in that same place whiche they desired for their marches & boūdes: or els that the Cirenenses vnder the same condicion shuld procede forward to that place whiche they desyred for their marches and there to be quicke buryed vnder the same maner. The .ii. bre∣therne both named Phelene alowed and graunted the condicion subduyng and abandonyng their bodyes to death for the profet and wele of their contrey and cite of Carthage: and so were they buryed quicke. Wherfore the Carthaginenses in the same place where they were buryed raysed and halowed .ii. auters in worshyp and remembrance of these two brethern whiche set more by encrese of their contrey: than by their owne liues. These auters to this present day be called the Phylene auters after the name of the .ii. brethern named Phylenis ther vnder buryed, as sayd is for wele of their contrey. Also besyde this memorial within the cite of Carthage were

many other thyngs ordained to the great honour of thē and remembrance of theyr worthy dede. ¶But now I wyll leaue this matter and returne to my purpose.

¶How Iugurth assembled a new army of the rude Getulians agaynst the Romayns, and how he associated to hym Bocchus kynge of the Mauriens to strength hym in batayle agaynst Metellus. The .xlvii. Chapter.

WHan Iugurth had loste the citie of Thala, one of the strongest cities of his land (as sayd is be¦fore) then he considered wel that in al his kyng¦dome was no place stronge ynough to resyst the myght of Metellus. Wherfore he hasted hym with a small cō¦pany through deserts & great wyldernesses flying from his owne contrey. And at last he came to the land of Ge¦tulia which is a maner of people, rude, wyld, and wyth¦out order or maners: & at that season naught knowing of the preeminent honor & fame of the Romain empire. Of thys people Iugurth assembled a multitude toge∣ther, and by lytle & lytle enduced & taughte them by co∣stume & exercise to folowe the order of chiualry, to kepe araye, to insue their standerds, to obaye the cōmaunde∣ments of their captaines, to decerne & haue knowledge of the signifiyng of y^e soundes of trūpettes, & to obserue al other pointes belōging to warfare & chiualry. These thinges with other lyke necessary to bataile, Iugurthe ceassed not to prepare and ordaine with all diligence.

¶ Moreouer he prouoked to hys fauour & feloweshyp by great rewardes and much greater promises such as wer most nere frindes to Bocchus kyng of the Mauri¦ens, by whose help he hym selfe went to kyng Bocchus & desired hym in his quarel with hym to warre ageinst the Romains. To which request of Iugurth Bocchus

agreed so much the more for as muche as at the first be¦ginninge of the same warre, this Bocchus sente vnto Rome embassadours to desire of the Romains amitie, and a bond of continuall peace betwene him and them. But notwithstanding that this peticion and peace was muche expedient and necessary to the Romains for dy∣uerse consideracions, and namely because of this war. Not the lesse it was not graunted by me me of a fewe such as at Rome blynded with auarice, wer wont to sel for money euery thinge both honest & dishonest. Also be¦fore this time the doughter of Iugurth was spoused to the sayd Bocchus. But this bond of friendshyp or affi∣nitie amonge the Numidiens & Mauriens, is reputed but of lytel or none effecte, because they are wont euery mā to haue diuers & mani wiues according to their sub¦stance & riches. Some .x. and some mo, after as they ar of abilitie or power to meinteine. But y^e kinges, because they are of most power & substance, therfore they haue mo than other. Thus is their mynd & fauour distracte and diuersly deuided from all their wiues for the multi¦tude of thē, and because they haue so many that they re∣serue none for their speciall bedfelow. Wherfore they al ar reputed vyle & litle set by after one maner. Thus the affinitie betwene these .ij. kinges, Iugurth & Bocchus, was lytle set by and smal auayled in this busines. Not withstanding both they and their hostes came together in one place apointed therto: wher after they had geuen and takē faith & truth one to other of fidelitie to be ob∣serued betwene thē. Iugurth inhaunced & lifted vp the minde of Bocchus with his words: saying that the Ro¦maines were vniust, grounded in auarice without suffi¦sance or measure: & cōmon enemies to euery man & to

euery contrey: & that they had as much quarel againste Bocchus as against hym, and one selfe cause to war a∣gainst thē both, and also against manye other nacions: which cause was but only the plesure of great lordshyp and riches. So that for the same cause al kyngdoms to thē were aduerse & contrary, & that he hym selfe to thē was enemy for y^e same cause. And not long before that tyme the Carthaginenses, & afterward Perses kyng of Macedony were subdued and vndone by the Romains without any iust tytle or cause of bataile, saue only am∣bicion and enuy which the Romaines had against thē. And that in tyme to come euerye nacion whiche shulde haue welth and riches shuld become enemies to the Ro¦mains for their inordinate pride & insaciable couetise.

¶Wyth these wordes and other lyke, Iugurth moued the mynde of Bocchus agaynste the Romaynes. In so muche that anone a daye was appointed betwene both the kynges to procede forthe together to the towne of Cyrtha, and to assayle the same wyth bothe their pow∣ers conioyned. Thys towne they purposed firste of all to besiege, because Metellus had lefte within the same towne prayes and prisoners whiche he hadde taken of Iugurth. And also muche of his owne ordinaunce had he lefte there to auoyde impedimente in his voyage. Thus Iugurth thoughte mooste expediente to do: For if he myght wynne the towne by assaulte before the res∣cous of Metellus, he thoughte that shulde be moste to hys honour and profite. Or elles if the Romayne cap∣tayne Metellus, and hys armie shulde come to succour the towne, than thoughte he that there bothe hym selfe and Bocchus shoulde geue batayle to Metellus. Iu∣gurthe for crafte and subtyltie hasted thereto so muche

the moare to tangle Bocchus in the warre before a∣nye place shulde be moued bytwene him and the Ro∣mayns. And lest the same Bocchus by prolōging of the time might rather encline to peace than to warre after he at leasour shulde haue taken better counsell and ad∣uisement. For Iugurth suspected at beginninge that Metellus in proces of time wolde desyre this Bocchus not to medyll in this war assistyng the part of Iugurth nor mentayning his cause

¶How Metellus vsed hym selfe heryng that these two kynges were con∣federate agaynste hym, and howe after he was certified that the prouince of Numidy was assigned to Marius the new consull: he ceassed the warre for the nonce. The .xlviii. Chapter.

WHan Metellus knewe that the two kinges were associate together: he thought not to fyght with them rashely without prouision nor in euery place for his aduantage or not as he was wont to do often tymes before after the first time that he had ouercome Iugurth. But within his feldes well and surely defended he kept him selfe abydinge the commynge of the two kinges: and that not farre from the towne of Cirtha. This dyd he thinking it best to knowe the myght, maners, and con¦dicions of the Mauriens firste or he wolde fyght with them, bycause the were but newe enemies and therfore their maners vnknowen to him. And whan he saw his best auantage than thought he to gyue them bataile.

¶ In the meane time while Metellus taryed the com¦minge of the two kinges: letters wer brought vnto him from Rome: whiche certefied hym that the prouince of Numidi, was cōmitted and giuen to Marius the new consull. For he had herde long before this time that the

sayd Marius was elect consull: but this was the firste time that he vnderstode the prouince of Numidy com∣mitted to him. For this cause was Metellus moued and displeased muche more than longed to measure or honesty. In somuche that he coude neyther refraine his eyes from wepyng nor measure his tong from speking yll by Marius. This Metellus was a synguler noble & worthy man in all other cōdicions: but the displeasure of his minde he toke ouer womanly and tenderly to his hert, and namely in this cause. Whiche condicion: some reputed to procede of a proude hert of Metellus. And other some thought it no meruayle though his noble hert wer moued and kindled with anger, for this iniu∣ry and wrong done to hym. And many sayd that Metel¦lus toke so great sorow and displeasure: bycause the vic∣torie whiche he had almoost optayned shulde be pulled out of his handes his selfe hauing the labour & parill, and an other man the tryumphe and honour. But to be playne in the mater & indifferently to write: it was not vnknowen to the wisest Romains, but that the dignite, auancement, and honour of Marius greued Metellus much more thā dyd his owne iniury. And that he wold not haue taken it so heuely if the prouince of Numidy which was taken from him had ben giuen to any other noble man than to Marius. Wherfore Metellus was let from his first besines for the sayd displeasure so that he purposed not to vexe himselfe from thensforth with out thanke or profet. And also he thought it foly to take in hande the charge of another mannes mater to his owne paryll, labour, & paine. Wherfore he sende messan¦gers to the king Bocchus, desiring him not to become ennemy to the Romains without occasion.

And saieng that he was yet in suche case that he myght adioine with the Romayns felowshyp loue, and amitie: whiche shulde be muche better to hym and more profi∣table. And how beit he trusted gretly in his power, ry∣chesse, and treasour: yet ought he not to change certayne thynges, for thynges incertayne. For euery batayle to begyn is easy and lyght: but it is a very hard thynge to ende the same whan it is ones begon. The begynning and endynge therof: is not alway in the power of one same man. For warre may be begon of a cowarde or of any other wretch: but it can not be left of againe, nor ceassed but whan it pleaseth him which is strongest and is maister hauynge the vpper hand. And finally he had him better to prouide for himselfe and for his kingdom than he began to do: and not to adioyne nor myngle his goodes, treasour, and fortune: which were in estate roy¦all florishyng with the goodes and fortune of Iugurth whiche were lost and distroyed to the vttermost. The embassadours of Metellus came to king Bocchus and shewed him their capitains wyl: as is said before vnder suche sentence. To the whiche wordes of Metellus Bocchus answered againe benignely & mekely ynough sayng that he desyred nothyng more than peace: saue, that he had pyte and compassion of the aduers and mi∣serable fortune of Iugurth, but if the same Iugurth might be suffred also to haue frendship and amyte with the Romains and forgiuenesse: than said Bocchus that he wolde gladly agre to euery thynge desyred of Metel¦lus, and euery thyng shulde be accorded bytwene them. The capitayne Metellus heryng this answere of Boc∣chus agayne sent messangers to him replyeng against his requestes and sayenge that some of his peticions

were agaynst iustice and reason: also Metellus by these embassadours desired many other thinges of Bocchus of whom Bocchus graunted & alowed some, and other some of them he denyed. After this maner the tyme ouerpassed and proceded forth, massangers often going and commyng bytwene them bothe: so that by such ma∣ner the warre and batayle remayned vntouched and depended not medled with: as Metellus dyd greatly coueyt and desyre in mynde bycause he wolde kepe sure that laude whiche he had wonne: and also for that to his owne paryll and dammage he wold not auantage nor auance Marius: in a thinge which to him belōged.

¶ But here wyll I leaue to speke of Metellus, and retourne to speke of Marius whiche contrary to the wyll of the noble men of Rome was creat consul by fa∣uour of the cōmens: lykewyse as I haue writen before.

¶ Of the great ordinance and preparacion whych Marius the newe con∣sull made agaynst Iugurth, and for the warre of Numidy. The .xlix. Chapter.

BVt Marius (as I haue sayd before) was elect consull, at great desyre and instaunce of the cōmen people: which also committed to hym the prouince of Numidy. Marius seing himselfe thus auanced: wher he was euer agaynst the noble men of Rome before, nowe was he specially fiers of mynde, and stately. And besy to displease and hurt the states: some tyme one by one, and other wyle altogther. He often tymes boasted and sayd that he had goten the consulshyp of them maugre their wyll, as if it were a pray or spoylinge goten of his enne¦mies: and of men ouercome. Many other boastynge

wordes spake he to his owne commendacion, & to great displeasure and anger vnto the estates of Rome. But in the meane tyme he forgat not to prepare euery thyng ne¦cessary to the warre: wherof the charge rested on him to execute the same against Iugurth from thensforth. He demaunded of the senatours & cōmens new supplement of soudyors to repare and restore the army whiche was in Numidy with Metellus. For many of thē wer slaine and many deed of sickenesse: thus was the army sore deminished. He called also for socours of suche nacions as marched to thempire. And of kynges whiche were cōfederate and had conioyned feloweshyp with the Ro∣mayns. Moreouer he raysed vp in Italy & nere about Rome, as many as were strongest and bolde mennes bodies. And namely suche as he himselfe had proued be¦fore in warre: and such as in warfare were proued by dedes: and not suche as were boosted by fame. And na∣mely olde souldeours which had longe haunted the war and wer pardoned ther of. So that it was in the power of no man to constrain them to war without their owne fre assent: bycause that they had continued styll in warre the season to them assigned of their captains. These treated Marius with so fayre flateryng and paynted wordes, that thy were redy to go with him in warfare. And how beit that the senatours wer contrary to hym: yet durst they nothing deny vnto hym belonging to his besynesse: but gladly and with good wyll they decreed that he shulde rayse and chuse souldyours to fulfyll the nombre of them which wer lost in bataile in the contrey of Numidy. But this dyd they for no gret, loue which they had to Marius: for they thought that he shuld lese eyther the execucion of the batayle whiche he intended

with Iugurth, or elles the fauour of the people whiche wolde refuse to go forth to warre. So that if Marius constrayned them, their old loue myght turne into new malyce and hatered against hym. But this thyng was trusted but in vayne of the Senatoures, for the mooste parte of the commons had an inestimable desire to go to batayle wyth Marius. For euerye man caste in hys mynd to be inryched by prayes and spoylynges of war. And that more is, to retourne home agayne victoures wyth muche honour and triumphe. These thinges and other lyke they considered, whiche caused them gladlye to folowe Marius: and also Marius dyd not a lytle en¦bolden and conforte theyr myndes with his exhortaci∣on. For whan euery thynge which he desired of the Se¦natours was confirmed and decreed by thē. And when Marius shulde assemble his souldiours, he thought to put them in conforte by exhortacion, and also to trou∣ble and displease the states of Rome as he was wonte to do, and to chafe their myndes. Wherefore he assem∣bled and called together a greate company of the com∣mon people, and spake to them by exhortacion and con∣fortyng of them as hereafter ensueth.

