Maison rustique, or The countrey farme· Compyled in the French tongue by Charles Steuens, and Iohn Liebault, Doctors of Physicke. And translated into English by Richard Surflet, practitioner in physicke. Now newly reuiewed, corrected, and augmented, with diuers large additions, out of the works of Serres his Agriculture, Vinet his Maison champestre, French. Albyterio in Spanish, Grilli in Italian; and other authors. And the husbandrie of France, Italie, and Spaine, reconciled and made to agree with ours here in England: by Geruase Markham. The whole contents are in the page following

THE SECOND BOOKE OF THE COVNTRIE HOVSE. (Book 2)

OF GARDENS.

CHAP. I.

Of the Situation, Inclosure, Ground, and fashions of Hedges re∣quisite for Gardens, whether they be for profit or for pleasure.

IT is requisite that we should now occupie our selues in descri∣bing the manner of husbanding and tilling of the Earth, ha∣uing runne through all that belongeth to the building and inclosing of a Farme, the office of the chiefe Lord, and of the Farmer and his people, and generally whatsoeuer concerneth the raising of profit by keeping of Cattell. Wee will begin therefore (following the order before propounded) to de∣scribe Gardens: And first with the Kitchin Garden; which ••ath beene deuised and appointed to ioine to the one side of the Garden of pleasure, ••nd yet separated from it by the intercourse of a great Alley of the breadth of three ••athomes, hauing either a Well or Conduit from some Fountaine in the middest ••hereof (if you cannot conueniently haue a particular Well in the middest of euerie Garden) and besides, with an Hedge of Quickset verie thicke,* 1.1 in which there may ••e made three doores, one to the House, another to the place of the Well or Foun∣••aine, and the third opening vpon the Orchards inclosure. This Hedge shall be ••lanted likewise with Hasell trees, Goose-berrie bushes white and red, Pepper trees, Curran trees, Eglantines, Brambles, Wood-bind, the wild Vines, both the Hollies, ••lder trees, and Apples of Paradise, Ceruise trees, Medlar trees, and Oliue trees: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it must be more thicke, and a greater defence than anie other, to preuent danger ••f Cattell getting loose, which might a great deale more endammage the good and profit of their Master, than they could anie way pleasure him. Yet in the planting ••f your Quick-sets, according to the opinion of Serres, you shall haue great confide∣••ation to the nature of the ground on which you plant them: as, which are apt for Quick-sets, which not apt; and which Quick-set is apt for which ground, as thus: ••our clayne and stiffe clayes which are without anie mixture of sand, are slow in ••ringing forth Quick-set, yet hauing once taken root, they preserue and maintaine ••••eir Quick-sets longest, and therefore the blacke and white Thorne, mingled with ••ild Apple trees. Ceruise trees, Medlar trees, Oliue trees, or anie other which carri∣••••h bodie and substance. Your mixt Hasell soyles, which are Clay and Sand of an

equall temper, or your fast and close Sands, which doe not diuide or runne to a gene∣rall dust, are the kindl••est of all other to bring forth Quick-sets, and do preserue and maintaine them for a conuenient time (though not so long as the Clayes) and are ve∣rie speedie in bringing forth, therefore anie Quick-set is meet to be planted on such Soyles, whether they be Tr••es, Shrubs, or Bushes, as those before spoken of, together with anie thing else that will take root: But your grauellie, flintie, or loose Sands, which fall away, and neuer fasten vnto the root, are the most barren of all other, and seldome, or with great difficultie, bring forth anie good Quick-set at all: yet Indu∣strie (which is the Mother of all profits) hath found out by experience, that the best Quick-set which can grow vpon these Soyles, is the common Bramble or wild Bri••r, out to the length of two foot, or thereabouts, and so planted in the earth, and amongst them mingled, three or foure foot asunder, here and there diuers blacke thornes: then when the Brambles begin to shoot forth, to interlace them and twynd th•••• bought-wise about the blacke Thornes, making one bought runne into another, and plashing them both vpward and downe-ward so close one within another, that they may seeme like a Lattice-window; and euer and anon to vphold and maintaine the earth to their roots, till they be well fastened within the ground, and then they wil•• hold vp the earth afterwards themselues. By this experiment onely hath beene se••••e, in di••ers of these most barren Soyles, as strong, as thicke, and as defensible Quick-sets, as in anie other Soyle whatsoeuer: as is daily apparent to mens eyes both 〈◊〉〈◊〉 France, England, and the Low Countries.

The situation of the said Gardens must be (as we haue said before) neere vnto the House,* 1.2 placed vpon the North rather than vpon the South quarter, to the end tha•• the chiefe Lord and owner of the Farme may out of the windowes of his lodging enioy the pleasure and beautie of his Gardens: in some plaine plot of ground, which is as it were a little hanging, and thereby at the foot thereof receiuing the streame 〈◊〉〈◊〉 some pleasant running water, either from some Spring, and Fountaine, or from som•• Well, or else from the falling of the Raine: but farre remoued from the Threshing••floore and Barne, to the end that the hearbes may not be hurt by the dust, dyrt, sma••••straw, or chaffe, which might be conueyed along from the Threshing-floore vnto the Garden by the wind when the Corne is in threshing: for such chaffe hauing take•• hold vpon the leaues, doth pierce them and fret them through, and being thus pie••∣ced, they burne and parch away presently.* 1.3 Likewise, for the benefit of their 〈◊〉〈◊〉, it must be iustly liued out and cast into a Square verie equally and vniformally, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 yet somewhat sloping, for the conueyance of the fall of Raine water, and of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the dunghill, which continually will be thereby running downeward 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the allies by meanes of the Raine, and so will mend the idle and vntoiled 〈◊〉〈◊〉 And by the side of either of those two Gardens, within the wall and inclosure of the House, there shall be kept two other Gardens (if possibly it may be) seuered and s••∣parated by other Hedges, and a great path betwixt them, containing in breadth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 lesse than three fathomes or eighteene foot, euerie one finely paued with good ••••••••stones, or burned Tyles, or made with Steeres, or filled with Sand; that is to say, by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 side of the Kitchen Garden a particular Garden for Hempe, Line, Saffron, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and other things of profit and good Husbandrie; and this requireth a proper & 〈◊〉〈◊〉 kind of ordering: and by the side of the Garden of pleasure, another Gard•••• with Pulse, as Peason, Beanes▪ Fetches, Rice, Panicke, Millet, and such other thing•• for they serue greatly for the keeping of your familie. Yet you shall vnderstand, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 albeit I thus particularly appoint you these two seuerall Gardens, the one for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Flax, the other for hast••e Pease, Beanes; and such like, being right necessarie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 your household vse; yet notwithstanding you may sow anie of those seeds abroad, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 your Fields, or manie other remote Croft or Close well tilled for the purpose, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fully as much profit & conueniencie, especially your Hempe and Flax: for you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnderstand, that there be some Soyles so rich and fat, that after you haue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Wheat, Barly, and Pease, successiuely yeare after yeare, that then in stead of fallowing and giuing your land rest, you may that yeare sow a full crop of Hempe, whic••

