Maison rustique, or The countrey farme· Compyled in the French tongue by Charles Steuens, and Iohn Liebault, Doctors of Physicke. And translated into English by Richard Surflet, practitioner in physicke. Now newly reuiewed, corrected, and augmented, with diuers large additions, out of the works of Serres his Agriculture, Vinet his Maison champestre, French. Albyterio in Spanish, Grilli in Italian; and other authors. And the husbandrie of France, Italie, and Spaine, reconciled and made to agree with ours here in England: by Geruase Markham. The whole contents are in the page following

A briefe discourse of the distilling of Waters.

CHAP. LVIII.

Of the profit and commoditie of distillation.

NOtwithstanding that distillation be the vvorke rather of a Philosopher or Alchymist (otherwise called an extracter of quintessences) than of a farmer or maister of a Countrie Farme: notwithstanding the profit thereof is so great, and the vse so laudible and necessarie, as that we take not the chiefe Lord of our countrie house to be furnished vvith all such singular com∣modities as vve desire, if he lacke the knowledge and practise of distillation; not that I vvould have him to make it a matter to trouble himselfe much withall, and to be at much cost and charges therewith, as many (not well aduised) men be now a∣daies: but onely that he would take his time thereto at his best leasure, and without a∣ny great expence; or else to leaue the same to his wife or his farmers wife; for indeed such occupation is farre better beseeming either of them than him; for as much as the maistres••e or dairie-woman hath the pettie affaires and businesses belonging to this our countrie Farme, and lying vvithin the doores, resigned and put ouer to 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Therefore let it not seeme strange in this point, if after our briefe intreatie of Oyles, vve discourse somewhat briefely, and according as a countrie thing requireth of the manner of distilling of vvaters, and extracting of oylie quintessences, out of such matter as our Countrie Farme shall affoord; vvhich we would should serue for the vse of the Farmers vvife, as well to relieue her folke withall, as to succour her needie neighbours in the time of sicknesse; as we see it to be the ordinarie custome of great Ladies, Gentlewomen, and Farmers vviues well and charitably disposed, who di∣still waters and prepare oyntments, and such other remedies, to succour and relie•••• the poore.

CHAP. LIX.

What Distillation is, and how manie sorts there be of Distillation.

I Will not trouble my selfe here with setting downe the partie which was the first inuentor of Distillation: as namely, whether it were some Phy∣sitian of late time, who hauing a desire to eat stewed Peares, set them a stewing betwixt two dishes vpon the fire, and hauing afterward taken off the vpper dish, and finding the bottome thereof all set with pear••••e sweat, retai∣ning the smell and fauour of the stewed Peare it selfe, inuented thereupon certaine instruments to draw out from all sorts of hearbes cleere and bright airie waters: it is better that we see our selues to worke about the declaring of what Distillation is, a••d what things they be which may be distilled.

Distillation, or the manner of distilling, is an art and meanes whereby is extracted the liquor or moisture of certaine things by the vertue and force of fire or such like heat (as the things themselues doe require:) no otherwise than, as we see here below, that by the force and power of the Sunne manie vapours are lifted into the middle region of the ayre, and there being turned into water, fall downe in raine. True it is, that the word, Distill, sometimes reacheth further, and is taken not onely for things that are distilled by the meanes of heat, but without heat also: as wee see it done in such things as are distilled after a strayning manner, that is to say, when the purer and thinner part of certaine waters or liquid iuices is separated and ex∣tracted from the more muddie and earthie part by the meanes of a Felt, or by the meanes of a piece of Cloth, fashioned like a little tongue, or border: or out of Sand and small Grauell: or out of earthen Pots not yet baked: or out of Vessels made of the wood of Iuie: or out of Glasse made of Fearne. Sometimes likewise things are not only distilled without heat, but with cold: as nemely, when the things which you would haue distilled are set in cold and moist places: as Oyle of Tar••ar is wont to be made, as also Oyle of Myrrhe, Dragons bloud, Otters, and other things. But howsoeuer, yet I would not haue the Mistresse of our Countrey House to busie her braine with all the sorts of Distillation, but that she should content her selfe onely with that which is performed by heat. True it is, that it is meet and requi∣site that shee should know the diuersities of heat, to the end she may procure such a heat as will best fit such matter and thing as shee is in hand withall, or to goe about: for some things craue the heat of a cleere fire, or of coale, or of the Sunne, or of hot ••••••bers, or of small sand, or of the filings of yron, or of the dros••e of Oliues: others craue the heat of Horse dung, or boiling water, or the vapour of boiling water, or of Wine boiling in the fat, or of vnquencht Lime, or of some Barke, or other putrified thing. And for this cause she shall marke and obserue foure degrees of heat: the first whereof shall be called warme, like water when it is halfe hot, or the vapour of boi∣ling water, and in this there is no feare of anie hurt it can doe: the second is a little hoter, but yet so, as that it may be well endured without anie annoyance or hurt, such as the heat of ashes or embers: the third is yet hoter than the second, and so, as that it may annoy and hurt one grieuously, if hee should hold anie part or member therein anie long time, such is the heat of small sand. The fourth is so vehement, as that it cannot without great paine very hardly be endured, and such is the heat of the scales of filings of yron. The first degree is fit to distill fine, subtle, and moist things, as flowers and cold simples, as Endiue, Lettuce, and such other: The second, for distil∣ling of fine, subtle, and drie things: of that sort are all fragrant or smelling things, as Pepper, Cinnamome, Ginger, Cloues, and manie simples, as Wormewood, Sage, &c. The third, for to distill matter that is of thicke substance, and full of iuice, of which sort are manie roots. The fourth is proper for the distilling of mettals and minerall

things, as Allome, Arsenicke, &c. By this meanes it will come to passe, that the Mistresse of our Countrey House shall not haue anie thing brought vnto her, out of which shee will not be able to draw the waterie humour, and to distill cleere and bright waters.

CHAP. LX.

Of the fit and conuenient time to distill in: and of the faculties, vertues, and durablenesse of distilled waters.

EVerie thing is to be distilled in the time wherein it is best disposed, and best fit, that is to say, rootes, hearbes, flowers, and seedes when they are ripe; but liuing things, and the parts of them, when they are of middle age, as wee shall haue occasion to declare in his place. Now as concer∣ning the ripenesse of rootes, hearbes, flowers, seedes, and fruits, we referre you to our second Booke, where wee haue sufficiently at large laid open at what time euerie one of these things is to be gathered. But it is to be noted, that necessitie sometimes com∣pelleth vs to distill drie plants, and then it will be good to macerate and s••eepe them in some conuenient liquor or decoction, answerable vnto the vertue of the thing••, by that means in part to renew and bring againe their youthfulnesse, and to endow them with such moisture as they brought with them when they were first gathered from off the earth, as we will further declare by and by.

As concerning the vertues of distilled Waters: it is most certaine, that such as are distilled in Maries bath, retaining the cast, smell, and other qualities of the matter whereof they are distilled, haue not onely equall vertues with the Plan•••• and matter whereof they are distilled, but become much more pleasant vnto the ••ast, and also more delightsome vnto the eye, than the iuices or decoctions of the said matter would be. It is true, that the waters distilled through Leaden, Tinne, Bra••en, Cop∣per, or such other like met••all, like a Limbecke (as we shall by and by speake of) doe loose the best and most subtle parts of the substance of their matter, by suffering the same to vanish away in and into the ayre, and for that cause they doe not prou•• of so great vertue as their Plants. But howsoeuer it is, distilled waters are a g••••at deale more pleasant vnto sicke persons, more readie for vse, better for medicines for the eyes, to make epithemes of for the heart and liuer, to make painting colours of, to put into perfumes, or other sweet things, as well for the vse of Physicke, as also for the delight and decking of the bodie, than the decoctions and iuices of Plants: and therefore there is great reason they should be distilled with greater heed and care.

It is most certaine also, that Waters distilled in Maries bath, especially those which are distilled in the vapour of boyling water, are not of long continuance, and hardly will last aboue a yeare: likewise you must renew them euerie yeare by distillation, circulation, or by distilling of them againe, putting them also into the Still againe with some new matter vpon the cake or drossie part, left vpon some former distillation: or else to distill them by a Filtre, whereof wee shall haue oc∣casion to speake hereafter.

CHAP. LXI.

What manner of vessels and instruments they must be wherein waters are to be distilled.

TWo vessels are needfull in distilling, which may be called by the com∣mon and generall word, a Limbeck: the one of them is properly called the containing vessell, because it receiueth and containeth the matter that you would distill▪ some call it the bodie, or corpulent vessell▪ or the gourd: The other is ordinarily called the cappe, head, or bell, being that whereinto the vapours are gathered and turned into water. This vessell hath sometimes a pipe, in shape like the bill of a bird, through which the water passeth drop by drop into a violl, or other like vessell: and sometimes it hath no beake or spour, and those are v••ed in circulation. But these instruments doe differ much, as well in forme and shape, as in matter. It is true, that the first that were inuented were of Lead, like vnto a Bell, and did couer another vessell of Brasse that was full of matter to be distilled: this fa∣shioned one is well ynough knowne and vsed eueriewhere, because it draweth out more store of water than anie other. Afterward there was another fashion inuen∣••ed, by which manie vessels (euerie one hauing his Leaden head or couer seuerall) are ••ated together with one onely fire, set in a furnace made after the fashion of a vault, to the end, that with lesse cost and labour there might be drawne and di∣st••lled a great quantitie of water; the figure and forme whereof you may here see and behold.

[illustration]

But in as much as waters distilled in Lead doe not retaine their smell or tast at all, neither yet anie of the rest of their qualities of the things whereof they are distilled; but doe rather smell of the smoake, or of a stinke of burning: as also, for that wa∣ters distilled of sharpe, biting, and bitter plants, doe no whit resemble the same in the ••ast of their bitternesse and sharpenesse, but rather become vnsauourie sweet, Fur∣ther, in as much (as Galen witnesseth) as the water which runneth through pipes of

Lead doth stirre vp oftentimes the bloudie flux in those that drinke it, because of his nature, which is of the substance of Mercurie: adde vnto these, that in as much as wee ordinarliy see the waters distilled through Lead to become oftentimes (with the sharpe and vehement vapour which it maketh by the reason of a certaine sale dissoluing it selfe from the head) spoyled and made white and thicke as milke: I say, for and in respect of all these reasons, there is inuented another instrument, called the Bladder, whose vnder vessell and cap couering the same, are both of Brasse, and both of them standing ouer one ••urnace: which instrument is not onely good to distill Aqua vitae in, made of Wine, or of the lees of Wine, or Bee••e, but also of all other sorts of Plants powred in thereto, with a good quantitie of com∣mon water. Moreouer, it is requisite that the head should haue a great beake or spout, which must passe through the inner side of a great caske full of water, to the end that the vapours breath not out, but grow thicke, and turne into water: The fashion of it is as you may see here.

[illustration]

The later and better aduised Physicians haue deuised a fashion much better than the former, which is, to distill waters in Maries bath, that is to say, in the bath of some boyling water, or ouer the vapour of the same: for it is verie certaine, that such waters are without all comparison better, in as much as they doe exactly retaine, not onely the smell, but also the ••ast, and other qualities of their plants: which happe∣neth, because the bath of the boyling water, by his moisture, retaineth, keepeth in, and preserueth the more subtle parts of the plants, and by this meanes hinder and stay them from resoluing and breathing out: as it commeth to passe in those which are distilled by a violent fire of wood or coale: which is the onely cause that there is so great difference betwixt the waters distilled in a Limbecke of Lead, and those that are distilled in Maries bath, as is betwixt Gold and Lead: because they doe not onely retaine the proper qualities of their plants, that is to say, their smell and tast; but likewise they become cleare, pure, and bright, without smelling anie thing of smoake, or burning: on the contrarie, the other alwaies h••••h a tast of some s••inke of the smoake, which doth not onely prouoke a lust to vomit, as well in such as be healthfull, as in them that be sicke, but also procureth great hurt vnto the parts of the breast, stomacke, liuer, and other inward parts, by reason of some ill qualitie where∣with they are infected by the vessels in which they are distilled, Which is easily per∣ceiued

by the water of Wormewood distilled in a Leaden Limbe••ke, for it becom∣••••th sweet and not bitter, like vnto the plant: and in like sort in all other manner of waters that are distilled of plants, and are of a hot temperature, and sharpe or bit∣ter of tast: For the Leaden Limbecke receiuing vpon his superficiall part the va∣pours of hea••bes which are hot in effect and operation, is easily corrupted in that his superficiall part, and turned into a verie subtle Ce••use, which afterward mingleth it selfe with the water, and bestoweth vpon them an vn••auourie▪ sweetnes••e: which is easie to be gathered and knowne by the white residence that setleth in such wa∣ters, especially if the Limbecke wherein they are distilled, be new: for the vessell which hath serued a long time, hauing gotten by long space, and being much distil∣led in, as it were a plasterie crust or hardnesse ouer all the parts of it, is not so easily altered by the vapours, nor turned into Ceruse. And indeed it is no maruell, if the vpper face of the Lead be changed into Ceruse by the sharpe vapour of the plants, seeing that Ceruse it selfe (as Dioscorides testifieth) is made of plates of Lead hanged ouer the vapours of vineger, and spread vpon hurdles made of reedes: but there be∣falleth no such accident to waters distilled in Maries bath: for the bitternesse of their ••ast is manifestly perceiued, as also their sharpenesse, sowrenesse, tartnesse, harshnesse, eagernesse, sweetnesse, and tastlesnesse, if they be distilled of bitter or biting plants, or yet of anie other tasts and qualities: and this falleth out so, because the head of the Maries bath is of Glasse, which cannot infect them with any strange or vnnaturall qualitie. Moreouer, the waters that are distilled in the vessell called a Bladder, which is made (as wee haue said) of Brasse, as well the head as the bodie, but yet ouer-laid within with Tinne, are much better, and of greater vertue, than those which are distilled in a Limbecke of Lead, because the fire of the furnace cannot burne nor infect with anie smoake the matter that is within, seeing they are couered ouer and boile in water: but notwithstanding they doe not throughly re∣taine the vertues thereof, because of the mixture of the water, which smothereth and dulleth their force and vertues. Wherefore wee must needes commend as best the waters which are distilled in the double vessell, or ouer the vapour of boyling wa∣ter, especially when as therewithall they are of a hot facultie. It is true, that a∣mongst them, that sort is better which is distilled ouer the vapour of boyling wa∣ter, than that which is distilled by putting the bodie containing the matter, into the boyling water, because it extracteth and draweth out the subtle parts therein a great deale better: albeit that both the sorts thereof are excellent good, neyther is there anie hurt at all in them, saue onely that they are not of so long lasting and continuance as others: but to helpe this in such things as need shall require, it will be good to distill one and the same thing often, that so you may alwaies haue them good.