¶The oracion or exhortacion of the consull Marius had to the commen people of Rome before hys voyage into Numydye, whiche exhortacion is demonstratyue contaynyng the laude and praise of Marius, and dispraise and blame of the noble men of Rome. The .l. Chapter.

RYght worthye citizens, I knowe well that many of these estates of ancient name haue not thē selfe behaued after one maner of cō¦dicion in desiryng of you honoradle digni∣ties and greate offices, and in administra∣cion and gouernyng of them after they haue optayned 〈1 page missing〉〈1 page missing〉

before they optayned promocyō, to thintent to come ther¦by to honoure and dignite. But where as I haue passed all my lyfe in right good occupacions by continuall cu∣stome it is roted in me to do well: and this custome is tourned with me into nature. Treuth it is: that ye haue commaunded me to warre agaynst Iugurth: whiche thing these noble men taketh very greuously. I require you consyder and dyscus in your myndes and in your inwarde consideracion ponder ye: whyther it be better, more necessary and expedient to chanuge the same your commaundement agayne: and to sende forth some other of that sort of auncient gentil men vnto this besynesse agaynst Iugurth or els to any other lyke. Send forth a noble man of old auncetry: in honour & remembrance of whō many ymages may be made and erecte or set vp on hye. But of polycie of chiualry or warfare is he vtter¦ly ignorant and inexpert. Wyll ye change your purpose and sende forth such one to warfare at pleasure of these gentylmen, as who saieth: that is best to be done for this cause. To thintent that in so great a mater and wighty besynesse: suche a captayne more ignorant and ferefull than any of all his souldyours, shalbe chosen of you whi¦che anone after shal chuse forth agayne some one of the commen people to be hys maister: to informe and teche him in such besynes as to his office & charge belongeth hymselfe beyng ignorant of euery thyng necessary to be done. By this meane it often fortuneth: that he whome ye ordayne to be captayne and commaunder of your ar∣my: dothe chose an other to be captayne and commaun∣der ouer hymselfe. In somuche that (if ye indifferently iudge) he: whome ye chose for capitayne is muche more mete to be made a symple souldyoure, than a capitayne

ouer other. And also worthye citizens, I knowe some∣what of these noble menne so farre oute of order, that whan they haue ben made consuls, then haue they ge∣uen them selfe to readynge of actes of theyr elders and predecessours: and of the grekes preceptes of chiualrie: which doutles may well be called men wythoute order for thys consideracion. For they shoulde by due order firste learne to rule theyr office before they shulde take vpon them the charge thereof. But they do contrarye. Fyrst they take charge of the office, and than after lerne to rule it by waies inordinate: howe be it euerye wyse man wyll firste lerne to gouerne an office before he de∣sire or take vpon him the rule thereof. But these estates contrarely demeane them selfe. Thus worthy citizens, compare me newe gentlemen with their immoderate pryde, and take diligent consideracion whyche is beste: to be not gentle of byrth, and lowely and gentle of ma∣ners: or elles to be gentle of bloud, and proude and vn∣gentle of maners. Of suche thynges as they be wonte to heare and to read, somewhat haue I seene, and some I my selfe haue done. I haue learned that by exercise of chiualry, which they haue learned by readyng. Now iudge and consider ye whether is better of deedes or workes, of readynge or doyng. They dispyse my nouel¦tye of honoure and vnnoble lynage, and I dyspyse the vncraftynesse and slouthe of them. My happye fortune is obiected of them against me as to rebuke, but shame and dishoneste behaueour maye be obiected and layde agaynst them in rebuke. Is it not truthe that euery mā is come of one lyke nature. I consider and knowe well that one man is not better nor more noble thē an other, but if it be bi his wisedō, good maners, vertu & strēgth. 〈1 page missing〉〈1 page missing〉

other men. And wherfore thinke ye do thei this? Plane¦ly I suppose bycause I haue no ymages of my progeni¦tours exalted in remembrance of them as these gentyl∣men haue: and bycause my noblenesse is but newe and springyng. But theirs is auncient and by their dysorder decaynge. But certenly I counte it more better and ho∣norable to be roote and begynner of noblenesse vnto all my progeny & to leaue the same vnto my branches: than to corrupt and desyle noblenes receyued of my progeny as many of these gentylmen do. Forsoth I am not ig∣norant but that if these estates were nowe present and shulde answere to my wordes their speche shulde be a∣bundātly painted, ornate and elegant ynough. But syth they cease not to blame & reuyle with their lewde words in euery place bothe you & me for this your great office whiche ye haue gyuen vnto me: it hath not pleased me to be styll nor to kepe secrete their fautes: lest some myght count me culpable & worthy their rebukes: by reason of myne indyfcrete pacience & sylence. Neuertheles sothely their wordes can not greue nor hurt me: after the con∣scyence of myne owne mynd. For if they say trueth they can nought say but good and worshyp by me: but if they wyl nedesly on me my maners, my liuing, & cōuersaciō is suche that I shall ouercome their wordes and proue their iniust accusementes fayned and false. But sith your counsell is blamed of these noble men bycause ye haue commytted to me this great honour and greater besynesse: consyder ye in your myndes diligently and often whether ye shall nede to repent you of this dede or not. To say trueth I can not host mi selfe of the ymages of my progenitors nor I can not recounte vnto you the triumphes or consulshyps of myne auncetry. But if the

matter required: I coulde wel shewe vnto you speares, standerdes, horse, trappers, harnesse, wyth many other rewardes of chiualrie: some geuen to me of the Emper¦oure, and some of other captaynes for myne actes in ba¦tayle. And other some which with mine handes I haue wonne of the enemies of the empire. I coulde also if it neded shewe you in the fore parte of my body manifold scarres of many and large woundes which I haue ta∣ken in good worthe for defence of our contrey and com∣mon weale. These be my ymages whiche I can shew. Thys is my noblenesse, not lefte to me by heritage (as theirs is to them) but noblenes whiche I haue wonne and gotten wyth greate and sore labours of my bodye, and peryll of my lyfe.

¶ My wordes be not ordred in ornate langage, nor my speche painted with rethoricke lyke theirs, for I set lytle therby. My vertue sheweth it selfe plainly enough withoute glosed or paynted wordes. But these noble menne muste of necessitie haue crafte for to couer theyr shamefull and vngoodlie deedes, with these eloquente wordes their craftye and rethorike speche. Nor as for me, I neuer learned the greeke langage, which thynge these estates obiecte agaynste me as a greate faulte. But to be plaine: my pleasure was neuer much to lerne suche thynges, whiche haue lytle auayled vnto the tea∣chers or lerners of the same, neyther to acquisicion of vertue nor expulsion of vyce. But I haue learned and am taughte in other thygnes muche better and more profitable to the common weale, as to assaile and strike myne enemies, to dispoyle their ordinaunce & vytailes, to chafe their garnisō: nothing to drede nor fear saue an yl name, to indure & take in good worth y^e plesure of the

somer and the hardnes of the wynter bothe in lyke: to lye vpon the ground, to endure honger and labour both together. Therfore I shall exhort and informe my soul¦diours with these preceptes, which I my selfe haue ler¦ned, vsed and assaied. Nor I shal not handle or intreate them by crafte to thintente they maye auaunce me with ryches: nor vse them sharply and my selfe plesantly: but in euery difficultie I shall be their example of labour: nor I shal not put the labour to them and take the wor¦shyp to me. This order is profitable. Thus ought a cap¦taine demeane him amonge his souldiors, and namely among worthy citizens. For when a man liueth delicat¦ly him selfe, & driueth his souldiours to the peryl of ba∣taile by punishement or other rigour: he is not to be cal¦led a captaine or ruler of an armie: but rather a proude lorde or tirānous opressor of citezins. Our elders wor∣thely behauing them selfe after this maner, haue made noble and excellent & inriched this cōmen weal, and thē selfe also. But these states which now lyue, trusting to be honored by the worthines of their progenitors, they them selfe vnlyke of condicions dispise vs, and haue us in disdaine which folowe the maners of their progeni∣tors. And euery hye office, & all honors they chalenge & demaunde of you not by their merites, but as it wer of duety and heritage. But sothly the ouer proud men erre much from the truth. For thoughe their progenitors & ancestrie haue left to them euery thynge which to them was possible to leaue: as riches, patrimony, and their y∣mages, for remēbrance & example of them and of theyr worthy dedes. Neuertheles theyr vertue haue they not lefte vnto them, nor they coulde not keepe it: for that on¦ly canne neyther be geuen vnto theym in rewarde, nor

receyued of any man. These gentelmen say that I am a man withoute maners and vnclenlye of behaueour. And why? Forsoothe because that I prepare and dresse not curiousely many delicious bankets so superfluous and deinteous as they do: and because I haue no ioug∣ler nor dyzar with me to moue sportes and dissolute laughynge: nor no more curious cooke than one of the vilage longyng to rural people, which thinges to haue as these gentlemen haue, it pleaseth me not to knowe∣ledge. For I neuer had pleasure in suche thynges. For I haue herde of my father and of other incorrupte and well disposed men, that such deliciousenes and curiosi∣tie, belongeth vnto women: and that laboure and busy∣nesse belongeth vnto men. Euery good man thinketh it more conuenient to haue plentie of worshyp than of ry¦ches. And more honour it is to a good man to haue the walles of his house garnyshed and ouercouered wyth armoure wherewyth he may defende his contrey, his friendes, and hym selfe, then with riche ornamentes of curious worke of no profite saue onely the syghte and vaine regarde thereof. But sythe these gentlemen thus obiecte suche matters to me: let them continue alwaye in suche vyces whiche lyketh them, and that they haue euer reputed so dere. Let them inclyne to voluptuositie: as daunsyng, singyng, bankettynge, playing, to lechery to glotonye, and dronkennes. For in suche vyces haue they spende their youth: in the same let them passe forth their age, vtterly subdued to the bealy, to sleepe, to ydle∣nes, and subiect to lustes of the vilest part of the bodye. Let them leaue the sweate of fyghtinge, the peryll of deathe, the blynding of duste in batayle, and other lyke perilles vnto vs, to whome these be more acceptable

than their feestes and voluptuous bankettes or other vile pleasurs. But thei do not so, they be not cōtented. For after y^e such vngoodly & vyle men haue dishonested themselfe, by their foule dedes: than be they redy to take awaye the rewardes of good menne vnto them selfe. Thus (agaynst all right) lechery and slouth most cursed vyces dothe no hurt to such as occupyeth them: but they be vtter distruction to the commen weal, and commens which be innocent and vnculpable.

¶ But syth I haue made answere to these dysordred gentylmen: and that moderately after my custome and condicion & not so largely as their cursednesse and vices ar worthy. I shall speke nowe a fewe thinges touching the commen wele. And first of al haue ye good trust and esperance touching the besines of Numidy. For ye haue now moued & auoyded euery thinge wherby Iugurth was defended from beginninge of the warre vnto this tyme: that is say the couetyse of Calphurnius, and of Albinus: the vncraftynes & foly of Aulus: and the pride of Metellus. By these found Iugurth socour hytherto but al these be auoyded nowe. Moreouer ye haue there an army whiche knoweth the contrey, but verily it is more noble and manly than fortunate or happy. For a∣great part ther of is wasted and spent (and that wors is infected and corrupted: what by the auarice and by the vnboldnes and cowardyse of their captayns. Wherfore ye whiche be of lusty age and mete to endure the hard∣nesse of warre and batayle: now labour ye with me, and take ye in hande defence of the commen weale. Nor let none of you be afrayed nor abashed for misfortune of the other souldiours which haue foughten there before this tyme nor of the pride of their captayns. For I my

selfe as counsellour of your besynes and felowe of your peryls shall be present with you in euery besynesse both in your iournays and in your batayle also. So that I shall gouerne you and my selfe withoute difference, and vnder one forme in euery poynt. And verely by helpe of the goddes we shall within shorte season obtayne all auantages & commodities which any man may wyn in batayle, as prayes, victory, with immortall laude and worshyp. And certaynlie if these pleasours and auanta∣ges were in dout or harde to obtayne (as they be not). Neuertheles it were conuenient to euery good man) as ye be) to socour and defende the commen weale of their countrey fro distruccion and dyshonour. For certaynlie there was neuer man whiche obtayned immortal laude nor euerlastyng name by cowardise or sleuth. Nor there was neuer wyse father which wold wyshe his chyldren or sonnes to lyue euer: but only that they myght lyue so longe as they behaued them selfe worthelye in goodnes and honesty: and so to passe forth their life as naturall course requireth.

¶ Worthye Romaynes: I wolde speake more vnto you if I vnderstode that strengthe coulde be encreased to feble or fearefull menne by wordes: but it is not so. Wherefore me semeth that I haue sayde enoughe and aboundauntlie to noble and bolde harted menne, as my truste is to proue you.

¶Howe Marius after hys exho••tacion ended, anone laded shyppes wyth ordynaunce of warre, and sende forwarde wyth the same one Manlyus hys embassadoure: and howe he hym selfe anone after folowed wyth all hys companye. And howe he behaued hym selfe in Numydy at the fyrste begynnynge. The .li. Chapter.