••estroying the weeds and superfluous growths which spring from the fertilenesse of ••••e Soyles, makes your land apt and readie to receiue either Wheat or Barly againe; ••nd so you neuer loose anie Crop at all, bue haue euerie yeare something to reape ••••om your ground: whereas, should you let it rest, and bestow mea••ure vpon it as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 case of more barren earth, you would so much ouer-rich it, that it would either ••••ildewe and spoyle your Graine, or else choake and slay it with the aboundance of Weeds which the earth would vtter forth of it owne accord. Againe, if your land ••e with your neighbours in common amongst the generall Fields▪ here a land, and ••ere a land, or here two and three, and there two and three, as it is a generall custome 〈◊〉〈◊〉 diuers places, and that such lands doe butt vpon greene Swarthe, or Grasse-••rounds, which are likewise common, and on which both your selfe and your neigh∣••ours must necessarily teather your Cattell; which Cattell if at anie time they breake ••ose, or by the negligence of their Keepers be stalld too neere the Corne, may doe ••ou much hurt on your Graine: in this case, and to pre••ient this euill, you shall sow ••••e ends of all such lands as butt on the grasse, tenne or twelue foot in length, as your and may conueniently spare, with Hempe, for vpon it no Cattell will bite: so that ••n either of these cases aforesaid you shall not need much to respect the preseruation ••f your Hempe or Flax Garden.

The Inclosures* 1.4 of the Gardens must be such as the commoditie and necessitie of the place doth require, that is to say, of Walls, if the reuenues of the House will beare it, or of a strong and thicke Quick-set Hedge, if there want either Pit-••tone or reuenues to build the wall withall. Notwithstanding, it is least cost (to speake the truth) and more profit to inclose and compasse them in with a Quick-set Hedge than with a Wall: for the Quick-set Hedge doth endure a longer time, and asketh not so great charges neither to trimme it, nor to repaire it, as the Wall doth. Such a one is that which is made of Brambles and Thornes, as white Thorne, or with the plants of Elder tree, or other plants, with tufted flowers mingled and set amongst the Brambles, the same being cut by the taile and made plaine and euen when the time of the yeare serueth, as wee see here in manie places of France. Some there be that compasse and inclose their Gardens with Ditches and Banks, but small to their profit, seeing the moisture of their Gardens, which should serue them, is thereby conueyed away and taken from them: and this holdeth in all other cases, but where the ground is of the nature of Marishes. The com∣mon inclosing vsed by Countrey men, is of Thornes, Osiers, and Reedes: but such Hedges doe require almost euerie yeare new repaire, reliefe, and making, in putting new stakes therein; whereas if it had an abiding and liuing root, it would free the Gardeners of a great deale of trouble, cost, and trauell.

The ground* 1.5 of the Gardens must bee good, of his owne nature free from Stones, Durt, and hurtfull Hearbes, well broken and dunged a yeare before it be digged to be sowne: and after it hath beene digged and dunged againe, or mar∣••ed, you must let it rest, and drinke in his dung and marle. And as concerning the nature and goodnesse of it, the Clayie, Stiffe, or Sandie ground is nothing worth, but it must be fat in handling, blacke in colour, and which crumbleth ea∣sily in the breaking, or stirring of it with your fingers, or which hath his greene Turfes or Clods breaking easily vnder the Pick-axe, and becommeth small with labouring, as the small Sand; and generally, all grounds that are good for Wheat, are good for Gardens. It is requisite also, to the end it may bring forth greene Hearbes in aboundance, that it be a reasonable moist ground: for neyther the ground that is much drie, nor that which is much subiect to water, is good for Gardens. Notwithstanding, if the Grounds belonging vnto the Farme happen not to haue this commoditie of idle and vnimployed ground to make Gardens, you must remedie that soare as well as possibly you may. The Clayie, Stiffe, and Sandie places must bee amended by Dung and Marle, and would bee cast three foot deepe. The Watrie place shall be made better, if there bee mixt with it some Sandie or Grauellie Ground, and therewith cast it round

about with ditches, thereby to draine and draw out the water annoying the Gard••••▪. And thus the good Husband shall doe his endeuour to amend and make in so•••• sort his ground more fruitfull. Lee the dung which he layeth vpon it, be either 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sheepe, or of Swine, or of Horse, or Pigeons, or Asses, according as the nature of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ground shall require; or of Oxe or Cow: for albeit some Gardners thinke it of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 coole a nature, and not so nourishing vnto tender hearbs as the other which are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hot, yet they are greatly mistaken therein: for it melloweth the earth, and enriche•••• it more than anie of the other, and maketh it more apt to sprout and put forth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 encrease: besides, it doth naturally affect no weeds, if it haue better seed to work•• vpon: Whence it commeth, that the Garden so manured keepeth his hearbes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the cleanest, fullest, and largest. Also Ashes are a verie good meanure for Garden••▪ especially if the ground be apt to chap or breake into great rifts, as diuers Cla•• grounds are: neither, if the soyle be answerable thereunto, shall you omit Mar••••, Sand, Chalke, Lyme, or such like. And the elder it is, the better also, in as much 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in time it looseth his filthie stinke, and whatsoeuer other euill qualitie, and getteth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 new kind of rottennesse, which is more soft and more easie to be conuerted into the substance of the earth, whereby good earth is made better, and the naughtie amen∣ded. This is the cause why such as haue written of Husbandrie in Latine, haue cal∣led dung L••tamen, and Frenchmen Litiere, because it maketh the ground me••••••e, supposed when it is once mingled and incorporated with the same: For dung that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pure, and of it selfe, must not be laid vnto the roots of trees, but first (where there•••• need) of the shortest earth, and afterward of dung.

The Hedge* 1.6 of Quick-set, parting the Kitchin Garden and that other for delight, would be planted and furnished with the Plants before spoken of, in the moneth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Nouember, and in the beginning of October, planting there also, at the end of eue∣rie eight feet, some Elmes, wild Plumme trees, and Cherrie trees, by the suppo•••• whereof, as of faithfull props and staies, it will wind and bind it selfe more firmely. This Hedge shall be verie well digged and helped with dung for a foot depth, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 neere vnto the root some two yeares after, and pruned euerie yeare, to keepe it roun•• and euen, as also to make it grow thicke: and you must suffer to grow in height and thicknesse such Trees as shall be planted therein, to serue for Stakes and as Poles for your Arbors; and the moe Elmes you can put in this your Hedge, and the rest which shall part your Garden of Huswiferie and Pulse, the better it will be, either for the making of Faggots euerie yeare, and that so they may themselues spread more i•• thicknesse, as also for Timber-wood for your Ploughes, and other Implements▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 also that they may ouer-grow such Arbors as you shal plant at their feet, and whe••••with they doe in that place mutually and naturally beare and suffer.

If furthermore you would know the ordering of such great and small Trees 〈◊〉〈◊〉 whereof the Hedge is to consist, you shall find it in the third and fixt Booke.

CHAP. II.

Of the Arbors of the Kitchin Garden.