But to come to our third kind of Instrument, which wee haue called the double vessell, or Maries bath, it consisteth of two parts: the one is a great vessell of Brasse, made in manner of a Beefe-pot, verie great, and raysed high, furnished with a couering, and it is set in a furnace, and containeth in it boyling water: The o∣ther is the Limbecke, whose bodie is likewise of Brasse, so set within the couer of the Cauldron, as that the one resteth vpon the other, and that the one cannot be put in or taken away without the other: The head thereof is of Glasse or Tinne, or of baked earth: in the couering of which, there must be a hole made in that sort, as that it may be alwaies close: it would be at one of the corners thereof; and the vse of it is, to powre boyling water into the Cauldron, when the water within the same is diminished after long time of boyling: The fashion of it is as you may see here ouer the leafe.

[illustration]

There is another sort of double vessell, which containeth foure Limbeckes, whose bodies set within the bath, may be either of glasse or tinne, and their heads of glas••e▪ besides these foure, there is another standing higher than the rest, and is heated onely of the vapour of boyling water, which ••iseth vp on high vnto it through a pipe, and this Limbeck maketh a better water than the other foure. All these vessel•• being well coupled and incorporated together, doe rest vpon the Caldron, or great Bras••e pot, being sufficient large and wide, and tinned ouer within, and so closely set one with a∣nother, as that there may not anie vapour breath out: in like manner, all these instru∣ment•• and vessels be so well ordered and contriued, as that they may seeme to be but one bodie, saue onely that the heads of euerie one must be so, as that it may be sepa∣rated from the bodie, and put to againe, when you haue anie need to distill water: the fashion of it is such as is here to be se••ne.

[illustration]

There are some that haue yet seene another sort of double vessell, and that a verie excellent one, whose bodie is Tinne, like vnto a great Vrinall, of the length of three good ••eet, verie wide and large below, and somewhat narrower aboue: The bottome or bellie thereof is set two good foot in boiling water, and the top standeth out of the water a foot good, and that in a round hole made in the middest of the couer of the Cauldron. Vpon the top of this bodie is placed a head of Tinne, couered and com∣passed also with another vessell of Tinne likewise, and much more large: this is to containe cold water, running into it through a Brasse pipe or cocke: it is to stand vp∣on the top of a shanke, and that for to coole the Limbeck continually, that so ••he va∣pours rising vp thither, may thicken the better, and be the sooner turned into water. And because it is not possible, but that the water which is contained in the vessell that compasseth the Limbecke, should become hot in succession of time through the heat of the Limbecke: this vessell hath a small pipe or spout, at which the water so heated is vsed to be lee runne out, turning the little pinne of the cocke; and it is filled againe presently with cold water, which is made to runne down into it from a vessel on high. But to the end the labour of emptying it so oft of his hot water, and putting in again•• of cold, may be remedied, things may be so carried, as that from the vessell which standeth vpon the top of the pillar there may be cold water continually running into the vessell compassing the Limbecke: and then it being once become hot, may be let out, as is said before. And to the end that the cauldron which containeth the bath may alwaies keepe full at one measure and quantitie of water, which otherwise is sure to diminish by the continuall and vehement heat of the fire of the furnace; there is at the ••oot of the pillar another vessell full of verie hot water, which is to be conueyed into ••he bath by a cock, or pipe: and this water is heated in his vessell by the same fire that the bath is heated, in as much as the wall of the pillar is hollow and emptie euen as low as the bottome of this vessell. This sort of double vessell is fit to distill waters withall in great store and aboundance, by reason of the cold water which thickeneth and tur∣••••th by and by the vapours into water. The shape and fashion is as you see.

[illustration]

The Venetians distill their water in such an Instrument: The furnace is round, and containeth on euerie side, round about it, manie earthen vessels, glased within,

and fashioned like Vrinals, well luted with mortar of Potters clay, and euerie one co∣uered with a head of Glasse, or baked earth: to their snouts there is fastened a violl with a good thicke thread, to receiue the water that distilleth. This furnace is heated, as we see, after the manner that the Germanes doe heat their Hot-houses, and we ou•• Stoues. And if it happen, that the fire should be too hot, you must not put any thing into the vessels, vntill such time as the heat be somewhat abated, for feare that the plants, flowers, and such other things should be burnt. The mouth of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 must be alwaies stopped and fast shut, to the end that the heat may beat inward for the heating of so manie vessels. For the attending and ordering of this furnace, there are required manie seruants: some of them to looke vnto the ••ire; others to cast the hearbes into the bodies; and others, to put the heads vpon the bodies. By this like∣wise there may great store of waters be distilled, as some hundred pints in a night and a day: and these waters are a great deale better than those which are distilled in lea∣den Limbeckes or Stillitories, or yet of other mettals, because they are not infected with anie fault or infection, which is a common companion of those which are made of mettall. This is the shape and forme of it.

[illustration]

There are other Instruments, the bodies whereof are of Brasse, Iron, or other met∣tall, hauing a long, thicke, and strait necke, on the top whereof resteth also a head of Brasse, made after the fashion of a broch steeple, and is compassed round about as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 were with a bucket of coole water, to the end that the vapour may be conuerted the sooner, and in greater quantitie, into water, and that the water may not tast or sm••ll of the fire. Some in stead of this long necke and head, haue a pipe of Plate, or other mettall, verie long, and wrythen or wound about in forme of a Serpent (and for this reason is called a Serpentine) or made of manie parts, consisting of direct angle••, and these passing through a bucket, or some such vessell full of water.

There are manie other sorts and fashions of Instruments to distill withall, whereof I meane not to speake at this time, contenting my selfe with those which I haue men∣tioned, as being of more common vse, and fit onely to distill waters: of which, it is our purpose onely to speake at this present.

Furthermore, seeing the water doth take his essence and consistence, and other like qualities, from the head of the Stillitorie, it is good to make choice of the best heads that one can: the best, are of Glasse: next, those of earth, glased within and without: thirdly, those of Tinne: fourthly, those of Copper, laid ouer with Brasse▪ fifthly, those of Brasse laid ouer with Tinne: (but the vessels of Copper and Brasse haue these two discommodities, the one, that they make their waters reddish and halfe burnt, and the second, that in Copper and Brasse there is a venimous qualitie more than in anie other mettall) ••ixtly, those of yron, especially when a man would distill anie thing that is hard to be distilled, and which must be applyed outwardly▪ and not taken inwardly. Such as are not afraid of the cost, doe vse vessels of Gold or of Siluer: but seeing all are not of one and equall efficacie, it is best to rest contented with Glasse-vessels, or earthen ones well leaded, either with Glasse, or the fat, which is called earth of Beauuais, rather than with Lead, or anie other mettall: notwith∣standing, those of earth are the best: the second, those that are leaded or glazed, or of thicke fat earth: next, those of Tinne. Those of Glasse must not be of brake met∣tall, but of Crystall earth well armed: which, seeing they cease not to be brittle, how well soeuer they be armed, must be heated by little and little, whether it be in Ma∣ries bath, or in hot ashes, or in a furnace fire: And in like sort, when your distillation is ended, to let them coole by little and little. And for as much as the head is loose from the bodie, it will be good to set them together with a hempen cloth which hath beene dipped in the mortar of Wisedome, which for the most part is made of the whites of Egges, Beane flower, and a little Masticke. The vessell whereinto the wa∣ter is receiued, and thereupon called the Receiuer, shall be a Glasse-violl, hauing a long necke, and the beake or spout of the head must goe into it; and these two, in like manner, may thus be fastened and closed together with the said mortar of Wise∣dome, least the water which shall distill, should euaporate verie much: notwithstan∣ding, that we see sometimes some Receiuers of the fashion of Vrinals, which are not made fast vnto the beake of the head at all.

CHAP. LXII.

What manner of Furnaces must be prepared for the distilling of Waters.

THe fashion of the furnaces for the distilling of waters is diuers, as well in respect of the matter to be distilled, as in respect of the vessels which are vsed in the distilling thereof. As concerning their matter, some are made of vnburnt bricks, onely dried well in the Sunne, because they are better to be handled than those that are throughly burnt, and besides, they may be cut with a toole, and brought into what fashion one will; and fitted with fa•• earth; othersome are made of plaster onely; some of fat earth onely; but the best are made vvith cement, vvhites of egges, fat earth, and flockes of vvooll; others of bea∣ten bricks, hards, horse-dung, sinewes of oxen, and fat earth. But as for their fashi∣on, it must be answerable vnto the vessells that are set therein; and so some be wholly round, and those are the best and most profitable; others are foure square; others are raised high like steeples; others after the fashion of vaults; some after the manner of stones: all which you may find out by the sight of the eye in the pat∣ternes set downe before, and from which you may gather more instruction and more certaine direction, than by all the descriptions that wee can possibly make. Such furnaces as you may see with your eyes, must haue two bottomes; the one lower, to receiue the ashes of the coales, or whatsoeuer other matter that the fire is made of; the other higher, which must containe the burning coales, and must be made after the fashion of a Gridyron, hauing barres or roddes of yron passing

throughout from the one side to the other, quite ouerthwart the furnace; or else diui∣ded into manie small holes, that so the ashes and small coales of fire may fall through to the bottome below the more easily, and not stay behind to choake vp the fire that should heat the Still. The vnderfloore may haue one or manie mouthes, for the more conuenient taking away of the ashes which shall be gathered there on a heape: but as for that aboue, it must haue but one onely of a reasonable bignesse to put the coales or wood in at; but in the roofe of it, it must haue two or three small holes, to giue aire and breath vnto the fire at such time as you mind to amend it. Euerie one of the mouthes shall haue his stopple. For want of a furnace or matter for to make one, you may fit and set your Ves••ell, Cauldron, or Bowle, vpon a brand••ith, and kindle your fire vnderneath.

CHAP. LXIII.

How the matter must be prepared before the waters be distilled.