WHan Marius hadde vttred and ended his wordes vnder this forme: and whā he sawe al the myndes of the commens enclined to the war in trust of victorie & prayse. Than anone wythout more delay he caused shyp∣pes to be charged with viteyls, and treasour for the souldyours wages, with armour, wepyn, and all other thinges necessary to warre. And commaunded one na∣med Aulus Manlius, whiche was assigned embassa∣dour to hym , to departe forwarde with the same shyp∣pes so charged. In the meane season Marius himselfe remayned at Rome a lytel time: & chose forth souldyors suche as him thought most expedient: and not after the custome of the olde Romaines his predecessours nor after institucion of the auncient captayns, whiche had ordred a certayne maner of peple of whom souldyours shulde be chosen for warfare in tyme conuenient. But cōtrarywyse Marius admytted euery man indifferētly whiche was any thinge lyckely and had pleasure to go with him. And many such he admitted also which were poore and not suffred to go warfare before: lest their pouertie might haue constrayned them rather to fal to robbery than to dedes of chiualry. How beit, it was inacted of the olde Romains that suche excused of war for cause aboue sayd: shulde pay a certayne somme of money pretaxed toward the wages of such as laufully were admytted to warre. Marius suffred none of these to pay any thinge at all: but elect many of them for his souldyours. Manye of the Romaines surmysed that Marius elected vnto warre these abiect persons: for want of other good souldyours. Some other demed that he so dyd for fauoure, ambicion, and parcialite: by¦cause

this sort of people assisted and honoured hym by auauncement at beginning of his promocion. And also men cōsidred that vn••o a man desyrous of dignitie and power: the most nedy men be most mete and behouable. For suche nedy wretches he moost auenturous: for they haue nought to lose and alway trust in auauncement by auenturinge thēselfe. And therfore they iudge euery thinge whiche they do: good, honest, and laudable: if any auantage be therto appendant. Thus dout they no pe∣ryll so that they may come therby to promocion. At last Marius departed from Rome with somwhat gretter nombre than was graunted and decreed to him of the senatours. Within fewe dayes after that: he toke shyp∣pyng & arriued in the prou••nce next vnto Affrike vnder the Romains at a towne named Vtica. The army whi¦che was there with Metellus, was deliuered to him by one Publius Rutilius, which was embassadour with the said Metellus. For Metellus himself fled the sight of Marius b•• cause he wolde not se that with his eyes, which he coude not endure to here. But whan Marius had restored and fulfylled the legions of his souldyors and the cohortes for the subsidyes and rescous. Than went he into a plentifull place of Numidy whiche was full of prayes. Al that he toke there: he gaue frely in re∣warde to his souldyours. This done: he assayled suche castels and townes which wer but febly defended with men and walles. He had many batayls & lyght skyrmi∣shes: and many other thinges he dyd in other place not with much difficultie. In the meane time the newe soul¦diours were redy manly fighting without fere: & seyng that they which fled wer other taken or slayne: therfore they aduysed them wel that the strongest & boldest was

most sure of all. They considred wel that it stode them in hande to defende with wepyn and armour their liber¦tie, their countrey, their frendes, and all other thynges longing to their helth and honour. Thus laboured they for glorie, laude, and riches which they optained: so that within short season the olde souldiours and the newe en¦creased together cherishynge and infourmynge one an other tyl their vertue and boldnes was like. But whan the two kinges Iugurth and Bocchus vnderstode of the comminge of Marius: they deuyded their hoostes and went in sonder into dyuers places where no man coude attayne to them for difficultie of the places. This was done by counsell of Iugurth. For it pleased him so to do trustinge that within shorte space the Romaines wolde be spred abrode in spoilinge and than thought he to assayle them in euery place whan they were moost without fear at libertie, at large, and vnprouided: as men ar want to be specially whan their ennemies be∣haueth them as if they were affraied. Than often be the victours improuident and lesse circumspect.

¶Howe Metellus the olde consull retourned to Roome, and of the wor∣thy and valyaunte behaueour of Maryu•• agaynste Iugurth, and of hys greate actes at his begynnyng. The .lii. Chapter.

IN the meane time Metellus returned to Rome: which contrary to his opinion was receyued wyth gladde myndes of the Ro∣mains and after that the enuy whiche Ma¦rius had moued agaynste hym was asswa∣ged and ouerpassed: he was lyke dere and beloued bothe to the commens and Senatours.

¶But Marius on his parte applyed and toke heede to his owne busines and his enemies also without slouth: but with great wisedome. He perceiued well and knew what was good and yll for auantage on both sides. He caused the waies & iourneis of the two kinges to be dai¦ly searched and espied. He preuented & interrupted their counsels, prouisions and guiles. He suffered nothyng to be vnprouided and vnredie on his side: but on the other syde and party of his enemies, he suffered nothing to be sure or prouided: for alwaie he preuented their prouisi∣ons & pursued them. Often while Iugurth and the Ge¦tulians spoiled the Numidiens which had yelded them selfe to the Romaines, Marius was redie in their way and valiantly assayled them, & ouerthrewe many of thē while they were dispersed abroade and flying away for feare. And also not farre frome the towne of Cirtha, he made Iugurth hym selfe so trust in his flighte, that for hast to ren awaie: he left his armour behind hym. But whan Marius considered that his actes were only glo¦rious and excellent without any auantage, and that he might not execute bataile with Iugurth for his vnsted¦fastnes. and mouinge from place to place, he considered in minde and ordeined hym redy to besiege the cities of the contreys one after another. And namelye suche as eyther of men or of place were necessarie and behoua∣ble to his enemies, and contrarye or hurtefull to hym. Thys dyd he, thynkynge that if Iugurthe wythoute disturbaunce suffered hym so to do, he shulde eyther be spoyled and bereft of hys cities, ordinaunce, socoures, and refuge: or els he must abide the fortune of batail, & striue for y^e mastry in plaine field. Bocchus the kinge of the Mauriens had often sende messengers before vnto

Marius: saying that he wold gladly come into fauour, amyte, and frendship of the Romains: and bydding Marius not to dout him as an ennemy nor to fear any thing longing to an enemy to be cōmitted of him ageinst the Romains. It is but lytel knowen for trueth whe∣ther Bocchus fained this thing to the intent that his comming to batayle vnknowen and vnproued myght be to Marius more greuous: or els whether he was wont by vnstablenes of mynd to change peace somtime for warre: and somtime war for peace. But Marius the consul (as he had purposed before) dru him vnto the castels and townes whiche were walled and defended: and fiersly assailed thē. Anone he tourned many of them from his ennemies to him, some by strength & violence, some by feare: and other some by promising and giueng of rewardes and prodicion of their captains. But at first beginning he medled but with meane castels and townes thinking that Iugurth shulde come to defende and socour his people & townes: & so come into danger of the Romains. But whan Marius herde that Iu∣gurth was far thens and occupied in other besinesses: than thought he not to lose his time: but to auenture on gretter thynges wherin was more harde besinesse and laboure and honoure. Wherfore he entended to besiege the cite of Capsa, which was a greate cite, stronge, and riche.

¶How Marius wan the greate and ryche Citye named Capsa. and howe he vtterly destroyed the same and gaue all the ryches thereof to hauock•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his souldiours. The .liii. Chapter.

AMong the most widest & thickest wyldernesses of Numidy was this great & ryche cite named Capsa: whiche (as men say) was first bylded by

that Hercules whiche was borne in the lande of Libya and not by Hercules the sonne of Iupiter & Alcumena Thinhabitours of this citie were ruled by Iugurthe peasably and easely put to no charges nor besinesse, and therfore were they moost true and faythful to him. They were defeneded againste al ennemies: not onely with walles, armour, and men: but also with much strō¦ger defence of the difficultie and hardnesse of the place and contrey nere about them. So that it was in maner impossible that any army could come nere thē for wante of water and scarcite of vitels. For except the feldes and place nere to the citie, all the other be voyde and wast grounde & desart without habitacion, vneyred, barayne and drie withoute water. All full of serpentes: whiche were somuche more violent and fiers for lacke of meat and sustenance, as al other wilde beastes be wont to inrage for honger. And moreouer the myscheuous and perilous nature of serpentes is more kindled to raging and vexed, with thyrst, thā with any other thing: which thyrst they coude not quenche ther for wante of water. Wherfore neyther man nor beast myght surely passe by thē. Whan Marius cast al these difficulties in his mind his hert was persed with a merueylous desyre to wyn this cite, both for that it was muche hurtful to him: and profitable to Iugurth, and also bycause it was herde to do and muche honour myght be gotten in wynninge therof. And moreouer bycause Metellus the other con∣sull before him had won the cite of Thala, with great honour and glory: whiche of sytuacion was not valyke to this cyte: neyther vnlyke in defence. Saue that not far from the walles of Thala were a fewe fontaynes: but about this citye of Capsa was no water, wel, no••

fontayne: saue one and that was within the wals of the citie alway ful of water. All other whiche dwelled with out the walles, as in the suburbes: occupyed but rayne water. The inhabitantes of that contrey and of all the remenant of Affrike, whiche were far from the see and rude people coude muche the better endure this scarsite of water and thirst: for this cause. For the moost part of them were fed with milke and venyson not loking after salte, sauces, nor other suche thinges as be norishinges or prouocatiues to glotony. They toke meate & drinke onely to slake their hunger, and to quenche their thirst: and not without measure to prouoke themselfe to plea∣sure of the fleshe, as many christen men do nowe in our dayes: which make of their bely their god. And eate not to liue: but they liue to eate contrary to mannes life, and vtterly encline to bestialite. O cursed glotony let vs chri¦sten men lerne here of panyms to eschewe thee: which wastest the body and goodes: damnest the soule: and art mother and norice of all vices. But to retourne to my purpose: this Marius after that he had serched euery thynge by his espyes, he proceded in his interprise and purpose (as men thought) holpen of the goddes. For a∣gaynst so many and hard difficulties he coude not haue made sure prouision by counsel of man nor by his owne priuate wyt: as he which had impediment and was let∣ted not onely by sharpnes of the cōtrey: but also by lacke and scarcite of wheat and of al other corne. For the Nu∣midiens intendeth more, to norishe pasture for beastes than to labour or eire the grounde for corne. And also they had brought together all the seed and corne of the yere before into strong holdes as their kynge Iugurth had commaūded them and moreouer at that season the

feldes on euery syde were drye and bare without corne: and no maruell. For it was about the extremite or later ende of somer. Not withstandyng all these difficulties and sharpnesses Marius made prouision ynough as the mater required. First he commytted all the bestes whiche he had taken in pray in foretyme vnto the horse∣men, whiche of their owne wyl folowed hym to war: or were sende to hym for helpe by frendes of thempire. Marius commaunded thē to take charge to driue forth these beastes. Than sent he Aulus Maulius embassa∣dour of the hoost to a towne named Laris, and all the cohortes of his souldyours with hym which were fote∣men and lyght harnysed for to kepe the treasour of the souldyours wages and vitayles: whiche he had lefte in the same towne. Marius kept his counsel of this inter∣prise so secrete that none of all his company hye nor low knewe of his purpose nor what he intended. But whan Manlius and his company shuld depart toward Laris Marius dissimuled wyth them sayenge that he woulde stray abrode in Numidye in rouynge and afterwarde within few dayes: he and his company wold come also to the same towne of Laris, laded with prayes of his enemies. This done he departed towarde a flod named Tana: no creature liuely knowyng of his purpose. And euery day he distribued in his iournayes amonge his hoost .xlii. heed of oxen for vitayle, which he commaun∣ded to be deuided by euyn porcion amonge them by hun¦ders and halfe hunders together: deuidynge vitayls to euery company after their nombre. And in the meane season he charged bottels and bowges to the hydes of the same beaste and of other ledder in gerate nombre.

Moreouer he eased their scarcitie of wheate and other corne, by wyse prouision. And withoute knoweledge of al his company he made good prouision of euery thing whiche myghte be necessary vnto his armye in tyme of nede. At conclusion the syxte daie after whan they were come to the saide floud of Thana, thither was brought a myghtye multitude of bottels and bowges made of leather. There pitched they theyr tentes with easye la∣bour and smal defence. Than refreshed they them selfe with meate and drinke, and eased them a certeine space. This done, Marius cōmaunded them that euery man shulde be ready to procede forward euen with the sūne goynge downe, and that euerye man shulde onely lade hym selfe and his beastes with water in the sayd bow∣ges and bottels, leauing al other cariage, burthens and baggage there behynde them in their tentes vnder the custody of other souldiours therto assigned. After thys whan he saw his tyme, he departed forth from his ten∣tes with his company, and labored all the nyght longe in hys iourney. The day after folowyng he rested in a secrete and couerte place. In the same wyse behaued he hym selfe the night next insuing, and in the third night muche before the day lyghte, he entred into a faire and large fielde full of small hylles and downes, no more but two myle space frome Capsa. And there he taried with all his hoste in the moste priuiest maner abidyng the daye light. But assone as the day light began to ap¦pear, many Numidiens issued forth of the towne: some to disport them selfe, and some about their busines, no∣thinge fearinge nor suspecting of their enemies. Whan Marius sawe that, anone with al hast he sent his horse men to the towne, and with them as many fotemen in

lyght harnesse as were moost swyft and spedy. Whome he commaunded to ren with all hast and boldely and valiantly to assayle the towne: and to besyege the gates. Than after he hymselfe folowed spedely: but with good hede and aduisement: not sufferynge his souldyours in the assaut nor in the way thyderwarde to fal to robbing nor praies by spoyling of their enemies. Whan thinhabi¦tantes of the towne k••ewe herof: their case was vnsure, their feare greate and horrible: for the sodeyne chaunce of them was nothynge suspected before, nor prouyded. Many of the cetezins whiche were without the towne and were taken and in power and captiuite of the Ro∣mains their ennemies sent vnto them within the towne desyring them for sauegard of their liues to yelde them selfe & the cite to Marius. So was it done a cōclusion. Howbeit this not withstanding Marius brent the cite. Al the Numidiens inhabytantes therof which were of full age and able to bere wepen were slaine: and the remanent as women, children, & aged men were taken prisoners and solde for their raunsome. The pray and richesse was deuided among the souldyours. This dede againste the lawe of armes was not thus done by Ma∣rius: by couetyse nor any other crueltie of hym: but by∣cause the towne & place was profitable, and necessarye to Iugurth and to the Romains harde to come to. And the maner of the people proued mouable and vnlauful euer of nature before: and neyhter refrained from their yll appetite by benefite or good dede: nor yet with awe or feare of punyshement.

¶How Marius by fortune more then by strengthe wonne the strongest•• castle of all Numidy, wherin were the treasoures of Iugurth. The .liiii. Chapter.