EVen as the Garden of Pleasure is to be set about with Arbors, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with Iesamin, Maries seale, Muske Roses, Mirtle trees, Bay trees, Wood••bind, Vines, Gourds, Cucumbers, Muske Melons, Prympe, sweet ••rye•• and other rare things: euen so shall the Kitchin Garden be set with Turrets of Lattice fashion, couered ouer with Burdeaux Vines, or with the best 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Vines that are to be got in the Countrey, for to make Veriuice on, for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and commoditie of the Household.

The fashion of the Arbor* 1.7 shall be in manner of a shadowie place (for Arbors 〈◊〉〈◊〉 costly to maintaine) to the end you may draw certaine Beds vnderneath, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉

••oore of hearbes, which craue no great cherishing and refreshing, leauing notwith∣••••anding an alley of three foot breadth both on the one side and on the other, for the ••spatching of such worke as is to be bestowed vpon the Arbor. And you must ••ant the best and greatest sets of Vines vpon the South side, not cutting them so ••••ng as the wood may grow thicker: for it is nothing but a good foot and a thicke ••at maketh a faire and a beautifull fruit. The Lattice-worke may not be too thicke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or wrought: and it must rise and grow higher for the space of fiue whole yeares, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be renewed and new tied euerie yeare about the end of the moneth of Ianuarie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the twigges of your Willowes and Osiers, or of the Broome of your Warren: ••hough if you make your poles of Iuniper wood, you shall not need to trouble ••ur hand with them for tenne or twelue yeares, especially if you strengthen your 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with piles of Oake halfe burnt. Also if your poles be of dead wood, and of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stocks growing or encreasing, if then you bind them with strong wyre, it shall be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of all, for that shall last the longest; and keepe your poles, by their fastnesse of ••••itting,* 1.8 longer found than anie other binding whatsoeuer. Tie not the poles of your ••attic••-worke strait, nor the stocks against the trees of your hedge which shall serue ••r stakes, for so in time the band would eat it selfe into the rinde as they should ••ow thicker, and doe them great harme. And I would not haue you to forget to ••ung and vncouer the roots of your stocks in Winter, and to marke the young wood ••r to make sets to sell, or to store your selfe withall euerie day more and more: Ga∣••••er not their Grapes verie ripe,* 1.9 or verie greene, nor yet when it rameth. Finally, ••e ordering of the Arbor is like the ordering of the Vine, and would be but a su∣••erfluous thing to stand anie longer vpon in this place. Wherefore you must haue ••ecourse to the place, setting downe the manner of the ordering of the Vine, as it ••hall be hereafter declared.

CHAP. III.

Of the digging and casting of the Kitchin Garden.

AS concerning the dressing of the Kitchin or Household Garden, in as much as there are two seasons in the yeare for to sow hearbes, so there are two times for to bring into order and dresse Gardens, that is to say, Autumne, and the Sp••ing: there must such consideration be had, as that ••he first workmanship and tilth be bestowed about the beginning of Nouember vpon that ground which we intend to sow in the Spring, and to digge in the moneth of May such other grounds as we intend to sow in Autumne, to the intent that by the cold of Winter, or by the heat of Summer, the clods may be apt to turne to dust, becomming short and brittle, and all vnprofitable weeds may be killed. But in the meane time, before this first tilth and workmanship, it will be good that the ground for one whole or halfe yeare be manured with old manure,* 1.10 and made good and fat; for the best liking earth that is, in time becommeth leane and wasted by long and continuall occupation. Wherefore it behoueth, that the vnimployed, or fallow ground, which you shall appoint for your Gardens, be first well cleansed from stones, and afterward cast vp and digged into new and fresh earth, and the bad weedes rooted out, euen by the end of the rootes; whereof the good huswife shall make good ashes: and afterward amended with some small quantitie of Cow•••• dung and Horse dung well mixt together, and well rotted, and hauing laid a long time; or else of Asses dung, which is the best of all for Gardens, because the Asse doth chew his meat with leisure, and breaketh his meat throughly, and so by that meanes doth make his dung better digested, and better ground than other beasts doe, and which also for that cause doth beget almost no weeds. In stead of dung, the chaffe and troden straw of Corne, hauing rotted in the high waies for the space of a yeare,

may serue, which being by nature verie hot, doth so greatly fat the earth, as that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Hearbes, Trees, Citrons, Limons, Oranges, Cucumbers, Citruls, and all other 〈◊〉〈◊〉 planted in that ground, or sowne, doe come vp verie faire, and beare fruit 〈◊〉〈◊〉 quickly and in great aboundance. For the second tilth, it shall be wrought and la∣boured as a man would worke Morrar, from the one end to the other: and in thus la∣bouring it, you shall mix the dung or marle verie well with the earth. For the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tilth it shall be clotted, layd close, and raked into a flat forme, and with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Rake, in going ouer it, you shall marke out your Beds and Floores, and the Pathes running along betwixt them, and those so long and so broad as you can 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them, according to the contents and largenesse of the place. And you must 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that you make your Floores of such widenesse, as that you may stride and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 your armes from one side to another, according to that their said breadth, to th•• end, that such as are to weed them, or to rake them, may from out of the said 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Pathes be able to reach into the middest of the Bed, and not to tread with their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vpon that which is or shall be sowne. Wherefore, if your said little Pathes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 two foot wide, it will be ynough: for to make them anie broader, is but 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ and losse of ground.

CHAP. IIII.

Of the disposing or appointing of the Floores of the Kitchin Garden.

YOu shall dispose of your Beds in such sort, as that they may be in the middest of your Garden, giuing and allowing vnto your Turneps the largest roome,* 1.11 and next to them the Coleworts: * 1.12 and vnto them you•• shall ioyne the space for great Turneps of both sorts,* 1.13 and that of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 much ground as would make two of the former: After these floore••, you shall make a path of three foot breadth, after which, you shall prepare othe•• floores by themselues, for Spinach,* 1.14 Beeres, Arrach, Rocket, Parsley, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Againe, you shall make another path of other three feet: and on the further side you shall quarter out a Bed for Leekes and Cyues,* 1.15 and ioyne thereunto two other for Onions* 1.16 and Chiboles,* 1.17 and for Garlicke, Scallions, and Carrets.* 1.18 By the side of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 floores you shall make out a path of three feet and a halfe, and after it, you shall mak•• manie floores for slips to be let vpon, as well for the maintaining of a Plat for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flowers, as also for your Borders: and yet further, for your Winter pot-hearbs. And it will be good to this end to prepare a Bed for Sage, and another for Hysope; and for Thyme,* 1.19 〈◊〉〈◊〉 another for Mari••rome, and another for Lauander, and another for Rosemarie, and another for Sothernwood, and another for small Cypresse: againe, one for Sauorie, for Hysope, Costmarie, Basill, Spike, Balme, Pennyryall, and one of Camomill, for to make Seats and a Labyrinth.* 1.20

It shall be good also for necessitie sake (for it concerneth the good Huswife 〈◊〉〈◊〉 know manie remedies for diseases, and you must not doubt but that I my selfe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 learned manie remedies from the experiments and obseruation of those sorts of wo∣men) to shape out below, or in the further end of the Kitchin Garden, neere to the inclosed ground for Fruits, certaine B••ds for Physick hearbes, as for Valerian, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Asparagus, Mugwort, Asarum Bacchar, Housel••••ke, Patience, Mercurie, P••••∣litorie, Nico••∣ana, and other such like, whereof we will make some short 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hereafter.