IT is not ynough, that the furnace and instruments for distillation be made readie in such sort as wee haue said; for the matter to be distilled must in like manner be prepared before that it be put into the Still. This preparation is of three sorts: that is to say, Infusion, Putri••action, and Fermentation. Infusion is nothing else but a mac••rating or s••eeping of the thing intended to be distilled i•• some liquor, not onely that it may be the more apt and ea∣sie to be distilled, but also to cause and procure greater store of iuice to be in it: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 else to helpe them to keepe their smell: or else to bestow vpon them some new quali∣tie: or to encrease their force and vertues; or else for some other ends, as we will han∣dle them in particular, and onely one. It is true, that this preparation is not neces∣sarie for euerie matter: for some there are that need not anie infusion or steeping, but rather to be dried before they be distilled, by reason of their too great and excessiue moisture: othersome content themselues with being watered or sprinkled ouer light∣ly with some liquor, as is done in the distilling of drie Roses and Ca••••••••••ll, which are wont to be sprinkled onely with common water. Some spread them all a Sum∣mers night in faire weather vpon a Linnen cloth to take the dew, and after they be moist, to distill them. Such as are steeped and infused, lye in the Sunne, or are held ouer the fire, the space of some halfe houre, or manie houres, a whole night, a whole day, two daies, three daies, one or moe ••oneths, according to the nature of the me∣dicine, the diuers intention and purpose of the Physician, and the present necessitie. Sometimes we presse and wring out things, which we infused before the distillation; and making our distillation afterward of the iuice onely that we pressed for••h; some∣times againe we distill the whole infusion, that is to say, both the infused ma••ter and the liquor wherein it was infused. Wherefore in this preparation, which is made by infusion, you must diligently obserue two things: the time of the infusion, and the liquor in which the infusion is made. The time of the infusion must be measured according to the diuersitie of the matter: for those things which are hard or solide, 〈…〉〈…〉, or entire and whole, deserue a longer time of infusion than those which ar•• tender, new, or bruised: whereupon it commeth to passe, that rootes and seedes r••∣quire double time to infuse: the leaues and flowers a single and lesser time, and so consequently of such other matter or things. The liquors wherein infusions are to be prepared, must not onely answere the qualities of such matter as is to be distilled, in such sort, as that hot matter and things be infused in hot liquors, and the cold in cold; but likewise the scope and dri••t intended in the thing distilled, which is the onely cause of the vsing of varietie of liquors in the making of infusions; and these

are for the most part Raine water, Fountaine, or Rose-water, and they either raw or distilled, crude or distilled iuices, distilled waters, Aqua vitae, raw or distilled Vine∣ger, Wine, raw or distilled Vrine, Whey raw or distilled, mans bloud, Swines bloud, and Goats bloud distilled or vndistilled. For this respect, things that haue small store of iuice, as Sage, Betonie, Balme, and Wormewood, or which are verie fra∣grant, as all sorts of Spices, all sorts of odoriferous Hearbes, all aromaticall Rindes or Woods, as Cinnamome, would be infused in Wine, to the begetting of some rea∣sonable store of iuice in them which haue but a little, and to keepe the aromaticall fragrantnesse in those which smell sweet, which might otherwise euaporate and spend, through the heat of the fire, their best and most precious parts, they being of so thinne and subtle a substance. It is true, that the best and surest course is not to in∣fuse Spices, or aromaticall things, neither in Wine, nor in Aqua vitae, but rather in common water: because in distilling of them, as proofe will make triall, the vapours will rise too soone, and leaue behind them the vertues of the aromaticall things, whereas water will not goe vp before it haue them with it. Such matter and things as are hard and mettallous, as Pearles, Corall, shells of egges, Crystall, Emeralds, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and other such, are infused commonly in raw or distilled vineger, or else in vrine distilled or vndistilled: but such waters are not to be taken inwardly, but onely to be applyed outwardly. In like manner, when it is intended that a water shall haue an opening qualitie, and pierce deepe or swiftly, the matter thereof may be in∣fused in raw and crude, or in distilled vineger: as for example, the waters distilled against the stone, or grauell, or to take away the great obstructions of the liuer, spleene, and matrix. When you desire that the water should retaine and keepe in good sort the vertues of the matter whereof it is distilled, it may, for the better infu∣sing of it, be distilled in his owne iuice, or in some iuice obtaining the like vertue. Things are likewise sometimes infused in bloud, either of Men, Swine, or Goats, for the encrease and strengthening of their vertues; as the water vsed to be distilled for to breake the s••one, whether it be in the reines, or in the bladder, may first haue receiued an infusion made in the bloud of Goats. As much, in like sort, is to be thought of the Whey of Goats milke, wherein things are wont to be infused to draw waters off, which are to serue in the cleansing of vlcers of the reines or bladder.

Generally, regard must be had, that all infusions be made in such liquor as will strengthen and encrease the vertue and force of the things intended to be distilled: as also, that such matter, before it be set to infuse, be shred, stamped small, or brui∣••ed, putting into it sometime the twelfth part of salt, as vnto those that are too moist, as flesh, bloud of men, or other beasts, as well to keepe them from cor∣rupting, as also to helpe forward the separation of the humour that must be di∣stilled.

Sometimes the things which are to be distilled, are suffered to putri••ie, and then afterward they are distilled: yea, and sometimes the verie putrifaction it selfe is the way and whole worke for the distilling of such things, as wee will declare hereafter.

Fermentation is accomplished and performed vpon the matter of infusion alone, or the whole infusion together, in the heat of the Sunne in the Dogge-daies, or else in some Furnace, or Horse-dung: it requireth manie daies continuance, as foure, or more: and by how much this fermenting and preparing of the thing is the more sub∣stantially performed, by so much the greater quantitie of water will be distilled and drawne ou••.

CHAP. LXIIII.

Generall precepts about the distilling of Waters.

AFter that the matter is in this manner and fashion prepared (as we haue said) there remaineth nothing more to be done, but the putting of it into the Stillitorie: and herein you must carrie your selfe very wisely and discreet∣ly, in obseruing certaine generall precepts for the ordering and directing of the whole worke vnto a good and perfect end.

First prouide, that your furnaces be set in such a place, as where they may not en∣danger the setting of your whole house on fire; as that they also may not be subiect to haue any thing to fall vpon them.

If you distill Quicksiluer, or any other such thing which hath a venimous malig∣nitie, come not neere vnto your Stills all the time of the distilling of such matter: for the smoake or fume which at that time they breath out, doth draw vpon a man the Palsie, exulceration of the Lungs, Lethargie, or oftentimes sudden death: as you may see by experience in such as are Plummers, and employed in melting of Mettals.

If you distill in Glasse vessels, you must make choice of such as are well baked and seasoned, hauing no bubbles or knots, but equall on euerie side, and smooth, thicke, and proued before hand.

The coales must be throughly kindled and halfe burned before you put any thing into the Still, that so the fume, or yet any other noysome qualitie of the coales, may not remaine to breath vpon it: or, at the least, put some few ashes or small quantitie of sand betwixt the Still and the furnace, that so the coales may not infect the water with the smoake. Likewise the fire is not to be made with wood halfe rotten, or that stinketh, or with charcoale burned and made in a pit, or of coale drawne and dig∣ged out of the earth, whether they be of stone, or earth, for feare the stilling ves∣sels and water should be infected and marred with the filthie and stinking vapour thereof.

The fire must not be hastie or headlong at the beginning, as well for the safetie of the vessels, which might thereby be broken, taking too sudden a heat, as also to the end, that the matter distilled may become acquainted with the fire by little and little, and that so farre, as vntill the fire be come to the third degree, if need doe so require.

You must not put into your Stills or Limbecke too great a quantitie of matter, for so it might runne ouer, and be cast forth againe; and furthermore, that vnderneath would be parched and dried away, and that aboue would remaine as it was put in: but it is rather the safer course to shift them oft, and so by this meanes you shall haue greater store and plentie of water.

The water of Maries bath may not be hoter than the finger may endure to slay in it: howbeit, oftentimes there come things to be distilled in the double vessell, for the distilling whereof, if it should come to passe that the heat of Maries bath should not be vehement ynough, then mixe therewith some small sand, to encrease the heat of the water.

If the glasse still happen to cracke being set vpon the fire, you shall let the spi∣rits from euaporating, if you dip diuers linnen cloathes in the whites of egges vvell beaten, and applie them vpon the cracke of the glasse hot one after another: in such sort that so soone as one shall be dried like a crust, another be readie by and by to put vpon it, and so to continue.

If you distill your waters in the heat of sand (as many doe and that verie often) or of ashes, or the filings or scales of yron made in powder, the bodie of the still must be armed (whether it be of glasse or brasse, or any other matter) with verie fine ashes

that haue beene sifted, or with sand, or with the filings of yron finely powdred, in such sort as that the ashes may be higher about the glasse than the matter is within by a hal••e foot good. The ashes shall be placed in the vpper part of the furnace, or in a place of hold made vpon the furnace, and heated with a coale fire which shall be be∣low in the bottome of the glasse. The waters so distilled indure much longer than those which are distilled in Maries bath: but in all other points they resemble and are like one vnto another.

If you haue not the leasure to make your distillation in a still, and that yet you would gladly distill some certaine juice or liquor: then cause your juice to boyle in some vessell, and ouer this vessell set a glasse: in this glasse the vapour will turne in∣to water: by this meanes vinegar is turned easily into a vvater vvhich is verie profi∣table for the spots and stayne of the eye, especially if before the distilling of it you cause some few slips of Rhue to be boyled in white vinegar.

Hot things, that they may proue effectuall, would be distilled three or foure times, putting & adding vnto euerie time new matter, or else to rectifie them by themselues: but as for cold things, such as the rose is, once distilling is sufficient: for by this means it holdeth still his cooling qualitie in better sort, seeing the force of the fire begetteth heat and sharpenesse in things.

When you would distill one vvater three or foure times, you must at euerie distil∣lation diminish the heat of your fire halfe a degree, and afterward a whole degree, and so consequently vntill in the end you come backe vnto the first degree spoken of before, and called such a heat as is but vvarme, the reason is, because that the mat∣ter becomming more and more subtile at euerie distillation, craueth not so great a heat at the end as it did at the beginning when it is in his gros••est state and conditi∣on. But it is contrarily practised in the extracting of quintessences out of any thing: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 then the heat is to be increased and augmented more and more.

In all manner of distillations of vvaters, you must carefully see to the seperating of the flegme, that is to say, the gros••est, thickest, and most waterie part of the hu∣mour distilled: and for the doing hereof you must carefully consider of the matter which you distill: because the ••legme commeth forth sometime first, sometimes the last in the distillation, as in the distilling of Aqua-vitae is stayeth the last, notwith∣standing that it be distilled diuers times: in the distilling of the most part of other things it commeth forth first, as in vinegar, honie, and such things: and the thing is discerned by tasting of the first and last distilled waters. And if it happen that the flegme be not seuered in this sort, as indeed it is not in some such, as with which it is mixt: then the next course is to set such vvaters in the Sunne certaine daies in vessells couered with linnen clothes, or parchment prickt full of small holes, that so the ex∣crementous part by such meanes may be consumed and wasted: or if the Sunne faile, as in Winter time, then you must set your vessell contayning your distilled waters in other vessells full of vvater, and cause them to boyle to the consumption of the third part.

The distillation is to be judged to be in good state and case, if betwixt the fall of euerie drop, you can account to the number of twelue: and hence also is the judging of the force and quantitie of the fire to be learned and fetcht.

If any man desire that waters should haue some smell, taste, or other qualitie of something, as of honie, cinnamome, camphire, muske, or other like sweet smelling thing, (whether it be to giue such smell to the thing that hath none at all, or vnto something that hath a bad and vnpleasant smell, as we will speake of by and by in the water distilled of mans dung) it vvill be good to annoynt and besmeare the head of the still vvith these things, or else to tie vp the same in some little knot of lin∣nen cloth, and hang them at the verie poynt of the spout or pipe, to the end that the vvater distilling through this matter, may retayne that smell or other qualitie in∣tended.

And vvhereas distilled vvaters by force of the fire are euermore seene to retaine some impressions and printes of the heat, it will be good presently after they be di∣stilled,

to let them stand some time vncouered in the vessells wherein you meane to keepe them, hauing yet therewithall regard, that neither their small nor any part of their force doe vvaste or spend: and therefore to take the fittest course, it will be best to set your vessell close and fast stopt in some cold place in moist sand to dimi∣nish and take away the great heat of the same. Notwithstanding you must marke and know that cold waters, vvhich shall be distilled in Maries-bath, will haue no great need to be so vncouered, but that they rather must be set in the Sunne in a glasse ves∣sell not altogether full: or else that they with their vessell be set ouer head and eares in hot sand for the space of fortie daies, to the end that their flegme and thickest hu∣mour may be consumed.

If your distilled vvaters become troubled, you shall restore them to their cleare∣nesse by putting thereinto some one or two drops of Vinegar for euerie pint of wa∣ter.

CHAP. LXV.

Of the particular manner of distilling of Hearbes, Rindes, Flowers, and Rootes.

DIstilled vvaters are of diuers sorts and vertues: some are physicall or me∣dicinable, as the water of roses, sage, marierom, and such like. Others are nourishing, as restoratiues, and many both medicinable and nouri∣shing, as nourishing restoratiues: vvhereinto are put medicinable things. Others are purgatiue, as the water or liquor of rhubarbe if it were new and greene. Others serue to grace the face and hands, and to make beautifull. Others for to gratifie the nose by yeelding a sweet smell, as those which are drawne out of spices and sweet smelling simples, vsed also to vvash the hands, face, and whole bodie, and againe all these waters are either simple or compound: but we will first speake of the simple medicinable ones.

Wormewood must be distilled in Maries-bath to draw out his vvater in such sort as that it may expresse by smell and taste from whence it came: and for the bet∣ter doing of it, you must see that you distill it not verie new, but somewhat dried, and afterward infusing it a little in wine to distill it in Maries-bath, or in hat•• a∣shes: Mugwort, Agrimonie, Sorrell, and such other like plants, are thus distilled also, but with obseruation had of the generall things specified before. Thus the wa∣ter of Winter cherries is distilled, seruing against the stone and grauell as well of the reines a•• bladder.