AFter that Marius had brought to ende so greate and harde an interprise withoute a∣nye losse or dammage to hym or any of his peple. Though he wer reputed noble, great and excellent before: than begane he to be counted more famous and excellent. Euery noble dede: was reputed to be done by strength and wisdom of Ma¦rius: and ascribed to his strength and polycie. And that suche thynges as were done by good counsell and pro∣uision, and also suche as hapened by fortune or chance: and by neglygence of ennemies. The souldiours were so manerly treated without crueltie or fiersnesse of their captayne, and also made riche and abūdant in treasour and iewels: that they exalted and praysed his name to the heuen. And loued hym as themself. But in contrary wyse the Numidyens feared hym more than any man lyuyng. Shortly to speke: both the frendes of thempire and ennemies also thought verily that eyther Marius had a godly minde and was a god himselfe: or els that he was priue with the goddes: and dyd al his dedes and besynesse by their aduyse, counsell, and prouision: which shewed him before what shuld fortune after. But whan this chaunce had fortuned so well at Capsa: anone Ma¦rius drue him to other townes, and toke as many as he besyeged. In some towne the Numidyens resysted him to their power: but it coude not auayle. In many other townes the dwellers gaue thē ouer & lefte them voyde and ran away fering so to be treated and delt withal as they of Capsa were: bycause their townes were lyke be∣houable to Iugurth, and hurtefull to Marius. Whan Marius came to any such towne: destitute and voide of dwellers he set fyre in them and brent them grounde

smothe. The aged menne, women and chyldren tooke them to woodes and caues to hyde them selfe. The yong men & lusty which were taken, were slaine downe ryghte. Thus was euerye place fylled with wepynge and waylinge, brenninge and slaughter: one myngled with another. Finally after that Marius had wonne in to his handes many townes and castels, and some with out resystence or bloud shedinge of his menne, he wente in hande wyth an other mayslrie and difficultye not so sharpe nor harde to come to as was Capsa, but to be wonne or besieged it was not lesse harde nor of lesse difficultie.

¶Not far from the flod of Mulucha (which water de∣uideth the kyngdome of Iugurth, from the kingedome of Bocchus) was a great rocke or mountaine of stonne in the middes of a playne, open ynough to be sene haue¦yng therupon builded a meane castle of quātitie, but of a meruelouse altitude, and only one strayte passage and narowe lefte to come thereto. But on euery other syde, the rocke of naturall growyng was downe ryghte lyke a walle, as if it had ben made for the nonce wyth mans handes. Marius purposed with all his myghte to take this castle: & namely because the treasures of Iugurth wer within the same. But this his purpose at last came to effecte, rather by chaunce of fortune, than by prouisi∣on or counsell. For thys castle was garnyshed and plen¦teouselye instored wyth men, wepyn, vitayles, and with all other ordinaunce requisite & necessarie to defence of such a fortres. More ouer wythin the same a foun¦tain plēteful of clere water. And beside this y^e situacion therof was suche y^t without meruelous difficultie & vn∣mesurable labour no enemies might attaine or aproche

nere therto their ingines of bataile to frushe the walles or any other part therof. Beside al these defēces the dou¦ble walles of this castel were garnyshed with towres, bulwarkes, and all other defences and ingynes whiche coude be ymagined by mannes mynd: and that rownde about compasse aswell within, as without. The way therto: by whiche the inhabitantes and garnison vsed to go and come, was very straite and narowe. In somuch that the Romains entring by the same way with their ingines of bataile were constrained to cut their pauases on both sydes & to make them more narowe for strayte¦nesse of the passage. And in suche maner they proceded forward vnder the same in great parill and with much difficultie: and at conclusion al in vayne. For whan they were come nere to the walles & wolde haue set vp and adioyned the same pauases to the walles to haue vnder mined vnder them: all their labour was frustrate. For what with stones and what with fire the defenders of the castel brake and brente them agayne downe to the grounde. Thus coulde not the souldyours which vnder mined the walles contynue together at their worke and besinesse: for starytenes and difficultie of the place and importune violence of thē within the castell. Nor other souldyours coude not serue them whiche made and re∣pared the pauases without great paryll and daunger. For continually as faste as they raysed the pauases to couer and defende them selfe: they were broken & brent bytwene their handes. In the meane time no souldyors was so good, stronge, nor bolde: but that he was eyther woūded or beaten downe to death. Thē was fear encre¦sed to other that were feble and faynt herted.

¶ But after that many dayes & greate labours in this

maner were ouerpassed and spente in vayne. Marius was sore angred & vexed in his herte, reuoluing many thinges in mynde, but specially whether he mighte giue ouer his purpose (seing his labour frustrate) or elles a∣bide the chaunce of fortune which at many times before he had found fauorable & friendly to hym. While Ma∣rius chafed & brēning in desire reuolued such things in his mynd both day and night: it happened by chance of fortune that a certeine Lumbarde a symple souldioure, one of the companie which was laste sente from Rome to Numidy to supply the army, straied abrode from his companie a lytle way, which Lumbard as he wandred found among the stones many small snailes creping on the ground, not farre from that side of the castle whiche was ouer againste the side that the Romaines besieged and assailed. Bycause this Lūbard in his contrey was acostumed lyke other of his contrey menne to eate such snailes prepared after their maner: therefore he gathe∣red first one and than an other, and after that many: as∣cending vp by lytle and lytle, somtime creping, somtime clyming, for no other intent and purpose saue to gether suche snailes: and so farre he proceded by lytle and litle tyl at last he came almoste to the top of the mountayne. But whan he sawe all that syde of the castle desolate, & no person steryng, anone he beganne to haue a pleasure and desire in his mynde to worke some mastrie, as the propertie and condicion is of euery manne couetinge to wynne a name, laude and riches, and to be spoken of. By chaunce of fortune in the same place where the Lū∣barde stode in this aduisemente among the stones grue a greate and olde oke tree hauinge the middes a lytle bowing downe toward the grounde, and the remenant

crokyng vpwarde againe with myghty armes & brann¦ches ascendyng to the hiest of the walles with the toppe erect and lyfted vp as euery herbe and tre of nature is wont to growe vpwarde at the top. This lumbard wel aduised the same and aduentured to clime vpwarde ta∣kyng his holde somtyme by the branches and bowes of this oke: and somtime takyng holde and leanyng by the stones which appered forth in the wal, tyl at the last he attayned vnto the very top of the wall. And whan he sawe no man styring on that part there stode he styl es∣pyed of no man and noted & consydred wel at his plea∣sure al the inwarde part of the castel & the playne with∣in the walles about the towre. This lumbarde hadde so muche the more leasour to take so long aduisement vnes¦pyed for al the Numidiens defenders of the castel were on the other syde attendyng & gyueng hede to the assaut and defendyng themselfe and the castel agaynst the Ro¦mayns. Whan the lumbard had espyed and consydred euery thinge whiche he thought might be auantage to his after purpose: than he descēded agayne downeward by the same way which he ascēded: but not without hede nor with so lytel aduisement as he ascended vpwarde: but prouyng euery way, and lokyng about yf it were pos¦sible to brynge into the castel any company of men by that syde or not. This wel cōsydred: assone as he descen∣ded: anone he went to Marius and informed hym of euery thinge as he had done exhortyng and requiring hym to put in profe whether the castel might be won on that syde wher he had ben. Fartherhmore he promised himselfe to be gyde vnto suche as wolde vndertake that interprise sayeng that in the matter was no danger. Marius heryng these wordes of the lūbard, send forth

wyth him certayne of his men of thē which were there present to vnderstand and know the truth of the mater. Whan they had ben there and retourned to Marius a∣gayne: some brought hym worde that the mater was easy to do: and some other sayde that it was very harde and perylous. The sentence of euery man was after as their mindes gaue them. The cowards thought it hard but such as were of bolde hertes & desyrous of worship thought it easy and without much peryl. Neuerthelesse the minde of Marius was somwhat exalted to comfort, and good hope: and therfore of al the company of trum∣pettes, and of other suche mynstrels as be wont to be in batayle to giue courage and signes to the fighters, he chose forthe fyue whiche were mooste swyfte and moste lyghte: and foure hundred menne he assigned to assyste and defende the sayd trumpettes. And al them he com¦maunded to obey to the lumbard and to be ruled and or¦dred by him in euery thynge. The day next folowynge was assigned to them to procede forth in their besynesse Whan the tyme assigned and prefexed by Marius was come the lumbarde with his company had made redy and ordred euery thyng: and so went to the place where he had ben before. But whan they wer come thyder: tho lumbard their gyde caused thē to change their armour, and to make bare their heades and their fete: to thintent that they so bare heded the better might se aboue them and on euery syde of them: and that they being bare fote might labour so muche the better and, take better holde in clymming vp by the stones. Their swerdes were fa∣stened behynd at their backes & their buckelers withall which wer made after the fashiō of the Numidiēs buck¦lers of lether: bycause of lighter weight and burthen.

And also to thinntent that they shuld gyue les sound or noyse, if it hapned any stone to smite againste thē. This done: the lumbard went vp before them, and bounde smal cordes to the stones and to the olde rotes whiche apered aboue the stones where he coude espy any suche wherby the souldyours sustaining themself and taking hold might more lightly and with more ease mount and clyme vpward. And somtime he went before and helped them vp with his handes speciall suche as for that vn∣customed way were somwhat fereful. Somtyme whan thascending or going vp was ouer harde and sharpe: he put eche of them vp before him without armour: and than he himself folowed with their armour and wepyn. Such places where most dout was in: he specially pro∣ued and assayd them most of al: & in goyng and coming often times vp and downe by the same most dangerous passages: he encreased audacite and boldnesse to the re∣menant. Thus after thei had ben sore weryed, and with long and great labour endeuored themselfe: at last they came into the castel, whiche on that syde they founde de∣solate and without defence. For (as sayd is before) al they whiche were with in the castel were occupyed in fightyng, or redy to fight against the Romains: as they were on other dayes before. But whan Marius vnder stode by messangers how the lumbard had done: how be it that al the day before his men had ben sore besied and occupyed in fightyng: and assayling the castel. Neuer∣theles specially at this tyme he exhorted and enbolded them: and he himselfe departing forth from vnder his pauases caused his souldyours to adioyne thēselfe nere together, & to holde vp their shyldes aboue their heedes so that the cōioyning of them semed as it wer the frame

of a volt. Marius kept him vnder the same for his de∣fence, and so approched to the walles. And bothe he and his company whiche were nere about him valiantly assailed the castel: and also other of his company which stode a far of and coude not come nere the walles for prease: assailed the castel fiersly from a far & sore vexed and put in feare their enemies within the castel throw∣yng against thē plumettes of leed with slinges, arowes dartes, & al other maner engyus of batayle wherwith any thynge coude strongely be throwen into the castel. But the Numidiens within the castel had often before this time ouerturned and brent the tentes & pauases of the Romains & toke therby so great audacite & boldnes that they defended not themself within the castel walles but walked vp & downe without the castel walles bothe day and night reuiling and reprouinge the Romayns and obiectyng cowardyse agaynste Marius. And thret¦nynge that his souldyours shuld be made subiectes and bonde me to Iugurthe in tyme to come, whome they purposed at that tyme to make bonde to them. Thus whyle they thought themselfe sure and their matter in good case: they were harde and egar ynough reuylinge & thretnynge the Romayns. In the meane space whyle the Romains and their ennemies were besyest fighting withall their myght: the Romains for laude, glorie, and lordshyp: and the Numidiens for their helth and sauing of their liues. Anone sodenly the lumbard with his com¦pany which were within the castel on the backsede blew their trumpettes. First of all the women and children whiche went to the walles to se the bykeringe were al abashed and fled inwarde to the castel: and after them al the souldiours which were without and nerest to the

walles and coude escape in. And finally they all bothe armed and vnarmed fled inward. Whan the Romains sawe this they assayled the castel more fiersly: some they slew and ouerthrew: some they wounded ouerpassing or standyng vpon the bodyes of them whiche were slayne. Al their desyre was with their handes to wyn glorie and worshyp. They stryued to ascende vnto the walles euery man couetyng to be before other. None of them al taryed nor was let with spoylinge nor prayes. Their great courage suffred them not to loke there after, tyl by manhode and strength they had won the castel. Thus was fortune fauorable to Marius: so that his first negli¦gence & vnwise boldnes to assaile a castel inexpugnable was tourned by chance from rebuke to glorie and laud such was his fortune. But whan Marius had won his castel after estimacion of man not able to be won: than was he lorde of the moost part of al the treasour of Iu¦gurth: the castel was gyuen all to murder and hauocke. And the souldiours of Marius richely rewarded euery man after his desert.

¶How in the meane tyme while this castle was in wynnyng, a noble man of Rome named Lucius Sylla came from Rome to Marius with a gret bende of horsemen, and of the maners and behaueour of thys Sylla. The .lv. Chapter.

IN meane tyme while this fiers assault & vi¦ctory was cōcluded at this castel: a famous lorde of Rome named Lucius Sylla, tre∣sourer of the army came frō Rome to Ma¦rius with a great bend of horsmen. Whom the same Marius at his departing from Rome had left there to raise & assēble socour to the war among y^e Itali¦ens & other nacions, frēdes & louers of thēpire of rome.

¶ But forasmuche as the matter moueth vs to make mēcion of so worthy a man & of his disposiciō & maners therfore it semth me cōuenient in this part somwhat to write of his behauoure and conuersacion: and that as brefely as I may conueniently: namely for two causes. The first for that I intende not to make relacion of his behauour and maner in any other place of his cronycle saue here. Secondly for asmuch as none other authour hath written sufficiently of hym. For howe beit that one historiograph named Lucius Sisenna: wrote most dyli¦gently and best of his actes of any other before: neuer∣theles me semeth that he spake lytel acordyng to truth nor indyfferently. For his tong nor pen were not at lye¦berte for asmuche as he was somwhat in danger to that said Sylla: wherbi he was prohibited to say or to write acording to the trueth. For what by fauour and what by fere he durst not touche plainly the vices which were in him. But here I purpose (al fauour & fere laid a part indifferenly to write of him.