CHAP. V.

Of the situation of the Beds of the Kitchin Garden.

IN such place as the Sunne shineth vpon at noone, you shall prouide your Beds somewhat raised, and well mingled with Earth and Horse dung, and you shall let them rest sometime before they be sowne. In one of which floores you shall sow, in the encrease of the Moone of March, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 seed of Lettuce* 1.21 and Purcelane (for they will be growne as soone being sowed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 March as in Aprill) for to set them againe in their floores, when they be sprung 〈◊〉〈◊〉 halfe a finger. In this same Bed you may put the seed of Pimpernell, Harts horne, ••rick-madame, and Sorrell of England, and other sorts for Salades, all thicke, and ••nd ouer head, one among another, to separate and set at large by themselues when ••••ey be growne.* 1.22 Looke verie well to your seeds, that they be not too old, that they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 winnowed and cleane, that they be moist and oylie, but not mouldie; and by the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of this Bed,* 1.23 the breadth of two hands, you shall sow Artichokes. You shall so make a Bed for fine hearbes, which in Winter serue for the Pot, being kept drie, ••nd for slips for the Garden of flowers, as are Garden Balme, Basil, Costmarie, ••hyme,* 1.24 Hyssope, Sauorie, Mariero••••e, and Sage. Againe it will be good to make 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to sow the seeds and kernels of Citrons, Oranges, Limons, Pomegranats, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 trees, Bay trees, and Date trees in: and seeing they are hard to grow in this Coun∣••rey, because it yeeldeth no aire either from the Sea, or fit for them, it must be well and ••duisedly considered, that in planting or sowing of them you set the smaller end vp∣••ard, and that they be not tumbled on the side: and when the Citrons and such like ••eeds shall be growne vp and sprung, you must transplant and remoue them into ••ome Caske, or such like thing, that may be remoued hither and thither, to the end to ••••eepe them from verie much heat and excessiue cold, and to couer & vse them dain∣••ly according to the times, and as shall be said hereafter. In another Bed, which shall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a verie long one,* 1.25 and toward the Quick-set Hedge and the Arbors, you shall sow Cucumbers, Citruls, long and round Gourds. In a plot long and narrow like the for∣••••er (because they must be oft watred, and water powred at their roots) you may sow Melons of diuers sorts.

And for feare of flying Fowle and Birds, cast Thornes verie thicke vpon your ••eds; and, if they be sowne in the encrease of the Moone in Februarie, for to haue ••hem the sooner to grow, yea though it be in March, yet spread vpon the Thornes ••traw, and that such as is bright, and let it be thicke, that so it may the better defend ••hem from the danger of the Frosts: which if you perceiue to be great, as it falleth ••ut some yeares, spread ouer them, in stead of straw, old or whole Ma••s, and yet in ••uch manner, as that they may not lye pressing of the earth, thereby to oppresse and ••eepe downe that which would spring and grow vp. Or for a more perfect suretie, ••oth to preserue your seeds in growing, and to maintaine such as are growne, how ••ender soeuer their natures be, from all manner of Frosts, Stormes, or Colds, which ••ither the Winter of Spring can anie way produce, you shall take halfe-rotten Horse∣••••tter, and with it lightly couer all your Hearbes, Seeds, or whatsoeuer else you feare ••he sharpenesse of the Winter may annoy: for besides that it is a defence and coue∣••ing against the bitternesse of all weathers, it hath also in it a certaine warme quali∣••ie, which nourisheth and strengtheneth the Plants, and makes them more forward ••han otherwise they would be by diuers weekes: besides, it keepeth your hearbes from running into the ground, and hiding their heads in the Winter season, and ••s if they were comforted with a continuall spring, keepes them fresh and greene, and fit for your vse at all times. And what you would haue to continue still vp∣on their first Beds, as the Cucumber, Melon, and other Fruites, make some small separation betwixt them and the other, and water them oft with water

warmed in the Sunne, and drawne a long time before, hauing stood in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Caske placed neere vnto the Well. Notwithstanding, all hearbes and fruits 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from out of this Garden are much better by remouing: in doing whereof, they are also not onely more freely bestowed, but become of a better tast and verdure.

CHAP. VI.

Of the time of sowing the Kitchin Garden.

ALl seede which are for the store of the Kitchin Garden, must be Sowne 〈◊〉〈◊〉 remoued in the encrease of the Moone,* 1.26 as namely, from the first day 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the sixt: for those that are sowne in the decrease, they either come 〈◊〉〈◊〉 slowly, or else they be nothing worth. Besides that, although you sow 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the encrease of the Moone, it sometime falleth out, that notwithstanding your 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be fat, full, make a white flower, and be nothing corrupted or hurt, yet some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 constellation (which the Gardiners doe call the course of the Heauens) doe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them that they profit not, nor yet thriue anie thing at all. Although that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Husbandman say, That the Earth, which hath the fauour and benefit of a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and mild ayre, and is watered with some running streame, is in all points and r••∣spects free, and not tyed or bound to anie lawes of sowing: but hee cannot 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that whatsoeuer groweth, whether it be Plant or Seed, hath two ends, that is to 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the Root, which hath altogether to doe with the Earth, and the Branches, or vppermost part thereof, which hath altogether to doe with the Ayre and the Heauen•• and that the obseruations drawne from superior bodies, as from the proceeding and disposition of the Moone, doe shew and proue the ouerthwarts and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 incumbrances wrought against the creatures of the earth, both in their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 forth of the earth, and drawing to stalke, as also in the gouernment of them a••∣terward.

In moist places,* 1.27 and such as are serued with some small currant of water, it is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to sow in the Spring: for then the mildnesse and gentlenesse of the yeare followin•• doth entertaine in verie good sort the growing seeds; and the drinesse of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cannot hurt them, because of the water prest and at hand. But when as the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the place hath no naturall supply of running water, or else such as is verie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 come by in respect of the bringing thither, there is no other refuge but the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Winter raine: wherefore in such places it is more sure to sow in A••∣tumne; and yet one may well sow there in the Spring, so that you cast your 〈◊〉〈◊〉 three foot deepe.