The vttermost pilling of common vvalnuts, vvhether it shale willingly or no, may be distilled in the moneth of September: and the water drawne from them, drunke in small quantitie with a third part of Vinegar, is a certaine remedie against the plague, if before drinking of it you cause the partie to be let bloud: it is singular good also to make gargarismes of, for the vlcers of the mouth: it is good also to fo∣ment goutie places withall, and good to colour the haire blacke. Water distilled of the leaues of the Walnut-tree in the end of the moneth of May is singular for to drie and cicatrize vlcers, if they be washed euening and morning with a linnen cloth moistned therein.

To distill strawberries, you must let them putrifie in a glasse vessell, putting thereto a little salt or sugar, and then afterward to extract and draw out their water, which is verie soueraigne against venime: as also to take away spots, to prouoke the termes, and drie vp weeping eyes: it will performe all these vertues in admirable manner, if there be mingled with it a little Aqua-vitae.

The inward rinde of the ash-tree being distilled, doth yeeld a singular water a∣gainst the plague, if it be drunke in equall quantity with aqua-vite, as three 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of

either, especially if the same drinke in the same quantitie be drunke againe vvith∣in three houres after: it is good also being dropt into the eares for the noyse in them.

The stones of blacke cherries, being broken, or the kernells alone distilled, make a vvater vvhich doth quite take away the fit of the Falling-sicknesse in young children, presently after that there hath beene put into their mouth about an ounce.

The distilled vvater of new filberds, drunke the weight of two drams, is a present remedie against the collicke and gripings of the bellie, a thing that will not fail••, ha∣uing beene proued and tried.

The vvater vvhich is distilled of the barke of Danewort, or Elder-tree, be∣ing oftentimes drunke, doth euacuate and draw the vvater out of such as haue the dropsie.

The vvater of betonie: You must stampe the leaues of betonie and infuse them a certaine time in Wine, and after distill them. The vvater of balme and sage is di∣stilled in like manner. The vvater of betonie is good for the diseases of the head, reines, and bladder. The water of balme rejoyceth men, keepeth away the fits of the Apoplexie, and Falling-sicknesse, it causeth a good memorie, taketh away the paine of the teeth, breaketh the stone, healeth the dropsie, preserueth from venime such as haue swallowed any spider, if it be drunke presently after.

The water of Gentian: Take foure pound of the new rootes, or rather of the dri∣ed rootes of Gentian: chop them small, infuse them in wine, or besprinkle them on∣ly, then afterward distill them. This water is singular against the plague, all sorts of venime, the stone as well of the reines as of the bladder, and to heale inward Apostumes and vlcers.

The vvater of pellitorie: Take the rootes of pellitorie new or old, cut them small, and infuse them in verie good Wine: the water is good for no appease the ach of the teeth, to strengthen them, and keepe them cleane, if the mouth be washed therewith in the morning, or else when it seemeth good to doe it.

To make water of eye-bright: Take the leaues and flowers of eye-bright, distill them: the water thereof doth cleare the sight.

The vvater of Nicotian is distilled as the other going before: but of this vve haue largely discoursed in the second Booke, and haue shewed that it hath maruellous ef∣fects, against the Noli me tangere, cankers, ringwormes, scabs, shortnesse of breath, and the dropsie.

In this sort also you must distill Paules betonie: the vvater whereof is singular to heale wounds, scabbes, and other diseases of the skinne. The vse of this vvater is ve∣••••e excellent for the leprosie, pestilent feauers, obstructions of the liuer and spleene, and exulceration of the lungs. In this sort also is Mouse-••are distilled, whereof vve ••••ue spoken in his place in the second Booke.

The vvater of hyssope must be distilled vpon hote ashes: it is excellent for the paine of the teeth, to prouoke vvomens termes, for the cough, and other diseases of the lungs.

The water of turneps: Take whole turneps with their skins and all, or else the skin alone, you shall distill a water (especially of the pilling or skin) which will be profi∣••able to prouoke vrine and sweat••ng.

Water of lymons or the juice of them doth helpe verie profitably in the stone of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 reines.

The water of fennell: Take the rootes and leaues and distill them, or else boyle ••hem in water, afterward put them all hot into a tin or copper platter, and couer the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vvith another platter: the liquor vvhich shall be vpon the vppermost platter ••hall be kept in a viole, to put a drop or two thereof into the corner of the eye, for the ••iseases of the eye.

Water of parsley of the garden: Stampe in a morter the leaues of parsely, then di∣••till them: it cleanseth the stomacke, and comforteth the reines.

After the same manner are distilled the waters of smallage, basill, buglosse, mi••es, cammomile, marigolds, Carduus benedictus, clarie, succorie, capillus Vene••i••, che••∣uile, end••ue, aller, fumitorie, broome, Iuie, horse-taile, lauander, marierom, mehlo••, mallowes, holihocke, vvater lillies, nigella, organie, pionie, poppie, pellitorie of the wall, burnet, plantaine, purcelaine, penniryall, rue, rosemarie, madder, sage, sauo∣rie, scabious, scolopendrium, nightshade, houseleeke, willow leaues, groundswell, thyme, white mulleine, tansey, valerian, veruaine, of the flowers and leaue•• of the stinging nettle, as well as of the dead nettle, and of many other plants, obseruing the generall precepts, which we haue set downe before.

This is the manner of distilling cinnamome: Take a pound of fine cinnamome, breake it lightly, and infuse it a certaine time in the distilled water of Roses the quan∣t••tie of foure pounds, and of verie good white wine halfe a pound, after put it all into a glasse-still to be distilled either vpon hot ashes, or else in Maries-bath: such water is forcible against all cold diseases, especially of the stomacke, spleene, liuer, braine, matrix, sinews, faintings and swo••nings, to prouoke the termes of women, and retay∣ned vrine, to stay vomits, to represse the malignitie of all sorts of cold venime, and for the deliuerie of wo••en that are in trauell of child.

Rose-water is distilled either of new roses or of drie roses, and they are either white or carnation. The fashion and manner of distilling of it is diuers: for some∣times it is distilled by defluction tending downeward, vvhich is called in Latine Distillatio per descensum, according to the matter which we shall declare in the se∣uentie first Chapter hereafter following. Sometimes it is distilled by insolation, as we will likewise shew in the same place: sometimes, and that oftest, as also best, in Maries-bath, and before the distilling of it, if the roses be drie, it is good to moisten them vvith the vapour of some boyling water, or some Roses. The water which is distilled of red Roses, is more cordiall and corroboratiue, as that which is made of white roses is more cooling. Then to distill good rose-water, you must infuse roses in distilled Rose-water, or else in the juice drawne from them, and that by the space of two or three dayes, your vessell being well lured and stopt, and afterward put them in a glasse-still, couered with his head, and they both well luted and fitted one to another, and finally, set them thus conjoyned in your vessell of Maries-bath.

Water of Orange-flowers, called water of Naffe, being distilled by a bell, is good to procure vomit, as also to make a good smell.

The water of vvild Apples, and of Oke Apples vnripe, of chesnuts, and of ver∣iuice that is halfe ripe, is good against the red pimples, and hard knobbes in the face.

The vvaters of flowers (as of Rosemarie, vvhich is good to rejoyce the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Elder-Tree, vvhich keepeth the face cleare from Sunne-burning: of Mari∣golds, vvhich comforteth the eyes: and such others) are distilled after the manner of Rose-water.

CHAP. LXVI.

Of the manner of distilling liquors.

WE haue heretofore declared that the singular and rare efficacie and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of things distilled, haue in such sort rauished and carried away the spirits and studies of men, as that there is scarce any thing to be found vvhich hath any good propertie and speciall qualitie in it, but it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beene brought vnder the yoke of distillation. But in this place I call liquor all th•••• which hath a liquid consistence, vvhether it be juice, humour, excrement, or any such like floting thing, as vvine, vinegar, honie, vrine, juice of hearbes of fruit••••▪

and you cannot but thinke that the juice of hearbes or fruits being distilled doth af∣ford a farre better water, than that which is distilled of hearbes, yea or of fruits either. We will begin therefore with distilled vvine.

Aqua-vitae is thus distilled: (notwithstanding that all manner of Wine is fit to make Aqua-vitae of, so that it be not sowre, spent, or otherwise tainted, yet indeede the strongest and noblest Claret vvine is the best, vvhether pallet and inclining to vvhite, or high coloured and inclining to red:) Take then of claret vvine a certayne quantitie, according to the bignes••e of the vessell wherein you distill it (which is cal∣led the bladder, as we haue declared before, namely, in that it is fashioned like vnto a streight gourd) euen so much as may fill it within one third part of the top, that so the vapours may haue space to rise, then set the head vpon it, hauing a long 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and this must be well closed with the mortar of wisdome (being the same which we haue before described) to the end that no vapour may passe out there by: and thus cause it to distill with the heat of hot, but not boyling water: or else at a reasonable heate in ashes, or in small sand, increasing the fire continually by little and little, and yet ta∣king heed that the wine doe not boyle: and to the end that you may haue excellent good Aqua-vitae, you may distill it ouer foure or fiue times: for by how much the o••ter it is distilled, by ••o much the better will it be, as we haue said alreadie. For the first distillation, it shall be ynough to draw the tenth part, that is to say, of ten pintes of vvine one pint of Aqua-vitae, more or lesse: for the second halfe of that which you shall haue put in, that is to say, halfe a pinte: for the third likewise, the halfe or a little lesse, vvhich should be a quarter of a pinte: in such sort as that the ofter it is distilled ••ou must haue lesse in quantitie, but more in value and worth; and therefore in the beginning you must either take a great quantitie of Wine, or else haue many ves∣sels. It is true, that if the distillation be well made, the fourth will yeeld the like quantitie of water to that it receiued, and there will be no losse in it: and herewith likewise it is to be wished, that euerie man would be contented without going ouer it any more: because so many repetitions and redistillations is a matter of great la∣bour and cost. In the meanetime this must be remembred, namely, to lessen the fire at euerie distillation halfe a degree, and afterward a whole degree, that so in fine you may come to the first degree called bl••••d vvarme. And truely by mine aduise, the first distillation should be in the fire of ashes, and the other in Maries-bath. This repeating and going ouer with it by distillation after distillation shall be to take from it his flegme, that is to say, his grossest and most waterie humour, which resteth in the bottome, and is accustomed to come forth last, after that it is well digested by being oft distilled. Finally, it may be gathered that the Aqua-vitae is sufficiently di∣stilled by these signes; If there come backe the like quantitie of water; if being set on fire, it consume and vvaste all away, not leauing any signe of moisture behind it in the bottome of the vessell: if a linnen cloth that hath beene dipt in the Aqua-vitae being set on fire doe not burne any jote at all; if a drop of oyle being put into it, go to the bottome; if a drop of Aqua-vitae being powred in the ball of your hand, doe wast away and vanish verie speedily; if yellow amber being set on fire doe burne in the Aqua-vitae; and likewise if ca••••phire being put into Aqua-vitae be dissolued of it. You must also note, that Aqua-vitae is sometimes distilled of lees of verie good Wine, being neither sower, nor spent, nor otherwise tainted; and such Aqua-vitae sometime is not inferiour but superiour in goodnesse vnto that which was distilled of the Wine it selfe: Againe, if it be often distilled ouer, it becommeth more hot and drie▪ then that which is made of the verie Wine: but yet indeed that which is made of Wine is more pleasant vnto the taste, and of a more delightsome smell: Aqua-vi∣tae is also sometimes distilled of beere, but that is not so good as the other of Wine. The vessells for the distilling of Aqua-vitae are diuers, that is to say a good still, sit∣ting in ashes or sand, or a resort in Maries-bath, or the bladder: Aqua-vitae may also be distilled in a caldron or pot of Copper or Brasse, made in manner of a Beefe-pot, co∣uered with a couer, and hauing a straight nose comming out of it, and rising vp on high, and turned downeward againe with a direct angle, and so passing through a

bucket full of cold water. After that the Aqua-vitae is distilled, you must set it out into the Sunne a certaine time to make it yet more and more subtle. After this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 you may distill all iuices and liquors, as mans bloud, vrine, vineger, the deaw, milke, whites and yolkes of egges, mans dung, or beasts dung. The vertues of Aqua-vitae are infinite: It keepeth off the fits of the Apoplexie and Falling sicknesse, in such sort, as that they which are subiect vnto that disease in the time of Winter, must euery morning take a spoonefull of Aqua-vitae sugred, and eat a little bit of white bread: it driueth away venime: keepeth Wines from spending themselues, from putrifying, and from growing thicke and troubled: it cureth speedily all the cold diseases of the sinewes, muscles, and starued members, if they be fomented therewithall: it killeth wormes, and assuageth the paine of the teeth, &c. See more in our Booke of secret remedies.