¶This Sylla of progeny, was descended of most no∣ble stocke of the Romains. How be it the name of hys auncestrie was almost lost and decayed by dulnes, neg¦ligence and slouth of some of his lynage. In greke and laten he was of lyke connynge, and excellently seene in both the langages, his mynde was greate and bolde of corage. Of voluptuous pleasures he was desirous, but much more desirous of glory and laude. In vacant lea¦sure he was much enclined to y^e lustes of his body. But such pleasure or voluptuousnes dyd neuer let nor wyth holde hym from any busines or occupacion necessarye: how be it such pleasure blynded hym y^t he toke no wife of birth, manars, and honesty conuenient for his estate.

He was muche eloquent of speche crafty and subtyll ynough. He had the wayes easely to get frendshyp, and it was also no maistry to get frēdshyp of him: in faining dissimulyng, & countrefaytinge of besynesses: his wytte was very hye and excellent. He was a marueylous and incredyble gyuer of many thinges, but specially of mo¦ney: and before the warre and victory whiche the noble men of Rome: had agaynst the commen people: He was so noble & worthy reputed that it is in maner incredible nor his good fortune neuer passed the policy of his wyt: in somuch that many men wer in dout whyther he was more fortunate than stronge. But after the victory of this warre: so vngoodly was his demeanour & so cruel, that verily I knowe not whyther I may more be asha¦med or greued to write or to speke therof. For after that this warre of Numidy was ended: and bothe Marius and this Sylla were retourned to Rome: a greate dis∣corde fel bytwene the lordes and commens. Marius toke part with the commons: but Sylla toke with the lordes & at last droue Marius forthe of the citie. After that: an other man of great power called Cynna whiche had ben fyue tymes consul of Rome gathered an hoost of men & toke parte with Marius agaynst this Sylla. But at conclusion Sylla ouercame hym in bataile: and slewe him. After this: Sylla cruelly murdred an other noble man of Rome named Caius Carbo: and with hym yonge Marius, sone of this Marius whiche war∣red in Numidi. Last of al whan this Sylla had won victory ouer Marius and his fauourers: than became he most cruel of al other: in somuch that he fylled al the citie with blod of the citezins. But here wyl I leaue to speke farther of this Sylla, or of his behauour in cru∣eltie,

and retourne to wryte of hys behaueoure in thys warre of Numidie vnder Marius.

¶After that this Sylla (as I haue saide before) was come to Affrike, and to the hoste of Marius with hys company of horsemen, within shorte season he became mooste experte in chiualrie and craftie aboue all other: howe be it before this tyme he was but rude and igno∣rante in dedes of chiualrie. And moreouer he treated & gouerned his souldiours with maners and meekenes. And gaue rewards to many: to some which desired him and to some other of his owne pleasure not desired ther¦to. But he wolde take no rewardes nor gyftes againe, without it were against his wyll. And if he so dyd at a∣ny tyme againste his wyll: than was he more readie to giue againe that which was geuen to hym, than to pay that money which he had borowed of other. He demaū¦ded nothing againe of any man, though it wer due and det to hym: but rather he labored and endeuored hym selfe that many might be in his det, and bi such meanes to haue them bound to him. And how be it that he was one of the greatest of Rome, yet disdained he not the cō¦pany of the most symple souldiours of the hoste: but cō∣muned and acompanied with them both in sportes and in sadnes. In labours he was alway ready. In bataile and watching, with other busines of war he suffered no man to be before hym. Nor in the meane season he ney∣ther hurt the good name of the consul, nor of none other good man: which thyng men desirous of worshyp & ho∣nour be often wonte to do: for in dispraysinge of other, they thynke to obtaine greate laude to thē selfe. He only lobored that none myght passe hym neither in counsell, nor in myght, or manhod of his handes: But he passed

manye. By whiche maners and condicions in shorte tyme he became verye deere and welbeloued, not onely to Marius: but also to all the hooste.

¶How Marius preuayled in batayl againste the .ii. kinges, Jugurth and Bocchus. The .lvi. Chapter.

BVt whan Iugurth had lost the towne of Capsa, as is sayd before: and diuerse other fortresses and other places defensyues whi¦che to him wer profitable. And also a great quantite of his treasour, wherin he mooste trusted: Anone he sente messangers to kynge Bocchus requiring him in al hast to come to Numidy & to bring his army with him: saing that it was hye time to make bataile with Marius. But whan he vnderstode that Bocchus prolonged the time in ouerlong tarieng, haue¦yng diuers considerations and war, as he that was in dout of the chaunce and fortune of the ende therof. Ju∣gurth agayne corrupted the next of his counsel with gif¦tes in likewse as he had done before: and promised vnto the king Bocchus himselfe, the third part of the king∣dome of Numidy: if the Romains were dryuen out of Affrike, or if the warre shulde be brought to ende with out losse or diminishing of his kingdome and marches thereof. The kinge Bocchus induced with hope of this reward: with a great multitude of people came to Iu∣gurth, and adioyned both their armies together in one.

¶ At this tyme Marius wyth hys company was in his iournay toward a prouince which was in the coost of Affrike and apartained to thempire: where the sayd Marius purposed to rest with his cōpany, tyl the win∣ter were paste. But whan he was in his iourney and in

least doute: Jugurth and Bocchus both together inua∣ded and set vpon him & his men whan the tenth part of the day scarsely remained. This dyd they, thinking that the night which was nere come, shuld to them be great socour and defence if they were ouercome: & if they dyd ouercome the Romains, it shuld be to them no damage nor impediment, bicause they knewe the contrey & place better then the Romaines. But on the other syde bothe these chaunces in darkenes, were hard and contrary to the Romains: for they knewe not the coastes of that cō¦trey. Marius anone had vnderstanding of the cōmyng of his enemies by many of his espyes, but it was ouer late. For as sone as he hadde worde, his enemies were euen at hande: In so much that before the army coulde be set in order or araye, and or they could remoue or ga¦ther together their baggage whych at that tyme was a¦brode: and before they could take any commaundement of theyr captayne by worde or sound of trumpets: The horsemen of the Mauriens and of the Getulians ran together vpon them, not in order or araye of batayl: but by companies and bendes together, as it fortuned them to come togther in heapes and clusters. The Romains for the moste parte were all amased and greuousely a∣bashed for that sodaine and vnprouided feare. Neuer∣theles they forgat not their olde manhod and strength: Some drewe them to theyr armoure, and other some whiche were armed already defended their felowes tyl they armed them selfe. Other some mounted on horse∣backe and boldely rode againste their enemies, and en∣countred them valiauntly. The fyghte on both partyes was more lyke a skyrmishe amonge brygandes and ro¦uers, then to any appointed or ordered batayle.

For the horsemen and fotemen were myngled together without standerdes, cognisances, or any ordinaunce, a∣raye or order. The Mauriens and Numidians were fierse on their syde. Some of the Romains they beate downe and ouerthrew. Some they wounded mortally: And many they berefte vtterly of their lyues, and slew them in that place. The remenant whiche sharplye and manlye resisted, they compased them aboute on euerye side, and as well behynd as before assailed them: so that neyther manhod, strength nor armour, was able suffici¦ently to defend them: And no maruel, for their enemies were mo in nomber than they: and compassed them a∣boute on euery syde of them. But finally the Romayne souldiours which were both of olde and newe, & there∣fore both strong, bolde, and craftie in batayle: gathered them as nere together as they myght. And wher it for∣tuned any nomber of them to meete together, they tour¦ned backe to backe, and ioyned them round one with a∣nother in maner of a compasse or cyrcle: and so they sa∣ued and defended them selfe together that on the backe halfe no man coulde assaile them, but if he brake in tho¦rowe the myddes of them, which was in maner impossi¦ble. By this maner they sustayned the myghte of theyre enemies, and also saued them selfe. Nor their captayne Marius in this ieoperdous and sharpe busynes was not afrayed at all, nor of lesse corage and boldenes then he was before: but styrred about euery where in the ba¦tayle. And his men of garde about hym, whom he had chosen rather of the strongest and boldest menne of the hoste, than of suche as were moste familiar wyth hym. For he set more by the audacitie of them, than by the fa¦miliaritie of the other: & namely in suche a ieopardous

case. Somtime he socoured his souldiours in their nede or suche as he sawe in paryl. And somtyme he ran in a∣mong his enemies: wher thei wer thickest. And notwith¦stāding their resistence he assailed thē valiantly: & woun¦ded, slewe, & ouerthrue them on euery syde his weapen in the red bloud of the blacke Mauriens & Getuliens. And bycause that in so harde a case: and in so great and troublous noyse and rumour, he coude not counsel nor comforte his souldyours with his tonge, therefore he thought to counsel, incorage, and confort them with hys hande, giuing them example surely to bestow their stro¦kes. Many of his enemies send he to hel crieng in vain vpon their ydolles of helpe. The dartes, iauelyns pikes plumettes of leed, stones, with other such instrumentes of bataile were cast so thicke on bothe parties, that the aire therwith was dimmed. The strokes wer so coursly charged on the bright helmes and harnesse, that the fire sprang out on euery side: so that it semed to be the lyght¦ning: the cry of the men dieng: the neieng of the horses: and the dyn of the strokes, wyth the sounde of the trum∣pettes: was horrybe & tedious to here. Thus continued they tyl the day light was passed, and the night come. The Numidians, getulians, & maurians desysted nor ceassed nothing for that. But as bothe Jugurth and Bocchus before had warned and commaunded them: they continued more sharpely than before, thinking that the darkenesse of the night shuld be for their auauntage Marius this vnderstanding toke counsel & made best prouision for himselfe and his men: whiche he might in suche case: and as the mater required. And to thentent that his people mighte haue some place to resorte vnto, for refuge and socours: he prouided before and ocupyed

two hylles nere together of whome the one was ouer narowe, and of litle grounde to receiue hys hole army and tentes: but in the top therof was a fayre fountayne of pure water much necesseary. The other hyl sufficiētly large to receyue his hole hoost and tentes: and also very defensyue, for it was of a great altitude & downe right on euery syde. In somuche that they whiche shulde take that hil wer sure ynough without great defence of them selfe, for nature had it sufficiently defended. This wel considred: Marius cōmaunded Sylla his vndercapten to take with him all the horsmen, and to tary that nyght about the smaller hyl where the fountayne was. This done: he himselfe gathered together by litel and litel the remanent of his souldyours dispersed abrode: their enne¦mies being not lesse troubled than were they. Whā Ma¦rius had thus assembled agayne his men together he led them all with ful cours vp vnto the larger hyl. Thus the two kinges Iugurth and Bocchus seyng it in vayne to fyght with them whiche were on the hyer ground, & also on so sure a place: wer cōstrained to leaue the fight: for difficultie of the place which the Romains had taken. But neuertheles in the meane tyme they suf∣fred not their men to departe far thens: but compased bothe the hylles round about with their hole multitude and there taryed & rested, shed abrode vpon the ground. Whan they hadde taken their place in this maner: they made great fiers here and there in many places of their hoost: & the barbarians after their custome passed forth the most part of the night in myrth, pleasure, & gladnes reioysing, daunsyng: and making great noyse and dyn: rennyng and goyng from place to place: & loudly crieng synging & reuellyng. The kynges themselfe were also

not a lytle proud and fierse because they had not fledde from the batayle, and counted thē selfe as ouercomers seyng that they helde the Romains so besieged, whiche as they thought durst not abyde thē. On the other part the Romayns intentifely gaue aduertens to the demea¦nour of their enemies. And for that the Romains were on the heygth of the hyll and withoute lyghte: therfore more easy from darkenes of hyer places they perceiued all the dedes and behaueoure of their enemies whiche were beneath them: and much more euidently by lighte of the fyers. This vnwyse behaueour of the Numidy∣ans put the Romains in great confort, and was greate courage to them. And speciallye Marius was greatly confirmed in hope seyng their negligence, their folye, & vncraftines: Wherfore he cōmaunded his folke to kepe silence as styll as myght be possible without any noyse. In so much that he suffered not the trumpets to sounde the watch as warriours are wont against nyght. After¦warde whan the daye began to apeare, the Numidians were all wearyed with their cryinge, ouer late watche∣yng, and reuell: and had geuen them selfe to reste a lytle before as men without feare or dout of the Romaines. But certenly it is a true prouerbe which is often sayde, that after faire wether succedeth tēpesteous cloudes, & after mirth and ioye often cometh sadnesse and sorowe. So it happened to the Numidyans. For whyle they ingorged and fylled with wynes laye sleepynge on the ground as beastes wythout feare & wythout prouision: Marius cōmaunded sodenly al hys trumpets, clarioni¦stes with other minstrels to sound their instrumēts as shirle as they could altogether, & that al his souldiours shuld set vp a shout or cry as horribly as they myghte:

and with that inuade and breke into the tentes of the Numidiens. This was shortly done: wherfore the Nu∣midiens, Mauriens, and Getuliens astonied & abashed with that vnknowen and horryble noyse: were sodenly a wakened of sleape: and seyng thē thus compased with their ennemies: what for feare of deth & the noyse, they were so amased that they hadde no power neyther to fle nor draw to them their armour, nor vtterly to do or pro¦uide any manner socour for themselfe. Thus they stode astonyed for this horrible noise and cry as if madnesse had entred them: none able to socour himselfe nor other. The Romains alway increased to them their noise and feare assailing, murdring, and wounding them without any resistence. Finally al they were other ouerthrowen, slayne, or wounded: or els fled, their armour, standerdes and weapen left behynde them: and mo were in this ba¦tayle slaine: than in all the batayls before. For amonge them al none was taken prisoner: for with fere & sleape so amased w••re they, that fewe escaped by flight.

¶Of the great prouision and wisedome of Marius after hys victory, and of the second batayle which he had against the two kynges, in whiche also he had great victory with laude & honour. The .lvii. Chapter.