If a man be disposed to sow Seeds in Summer,* 1.28 it must be in the encrease of the Moone of Iuly and August; and in Autumne, in the encrease of the Moone of Sep∣tember and October; as also for the Spring, in Februarie and in March. In 〈◊〉〈◊〉 naturally cold,* 1.29 or which receiue no great heat from the Sunne beames, the sowing 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Spring time must be toward the later end thereof; and that in Autumne, must 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hastened and early performed. On the contrarie, the sowing of Seeds in the Sprin•• time in a hot place must be early performed: and the Sowing or Seed-time of A••tumne must be somewhat deferred. Seeds doe grow the better when they be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vpon warme daies, or daies that are neither hot nor cold, than and if they be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vpon hot, cold, or drie daies. The Seed that is to be sowne, must not be aboue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 yeare old:* 1.30 otherwise, if they be verie old, drie, wrinkled, leane, soft, false or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gathered, they will neuer grow nor thriue. Wherefore, by how much the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the seeds of Cucumers, Melons, Leekes, and Gourds be, so much the sooner they grow: On the contrarie, by how much the elder the seeds of Parsely, Beets, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Cres••es, and Coriander be, so much the more hastily doe they put out of the earth▪ supposed alwaies that age hath not corrupted them. Coleworts and 〈◊〉〈◊〉

of all sorts, white Succorie, Garlicke, Leekes, and Onions, are sowne in Autumne, and liue all Winter. Coleworts, Rocket, Cresses, Coriander, Cheruill, Nauets, Turneps, Radishes, Parsneps, Carrets, Parsely, Fennell, and other hearbes, whose roots are good in pottage, are sowne in Autumne and in the Spring, notwithstanding they grow better being sowne in Iuly in hot Countries, and in August in Countries in∣different hot, and in September in cold Countries. Lettuce, Sorrell, Purcelane▪ Cu∣cumbers, Gourds, Sauorie, Harts-horne, Trick-madame, Beets, and other tender hearbes, as also Artichokes, are sowne in the Spring: and for the most part also those of March and Aprill grow more early than those of Februarie, according to the di∣uersitie of the time.

Aboue all, the Seeds which are to be sowne must be well-conditioned, full, heauie, corpulent, grosse, hauing a good colour, yeelding a white flower when they be bro∣ken, not dustie: for dust falling from them when they be broken, sheweth, that they are corrupted and nothing worth.

CHAP. VII.

Within what space Seeds are w••nt to grow, after they be sowne.

NOtwithstanding that the nature of the Ground, the mildnesse of the Aire, fauourable furtherance of the Heauens, and the age of the Seed, doe cause Seeds to hasten the more, or to be the flower in springing out of the bosome of their mother and nurse the earth, (for as much as that which is sowne in faire weather, and an open aire, in a hot place, and open vpon the Sunne, and of new Seed, doth shew it selfe sooner than that which is sowne in a contrarie time and place) yet euerie Seed hath a certaine time to manifest in selfe in: whereto we must haue due regard, to the end that there may be prefixed times to sow, and looke for the growth of euerie Seed: Spinach, Basill, Nauets, and Roc∣ket, grow within three daies after they be sowne; Lettuce, the fourth day; Cucum∣bers and Citruls, the fifth; Purcelane a little later; Annise, the fourth; Cresses and Mustard-seed, the fifth; Beets in Summer, on the sixt; and in Winter, on the tenth; Arach, the eight; Coleworts, the tenth; Leekes, the nineteenth, or ofter the twentieth; Coriander about the fiue and twentieth, or else more late, if the Seed be new; Orga∣nie and Sauorie, after the thirtieth; Parsely in the fortieth, for the most part, and of∣tentimes in the fiftieth. It is true, that in this place the age of the Seed, and state of the Aire, when the Gardiner doth sow them, is of great moment: for (as I haue said) the Leeke, Cucumber, and Citrull, grow sooner if the Seed be new: And on the con∣trarie, Parsely, Spinach, Organie, Sauorie, Coriander, and Cresses, when their Seed is sold: likewise the Seed of Cucumbers, steept in milke, or in warme water, putteth the sooner out of the earth: after the same sort you may make reckoning of Artichokes, and manie other hearbes, as you shall know hereafter in their particular Treatises.

CHAP. VIII.

Of watering, weeding, sweeping, and cutting of Pothearbes.

SO soone as the ground is full of Seeds in all places,* 1.31 you must be carefull to water it, if by hap the place be drie of his owne nature, that so the Seed may not be hindered of his sprouting by the too much drinesse, or that the hearbe alreadie sprung may not die.* 1.32 The best water to water the pot-hearbs withall, is raine water, if it fall in the night, or in such a time as that it may

not heat the hearbes, for it washeth and cleanseth them from the dust and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that eateth them, especially if the Raine come driuing with a Northerne wind: for want of this, the Riuer or Brooke water is best next, being a little warme: in place of this, Well water drawne in the morning, and put in a barrell, or in some other thing of receit, that so it may take the heat of the Sunne beames, may serue: for cold and salt water is enemie to all sorts of hearbes, although that Theophrastus say, that salt water is more conuenient than anie other to water certaine plants. Beside••, you shall vnderstand, that for the speedie growing of hearbes, or for comforting them after they are once sprouted and risen aboue the earth, there is nothing 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the world better, or more comfortable, than Sope ••uds, after they haue beene 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in, and are verie well cooled. The dregges of Ale, or lees of Wine, are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 good to water Rosemarie with, or anie other tender Hearbe, Flower, or Pla•••• whatsoeuer.* 1.33 The time to water them, is the euening and morning, not the mid∣day for feare that the water, heated by the heat of the Sunne, might burne th•••• at the root.

After that the hearbes haue begun to put forth,* 1.34 you must weed the bad from the good, whose nourishment they would consume and ouer-shadow them withall: this must be done with a forked trowell whiles they be verie small, and with the hand (which Gardiners call by the name of making cleane) when the pot-hearbes are growne strong and great. Some doe also weed them thus, as well for the weight of the earth, and heauie falling of the water vpon them, as also because of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of folkes feet, whereby the earth becommeth hard: Wherefore if the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be soft, you need not to ••ake it but verie slightly. And you must know, that weeding is necessarie for Gardens at all times, except in the height of Winter, that is to say, from Nouember till March: in all which time it is not good to weed, because those weeds which doe then grow doe not offend or choake the hearbe••, but rather keepe them warme and comfort them: whereas, should they be taken away, you would leaue the stemme and roots of your hearbes so naked to all the bitternesse of Winter, that euerie small Rinde or Frost would endanger the vtter killing and destroying of them, as you may find by proofe, if you please not to giue credit to our relation.

Cutting of hearbes is also profitable for them at what time as they be somewha•• growne,* 1.35 thereby to make them to keepe their greenenesse the longer, and to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them the more beautifull and tufted, to keepe them from seeding, as also to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them somewhat a more pleasant smell than they had in their first stalke. By this meanes Lettuces and Coleworts are made better, and of a more pleasant taste, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their first leaues bee pluckt from them. In like manner, Turneps and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 grow more beautifull, and tufted, if their leaues be cut. But all hearbes must not be cut at all times: for such as haue a hollow stalke, as Onions, and others, if they be cut when it rayneth, the blade or stalke of the Onion is filled full of water, and rotteth. And this is the cause why hearbes of such nature are not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be cut but in a faire and drie time: Or if not cut at all, it is better, except it be to keepe them from seeding, or to make the head a little the fairer; which, fresh moulding will better doe, and with lesse labour. As for your Scallions, Chyues, or Leekes, to cut them it is not amisse, because they are hearbes conti∣nually to be vsed for the Pot; and in that respect, the oftener cut, so much the better.

CHAP. IX.

Of setting and remouing of Pothearbes.