For the distilling of Vineger, you must vnderstand, that there is some difference betwixt the distilling of Aqua vitae and Vineger: for seeing that Wine is of a vapo∣rous and fierie substance, the chiefest and principallest parts in it doe runne at the first distillation, that is to say, with the water that first commeth forth: insomuch, as that that which remaineth and stayeth behind in the vessell, tasteth no better than common water, hauing in it no force or vertue. On the contrarie, the first that distil∣leth of Vineger tasteth nothing at all, saue onely that it sheweth it selfe somewhat more in his earthie parts by the alteration of his qualitie (for Vineger is no other thing but a corrupted Wine, made eager by putrifaction:) for indeed his true, na••••∣rall, and proper qualitie of eagernesse and sowrenesse, as also the force and strength thereof, stayeth behind with that in the vessell, till after the first water be past. And by this it appeareth, that that which remaineth in the Wine after the first distillation of it, should be called flegme, as that should also which commeth out first in the di∣stillation of Vinegar, be called flegme of Vineger. Wherefore, to haue good distilled Vineger, after you haue put it in like quantitie (as we haue said of Wine for to make Aqua-vitae) into the Stillitorie, you must let the flegme (that is to say, the watrie hu∣mour) distill, and set it aside in some vessell by it selfe: afterward, when the Vineger shall be consumed vnto the third or fourth part, and that it shall rellish in tasting of the distilling drops, that the eager parts of the Vineger begin to come, it will be good to set that aside to serue for infusions: and then afterward to encrease the heat of your fire a little, and so continue your distillation, vntill such time as the water begin to looke red, and to haue the consistence of Honey or of Pitch, and then you may be bold to set it aside for your speciall vse, not in medicine, but otherwise in all things concerning mettals and corrosiues: for this water making the third alteration in di∣stillation, tasteth of ad••stion, and is called the sanguine part of Vineger. Vineger would be distilled in the same vessell that Rose-water is distilled in, especially in ashes or hot sand, rather than in Maries bath. In like manner, and after the same sort, you shall distill Vineger of Roses, of Elders, of Cloues, and other things. Di∣stilled Vineger is good to dissolue hard and mettallous things, as Pearles, Corall, Egge-shells, Crystall, and Emeralds: notwithstanding, Gold and Siluer cannot be dissolued by it. This is the cause, that when Alchymists would distill any mettall or stones, to draw out their oyle, they vse first to dissolue their matter in Vineger or Vrine distilled.

Salted water or sea water is made sweet by this meanes. Fill a pot of salt water, let it boyle by the fire-side, and afterward distill with a stillitorie, as you doe ros••-water, and the salt will stay in the bottome. And this is also the way to trie what mettalls are mixt with minerall vvaters.

The manner of distilling of honie is such. When the honie is once well purified, put it in small quantitie into a stillitorie (for in a great quantitie it vvould swell o∣uer, after that it should once feele the heat) distill it in Maries-bath with a gentle and warme heat: the water that commeth first forth, is the flegme, which must be kept by it selfe for to colour and make long the beard and haire. Afterward increasing the heat a little, there will come forth a water of a yellow, and as it were a golden colour,

which you may keepe in another vessell, seeing it is good to cleanse vvounds both shallow and deepe ones: your distillation continuing, there will come another vva∣ter high coloured and more red than the former, and then if you doe vvell, you shall change the heat of the vvater into the heat of the ashes or sand, that is to say, that you should remoue your Still, and set in ashes or sand euen almost vp to the verie mouth, and that there be not aboue three inches in bredth betwixt the fire and your Still, continuing to increase your fire, and to make it bigger than it was before, and by this meanes there will come forth a water more clam••ie than the former, and may be cal∣led the oyle of honie. After this manner you may distill turpentine, and such other thicke and clammie liquors. Indeed to distill such thicke liquors, vvere better to be done by a re••ort, rather than in Maries-bath, as we will manifest when we come to speake of the distillation of oyles.

For to distill the bloud of a male Goat: Take the bloud of a young male goat be∣ing vvell fed, but not that bloud vvhich shall come forth first, nor that which shall be last, but that which shall come forth in the middest: let it stand and settle for some time, and then cast out the vvater that shall swim aboue: after vvith a tenth or twelfth part of salt, stir it vvell a long time, and worke them together very throughly; this done, put it vp into a vessell well stopt and luted, and bury it in a dunghill of horse-dung for the space of fortie daies: afterward distill it oftentimes ouer, powring it still againe and againe vpon the dros••e or bottome of the distillation staying be∣hind. After you haue thus distilled it foure or fiue times, you shall haue a maruailous water, and yet it will be better if it be set in horse-dung fortie daies moe after that it is distilled. This water is singular for the breaking of the stone.

The bloud of a young man is distilled in the same sort, but the man must be of a good complexion, and sound bodie, of the age of twentie yeares or thereabouts, of a well fed and fleshie bodie: and it serueth in steed of restoratiues vnto those vvhich are in a consumption: it is good likewise against rheumes and distillations falling vpon the joynts, if the diseased places be fomented therewithall. Howbeit I do not greatly approue the distilling of mans bloud for any such end, seeing it is an vnwor∣thie and heynous thing, and not beseeming Christians, and a thing likewise which in the middest of so many other helpes may easily be spared. See more amongst our secret medicines.

The bloud of a Drake is in like maner distilled against poyson: and after the same sort may the bloud of a Calfe, Badger, or Hare be distilled.

You may distill milke also alter the same manner that Aqua-vitae is distilled. It is reported, that in Tartarie the water of distilled milke maketh men drunke: such milk therefore must be good and fat, such as is the milke of a heyfer. Some physitians hold that distilled milke is good against the jaundise, as also against a quartaine ague, if it be distilled with the like quantitie of Wine.

The milke of the she goats is oft distilled, to serue for the cleansing of the vlcers of thereines and bladder, whereunto the milke it selfe would serue a great deale better, if they be fed for the most part with burnet.

Mans dung is distilled in a glasse stillitorie in such manner as Aqua-vitae is distil∣led: the vvater that it distilleth (especially if it be of the dung of a red or freckeled man) is soueraigne good to heale and cicatrize deepe, hollow, old, and rebellious vl∣cers, and to take away the spots of the eyes. Taken also in manner of a drinke, it deli∣uereth from the Falling-sicknesse: and in like sort if the head be rubbed therewithall, it deliuereth also from the stone of the reines and bladder, and from the dropsie, and doth them verie much good that are bitten of a mad dogge, or of other venimous beasts. Notwithstanding whereas such water simplie and without any manner of mixture distilled, doth retaine the smell of the said excrement, it will be good, to the end to giue it some good taste, to clap to the end of the nose of the Still some nodule or little knot of linnen cloth contayning muske in it; or else to annoint the head vvithin vvith the said muske or some other such like thing that is of a good sauour.

And thus may the dung of kine or pigeons be distilled; the distilled water whereof is good to breake the stone.

CHAP. LXVII.

Of the manner of distilling of liuing creatures, or their parts.

TO distill the bodie of any beast, you must first strangle it, that so it may not shed any bloud, and after take away all his fat (if he haue any) and the entrailes: then chop the flesh small, and cast vpon it the tenth o•• twelfth part of salt, and so distill it in Maries-bath, or vpon hot ashes after the manner of Roses. Thus the young and tender storke which did neuer flye is distilled; but he must first be bowelled and stuffed with an ounce of camphire, and a dram of amber: the water that commeth thereof is excellent to make liniments and fomentations in palsies and con••••lsions. After the same sort is the pie, frog, snailes, ants, liuers, and lungs of calues, of a Foxe, and other such like beasts distilled: how∣beit, vvithout any such long and teadious preparation they may be distilled by and by after the manner of other vvaters, as vve vvill forthwith declare in the distillatio•• of restoratiues.

The vvater of Swallowes: Take Swallowes the weight of sixe ounces, and cast••∣reum an ounce, let them infu••e a whole night in vvater, and put into a Limbecke, be distilled: This vvater is singular to preserue one from the Falling-sicknesse, if it be taken but once a moneth to the quantitie of two spoonefulls, and that in a morning fasting.

The flesh of beasts is distilled on this manner: Cut and chop the flesh small, in∣corporate and stampe it vvith a tenth part of common salt: after put it in a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 (like vnto a gourd) vvell stopped, that so you may burie it in the earth, set and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 passed round about with vnquencht lime, and dung of horses halfe rotten, to be di∣gested in the same for the space of a moneth, or thereabout, during vvhich time you shall vvater the said vnquencht lime and dung often with vvarme vvater to stirre vp their heat, and you shall renew the lime and dung three or foure times euerie weeke•• for you must thinke that for vvant of heat, the flesh might putrifie in steed of dige∣sting. And after they haue beene sufficiently digested (vvhich you may know by seeing the grosser parts seperated from the more thinne and subtile) the vessell shall be taken out of the dunghill, and the head of a Still set thereupon, the nose or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 being vvell luted, and so it shall be distilled in Maries-bath diuers times ouer, pow∣ring the distilled vvater againe vpon the residence or drosse remayning in the bot∣tome, so oft as you redistill it. And after the fifth distillation, you shall set aside the water to keepe, if so be you had not rather circulate it, to giue it the nature as it vvere of a quintessence.

As well the vvhites as the yolkes of egges are distilled after the manner abo••••∣sayd: but they must not be digested in the dung aboue fiue or sixe dayes at the most.

The vvaters thus distilled are more than restoratiues, hauing the vertue to en∣crease the substance of the bodie and members, as naturall flesh and nourishment doth.

CHAP. LXVIII.

Of the manner of distilling of restoratiues.

REstoratiues are prepared after diuers sorts, notwithstanding the most v∣suall and best is thus: Take the flesh of a Veale, Kid, or Weather, cut and chopped as small as possibly may be: or else take musculous flesh, which is called the vvhites of capons, pullets, fat and well fleshed hens, after they haue beene well hunted and tired, cut likewise and chopped small: put vn∣to this flesh, calues feet, peeces of gold, or rather the thin beaten leaues of gold: put all in a glasse Still well luted with mortar made of flower, whites of egges, and a little masticke: into this Still, you shall cast (for the giuing of some grace vnto the distil∣lation, and somewhat to mitigate the heat which it might get by the fire) halfe a handfull of cleane barley, a handfull of drie or new red Roses, which haue beene in∣fused in the juice of pomegranates or rose-water, and a little cinnamome: place them all in the Still, as it were after the manner of little beds, and strew thereupon the pow∣der of the electuarie of cold Diamargariton, or of precious stones, and a little corian∣der prepared and finely powdred to discusse and waste all windie matter. If you would make your restoratiues medicinable, you may adde thereunto things concer∣ning the disease that presseth, as rootes and hearbes respecting the head, in the dis∣eases of the head, as betonie, penniryall, staechados, organie, sage, and others such like: for the diseases of the reines, the rootes and plants that are good to breake the stone: for the Falling-sicknesse, the seed of pionie, and misletoe of the oake: for the quartaine ague, polopody, scolopendrum, and the rootes of Tamariske: for the French disease, the rootes of gentian, enula campana, and the wood guajacum, and so of other things: yet it seemeth vnto me that it were better that the cordial powders 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not be mingled among the rest, for feare that their force, which is thin, sub∣tile, and verie fragrant, should euaporate through the heat of the fire, and that it would be farre better to straine the distillation through a linnen cloth that is verie cleane, and which should haue the cordiall powders in the bottome of it: there may likewise be added a quantitie of Treacle, with some conserues, as occasion shall be ministred: the matter thus disposed of, it shall be distilled in a stillitorie of glasse well luted (as we haue said) and in Maries-bath; or else in ashes, grauel, or hot sand: for by this meanes the distillation vvill taste least of the fire. It will be good before the flesh be put into the still to be distilled, that they should haue boyled a boyle or two in a new earthen pot, to take from it the grosse excrements hanging about the same. Againe, it must be remembred, that if there be any gold put into the distilla∣tion, that it will be better to put in such as is wrought into leaues than grosse peeces: because that grosse peeces in respect of their solidenesse consume but a verie little, and with much adoe. This is called a diuine restoratiue, and must be giuen vnto the sicke partie prettie and warme.

Another manner of restoratiue after the Italians fashion: Take a Capon, or a good Henne, which yet neuer laid egges, let her or him be pulled aliue, that so the bloud may be stirred and dispersed throughout the bodie: after you haue pulled them, ••••ke ••out the guts, and afterward stampe bones and all together in a Mortar, putting there∣to as much ••rummes of new bread as there is stamped flesh, pound all together with a handfull of Seabious, either greene or drie, and the weight of a French crowne of the leaues of gold, let it all settle a whole night, after distill it, adding thereto three pound of verie good Wine, such as is of a ripe Grape.

Another manner of restoratiue: Boile a Capon, or some such other flying fowle, whole and entire, with Borage, Buglosse, Scariole, Endiue, Lettuces, or other such like hearbes, as shall be necessarie in respect of the disease: and when it hath boiled till it seeme as rotten with boiling, take the broth or supping, and put it into the stillitorie,

afterward put thereinto also the flesh of partridge, hen, or other such flying fowle cut and chopt small, and adde vnto these such other matter, as you shall know to be ne∣cessarie for the present disease, as conserues of roses and buglosse, damaske raisins, the powders of the electuaries of precious stones, aromaticum rosatum, and such like things: and finally, distill them after the manner aboue specified.

Some there are vvhich vvill not make any restoratiues but of capons-flesh, the ol∣dest they can get, such they strangle and plucke by feather and feather, not vsing the helpe of any hot vvater, then they take out the entrailes and chop them small: ad∣ding thereto flowers or conserues of buglosse, burrage, damaske raisins, mundified barley whole, coriander-seed, pearles, powder of the electuarie diarrhodon, or some other like vnto it, and the leaues of gold, they distill all together, and cause it to be gi∣uen to sicke persons, women in child-bed, and old folke.