WHan Marius hadde gloriously thus ouer∣come the most part of his ennemeies except the two kynges: he drue him than toward his wyntring place as he had purposed be∣fore. And ordred himselfe and his men spe∣cially in hauen townes bycause of more easy prouision of vitels: but neuertheles: in his iournay thiderwarde: for al his victory: he became not negligent, vnware, nor proude: as captains often ar wont after victory goten of their ennemies: but he prouided and wente forwarde

with his army quadrate and deuided into foure partes ordred and appointed as if his enemies had ben in his syght. Sylla was assigned to take charge of the ryghte winge of the armie, and all the spere menne with hym. And Aulus Manlius of the lyfte winge: and with him the slyngers, archars, and the cohortes of Lumbardes The pety captaines with fotemen of lyght harnes, wer distributed and diuided in the van••gard and rereward. Of the treytours which had forsaken Iugurth & came to the Romaines, such as were best labored, and knewe best the contrey were chosen forth and sent out to espye the contrey and wayes of Iugurth and Bocchus. But notwithstanding Marius him selfe was as prouident, circumsptet, and diligente withall, as if he had cōmitted the charge to none other. He was mouinge continually from place to place ouer all the army: lauding, cōmen∣ding and rewarding the good souldiours: and blaming and rebuking the bad: he hym selfe armed, and diligent¦lie prouiding and ministring vnto them euery thing ne∣cessarie and expedient: and compelled them that wer fro¦ward and yll wyllinge to labour. In euery place where he set his tentes in his iourney, he ordred defence wyth depe dyches and trenches round about his host. And in the entres of the tentes he assigned souldiors elect ther to, to kepe watche, and some to kepe scout watche about the tentes in compas. Moreouer some other he ordred on the casting of the dyches and on outward bulwarks to defende the remenant if any sodaine peryll apeared. He him selfe armed myghtely went about and searched the watch. Not specially for any feare nor mystruste of anye peryll to come, nor for feare that his souldioures wold not obay his commaundemente. But chiefely to

the entent that the souldyours seyng their captayne not resusing labour nor paryl: shulde be also more wylling to folowe the same and take payne vpon themselfe as ashamed if they dyd not as muche as their captayn. And certenly at this tyme & at many other during this war (as I rede) Marius constrayned his souldyours to la¦bour rather for shame than with sharpnes or punishe¦ment. For shame it is to the seruant to be ydle whan the maister sore laboreth. Howbeit some sayd that Marius toke this labour vpon him for the desyre of commenda∣cion and worshyp: bycause that from his youth he was euer wont with hardnes, hunger, thirst, and labour: and many other thynges whiche the delycate gentylmen of our tyme count for miseries. But to Marius wer these hardnesses muche pleasure & delite for affection whiche he had agaynste the commen weale, as equal persones supposed. But to what euer intent Marius: treated his army in his wyse: it was knowen that his dedes dyd asmuche profet and worshyp to the commen weale of Rome: as if he had more rigorously & sharpely treated his souldyours. For al thynges were ordred wel and worthely for the honour & profet of the commen weale as he had more rigorously treated his army.

¶ But to retourne to my purpose: whan Marius with suche dyligence as said is: was come not far from the towne of Cirtha, at the last the fourth day after the for∣sayd batayle: the espyes of their ennemies appered on euery side. The Romains vnderstod anone therby that their ennemies were at hande. The espyes of the Ro∣mayns also whiche were sende sorth: brought the same tidynges from euery coost of the countrey. Marius per¦ceyued that hys ennemies were in diuerse companyes

and deuided: wherefore he was vncertayne howe he might best order his host to receyue them: And therfore perceyuing it vnsure: how to order the forfront of hys batayle as it ought: he abode hys enemies in the same place no order chaunged with his hoost deuyded in .iiii. partes (as sayd is) as he which was redy and prouided for euery chaunce. Thus was Iugurth disceyued and frustrate of hys purpose. For he had deuyded hys hoost into four partes trustynge to inuade some of the Ro∣mayns on the backehalfe with parte of his army: and with an other parte to encounter with them, and with the other two partes to enclose them on bothe the sydes and so to enuyron them rounde aboute. In the meane time Sylla which first encoūtred with Iugurth exhor¦ted and comforted his men aswel as he might for breui¦tie of the time. That done: anone he proceded with hys company by bendes and clusters together, their horses conioyned in the moost thickest maner: and so fiersly as∣sayled the Maurians. The remanent of the fotemen which wer vnder Sylla: remayned and kept themselfe styl in their firste place, and defended theyr bodies from the dartes whyche their ennemies threwe against them from farre. But if it chaunsed any of their ennemyes to come betwene their handes, they hewed them downe to decrease the nomber.

¶ Whyle Sylla and his horsemen thus fierselye were fyghtyng on the ryght wyng of the batayle: The kinge Bocchus assembled together the footemen whome hys sonne named Volux, had broughte thyther wyth hym. These footemen had suche impedimente in theyr iour∣naye thytherwarde that they came ouer late to the o∣ther batayle whiche was laste foughten before this.

Wherfore Bocchus: whan he had assembled & inbolded with his words these freshe fotemen: with thē he assailed fiersly the rere warde of the Romains.

¶ In the meane time Marius himselfe was occupied in the fore ward of his hoost and ther employed his wys¦dome and strength, as a valyant and worthy captayne: and so stode it him in hande. For in the forwarde Iu∣gurth himselfe with his grettest power & strongest com¦pany of men inbatayled with hym.

¶ But after that Iugurth knewe of the commyng of Bocchus to the felde: anone he turned hym with a smal company about him priuely vnto the fotemen of the Ro¦mains: and there with an hye voyse he cried vnto them, sayng that they fought but in vaine. For a litel before he had slaine Marius with his owne handes. And in cry∣eng these wordes he lyfted vp withal, and shewed his swerde all ouersprincled and dyed with blode: whiche he had so couloured in the batayle fiersly ynough in mur∣dring the fotemen of the Romains. These wordes Iu∣gurth cried in latyn tong. For he had lerned to speke lat¦tyn longe before in the bataile of Numaunce. Whan the Romains herde these wordes they were affrayed, but more for crueltie of the noise: than for any confidence or trust which they had to the messanger. But on the other side the mindes of the barbariens wer bolded & exalted by these wordes: by reason whereof more sharpely they inuaded the Romains, seinge them abashed & astonied. And nowe were the Romains of the forwarde at that poynt that they were redy to giue them selfe to flight: as men discouraged for the said tidinges.

¶ Whan they were at this point: it fortuned so at the same tyme that Sylla had beaten and ouerthrowen the

Mauriens whyche inuaded and assayled hym on the ryghte wynge of the batayle: Wherfore he retourned to his companye and fiersely assayled the freshe footemen whiche were wyth Bocchus, and at one syde brake in a¦monge the thyckest of them. But Bocchus anone tour∣ned his backe and gaue hym selfe to flyght.

¶On the other syd•• Iugurth which in his part of the batail almost had optained victory dyd his diligence to incourage and support his company, and to maintaine that auantage which he had won. And at conclusion al in vaine. For while he labored there about as a worthy captaine, the speremē of the Romayns so cōpassed hym and his company about both on the ryght syde & on the lyft: that all his garde & other which were about hym at cōclusion wer slain. But he him selfe glad to saue his lyfe, brake forth alone from among the mids of his ene¦mies, and from wepons & dartes with great difficultie.

¶But in the meane tyme Marius had ouercome and driuen away the horsemen which assayled hym. Where∣fore anone he retourned fiersely to helpe and socour his company whom he vnderstode somewhat put backe by violence of their enemies. But he by his pollicy and va¦liant deedes anone so reconforted his men that none of hys ennemies were able to withstand their vyolence in anye part of that batayle.

¶Thus finally the Romains after greate labour and manye greuous woundes disconfited their enemies on euery side. But whā the batail was ended, and the Ro∣mains began to pursue the chase, then verelye it was a pytefull & horrible syght to beholde in the open fieldes, and to cōsider the cruell spectacle of bataile. How some fled, some pursued, some inraged murdring, some rored

dieng, some slaine, some taken prisoners. The horse and men myngled together: laboring in the panges of deth. The grounde ouerspred with dead corpses mangled, mutulate, & horribly hewen: inuolued in blud congeled. The horses wounded: as mad drewe after thē the dead carcases of their maisters, their legges hanging in the stiropes, and their speares halfe thorowe theire bodyes trailing after in the dust. The coursers wounded and fleinge caste vp with their fete the dust tempered wyth blod renning ouer the dead bodies of their lords. Many of the Numidiens whyche were sore wounded coude neyther fle: nor be suffred to take rest on the grounde. Somtime they laboured to rise and auoide: and anone after for feblenes fel downe to the grounde againe: eche rowling and turning in others blod. And finalli: as far as any mans sight might extend, al the ground was o∣uerspred & couered with armour, wepen, & dead carions rennyng of blode. And all the grounde infect with the same, horryble to beholde.

¶Howe Bocchus after that he was thus twyse ouercome in batayle pur∣posed to make peace with the Romayns, and howe at hys request Marius sende vnto hym Sylla and Manlius to knowe his mynd in that behalfe. The .lviii. Chapter.

AFter that this batel was thus ended to the vtter damage & distruction of the Numidy¦ans: and to the lande and honour of the Ro¦mains. Marius was nowe without dout ouercomer and victour and wente vnto the towne of Cirtha as his iournay & purpose was at firste beginning, before these two batayls. Whā Marius had soiorned there fyue dayes after this batayle: there came vnto him embassadours from kynge Bocchus.

Whiche in their kynges behalfe desired of Marius to sende vnto hym two of the most trustie men whiche he had: saying that he wolde cōmen and treate with thē of diuers businesses, both for his owne profite, & for profet & auantage of the Romains also. Marius without ta∣ry send forth Sylla for one, and Aulus Mālius for an other. Whan they were come to kynge Bocchus: howe be it he had sende for them to commen with them in his matters: Neuertheles it was concluded betwene them to speke to hym firste, to thentent to kyndle and inflame his mynde more againste Iugurth: or els seynge hym somwhat desirous & willing to haue peace, to prouoke hym w^t more desyre therto. Wherfore Sylla (to whom Manlius gaue place, not for his age, but for his elo∣quēce) begā & spake to Bocchus in maner as foloweth.

¶Of the wordes of Sylla treasourer of the Romayne armye had before kynge Bocchus. The .lix. Chapter.

KYnge Bocchus, we haue greate gladnes & ioye syth it is so that the goddes haue thus admoni∣shed & enspired you so noble a man, that at laste ye haue reputed peace better and more acceptable than warre: lest ye might dishonest & defile your worthinesse by associatyng your selfe to the moost vnhappy tyranne Iugurth. And also we are glad that ye haue auoyded the occasion & necessitie wherby we were moued to pur¦sue in batayle you, beinge ignorant of our quarell, and in the company of the sayd most cursed Iugurth, tyran and enemie to thempire of Rome. And certenly the peo¦ple of Rome euer sith their poore, simple & small begin∣ning haue thought it better to wyn frinds, thē seruātes or bondmen: & also they haue thought it a muche surer thing to haue vnder their empire such as willingly & of

their owne mocion wolde yelde themselfe: than such as they haue constrained therto against their wyl. But ve¦rily no frendship is more necessary to you thā our amite or frendship. At first of al: bycause we and ye be farre in sonder: wherby we shal haue les power to greue you, or to put you to any charge: by reason of our frendship. But our fauour and thankes may be as redy to you: as if we were nere together: considering the many & greate frendes whiche we haue not far from your marches And also vnto thempire of Rome be obeyers, subiectes and seruantes abundantly. But as touching louers and frendes we nor none other can haue sufficiently ynough For this consideracion kinge Bocchus your frendship shalbe more acceptable vnto vs. And wolde god it had pleased you thus to haue done at the begynning to this warre. Forsoth if ye hadde so done: than shulde ye before this time haue receyued of the Romains mo cōmodites auantages, and good dedes than ye haue nowe suffred losse, damages, or hurtes. But while it is so that mānes dedes & besinesses (for the most part) be ruled by fortune to which fortune it hath plesed that ye shuld both proue and assay our myght and violence in bataile: & also our loue and fauour in peace: Therfore nowe sithe amytie is proferred to you by suffraunce of fortune: and sithe it is laufull to you to take it: be not slowe from hens for∣ward, but hastely proced as ye haue begon: that ye may proue the Romayns frendes to you lyke as ye haue pro¦ued them enemies before this tyme. Ye haue many expe¦dient oportunites and necessary commodites by whom ye maye make amendes with your good dedes for that ye haue offended agaynste the Romayns and ouerpasse your olde fames with newe kindnesses and benefites:

and finally fix this in your hert that ye or ani other shal neuer ouercome the peple of Rome with kyndnes or good dedes. And as touchinge their hatered, & of what might they ar in batail: ye your self know that by profe and experience. Wherfore procede in acquiring of their frendshyp: whiche gladly shalbe graunted vnto you, yf your merites shal so deserue.

¶Of the answere of Bocchus made to Sylla, and of the vnstablenes of mynde of the same Bocchus. The .lx. Chapter.

TO these wordes of Sylla answered Boc∣chus mildely and soberly: and a few words he spake in excusing his offence done again the Romains, saieng that he had not taken armour nor begon warre agaynst them as ennemy to do iniury or wrong vnto them: but to defend his owne kyngdome. And that the thirde part of Nu∣midy belonged vnto him by lawe of armes: of the whi∣che the Romains laboured to expel Iugurth. And in that doyng they destroyed his part of the contrey: which he coude not suffer vnreuenged. Moreouer Bocchus said for himselfe that he had sende vnto Rome before to require, amite and frendshyp of the Romains: whiche thinge vnto him was denyed. But at conclusion he said that he wold omyt and lay a part al old malice and that al thing shulde be done & agreed bytwene them: if Ma∣rius wold graunt him that his embassadours might be sende to Rome: for the said frendship to be confederate with the Romains. Vpon this answere Sylla and his felowe retourned to Marius which anone agreed that the same embassadours shulde be sent to Rome. But shortlye after: what tyme Iugurthe vnderstode of the commyng of Sylla and Manlius he feared the same

thyng, which was ordened & in hand. And anone with rewardes so he corrupted the frendes of Bocchus: that again they chaunged his mynde wyth their counsell: so mutable and variable was he of minde.