TO giue the greater scope and libertie to hearbes, and to make them grea∣ter, men vse to remoue them: and this is done either by remouing of them from one bed to another, or from one floore to another, vvhen they haue foure or fiue leaues out of the ground: and this may be done at ••y time, but specially see that the season be inclining to moistnesse and raine: and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 must be set in ground that is vvell furnished vvith fat, vvithout any amending of with dung. If the time fall not out rainie, you must vvater them after they be new 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in good and due time, not staying too long, and from some of them you must cut 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the ends of their roots, and set them thinne, that so they may be vvet, and haue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 earth lightened vvhen need requireth, and that thereby they may grow better 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fairer. And of these hearbes vvhich are thus to be remoued, none is more neces∣••••rie than the Lettuce, because being very swift of growth, and naturally apt to mount 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it be not corrected and stayed by remouing, it will presently runne to seed, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that vertue for which it is principally preserued: Therefore the sooner you re∣••oue your Lettuce (prouided that you haue a shower to doe it in) the better it is, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sooner it will Cabbage and gather in his leaues, growing hard, firme, and thick: Also, if after their remouing you lay some heauie Tyle or Slate stones vpon them, which may a little presse downe their leaues, it will be so much the better, and they will Cabbage so much the sooner: Generally, what hearbes soeuer you would keepe from seed, that you may thereby take the profit of the leafe, and keepe the full strength of the hearbe in the same, you shall, as soone as you perceiue some leaues to ••e sprung aboue the ground, forthwith remoue them into some other new-digged Beds of good and perfect Mould well broken and manured for the purpose: and in ••his remouing of your hearbes, you shall obserue to set them rather deeper than ••hallower than they were before, and to fixe the earth close and fast about them, ••nd not to forget to water them, as aforesaid, till you see they haue taken fast root, ••nd begin to shoot vp.

Slips* 1.36 for the Garden, of sweet and fragrant hearbes, are gathered at all times, and ••hey would be of young sprigges of a yeare old, taking part of the old wood; and ••vrything that, to put it into the earth: or else cleauing it below, and putting in the ••left an Oat, and round about it some other graines of Oates rather than dung; for ••earbes that are remoued, doe not require dung at their roots, but rather they haue ••eed that the lowest parts of their roots should be a little steeped in water, as I will shew herea••••er.

CHAP. X.

Of gathering and keeping the seeds, roots, and flowers of Pothearb••s.

ROotes for the most part are gathered* 1.37 when the leaues are fallen off: and in like sort are the flowers gathered, as Borage, Buglosse, All-good, and Marigolds, when they are throughly open: notwithstanding, the flow∣ers of Roses and Capers must be gathered, to be kept, while they be 〈◊〉〈◊〉: likewise the leaues and whole hearbes are gathered when they are growne to the full: fruits▪ as Melons, Cucumbers, Citruls, and Gourds, when they turne yellow, and are growne to their perfection. If they be purposed to be made serue for seed,

then they must be let alone longer, and afterward kept in conuenient place 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be time to sow them, and they must be gathered in a bright weather, and in the ••••∣crease of the Moone. Seeds are gathered when the hearbe is all layd and drie. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it must generally be obserued in all manner of gathering,* 1.38 as well of hearbes, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 roots, as of fruits and seeds, that it be done in a faire and cleare weather, and in the ••••∣crase of the Moone.

Such hearbes as are to be kept,* 1.39 must first be made verie cleane, and dried 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shadow, which is the best meanes to keepe them the strongest in their vertues 〈◊〉〈◊〉 qualities: or else in the Sunne, and after to put them vp in bagges of Leather, vvollen stuffe, nor in vvoodden boxes, that so they may not loose their 〈…〉〈…〉 see it put in practise by sine hearbes which are kept to be vsed in Winter. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 me thinkes that the Apothecaries faile much in their doings, which hang their ph••sicke hearbes in the roofe of their house, for by this meanes they doe not onely 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their force, but become laden with dust, cobwebs, the dung of flies, and a thousand ••••ther filthie things.

Flowers must not be dried in the Sunne,* 1.40 not in the shadow that is made by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 South-Sunne, nor yet in any high roome, because of their tendernesse and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which would cause their force to vanish away, either in the burning heat of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sunne,* 1.41 or in the more moderne heat of the verie ayre. If it be not the Prouen••e 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which (that it may be kept long) requireth to be dried in an high place, open to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 South-Sunne, where the beames of the Sunne doe enter, but touch not the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 The best way to drie flowers will be in a temperate place, and to turne them 〈…〉〈…〉 the end that they may not corrupt, hauing also this continuall care, that they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 neither loose their colour nor their smell. And when they are dried, they must 〈◊〉〈◊〉 put into an earthen vessell.

Seeds must be kept in bagges or vessells of earth which haue narrow mouthe•• or in boxes,* 1.42 or else in bottles of the rindes of gou••ds well stopt and set in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 drie places, and where there is no water shed; for seeds doe mightily spoyle 〈◊〉〈◊〉 moisture. The seeds of Chibols, Onions, and Leekes, as also of Poppie, are kept 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their rindes or heads.

For to keepe Roots,* 1.43 you must obserue two waies: for either they are to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 new, and as they are yet greene, as Nauets, Turneps, Carets, and such like; or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they are to be kept drie: For to keepe them new, you must lay them vpon sand 〈◊〉〈◊〉 grauell verie thin, in some place vnder the earth, and a little couered, or else to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them vnder the earth in the garden, as we see it done in Turneps and Nauets, to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them the greatest part of Winter. To keepe roots drie after they be gathered, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 must wash them diligently with cleare water, and after take from them all the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••ibres or hairie threeds that hang about them, and then to drie them either in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shadow of the Sunne-rising, if they be but small and thin, as are the roots of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Succorie, Parsley, Sperage, and such like: or in the South-Sunne, if they be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and thicke, at those of Daffodils, Gentian, Sowbread, Water-lilly, Brionie, and such like. After that they are dried and thus prepared, you must hang them in some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and vpper roome, open vpon the Sun when it is in the South, or else vpon the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 quarter; and in which notwithstanding neither the smoake, nor dust, nor 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beames may any thing hurt them, notwithstanding that the counsell of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the prince of Physitians, is, that hearbes, flowers, and roots, as well greene as 〈◊〉〈◊〉, should not be put to keepe in any place where the wind should come, but rather 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vp in vessells or some other such like meanes of keeping of them, to the end that they should not loose their force, which indeed they might most easily loose, being 〈◊〉〈◊〉 open and subiect to the wind.

CHAP. XI.

P••t-hearbes, and particularly of Coleworts.

FIrst of all we are to speake of Coleworts, both because they are most com∣mon, and also most aboundant of all other sorts of hearbs: all kinds of Coleworts doe loue a cleane ground, fat, and well tilled, not consisting of clay or sand. And although they grow indifferently in any ayre, but ••pecially in a temperate, yet they become greater and more massie, sound and safe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vermine in cold places, as are those in Germanie, than in hot places, and for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cause they delight a great deale more in the tops of hills than in plaine grounds; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 yet in those plaine grounds more in the raised parts of borders than in the flat 〈◊〉〈◊〉 middle parts thereof, and they be more pleasant, more wholesome for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and better in Autumne, Spring-time, and during great frosts, than they be in ••ommer. They craue much dung, and that especially which is of Asses, as being the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of all for other men: and to be raked in & couered ouer with good earth: not to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 watered in any case; notwithstanding that water doth make them looke faire and ••••ourishing, but then not so sweet to the tast, nor so wholesome for the stomach. When they haue got sixe leaues vpon their stalkes, you must remoue them, but let it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in a mild and calme time whether Winter or Sommer. And to speake particu∣••arly the common Coleworts,* 1.44 called long or greene Coleworts, must be sowen in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 August or September, if you desire to haue the leaues in Lent and in Winter. Some plant them in October, and remoue them in December, to haue the leaues in Winter, and the seed in Iune and Iulie, and that to make them the more tuffed, ••hough there may be as much accomplished that way at other times of the yeare; ••ut not so commodiously.