To make a restoratiue in shorter time, and that vpon the sudden, with lesse cost, charges, as also paine and labour: chop your flesh small after the manner alreadie de∣liuered, put it into a glasse viole or bottle of a sufficient bignesse, and in such sort as that all your peeces of flesh be strung or put vpon a double threed and hold one by another, and the double threed vvhereupon they hang be vvithout the bottle, which must be well stopt aboue with a linnen or cotten cloth, wet in a mixture made vvith whites of egges and barley ••lower: set this bottle in a caldron full of water, boyling at a small fire, and there let it stand foure houres more or lesse, vntill such time as a good part of the flesh bee conuerted into moisture: See that the bottle stand in the vvater vp to the necke, and that it touch not the bottome of the caldron, and vvithall vvell stayed vp on euerie side, that so it may not slip or bend more one vvay than another. When the foure houres are spent, rebate the fire gently, that so the bottle also may coole by little and little, vvhich if so bee that you should take all hote out of the water, it vvould breake presently. Afterward, vn∣stop the bottle vvith vvarme vvater, if you cannot vvell otherwise, and then draw forth the string and the flesh softly, that so the liquor may remaine alone: straine the vvater after the manner of Hypocras, and aromatize it vvith Sugar and Ci••••••∣mome, that so it may be giuen to the sicke that are vvasted. You may after this man∣ner make restoratiues such like as you shall thinke good, either cheaper or dearer, more or lesse pleasant and delicate, and more or lesse medicinable, as occasion may require.

CHAP. LXIX.

The manner of distilling compound waters.

WAters are not onely distilled of one onely or simple plant, liquor, or o∣ther matter: but also of many mixt together; and such vvaters are cal∣led compounded vvaters, by reason of the mixture of many things. These compound vvaters are of three sorts: some are for physick, other∣some for sweetnesse, and the other for ••ukes and painting, as ornaments to the bodie: vve vvill first and before the rest speake of those which serue for medicine and phy∣sicke.

Sage water compounded: Take equall parts of sage and penniryall, stampe them in a mortar, and distill them. This water taketh away the paine of the bellie, and stayeth cold rheumes if it be drunke with a little quantitie of castoreum.

Water of turneps compounded. Take turneps either garden or wild ones, or both together, the roots of smallage and parsley, and anise-seed, infuse them all in white wine or vinegar, and distill the vvater as good against grauell.

Angelica water: Take equall parts of Angelica, as well the rootes as the leaues, (but especially the rootes) and the flowers of lauander, infuse them in Wine, & there

will distill from them a singular water against the Falling-sicknesse, if it be taken in the quantitie of two or three spoonefulls.

Water of Celandine: Gather in the beginning of the moneth of May the leaues of celandine, veruaine, rue, and fennell, pound them, and draw from euerie one of them three ounces of juice, vvhich you shall mix together: put vnto them some buds of roses, of sugar-candie three ounces, of verie good Tutia foure ounces, and as much of dragons bloud: distill them all in a stillitorie: This vvater taketh away the red∣nesse and spots in the eyes.

Water of the Vine: Take the vvater that distilleth from the vine-stockes at such time as they are cut, vvhich is in the Spring-time, distill it with like quantitie of ho∣nie: this vvater healeth itchings, heat, and rednesse of the eyes: the verie vvater of of the vine alone vndistilled doth the like.

Rose-water: Take roses three parts, fennell, and rue, of each one part, shred them small, and mingle them verie well together afterward distill them, and let the distil∣ling vvater fall into a vessell wherein is a handfull of the foresaid hearbes, this vvater preserueth the sight, if the eyes be vvashed therewith in Sommer.

Water of Eye-bright: Take Celandine, Fennell, Rue, Eye-bright, Veruaine, red Roses, of each halfe a pound, Cloues and Long-pepper, of each two ounces: bruise them all, and distill them in a glasse stillitorie. This vvater is singular good for a vveake sight.

Water of Rosemarie: Take Aqua-vitae distilled of white Wine, the distilled vva∣ter of rosemarie and sage, of each fiue pound, of sugar two pound: in these infuse of the flowers of sage and rosemarie for the space of eight daies, of each two ounces, straine them, and keepe the water to heale the fistulaes of the eyes.

Water of Treacle: Distill in a glasse stillitorie Treacle, with a like quantitie of A∣qua-vitae and Vinegar: This vvater is good to touch the vlcers and rawnesse of the mouth vvithall, especially if there be added vnto it a little bole-armoniacke.

Another Treacle water: Take old Treacle a pound, of the rootes of Enula cam∣pana, Gentian, Cypers, Tormentill, of each an ounce, of blessed Thistle halfe an ounce, of conserues of Borage, Buglosse, and Rosemarie, of each an ounce, infuse them all together in three pints of white Wine, a pint and a halfe of Cesterne water, and two pints of Rose-water: distill them.

Water of Cloues: Take equall parts of Cloues, Ginger, and flowers of Rosema∣rie, infuse them in verie good Wine the space of eight daies: distill the whole: This vvater comforteth the stomacke, assuageth the paines and vvringings of the bellie, killeth vvormes, and maketh fat folke to become leane, or maketh fat the leane, if they drinke it mixt with sugar.

Water of Saxifrage: Take of the juice of Saxifrage two pound, of the juice of Pearlewort, Parsley, Anise, and Clotburre, of each halfe a pound, of vvhite Vine∣gar eight ounces, distill them all: This vvater drunke in the morning, breaketh the stone.

Water of Swallowes: Take Swallowes and drie them in an ouen, make them into powder: mixe it vvith a little Castoreum, and a little Vinegar, distill it all: this wa∣ter cureth the Falling-sicknesse if it be drunke foure mornings.

Water of horse-taile: Take horse-taile, plantaine, red roses, Winter-cherrie-ber∣ries, rootes of holihockes, and scraped licorice, of each an ounce, of bole-armoniacke halfe an ounce, of the seed of gourds and cucumbers, of each three drams, of the seede of white poppie, six drams, of the seed of quinces halfe an ounce: Infuse them all in vvhay made of goats milke the space of two daies, afterward distill the vvater: which will serue for the vlcers of the reines and bladder, if there be foure ounces of ••••taken vvarme in the morning.

Water of corneflag: Take equall parts of corneflag, hyssope, and southernewood, stampe them throughly, and leaue them so a certaine time, afterward distill them: this vvater prouoketh womens termes, and killeth wormes in young children.

Burnet-water: Take the seed of burnet, parsley, smallage, the leaues and rootes of

clotburre and smallage, of euerie one equally: stampe all together, after put thereto of draggons bloud an ounce, and a little good vinegar: ••et all to infuse together a cer∣taine time, afterward distill it: this vvater hath a meruailous vertue against the stone and grauell.

A singular vvater for the grauell, vvhich the deceased Monsieur de Tillet had great vse of vvith happie succes••e: Take the rootes of parsley and fennell made ve∣rie cleane, and the vvooddie part taken out, of each ••oure handfulls, boyle them in twelue pintes of riuer water: vvhen they are halfe boyled, put thereto of the tender buds of Mallows, holihockes, violets, and sea-weed, of each foure handfulls, boyle all together to the consumption of the halfe, after straine them through a white nap∣kin: distill them, putting thereunto two pound of Venice turpentine.

A singular water for the eyes: Take celandine, veruaine, betonie, eye-bright, rue, and fennell all new and fresh, of each two handfulls, stampe them together, sprink∣ling them with halfe a pound of white Wine, presse out the juice, and afterward in∣fuse in the same pepper and ginger made in powder, of each halfe an ounce, of saffron three drams; of myrrhe, aloes, and sarcocol, of each one ounce; of verie good honie a pound: distill them all in a glasse stillitorie at a small fire, and keepe the water for the spots of the eyes.

Take foure ounces of the pills of Oranges dried in the shadow of the Sunne sixe dayes: nutmegs, and cloues, made into powder either of them by themselues, of each foure ounces, infuse the said aromaticall powders in a glasse viole with rosewater the space of seuenteene dayes in the Sunne: after cast vpon the said powders, the rindes of oranges, vvhich you shall let steepe there a certaine space of time. Afterward, take of new red roses gathered two daies before a pound, of the roote of cype••us halfe a pound, of the leaues of rosemarie, hys••op, balme, roses of the bush, of each two hand∣fulls, of bay-leaues a handfull, lay them all to drie in the Sunne for two houres, after infuse them in rose-water the space of three houres: this done, put them all into a Still after this manner. In the bottome of the Still make a bed of one pound of new red roses, then next a bed of aromaticall powders and the rindes of oranges, in the third place a bed of Violet flowers, and in the fourth place the last and fourth bed of the afore named hearbes: distill them all in Maries-bath with a gentle fire. Adde vnto the distilled water two pound of rose-water or thereabout, so that it may be in proportion equall to the third or fourth part of the water drawne out by distillation. This vvater taken in the morning the weight of a dramme, keepeth the bodie sound, lustie, and reneweth youth. It is singular for the paine of the head, tteeth, bellie, gri∣pings, palsie, con••ulsions, apoplexie, faintings, and other such cold diseases. This is the vvater that is so much esteemed in the courts of kings and princes, and amongst the great and renowned ladies.

An Allome-water: Take Verjuice, the juice of Plantaine and Purslaine, of each a pound, seuen whites of egges, ten ounces of Roch-allome, mingle them toge∣ther, and distill them. Otherwise, take plantaine, purslaine, sorrell, gourds, night∣shade, and verjuice, of each a handfull, poune them grosly, mixe therewith ten or twelue whites of egges, put them all in a glasse stillitorie to distill, mingling amongst them halfe a pound of Allome, as you lay bed vpon bed: this water is good for ca••∣kers, for the rednesse of the face, and for vlcers, applying linnen clothes thereunto, that haue beene wet therein.

You may likewise distill purging waters, in infusing purgatiue medicines both simple and compound, seeing that they be as new as may be, and that in Aqua-vitae, wine, milke, whay, distilled waters, or conuenient decoctions, and such waters vvill haue the like vertues as the purging medicines haue; thus you may distill Catholi∣cum, Diaphoenicon, confectio Hamech, and Electuarium de ••ucco rosar••m: Thus you may distill rhubarbe, agaricke, hellebor, scammonie, and such other purgatiues that are sound and new.

The maner of distilling rhubarbe may be this: take a quantitie of new and greene Rhubarbe, vvhether it be a pound, or halfe a pound, more or lesse, make it ••••to small

pieces, or make it into grosse powder, and vpon it cast of the iuice of Borage and Buglosse, of each two pound, for one of Rubarbe, infuse them all together for the space of foure and twentie houres vpon hot ashes, then distill them in a Stillitorie in Maries bath.

This distilling of purgatiue Medicines, is for such kind of people as are verie delicate, and cannot abide the smell of the purging medicine to be ministred other∣wise vnto them.

CHAP. LXX.

Of sweet Waters particularly described.

SWeet Waters serue to wash the hands, face, haire of the head, and beard: as also to make Linnens, Garments, Gloues, and such other things, to smell sweet.

Water of Lauander: Take the flowers of Lauander new or drie, be∣••prinkle or infuse them in Rose-water, Wine, or Aqua-vitae, afterward distill them. The water will be sweeter, if you drie the flowers in the Sunne in a Glasse-violl close stopped, and cast vpon them afterward some white Wine. And if in the time of want and lacke of distilled water, you would haue a water presently made which should resemble the smell of the water of Lauander; cast a drop or two of the Oyle of Spike into a good sufficient quantitie of pure water, and swill them well together in a bottle or Glasse-violl with a narrow necke: This water, though it be not di∣stilled, yet it ceaseth not to haue the sweet smelling sent and sauour that the distil∣led hath.

Water of Cloues: Take halfe an ounce of Cloues well bruised, set them to infuse in a pound and a halfe of Rose-water the space of foure and twentie houres, after di∣still them in Maries bath.

The water of sweet Smells: Take Basill, Mints, Marierome, rootes of Corne∣flag, Hyssope, Sauorie, Sage, Balme, Lauander, and Rosemarie, of each a hand∣full: of Cloues, Cinnamome, and N••tmegs, of each halfe an ounce: then take three or foure Citrons, and cut them in sufficient thicke slices: which done, infuse all this in a sufficient quantitie of Rose-water for the space of three daies, distilling it all af∣terward in Maries bath at a small fire: the distillation done, put thereto a scruple of Muske.

Water of Roses musked: Take the buds of Roses, and cutting out the white, put them into the Stillitorie, and in the middest thereof, vpon your Roses, put a little knot of Muske, and so distill them.

Water of Spike: Take Spike before the flower be altogether blowne, and ta∣king away all the wood from it, lay it on a bed within the Stillitorie: afterward, lay vpon that bed a bed of Roses almost blowne, and thereupon some dozen of Cloues: but and if you haue not Spike, then you may put Lauander in his place: distill it at a moderate fire, and with as little ayre as possibly you can giue it: And when the distillation shall be as good as finished, be••prinkle the matter with a little verie good white Wine, and so finishing your distillation, keepe your water in viols well stopped.