¶How Bocchus chaunged his purpose yet once againe, & send newe em∣bassadours to Marius to treate of peace, & how Sylla receyued them and treated them in absence of Marius. The .lxi. Chapter.

IN the meane time Marius set and ordred his host in their wintring places and toke with him such men as wer of lyght harnes and also a part of his horsemen: and with them went into a desart not far thens, to besige a certaine towre belongyng to Iugurth: into whi¦che towre the said Iugurth hadde put for garnyson and defence: all the treatours whiche had forsaken and fled frō the Romains to Iugurth. But in the meane whyle Bocchus of new agayne consydred in mynd the misfor¦tune which hadde hapened to him in the two batayls be¦fore. Or els by counsell of some other of hys frendes: whome Iugurth had not corrupted with rewardes: he chose forth among al .v. men whose fidelite and truth he had wel knowen and often proued before: and whose wysdome was most expert and redy. Them sende he to Marius: and cōmaunded them afterward if the mater required as embassadours to take their way to Rome: and committed to them his full authorite in euery thing which was to be done: and to conclude the war by what euer maner shulde seme best, & most expedeient to their discreciō. These embassadours toke leue & spedely toke their iournay to the places where the Romains soiour∣ned the wynter season. But whyle they were in their iournaye thytherwarde: they weere assayled of theues

of the getulians, and robbed and spoiled of all that they had about thē. Thus at last without worship or aparell all affrayed & abashed they fled vnto Sylla for refuge. This Sylla was left by Marius in the wynterynge places: to be ruler of the Romaine army in his absence. What tyme these embassadours: thus spoyled wer come to Sylla for refuge, he receyued them not fayntly as ennemies as they deserued: but curteysly wyth muche gentylnes and liberalite, treatynge them in all poyntes honorably. By this meanes these barbariās and rude people counted and supposed that the name of couetyse, which was imputed vnto the Romains by cōmen fame was but false and fayned of their ennemis, to distayne their honour. And also for the much liberalite of Sylla they counted hym as their special frend. For yet vnto that tyme: the accloyeng of gyftes gyuen for rewardes for policy and falshode to ouercome couetous or simple minds, was vnkowen vnto mani. No man was liberal in gyftes: but that he was thought and counted to be faythfull of hert withall. Thus the barbarians reputed the liberte & rewards of Silla to be a great and euident token of loue which he had to thē as they deemed. But to our purpose: thembassadours anone opened & decla∣red to Sylla the wyll and cōmaundement of Bocchus their kinge, geuen to them to be executed. And also they required him to be to thē a frindly fauorer and counsel¦lour in their busines. Furthermore wyth their wordes and spech they cōmended & exalted the army, the truth, the greatnes and excellence of their kyng, and all other thynges whiche they thought myght auayle thē to ob∣teine beneuolēce of the Romains. After they remayned with Sylla about the space of .xl. daies which graūted

them al his help and socour and also in the meane space enfourmed them in what maner they shuld order their wordes whan they shulde speke with Marius, and also before the Senatours at Rome.

¶ Howe Marius harde the embassadours of Bocchus and sende them to Rome, and how they were answered of the Senatours The .lxii. Chapter.

IN the meane time Marius whiche was in assant of y^e kinges towre could not performe his enterprise. Wherfore he returned again to Cirtha: anone was he certified of com∣myng of the imbassadours of Bocchus. Wherfore he commaunded them & Sylla also to come before him: & also he called together al the most worthy men of his hole hoost from euery place. Before them al presently he cōmaunded the imbassadours of Bocchus to reherse the petycion of their king (which rehersed and herd) it was graunted vnto them to go to Rome for the same pointes. And of Marius was truce required in the meane tyme bytwene Bocchus & him. Sylla with many other noble men were pleased withall. A fewe o∣ther fiersly & sharply counselled otherwise: as men with out pyte & ignorant of others harde fortune which whā it beginneth to be froward and cōtrary: it turneth euery thinge to aduersyte.

¶ But whan the Mauriens had obtained of Marius al their desire .iij. of thē went to Rome with one named Octanyus Rufo: whom Marius had assigned to cōuey thē thider This Octauyus Rufo was send before from Rome into Affrike to Marius with wages for the soul¦dyours. The other two imbassadours of Bocchus re∣turned home againe to their kynge, which of thē gladly

harde of the good report whiche they made of the Ro∣mains in euery point: & specially of the good wyl, libera¦litie and courtesy of Sylla.

¶ But whan the other thre imbassadours wer come to Rome they apered before the Senatours & in the hum∣blest wyse y^t they coud deuise, did their message excusyng their kinge: and confessyng that he had offended against the empyre not by his owne seking: but by y^e cursed faut prouocacion, and instygation of Iugurth: wherof their kinge sore repēted. Wherfore in his behalfe at conclusi∣on they besought the Romains of pardō, amite, & peace. Than was it brefely answered to thē in this maner.

¶ The Senatours & people of Rome: is wont to remē∣bre both the kindnes and benifytes of their frendes: and also the••r iniuryes of their enemies. But sith it repēteh and forthynketh Bocchus of his trespas: grace and par¦don of his offence is graunted vnto him. Peace & amite shalbe also graunted vnto him hereafter, whan he shal so deserue.

¶Howe Marius sent Sylla agayne to Bocchus at hys desyre, and what daunger the same Sylla escaped by help of Volu•• son of kyng Bocchus. The .lxiii. Chapter.

WHan Bocchus vnderstode al these thinges: he desyred Marius by hys letters to sende vnto him Sylla: to thentent that after hys aduyse and discression coūsel might be had of the commen busynes to both parties be∣longinge. Sylla anone was sende forth with a greate retynue of fotemen and horsemen: with diuerse weapen and strong defence as archars, slingars with other like. And to thintente to spede their iournay more hastelye

they were all armed with lightest harnes whiche coude be prouided but for all the lightnes of their armour it was defensife ynough against the weapins of the Mau¦ryans: for their wepyns be light in likewise. But finally whan Sylla hadde passed fiue daies of his iournay: so¦denly Volux the son of Bocchus apered & shewed him selfe to the Romains in the open feldes: with no mo but M. men whiche went scatered & dispersed abrode negly∣gently: so that thei semed to Sylla: & al other greatter nombre than they wer in dede. Sylla & al his company feared them, thinkynge them ennemies: wherfore the Romains made them redy with armour and weapen: to defende themselfe, and to resist their ennemies: if nede shuld so require. A litel fear was among them, but their hope and confort ouerpassed their feare. For why? they hadde the vpper hande before: and considred that they shulde bicker with them, whome they hadde often ouer∣throwen and ouercomme before. In the meane time the horsemen whiche were sent before of both parties to espy the trueth of the mater, certified eche of them that al thing was quyet and sure ynough: as it was in dede: without treason or paryl. Volux in his metinge called Sylla by name: and welcomed him beningely, sayenge that he was sent from his father Bocchus to mete the said Sylla for his honour, socour, and defence. And so proceded they forthewarde al that day and the next day after in company together without feare or daunger. But after that it was nyght and their tentes pitched: so¦denly the Maurian Volux came renninge to Sylla al pale and quaking: and saide that he was infourmed of the espyes, that Iugurthe was not far thens. And with that praied & exhorted him to fle away with him priuely

by night. Sylla denyed that vtterly as fierse & bolde of courage, saieng that he feared not a coward Numidian which so often hadde ben ouercome before. And that he trusted wel ynough to the strength and courage of hys men: & finally he gaue Volux this answere. If I knew without dout that our sure distru••tion wer instant: and that I and mine shulde be slaine in the felde, yet wolde I not fle for any drede: but rather abide & dye manfully than cowardely to flee and shame my people of whom I haue charge in sparynge our lyues, whiche be so in∣certaine and vnsure: and para uenture shortly after this shal finishe with some sickenes or disease. Is it not bet∣ter dye in a noble quarel manly, than to liue in shame cowardly: Whā Sylla had thus answered: than Volux counselled him to depart from that place and to remoue forward by night. Therto Sylla consented: and anone commaunded his souldiours to refreshe them in their tentes with such vitels as they had, and to make plenty of fiers ouer al the place to the intent that if their enne∣mies were nere: in beholding the fiers they shuld thinke that they wold not remoue thens that night. But in the first hour of the night Sylla commaunded al his soul∣dyours to leaue their fiers brenning & so to departe for¦warde in their iournay wyth silence: so they dyd. And went al the night long: and euyn with the sonne rysinge they al being weryed: Sylla pytched his tentes againe. With that certaine horsemen of the Mauriens brought worde that Iugurth had takē place to his tentes: and rested about the distance of .ij. myle before them. Whan these tidynges were harde among the Romayns: a mer¦uelous and great feare entred the myndes of them all. For they thought themselfe betrayed of Volux.

And so enuironed with falsehode and treason. Manye aduised to take punyshemente of Volux: sayinge that it was a thing vnworthy to suffer hym to escape vnpuny∣shed for so great a myschiefe and treason agaynst them cōmitted. But howe beit that Sylla was inwardely of the same opinion, neuertheles he defended the Mauri∣en from dāmage: And exhorted his men to be of strong and bolde myndes: sayinge that often before that tyme it had bene sene that a fewe worthy men had won victo¦ry of a much multitude of cowards. And howe muche the lesse that they spared their bodies in batayl fro figh¦tinge, so much the surer shuld they be: and that it semed no man to whom god and nature had geuen handes to defende his body, to seeke defence is his feete vnarmed by runninge awaye: And that in suche a ieopardy a no∣ble souldiour ought not to turne away his bodie frome his enemy though he were naked and vnarmed.

¶Whā Sylla had exhorted his men with such words, he called vnto hym Volux: and called into wytnes Iu∣piter and all his ydols to recorde the falsehod and trea¦son of Bocchus, father of Volux, which had so betraied hym. Thā for as much as Sylla supposed that Volux had brought hym by treason into the hādes of Iugurth by counsell and cōmaundement of his father Bocchus he cōmaunded Volux anone to departe from hys com∣pany and sighte. Volux pyteousely wepynge, besoughte Sylla not to beleue suche thynges in hym: & sayde that certenly by gyle nor by treason was nothynge done of hym nor of his father, but rather by Iugurth, which by his subtiltie had espyed and searched their iournay and wayes by his espies, & so knowen the same. But at con∣clusion sayd Volux, syth it is so that Iugurth hathe no

great cōpany, & that his hope, his trust and conforte for the most part dependeth on my father, I thynke that he shal not be so bolde to do any dammage to you openlye while I am in your company, which maye recorde his dedes to my father. Wherfore Sylla to thentent that ye maye perceyue ••hat no treason is in me, I shal openlye go with you alone by the middes of the tentes of Iu∣gurth, & so safely conuey you: and either sende my folke before, or els leaue thē here wyth your company, whe∣ther of both shall please you beste. Thys coūsel was a∣lowed of Sylla: & anone without tary he proceded for∣ward wyth all hys company through the middes of the tentes of Iugurth. And bicause this was sodenly done Iugurthe not knowinge thereof before, he marueyled much therat, & douted longe what was to be done. But at laste he suffered the Romaines to passe & escape safe and sound for loue of Volux, & drede of Bocchus his fa¦ther. And within a fewe daies after, Volux and Sylla with their cōpany came to Bocchus wher they intēded.

¶ Of the metyng and secrete apoyntmentes betwene Bocchus & Sylla, and howe betwene them they bothe abused Asper the imbassadour of Iu∣gurth. The .lxiiii. Chapyter.

AT the same seasō was with Bocchus a cer¦taine yonge Numidian named Asper, send before Bocchus frō Iugurth by craft and subtyltie, to espie his counsell, assoone as it was heard that Bocchus had send for Sil¦la. This Numidian was muche and familiarly cōuer∣sant with Bocchus at that tyme. Moreouer there was an other named Dabar the son of Massagrade, which of his fathers syde was of the stocke of Massinissa: but of his mothers side vnlike of birth, for his mother was

borne of a cōcubine. This Dabar (as I haue said) was at this season also in the company of Bocchus: & to him dere and welbeloued for subtel wit & great artes which he had done before: and namely bycause that Bocchus had founde and proued him trusty and faithfull many tymes before. Anone Bocchus send this Dabar to Syl¦la commaunding Dabar to shew him that he was redy to do euery thinge whyche the Romaines to him wolde commaunde or assigne. And that Silla himselfe shulde apoint, and chose a time and place where thei might com¦men together of their maters: & that he shulde not fere nor dout though the embassadoure of Iugurthe were ther with him. For he had reserued al thinges touching their counsell hole tyll comming of Silla: & of nothing had apointed, communed, nor concluded with the same imbassadour of Iugurth. Whiche imbassadour was cal¦led thider to thintent that their cōmen besinesses might be done more at libertie and with lesse suspection of Iu∣gurth: for by other meanes they coulde not resyste nor make prouision againste his giles. Such wordes sende Bocchus to Silla: by his trusty secuant Dabar. But not withstanding al these fayre promisses of Bocchus it was vnderstande that he prolonged the Romains and the Numidians in hope of peace, rather for falshod and treason after the credence of affricans: than for profet to the Romains or trouth of suche thinges as he promised to Silla. And often times he cast in his minde & douted whether he might betray Iugurth to the Romains: or els Silla to Iugurthe: the pleasure and desire of his mynd aduised, moued, and counselled him againste the Romains: but the drede which he had of punishment in time to come: moued him with the Romains. But to

our purpose: Sylla answered to Dabar the messanger of Bocchus that he wolde come thyder, and firste speke a litel of the peace and of such other thinges in presence of Asper the imbassadour of Iugurth: but concerninge the remenant of the besinesse: he wolde differ that to com¦men secretly with Bocchus, few or none called to coūsel And also he taughte Dabar what wordes Bocchus shulde answere vnto him againe, whan they shuld come to communicacion: and so departed Dabar. But whan Silla sawe his time he went to Bocchus, and said that he was sent from Marius the consull to enquire yf he wold leuer peace or war: and wheron he wold conclude Than Bocchus (as Dabar had warned hym before) commaunded Silla to retourne agayne after .x. dayes and than shulde an answere be gyuen vnto him. For at that tyme nothing was concluded. That answere well noted and harde Asper the embassadoure of Iugurth, whiche was sent to espye the intreatement: & so thought he that nothing shuld be treated nor concluded without his knowlege. And thus after this answere Bocchus and Silla departed: eche to their tentes.