And looke well to it,* 1.45 that your seed be not too old, for if it be three yeares old, it will bring forth Radishes. And that is the cause why some say, Sow Coleworts, and ••here will grow vp Radishes or Nauets:* 1.46 notwithstanding it continueth sixe yeares 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his nature, if it be well kept.

Cabage-colewort,* 1.47 which are called white or apple Coleworts, are sowen vpon 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and remoued to stand a foot one from another, well couered at the root with a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and enriched earth, when they begin to rise vp into a great stemme; and loue ••••e cold ayre, for in a hot aire they cannot liue: and you must couer them with straw 〈◊〉〈◊〉 make them cabage the better,* 1.48 and become the whiter. The curled and Romane Coleworts being more tender by nature, are sowen in March, and are planted farre ••ithin the yeare, and couet to be oft watered.

When you see the leaues of Coleworts waxe bleake and pale, or yellow, it is a ••igne that it needeth water: and you must oftentimes take from them their yellow ••••aues, as also those which are eaten thorough, or rotten, or dried; for this would make them die.

If you would haue Coleworts of a good tast* 1.49 and pleasant, take away their first ••eaues; for those which come after will haue a better tast, and more pleasant sauour than the first.

Red Coleworts* 1.50 grow naturally of the aboundance of dung, or for that they are watered with the Lees of Wine: or by being planted in a place where they are hea∣••ed continually with the heat and burning of the Sunne.

Doe not at any time gather, or at the least vse the tops and edges of the curled Romane Colewort, neither yet of any other, but the rest of the leafe downe toward the stalke.

All sorts of Coleworts may be planted at any times;* 1.51 prouided it be not too hot or too cold: and when you plant them, breake their root, for feare it be not doubled a∣gaine

or turned vpside-downe in the earth, and that you put it not so farre in, as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 there be nothing of the top left aboue.

Some men vse to water Coleworts* 1.52 with Salt-water to make them the more 〈◊〉〈◊〉: and some doe cast and sow Salt-peter amongst them vpon the vpper face of the earth: or else small ashes sifted to keepe them from Locusts, Palmar-vvo••mes, 〈◊〉〈◊〉,* 1.53 and other vermine. Aboue all things the Colewort may not be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 neere vnto the V••ne, nor the Vine neere vnto the Colewort: for there is such 〈…〉〈…〉 betwixt these two plants, that being both of them planted in one ground, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they become to some growth, they turne and grow one from another, 〈…〉〈…〉 will they prosper and beare fruit so well. And admit it to be true which is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 namely, that if a man doe mingle vvine, be it neuer so little, in the pot where Cole∣worts are boyling▪ that then the Coleworts will leaue boyling by and by, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 boyle any more,* 1.54 but loose their colour. Likewise such as are disposed to drink 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wine and not to be drunke with it, must eat some raw Coleworts aforehand, as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Alma••gnes are wont to doe, when they meane to quaffe you off a whole pot 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and to ouercome ••uch as with whom they striue in drinking. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 also may not be planted neere vnto Organy,* 1.55 Rue, and Sow-bread: for being 〈…〉〈…〉 sowen neere vnto these hearbes, it thriueth not at all, and againe it infecteth his neigh∣bours with some of his ill qualities.

The carefull Gardener must neuer abide to haue in his Garden so much as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 rotten cole,* 1.56 not yet water his hearbes with the water wherein Coleworts haue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 steept or boyled: for both the one and the other doth cause his neighbour hearbs 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue an ill tast and sauour.

A good huswife will haue Coleworts in her garden at all times,* 1.57 for the reliefe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 her familie: for besides food, she may comfort her people with them in the time 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sicknesse: As thus, the first decoction especially of red Coleworts, with Butter of Oyle, without Salt, doth loosen the bellie, ripen the cough, and maketh the voice be••••ter: and if vnto this broath you put some Sugar, it will be singular for such as ar•• short winded: the juice also of Coleworts is good for these diseases, if you put Suga•• to it: the seed of Coleworts in broath or in powder, is good against the Wo••men 〈◊〉〈◊〉 li••••le children: Coleworts boyled in two or three waters doe stay the laske: Cole∣worts boyled and sprinkled with Long-pepper and eaten with the broth, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 great store of milke in nurses: the juice of Coleworts drunke, doth expell and kill 〈◊〉〈◊〉 poyson of Toad-stooles: the pith of the Colewort boyled with fat and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 honie, is singular for such as are short breathed to vse in manner of a lotion. To 〈…〉〈…〉 the Colewort is good for all things, whereof the Romans when time was, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 such account, as that hauing expelled all other physicke out of Rom•• for the space 〈◊〉〈◊〉 an hundred and fiftie yeares, they vsed no other physicke but Coleworts in all man∣ner of diseases. The Lee made with the ashes of Coleworts is good to wash the head. The breasts fomented with the decoction of Coleworts increaseth the milke of n••••∣ses. The ashes of Coleworts mixt with the white of an egge doth heale burning•• Cataplasines made of boyled Coleworts and mingled with the lees of vinegar, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 yolkes of raw egges and a little cleere vinegar of Roses, all well beaten and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 together, is a singular medicine presently to take away the paines comming 〈◊〉〈◊〉 rheume.

There is nothing better to make cleane a pot all ouergrowne with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 (wherein ••lesh hath been accustomed to be boyled and water to be heated,* 1.58 as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pot, brasse pot, or such like, and which cannot by any other meanes be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 scoured) than to boyle Coleworts in it.

CHAP. XII.

Of Lettuce.

SOw your Lettuce as thicke as the Colewort, in a moist ground, well dunged, ••at, light, and easie to turne ouer: it must be specially in March, for it cannot well endure much heat, or much cold. Notwithstanding if you will sow it in September, yea at all times make choyce of sun••e 〈◊〉〈◊〉 warme places, and such as are well stored of dung well rotted, notwithstanding 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it will wax hard with Winter, and may continue some time being planted again▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 must be watered once in euerie two or three daies, if the weather be not dropping 〈◊〉〈◊〉 moist. And in the sowing of it, you must water it, for feare that the heat of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 should cast out the seed: it putteth forth of the earth the fiftieth day after it is 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Being growne aboue the bed, the height of foure or fiue leaues, you must 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it with your hand (but neuer with any rake) and set it againe in a fat ground, and ••••ood distance one from another, and couer the roots and shankes with cows, goats, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sheepes dung, for so they will be of a better tast, and water them at the foot, but it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not be when it is either verie hot or verie cold.