Damaske water: Take two handfuls and a halfe of red Roses, Rosemarie flowers, Lauander and Spike flowers, of each a Pugill: of the sprigges of Thyme, flowers of Cammomile, flowers of small Sage, of Penyryall, and Marierome, of each a handfull: infuse them all in white Wine the space of foure and twentie houres: then put them into the Stillitorie, sprinkling it with verie good white Wine, and scatter thereupon this powder following: take an ounce and a halfe of well chosen Cloues, an ounce of Nutmegs, of Beniouin and Styrax calami••a, of each two drammes, make

them in powder: The water that shall be distilled, must be kept in a vessell verie well stopped.

There is also made a verie sweet water of cleare Myrrhe, if it be new, gu••mie, and diuided into small gobbets, and set to steepe in the iuice of Roses six times as much in quantitie as the Myrrhe: It must be distilled vpon hot ashes at a small fire; for and if you should encrease it, there would come forth oyle with the water. Such water being dropped but onely one drop of it into an hundred of well or fo••••∣taine water, maketh it all to smell most sweetly.

Rose-water sweetened with Muske: Take a Glasse-vessell of the fashion of an Vrinall, that is to say, wide below, and straight aboue; therein put twelue graines of Muske, or more, and stop it close with good Parchment, setting it in the Sunne for foure or fiue daies: then take another vessell of the fashion of the first, which you shall fill with Roses dried a verie little, and stamped: then stop that vessell also with a verie thinne Linnen cloth, or with a Strainer: afterward put the mouth of the vessell wherein the Roses be, into the mouth of the other wherein the Muske is, lu••e them well together, and set them in the Sunne, in such sort, as that the vessell with the Roses may stand aboue that wherein the Muske is, and that in some window or such other place, where the Sunne shineth verie hot: and by this meanes there will•• water distill downe vpon the Muske, which will be good either to be vsed aboue, or mingled with some other. Otherwise: Take twentie graines of Muske, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Cloues, Galingall, Schaenanthum, graines of Paradise, Mace, and Cinnamome, of each an ounce, bray them all together, and put them into a Stillitorie with a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and a halfe of Rose-water, then let them stand so foure or fiue daies, and afterward distill them.

Water of Oranges: Take the pilles of Oranges and Citrons when they are greene, of each halfe an ounce, of Cloues fiue or sixe, of the flowers of Spike or La∣uander newly gathered, six ounces, infuse all together in six pound of Rose-water the space of foure or fiue daies, afterward distill them.

Water of Orange flowers: Take flowers of Oranges, and distill them in a Glasse-Stillitorie, or in an earthen one verie well baked and glased, hauing but a small fire: you may also put vnto them the flowers of Citrons, if you thinke good. The water must be kept in Glasse-bottles couered with fi••e Mats, and well stopped.

The counterfeit water of Orange flowers: Take the buds of red Roses, the most double that can be found, but take their yellow from them, make a bed thereof in the Stillitorie, and aboue it another bed of the flowers of Lillies: afterward againe another of Roses, and then another of the flowers of Lauander, and then another bed of Roses againe: and betwixt euerie one of these beds cast and sow some bruised Cloues, and in the middest of all make a little pit, in which you shall put certaine graines of Muske, or Ciuet, or Ambergreece, or some sort of perfume: afterward distill them all at a little fire: Reserue the water in little bottles, couered with fine Mats, and well stopped.

A sweet smelling water: Take Marierome, Thyme, Lauander, Rosemarie, small Penyryall, red Roses, flowers of Violets, Gilloflowers, Sauorie, and pilles of Oran∣ges, steepe them all in white Wine, so much as will swimme aboue the said hearbe•••• afterward distill them in a Stillitorie twice or thrice: keepe the water in bottles well stopped, and the drosse or residence to make perfumes.

CHAP. LXXI.

The fashion of distilling water for Fukes.

NOw, albeit that a good Farmers wife must not be too bufie with Fukes and such things as are for the decking and painting of the bodie, be∣cause her care must wholly be imployed in the keeping and encrease of her household-stuffe; notwithstanding, I would not haue her ignorant of the manner of distilling of waters for Fukes: not that shee should make vse of them for her selfe, but that shee may make some profit and benefit by the sale thereof vnto great Lords and Ladies, and other persons, that may attend to be curious, and paint vp themselues. Now all such waters in generall serue for three purposes: The one is to smooth and keepe neat the skinne, as well of the face as of the other parts of the bodie: The other is to colour the haire of the head and beard: and the third, to make white the teeth. Some of these are simple, as the water of the flowers of Beanes, of Strawberries, the water of the Vine, of Goats milke, of Asses milke, of whites of egges, of the flowers of Lillies, of Dragons, and of Calues feet: others are compoun∣ded of maine ingredients, as you shall know by the briefe collection that wee shall make of them.

Water of Strawberries: Take ripe Strawberries, set them to putrifie some cer∣taine time in an earthen vessell, putting thereto a little salt or sugar, and afterward di∣still them: This water will clea••se away the spots of the face and the spots of the eies, caused either of hot or cold humours: it will be more effectuall, if you infuse the Strawberries in Aqua-vitae before that you doe distill them.

Water of Beane-flowers: Take the flowers of Beanes, infuse them a day or two in white Wine in a Glasse-violl in the Sunne, afterward distill them: This water taketh away the spots of the face, if it be washed therewith morning and euening.

The rootes of great Dragons distilled, maketh a singular water to take away the prints and marks which the pocks haue left behind them: so doth likewise the distil∣led water of the root of wild Vine, of Corneflag, Sowbread, Costmarie, Angelica, E∣licampane, Tutneps, wild Cucumbers, white Onions, Gentian, Capers, Lillies, Mad∣der, Alkanet, Cinquefoile, Crowfoot, Tasell, and manie other hearbes.

Water of Guaiacum: Take Guaiacum, and cut it in small pieces, infuse them a cer∣taine time in the decoction of other Guaiacum, and a third part of white Wine, after∣ward distill them in a Glasse-Stillitorie: The water that shall distill thereof is singular for the taking away of all spots out of the face, especially if you ioyne with it, in the distilling of it, some Lillie rootes.

The water that is distilled in equall quantitie of the leaues of Peaches and Wil∣lowes, taketh away the red spots and rubies of the face.

The water that is distilled in equall quantitie of the whites of egges and iuice of Limons, scoureth the face, and maketh it faire. In stead of this water, if you haue not the fit meanes to distill it, you shall take seuen or eight Limons, or Citrons, which you shall cut into quarters, and after infuse them in white Wine in the Sunne.

Another water: Take six ounces of the crummes of white bread, infuse them in two pound of Goats or Asses milke, mingle them diligently together, and afterward distill them.

Water of Snailes: Take white Snailes about thirtie, of Goats milke two pound, of the fat of a Pigge or Kid three ounces, of the powder of Camphire a dramme, distill them in a Glasse-Stillitorie.

Water of the whites of egges: Take the whites of new egges, about twelue, fine Cinnamome an ounce, and Asses milke twelue ounces, distill all in a Glasse-Stillito∣rie: This water maketh a woman looke gay and fresh, as if shee were but fifteene yeares old.

Water of Calues feet: Take the feet of a Calfe, and (taking away their skinne and hooues of their hoofes) cut the rest in pieces, that is to say, the bones, sinewes, and marrow, and so distill them: This water maketh the face Vermillion like, and taketh away the blemishes of the small Pocks.

A singular water to make one white: Take the dung of small Lizards, or of the Cuttle fish, the Tartar of white Wine, the shauing of Harts-horne, white Corall, the flower of Rice, as much of one as of another, beat them a long time in a Mortar, to make them into fine powder, afterward infuse them a night in an equall portion of the distilled water of sweet Almonds, Snailes of the Vine, and white Mulleine, and put thereunto likewise the like weight of white Honey: distill all together in a Stillitorie.

Water of bread crummes compounded: Take the crummie part of Barly bread, indifferent betwixt white and blacke, two pounds, of Goats milke three pounds, of white Wine halfe a pound, of the foure great cold seeds of each two ounces, of the flowers of Beanes, or dried Beanes and Cich Pease, of each two pound, of Rice halfe a pound, of the flowers of water Lillies and white Roses of each two pugill••, the whites and yolkes of twentie egges: distill them all in Maries bath, and the water will be a great deale more excellent, if you put vnto the distillation some Venice Turpentine.

Water of the broth of a Capon: Take of the broth of a Capon, Henne, or Pullet, three pound, of the iuice of Limons one pound, of white vineger halfe a pound, of the flowers of Beanes and water Lillies of each three pugills, the whites of two or three egges, the weight of two French crownes of Camphire, distill them all: This water is of a maruellous vertue to take away the spots and staines of the face, and other parts of the bodie.

The water of Branne: Take Branne the best that you can find, sift it diligently, and afterward temper it with strong vineger, put them into a Still, and cast vpon them tenne or twelue yolkes of egges: distill them all: This water maketh the face cleane, glistening, and verie faire.

Another water: Take the flower of Beanes and water Lillies of each a pound, of bread crummes, Rice flower, flowers of Corneflags, of each six ounces, of Honey a pound, of white Wine and water of the fountaine of each three pound, let all be well mingled together, and afterward distill them in Maries bath.

Take the rootes of Corneflag and wild Cucumbers of each three pound, of the rootes of Holihockes and Lillies of each two pound, of ripe Grapes halfe a pound, of Beane flowers and leaues of wall Pellitorie of each a pugill, of water Lillies and Mallowes of each a handfull, of the crummes of Barly bread a pound, infuse it all in white Wine or in the household store of Goats milke, putting to the infusion halfe an ounce of the rootes of Turneps, and of the foure great cold seedes another halfe ounce, of the vrine of a little girle halfe a pound, let all be distilled together: This water is singular good to take away freckles, scarres, the prints of the small pockes, and all other spots of the skinne.

A water vsed amongst the Ladies of the Court, to keepe a faire white and fresh in their faces: Take a white Pigeon, a pint of Goats milke, foure ounces of fresh Butter, foure pugills of Plantaine, and as much of the roots and leaues of Salomons seale, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ounce of Camphire, halfe an ounce of Sugar candie, and two drammes of Allo••e, let all settle together, and afterward, distill it.

Another w••ter: Take of the crummes of white bread two pound, of the flowers of Beanes one pound, of white Roses, the flowers of water and land Lillies, of euerie one two pound, of Goats milke six ounces, and of the flowers of Cornflag anounce, distill all: this water is good to keepe the hands cleane and white.

Take Cowes milke in the moneth of May (in other moneths it is not worth ani•• thing) two pounds, foure Oranges, and fiue Citrons, Roch Allome and fine Sugar of each an ounce, cut the Oranges and Citrons into small quarters, and infuse them in milke, afterward distill them all: this water is good to keepe the colour neat & fresh.

Take a certaine number of egges, the newest you can get, and lay them to steepe in verie strong Vineger three whole dayes and nights: afterward pierce them with a pinne, in such sort, as that you may cause all the water that is within them to come forth: and then distilling this water, you shall find it excellent to beautifie the face.

Likewise to wash the face with the water of Almonds, or Sheepes or Goats milke, or else to lay vpon the face, when one goeth to sleepe, a white Linnen cloth dipped in these liquors, is auaileable for the beautifying of the face.

Another water: Take two Calues, feet, boyle them in Riuer water to the con∣sumption of the one halfe of the water, put thereunto a pound of Rice, of the crum∣mie part of one white loafe, kneaded with Goats milke, two pound of fresh But∣ter, the whites of tenne new layd egges, with their shells and skinnes, distill it all, and in the distilled water put a little Camphire and Roch Allome: this water maketh the face verie faire.

Water of Lard: Take such quantitie of Lard as you shall thinke good, and scrape it as cleane as possibly you can: afterward stampe it in a Marble Mortar, so long, as that it become like paste, and then distill it in a Glasse-Sillitorie: The water will be white, and it is singular to make the haire of a Straw-colour, and glistening.

Water of Honey distilled, as were haue said before, maketh the haire beautifull and long.

Water of Capers: Take greene Capers, and distill them: This water dyeth haire greene, if after they haue beene washed with this water, they be dried in the Sunne.

Another water: Take a pound of verie good Honey, and of the leaues of male Sothernewood two handfuls, mingle them, and distill them: This water is good to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the haire of the head and beard faire and beautifull.

A water to cleanse the teeth: Take Sage, Organie, wild Marierome, Rosemarie, and Pennyryall, of each a handfull, of Pellitorie, Ginger, Cloues, and Nutmegs, of each the weight of two French crownes, put all together, and water them with white Wine, afterward distill them.

Another water for the same effect: Take long Pepper the weight of two French crownes, of Pellitorie and Stauesacre the weight of one French crowne, sprinkle them all ouer with halfe and ounce of Aqua-vitae, after put an ounce and a halfe of white Honey thereunto, and so distill them.