¶Of the second comming together of Bocchus & Sylla, & the wordes of Bocchus hed to Sylla, & replicacion & answere of Sylla agayne to hym. And how Bocchus graunted & concluded to betraye Iugurth to the Ro∣maynes. The .lxv. Chapter.

BUt after that much of the night was ouer∣passed, Bocchus priuelye sende for Sylla, none beinge in their company, saue such as on both partes might truly interpret & de∣clare the sentence & vnderstanding of their wordes. And also Dabar the saide messanger was pre∣sent, whiche solemply swore and promised to be a faith∣ful interpreter of both their sayinges and sentences.

Thā Bocchus anone began his words in this sentence

¶I haue thought forsoth: that it shulde neuer haue for¦tuned that I the greattest king of al thē in these landes and rychest of al them that I knowe: shulde haue ben bound to a meane & priuate person. And forsoth Sylla or euer I hard of you: I haue giuen helpe and socours to many other men. To some of mine owne voluntary and frewil. And to some other: required of thē: my selfe not neding helpe of any man. But now sith I haue kno¦wen you: I haue nede of your helpe and frendshyp of which I am glad: notwithstanding other men ar wont to be sory of such fortune. And certenly this nede whiche I haue of your frendship is not of me counted damage nor losse: but muche profet and pleasure. For inwardly in my mind nothing is derer, nor more acceptable: whi∣che ye may conueniently proue if it please you: demande and take of me armour, men, treasour: & vse and occupy the same as your owne. And thinke ye for certaine that while ye liue & I together: I can neuer render worthie thankes to your kindnes: nor condignly recōpence your great humanite: but euer my good wil & minde shalbe hole & newe against you. And certaynly if I may know your minde and wil: ye shall not nede to desyre of me: I shal preuent your requestes with mi benefites: so that ye shal coueyt nothinge in vaine. Verely as I thinke it is lesse reprouable and lesse dishonour a king to be ouer come wyth armour: than wyth liberalite. Wherfore I haue concluded in minde that a man shal rather ouer come me in batayle with weapen and force of armes: than with liberalite.

¶ But touching your commen weal (for whose besines ye be sende hither as procuratour of the same) thys is

my sentence and mynde in fewe wordes. Agaynste the Romains, nor agaynste their empire: I neuer moued nor made war: nor to make bataile against them: it was neuer in my mynde by my wyl. But the boundes of my marchesse haue I endeuoured me to defende agaynste the violence of your armed men. But this I leaue and set a side: syth I se that pleaseth you to do the same: exe∣cute and cōtinue ye batayle with Iugurth as ye will. And as touchyng me: I shall not ouerpasse the water of Mulucha, whiche was boundes bytwene my marches and Micipsa whyle he lyued. Nor into my countrey I shall not suffre Iugurth from hens forthe to entre for socours, as he hath done in time passed. Farthermore if ye desire any thinge of me conueniently: whiche I may worthely graunt, my royalte not distayned: it shall not be denyed to you. Thus cōcluded Bocchus his words.

¶ Vnto these wordes Sylla answered for hys owne part but moderately & with fewe wordes. But touching the peace and besynesse concerning the commen weal: he spake many wordes, wherof the conclusion was suche.

¶ Kynge Bocchus I insure and promesse you: that the Romayns shal not be vnkinde to you if ye do some plea¦sure to them: whiche may rather longe to them all holly in comen: than in me alone. And thynke ye for certayne: that they whiche haue ouercome you in batayle: shall lykewyse ouercome you with liberalite, kyndnesse, and good dedes: if ye so contende with them: whiche thynge is nowe redy in your power to do: consyderinge that ye haue Iugurth redy at your wil and pleasure. Therfore amonge all benefites or pleasurs: ye can do none more acceptable vnto the Romayns: than to delyuer vnto thē Iugurth. By this meanes shal they be muche beholden

to you: & thinke ye stedfastly: it shal not be vnrewarded on our behalfe. For thā shal the Senate graunt to you amyte & peace: and also a part of Numidy which ye do now clayme: shal than be graunted to you vnrequired.

¶ Bocchus heryng these words of Sylla: first excused himselfe by the affinyte whiche was bytwene hym and Iugurth: and by the longe familyarite & aquaintance which they had together: saieng also y^t a bonde of peace was confederate and sworne bytwene them. And also that he fered and suspected that yf he so dyd: hys owne subiectes shulde hate him therfore, whiche much loued Iugurth: & greatly hated the Romayns. But not with∣standyng these wordes of Bocchus: Sylla desysted not to attyse and counsel him: tyll at last he agreed and con∣sented to hys desyre, promysinge to do euery thynge as Sylla required hym. But to thyntent to faine a treaty of peace (of which Iugurth weryed in war was much desirous) they ordayned suche craft: as to their purpose semed moste expedient. But whan they had ymagined and deuysed al thynges after theyr myndes: than bothe they departed in sonder: & returned againe to their rest.

¶Howe Bocchus betrayed Iugurth and deliuered hym bound to Sylla. The .lxvi. Chapter.

ON the morow after Bocchus called to him Asper the imbassadour of Iugurth, & sayde to hym that he vnderstode of Sylla by the ••ntrepretaciō of Dabar that the war might be finished vpon certaine condicions. Wher¦fore he bad hym go and inquire the mynde and pleasure of his king in that behalfe. Asper of these tydynges was glade and toke his leaue of Bocchus: & departed to the tentes of Iugurth: & certyfied him of y^e same. Iugurth

shewed to Asper: al his minde and pleasure concerninge the premisses. And within .viii. dayes after sende hym againe to Bocchus. Whan Asper was retourned againe to Bocchus: he shewed to him the wyll of Iugurth say∣ing that he coueted to do al thinge which shulde be com∣maunded to him of Bocchus: but he had but small con∣fydence in Marius. For asmuche as the peace whiche often before had ben conuented and apoynted of the Ro¦maine captayns had anone after ben frustrate: & broken of them agayne. But if ye will (said Asper to Bocchus that peace shalbe confirmed of the Romayns with Iu∣gurth and you also: Iugurthe desyreth & requireth you to labour so: that Sylla, Iugurth, & ye may come toge∣ther to communycation: as if it wer to treat of peace and that ye wyll there betraye and delyuer Sylla to him. For if ye may ones bringe suche a man into power and handes of Iugurth: anone after it shal fortune without dowte that peace shalbe made and graunted to hym by comen assent of the Senatours: and commens of Rome also. And that: to thyntent to recouer Sylla againe out of the handes of Iugurthe. For without dout the Ro∣mains wil not suffre so noble a man to be left in handes and danger of their enemies. And namely: whan they shal vnderstande hym taken, not by his owne folly nor cowardise: but in besines belonging to the cōmen weal.

¶Bocchus hering these words, reuolued & cast in his mynd what he might answer to thē: but at last he graū∣ted therto. But whether he douted so lōge before he grā¦ted for subtilty or very truth, it is hard to decern••. But this is plainly knowen y^t for the most parte lyke as the wylles & mindes of kinges be vehemēt unmoderat and hastye: ryght so be they mouinge, vnstedfast & variable:

and often aduers and contrary to their owne selfe: and with themselfe repugnant. But to our mater: Bocchus assigned to Asper a place and tyme: where Sylla and they shulde commen together of the peace. And in the meane whyle somtime he cōmuned secretly with Sylla somtime with Asper embassadour of Iugurth, treating them both mekely and curtesly: and promisyng one selfe thing vnto thē both, Wherfore they both were glad: and also eche of thē both had good hope in the promysses of Bocchus.

¶ But the night before that day: which was assigned to intreatment of the peace: Bocchus called vnto him di∣uerse of his frendes, as if he wolde haue taken counsell of them: and than immediatly he chaunged that mynde, commaundyng them agayne to auoyde from hym. And so (none of his counsell aboute hym) he stode all alone reuoluyng and tourning in mind many thinges by him selfe, chaunging oftentimes in countenance, and colour variable and diuerse: aperyng forthwarde by tokens of feare conceyued in his minde & expressed by outwarde tokens of his body. In so muche: that all yf he expressed not his mind by wordes: neuertheles this oftē changing of countenance, declared the secretes of his hert. But at conclusion: after longe conflyct had within himselfe: at last he commaunded Sylla to be called vnto him. And than after his aduise and counsell he deuised & prepared al thinges concerning the prodicion of Iugurth.

¶ After this counsel concluded: assone as the day light apered: tidynges were brought to Bocchus, that Iu∣gurth was not far thens: and commynge toward hym. Bocchus this herynge: anone prepared hymselfe and proceded forth agaynst hym accompanyed with a fewe

of his frendes, & also with Sylla: fayning that he went so forth to mete wyth Iugurth and to receyue hym, by cause of honour. And thus they proceded forwarde: tyll at laste they came to an open heath, where they myghte easely se the comminge of Iugurthe: whiche place was apointed before to their treason. For in diuerse valeys of the same heath: were armed men lyeng in wayt redy and apointed before by Bocchus: for to assaile Iugurth and his company, whan signes shulde be giuen to them: to yssue forth of their lurking places. Anone Iugurth with many of his men about him came to the same place all vnarmed: as apointement was made before. For it was ordained that Bocchus, Iugurth, & Sylla: shuld come together to communicacion: eche one with a small com∣pany, and all vnarmed.

¶ Anon as Iugurth was come thider: king Bocchus gaue a tokē to his men, which lay in wait for Iugurth. Anone as they hard the tokē: sodainly they brake forthe and inuaded Iugurth & his company: compasinge them about on euery side. Without great labour al the compa¦ny of Iugurth were murdred: & he himselfe taken and bounde hand and fote, & so deliuered vnto Sylla: which without tary led him forth and deliuered him vnto Ma¦rius: whose hert was replenyshed and inuironed, with ioye inestimable.

¶How Marius was receiued into Rome with tryumphe, & how Iugurth was caste into pryson where he contynued in myserable captiuitie tyl he dyed. The .lxvii. Chapter

AFfter that Iugurth thus boūde was deliuered by Bocchus to Sylla, & thā to Marius: anone all the Numidians submitted & yelded thēselfe to the Romayns. Marius with great wisedome set an

order amonge the people, and garnyshed & fortified the townes, and with the remenaunt of his army toke hys iourney againe to Rome, leadinge Iugurth & his two sonnes bound with hym, with innumerable other priso¦ners, great treasure, oliphātes & armour whych he had won in the war of Iugurth. But after y^e tydinges were brought to Rome how the war was ended in Numidy: & how Iugurth was led thitherward bound & prisoner anone the Senate & cōmons assembled to counsel, and Marius was creat cōsul againe for the next yere in his absence. And by decre and ordinaunce, the prouince of Fraunce was committed to hym to be recouered.

¶For the same tyme whyle Marius warred in Numi¦dy, and toke Iugurth prisoner: that contrey of Fraunce (whose people that tyme wer named Cimbrians) rebel¦led against thempire of Rome. Against whom the Ro∣mains send forth to represse their rebellion a greate ar∣my with .ii. captaines: one named Q. Scipio, the other M. Manlius: which at laste with froward fortune had a great & greuous batail with the same frenchmē Cim¦brians: in which both these Romaine capteines were o∣uercome, & twise lost the field. Of the Romaine men of war wer slaine .lxxx. M: of tylmen & pages, xl. thousād. Thus was this batel foughtē with so yl fortune to the Romains, that the citie of Rome, & al the contrey of I∣taly trēbled for feare thereof. In so much that both the Romains which liued at that tyme, & al their progenie which succeded them counted al other nacions ready to their obeisance, & to wyn honor by thē: but thei thought neuer to cōtend in batel with this nacion of Frenchmē, to wyn glory & honour by thē, but rather to defende thē selfe and their libertie: which thinge if they myghte do,

they counted thē selfe fortunate. Wherfore (as I haue before recounted) the Senate & cōmons of Rome decre¦ed this prouince of Fraunce to Marius for to reuenge the death of their men, and to recouer the contrey.

¶But to our purpose: whan Marius shuld enter into Rome, he was ioyfully receiued with great glory & tri∣umphe, wherof the order was suche. Marius him selfe was set on hye in a goldē chaire, which was drawen of foure white palfreis. Iugurth & his two sonnes, wyth many other noble men whō he brought captiue frō Nu¦midi, proceded before his chariot, their handes & armes bound as prisoners. Farther, for more ample ostētacion of his glory, & to declare how much he had enriched the cōmon weale of Rome, al the elephants, armour, iew∣els, tresure & riches which he had wonne in Numidy of Iugurth, were led & borne before hym. Thā al the Se¦natours, all the officers & noble men of Rome, with an vnmesurable multitude of cōmons receiued hym with al honour and ioye: & conueyed him to the principal pa∣lace of Rome, named the Capitol: wher he made sacri∣fice with a bull to Iupiter, for his victory after the cu∣stume of that tyme. His sacrifice ended: then was he conuaied to the Senate house in his robe triumphall as neuer cōsul was brought before his tyme. Marius was receiued at Rome with such triumphe at the kalen¦des of Ianuary. From thens forth al the hope of cōfort healthe, socoure, & wealthe of Rome rested in Marius.

¶Iugurth was cast in prison, wher he ended his wret¦ched lyfe in miserable captiuitie, and manifolde calami∣ties, as to such a murderer vnnaturall, and tyranne in∣humaine was conuenient.

FINIS.