CHAP. LXXII.

The manner of distilling per ascensum and per descensum.

ALl manner of distillation which is made by vertue and force of fire, and such like heat, is of two sorts: the one is made by raising vp of vapours vp on high, which the Alchymists call per ascensum: and there is another which is after the manner of falling of sweat, or defluxion of humors des∣cending downeward, and this is commonly called per descensum. Waters are for the most part distilled by the way called per ascensum; as Oyles are for the most part di∣stilled per descensum: I say for the most part, because that certaine Waters are some∣times distilled per descensum, as also some Oyles per ascensum, such as are the Oyles drawne of leaues, flowers, fruits, seeds, and other such like matter.

The waters that are distilled per descensum, are chiefely sweet waters, such as are made of flowers and leaues of a good smell, which being so distilled, doe not euapo∣rate or spend their best vapour so quickly by distillation, and thereupon they retaine in better sort, and for a longer time, their naturall smell.

The way is this: Take new Roses, or other such flowers, and put them in a Linnen cloth, spread and stretcht ouer a bason of Brasse, or earth, well glased: aboue this ba∣son set another vessell of Brasse, or of earth, in manner of a round Frying-panne, ha∣uing the bottome couered with hot coales; but therewithall you must looke, that you let not the fire remaine anie long time vpon the vessell, for feare it should grow too hot, and that the water should smell of burning. Thus way is better than anie other, to make a great deale of water in a short time, and without great charges, of flower•• and all sweet smelling, cooling, and astringent matter.

After such sort is the Sea-Onion distilled: Cut in slices the Sea-Onion, put it into an earthen vessell which shall haue manie small holes in the bottome, let the bottome of this vessell goe into the mouth of another vessell made of earth, and lute them both together verie well, and let the earthen vessell be set in the earth vp vnto the throat, and then lay it round about with coales of fire, thus giue fire vnto the vpper vessell for the space of tenne or twelue houres: it will distill his water downeward, which if you mixe with flower or bread, you shall make Pastils, which will be good to kill Rats or Mice, and that quickly, if you mixe therewith a small quantitie of Litarge.

You may make your distillation of flowers per descensum otherwise, without the heat of anie fire: Take two vessels of Glasse one like vnto another, both of them be∣ing made large in the bottome, and narrow at the top (after the manner of an Vrinall) and see that the mouth of the one will fit and goe into the mouth of the other, and then lute them well and close together, hauing put betwixt them a fine thinne Linnen cloth: the vppermost must be full of Roses, or other flowers, somewhat bruised▪ the other must be emptie: set them in the South Sunne where it is very hot, and so it will distill a water that is very pleasant and sweet.

Thus is Rose-water (sweetened with Muske) distilled, whereof wee haue spoke••▪ before in the Chapter of sweet waters: And thus are the yellow parts of Viol•••••••• stilled; and the water thereof is verie singular for the rednesse of the eyes: And 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are the tender buds and shoots of Fennell distilled, being gathered before the Fen∣nell doe put forth his flowers; the water wthereof is very soueraigne for to cleanse away the filth of the eyes, and to comfort and amend the sight.

CHAP. LXXIII.

Of the manner of distilling by the Filtre.

THe causes of distilling by the Filtre we haue before declared, as namely, that they are either the separation of liquors in generall, or else the se∣paration of liquors, of such or such qualities, as the separating of mud∣die and earthie from the finer and subtle parts; which is the proper and ordinarie way to distill iuices which haue a thicke consistence presently vpon their cooling after their first pressing out; as namely, the iuices of Citrons, Limons, and Oranges: againe, the prudent and expert Apothe carie, when he maketh sy••••ups of the iuices of Citrons, or Limons, doth first distill and straine the iuices by a Fittre, before the goe about to dispense the syrrups.

But the manner to distill by a Filtre, is to haue three dishes, bowles, or basons, or other vessels, of such fashion as the matter or liquor that you would distill doth re∣quire, and so placed and seated, as that they may either stand higher and higher, or lower and lower, euerie one aboue or vnder another, and the highest to containe that which is to be distilled, and the lower that which is distilled. In the vppermost shall be one or moe pieces of Cloth, or of a Felt of sufficient length, and dipt into the i••i∣ces, and these must be broad at the one end, and sharpe at the other: the broad end shall lye in the iuice, and the narrow-pointed end shall hang without, by the which

the thinner part of the liquor shall rise and ascend, running downe drop after drop into the vessell below, in such sort, as that the muddiest and impurest part shall stay behind in the other vessell: and sometimes you must wring out this piece of cloth; when it beginneth to become blacke, or that the drops distill but slowly, because of the thicke matter that is carried into it along with the thinne: and hauing washed them, to put them afterward againe into the vessell. If a man be disposed to distill one liquor manie times, he may place manie vessels after the manner of stayres▪ and in euerie one of them, except the lowest, put a Filtre, in the same sort as we haue said: for the last and lowest must serue onely to receiue from all the rest.

In stead of a piece of Felt, the Apothecaries vse oftentimes sleeues of Woollen cloth, otherwise called sharpe-pointed Hose; through which, they purifie and make cleare their Sirrups, Ap••zemes, and Iuleps: These manners of distillations may supply the place of that long, tedious, and painefull circular distillation; which fitteth the Alchymists better, than either Countrey people, Physitians, or Apo∣thecaries.

Virgins milke is thus made with a Filtre: Take Litarge of Gold made into pow∣der three ounces, infuse them in six ounces of white vineger, either raw, or distilled, or else in Squils vineger the space of three houres, in a vessell by it selfe: in another vessell set likewise to insuse Sal nitrum, or common salt in common water, or in wa∣ter of Plantaine, Nightshade, or some other fit for the purpose: distill them by Filtre each of them apart, and after that they be distilled, mingle them together. This vir∣gins milke is good to heale Ringwor••nes, and sawcie and red faces.

Notes

• In leasure to take the opp••r∣tunitie of ••ea∣sure to go about distilling.
• The inuentor or first finde•• out of distillation.
• Distillation.
• Distil••••ng with∣out heat.
• D••stilling by a Fi••••re, Sand, ••••∣baked Earth-po••s, vessels of Iuie, glasse of Fern••.
• To dist••ll by cold.
• Diuers 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of ••eat.
• Dis••••lling time.
• The knowledge of the rip••nesse of the matter to be distilled.
• The v••rtues of distilled waters.
• The la••••ing of disti••••ed waters.
• What distilling vessels were ••irst inuented.
• Waters distilled in M••ries bath.
• An old Leaden Limbecke is better than a new.
• The making of Ceruse.
• The cause that maketh waters dist••lled in Ma∣ries bath to re∣taine their ver∣tues.
• Waters distilled in the ins••ru∣ment called the Bladder.
• The waters di∣stilled ouer the vapour of boy∣ling water,
• The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of waters di∣stilled in M••∣ries bath▪
• Chusing of the ••ead.
• Heads of Bra•••••• and Copper.
• How to order Glasse-stills.
• For the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of water••••
• Two things to be considered in 〈◊〉〈◊〉. The 〈…〉〈…〉.
• What kind of things are infu∣sed in wine.
• What mat••er or things are to be infused 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vine∣gar, or ••ine.
• Infusions in the bloud of Man, a Swine, or mal•• Goat.
• Infusion must he••p or increas•• the force of the things distilled▪
• The addition of salt.
• Putrifaction.
• Furnaces must be set in a place where they may not do•• or take hurt.
• When we are to stand farre off from the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and not to come neere them.
• The chusing of Glasse-stilles.
• A gentle fire at the first.
• What quantitie of matter is best to be put in the still.
• To distill in the heat of sand.
• To make a spe••∣dier distillation than o••di••arie.
• Vinegar distil∣led in that sort.
• To distill one water many times.
• The heat requi∣red to the distil∣ling of one thing o••••.
• The extracting of quintessences
• To seperate the flegme in distil∣led liquors.
• The time of the flegme his com∣ming forth.
• When the still is in good temper, and stilleth not too fast nor too slow.
• To giue a good smell or taste to distilled wa∣ters.
• Troubled wa∣ters.
• Water of worm∣wood.
• Water of Winter Cherrie••.
• Water of com∣mon Walnuts.
• Water of Wal∣nut▪ tree leaues.
• Water of straw∣berries a••ainst ve••ime spots. To procure termes.
• To dry the wee∣ping eye.
• The water of Ash-tree.
• Water of cher∣rie stones and kernells.
• The falling 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• Water of fil∣berds.
• Water of dane∣wort.
• The water of Betonie.
• The water of Gent••an.
• The plague.
• The water of pelli••••ri••.
• Paine of the Teeth.
• Water of eye-bright.
• The water of Nicotian.
• The water of Paules betonie.
• Leprosie. Scabs.
• The water of Hyssope.
• The water of turneps.
• Water of Ly∣mons.
• The water of Fenell.
• The water of parsley.
• Water of smal∣lage, basile, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, buglosse, &c.
• The water of cinnamome.
• A bad stomacke 〈…〉〈…〉.
• Venime.
• Rosewater.
• Water of orange flowers.
• Water of wild apples.
• The water of elder, rosemary, and marigolds.
• What is meant by liquor in th•••• place.
• Aqua-vitae.
• The bladder still to distill Aqua vitae in.
• Aqua vitae o••∣ten distilled.
• Signes sh••wing that the Aqua-vitae is suffici∣ently distilled.
• Aqua-vitae is distilled either of wine, or wine 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or beere.
• Vessells for the distilling of Aqua-vitae.
• Vertues of Aqua-vitae.
• Distilled vine∣ger.
• The difference betwixt Aqua-vitae and Vine∣ger in their ma∣ner of distilling.
• What vessels Vineger would be distilled in.
• The vertues of distilled Vine∣ger.
• Salted water, or Sea water.
• Honey distilled.
• To colour the haire.
• Turpentine di∣stilled.
• The bloud of a male Goat di∣stilled.
• The stone.
• Mans bloud di∣stilled.
• The bloud of a Drake distilled.
• Distilled milke.
• The vertues of distilled milke.
• The milke of a she Goat distil∣led.
• The distilling of mans dung.
• Deepe vlcers.
• The biting of •• mad dogge.
• To giue a good smell to the di∣stilled water.
• To distill liuing things.
• The water of a storke.
• Water of Swal∣lowes.
• The Water of flesh.
• Water of Egges.
• Restoratiues.
• The diuine re∣storatiue.
• Another resto∣ratiue.
• Another resto∣ratiue.
• Another resto∣ratiue.
• A restoratiue to be made pre∣sently.
• Compound wa∣te••s.
• Three sorts of common com∣pound waters.
• Sage water compounded.
• Turnep water compounded.
• Water of ange∣lica compoun∣ded.
• Falling sicknes.
• Water of celan∣dine compound.
• Water of the vine compound.
• Rose water compounded.
• It preserueth the sight.
• Eybright water compounded.
• Rosemarie wa∣ter compounded
• Fistulaes of the eies.
• Water of trecle.
• Vlcers of the mouth▪
• Treacle water▪
• Water of cloues.
• Paine of the sto∣macke and bel∣lie.
• Saxifrage wa∣ter.
• The Stone.
• Water of Swal∣lowes.
• Horse-taile wa∣ter.
• Vlcers of the reines.
• Corneflag wa∣ter.
• Burne••-water.
• Stone.
• Grauell.
• A water for the eyes.
• An imperiall water.
• An Allome wa∣ter.
• Purging wa∣ters.
• Catholicum and Diap••oenicon distilled.
• Water of Rhu∣barbe distilled.
• Sweet water.
• Lauander wa∣ter.
• Water of Cloues.
• The water of sweet smells.
• Rose-water musked.
• Water of Spike.
• Damask water.
• Water of Myrrhe.
• Rose-water sweetned with Muske.
• Water of Oran∣ges.
• Water of Nasse, or Orange flow∣ers.
• The counterfeit water of Orange flowers.
• A sweet smel∣ling water.
• A water for Fukes.
• The vses of wa∣ters for Fukes.
• Water of Straw∣berries.
• Water of Beane-flower.
• The water of Dragons.
• Water of Guaiacum.
• The water of Peaches and Willowes.
• Water of whites of egges.
• Water of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of bread.
• Water of Snailes.
• Water of the whites of egges.
• Water of Calues feet.
• A water ma∣king white.
• Water of crums of bread.
• Water of the broth of a Ca∣pon.
• Water of Bran.
• A sweet water.
• Another water.
• A water to paint the face withall.
• Water of Cowes mi••ke.
• Water of egges.
• A water to co∣lour or paint the face withall.
• The water of Lard.
• Water of Honey.
• Water of Ca∣pers.
• A painting and colouring water
• A water to cleanse the teeth.
• To distill (as it is called) per ascensum.
• Wha•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Oyles are distilled per desce••sum.
• Rose-water di∣stilled per des∣censum.
• The Sea-Onion distilled per descensum.
• To kill Rats and Mice.
• Another man∣ner of distilling waters per des∣censum, and that without heat.
• Water of the yellow parts of Violets.
• To distill by the Filtre.
• Virgins milk••.