Some doe nourish foure sorts of Lettuces here vvith vs in France,* 1.59 not differing 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from another in vertue, but in tast somewhat more or lesse pleasant, that is to say, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 curled; the headed; cabbaged or vvhite; the common; and the little and small 〈◊〉〈◊〉:* 1.60 Men vse not to plant the small or common lettuce, but the great one, which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be curled, and that which will cabbage, otherwise called the Romane Lettuce, ••hich hath a vvhite seed, and a greater than the other, and is of a sweeter relish, espe∣••••ally if his first stalke be cut away, which it putteth forth after it hath beene planted 〈◊〉〈◊〉 second time, for the first stalke hauing in it verie much milke, doth easily become 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by the heat of the Sunne.* 1.61 If you desire that it should haue great leaues, when as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beginneth to put forth a stalke, cut off the same in the halfe, then put vpon it a clod 〈◊〉〈◊〉 earth, or some small tyle. If you couet to haue it faire and vvhite, bind together the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of it two daies before you take it from the first bed, and set it in another place, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sprinkle it ouer with sand.

The cabbaged Lettuce* 1.62 being leaued and curled, and not growing higher than a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for the most part, is made by being troden downe. After that it is planted 〈◊〉〈◊〉 second time, put vnto the root some cowes dung that is verie new, afterward tread 〈◊〉〈◊〉 downe againe▪ and vvater it, and vvhen it beginneth to gather strength and grow, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the branch vvhich it putteth forth, and couer it with a new earthen pot in such 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as that the top thereof by it may be beaten and kept downe; and by this meanes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vvill become tufted, cabbaged and vvhite: or else if you vvould haue beautifull 〈◊〉〈◊〉 faire lettuces, two daies before you take them vp by the roots, you must tie toge∣••••er the tops of them, and then couer them with ea••th vp to the very ••aid tops so tied: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so they will become white and faire.* 1.63 In like manner, sand cast vpon them ma∣••••th them to become white. If you feare that it will not grow hard ynough, by rea∣•••••• of some fault in the place, or in the time, or seed, take it vp and set it in some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 place.

To cause Lettuces to haue a sweet smell more than ordinarie,* 1.64 sow them with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Citrons, or else steepe the seeds in Damaske, or other sweet water, three 〈◊〉〈◊〉 daies together.

To mingle Lettuce with other Salad hearbes,* 1.65 as Rocket, Sorrell, and such like, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in such sort, as that they may all grow vp together from one and the same root, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all your sorts of Seeds into a Sheepes trottle, made good and hollow for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉; afterward set it verie deepe, as namely about the depth of eighteene ynches in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ground, and water it oft, and by little and little, and haue great care and regard 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it when it putteth forth of the earth. Others do crumble & breake three or foure

••••ottles of a Goat or Sheepe, and put their seeds in the middest thereof, and then 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them with a linnen cloth fast bound in manner of a knot, and doe plant them 〈…〉〈…〉 were in the vppermost part of the earth, verie diligently regarding and looking 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them when they come vp. Some plucke away the leaues of the Lettuse, which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 next vnto the roots, and in stead of the leaues so pluckt away, they put one 〈◊〉〈◊〉 seed of rocket, cresses, or sorrell, and other such like, by which meanes there grow 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and diuers sorts of branches.

The Lettuce is not without good physicke helpes,* 1.66 for it cooleth the 〈…〉〈…〉 the bellie, causeth aboundance of good bloud. The juice thereof mixt 〈…〉〈…〉 Roses, as••wageth the paine of the head, and causeth the sick•• of agues 〈…〉〈…〉 rubbed vpon the brows and temples: it serueth for a Gargarisme with 〈…〉〈…〉 of Pomegranats, for the Inflammation of the throat: being rubbed vpon 〈…〉〈…〉 it staieth the night pollutions or Gonorrhaea, especially if thereunto be added 〈…〉〈…〉 Camphire: the seed thereof beaten with the seed of white Poppie in forme of 〈…〉〈…〉 or extract doth effect the same, and also cureth the scalding and burning of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the seed thereof steept in water, wherein hath beene quenched steele, with 〈…〉〈…〉 quantitie of Iourie powdred is verie soueraigne against the white flowres of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 The leaues of Lettuce boyled and moystned in broth, or salades of them in like 〈◊〉〈◊〉 after supper, doth prouoke sleepe: the seed thereof powdred, and mixt 〈…〉〈…〉 milke of a woman that hath brought forth a daughter, and the white of an 〈…〉〈…〉 to make frontale for the verie same purpose. The decoction of the 〈…〉〈…〉 boyled in Barley water and drunke, causeth great quantitie of milke in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 if afterwards the dugges be well rubbed with the hand: such as haue a short 〈◊〉〈◊〉 spit bloud, or haue weake lungs, as also such as desire to haue children, must 〈…〉〈…〉 Lettuces.

CHAP. XIII.

Of Endiue, Sowthistle, and Succorie.

ENdiue* 1.67 hauing narrow leaues (otherwise called Scariole, or 〈…〉〈…〉 wild Lettuce, and of the Latines Intybus or Seris) is more 〈…〉〈…〉 Physicke than any other wayes, and is not planted in Garden••, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it is alwaies bitter, notwithstanding that it be of the sorts of 〈…〉〈…〉 rather of Succorie. It is true, that in often planting and transplanting of it, and 〈…〉〈…〉 mouing it from one place to another, and by binding and couering it with 〈…〉〈…〉 ring the Winter time, the nature thereof may be changed and become tender 〈◊〉〈◊〉 white, and without any great paines to the Gardiner may be kept all 〈…〉〈…〉 thing our Gardiners haue practised, seeing by experience that wild 〈…〉〈…〉 commeth faire and flourishing after it hath beene ouerflowen with water, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with sand or earth.

Sowthistle,* 1.68 called in Latine Sonchus, or Ci••erbita, was of old time in 〈…〉〈…〉 salades, but now there is no such account made thereof, saue onely that it is vsed 〈…〉〈…〉 to teed Conies and Hares: in like sort it is not planted in gardens, because it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 plentifully amongst the vines: notwithstanding the Italians doe vse the 〈…〉〈…〉 it in Salades in Winter, finding them sweet and of a pleasant tast: his stalke is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 milke, sometimes drawing neere vnto a yellow: this milke taken in drinke, is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for them which haue a short breath, and are stopt in their lungs: 〈…〉〈…〉 paines of the eares, if you drop certaine drops thereof into them, especially if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cause it to boyle with some Oyle in the ri••d of a Pomegranat: it healeth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the strangurie and paines in making water, if it be drunke to the quantitie of 〈…〉〈…〉 The leaues of Sowthistle chewed, doe take away the stinking of the mouth.

Succorie* 1.69 is of the nature of Endiue, hauing large leaues, and without 〈◊〉〈◊〉

and good handling doth alwaies continue bitter. It loueth a moist place, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 laboured ground. When it hath put forth foure leaues, you must translate it to ••ell dunged soyle. And to the end it may haue faire, large, and well-spread leaues, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it beginneth once to come to any growth, in the middest of his leaues you must 〈◊〉〈◊〉 some prettie little tyle; for by this meanes it will spread forth his leaues, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue them a great deale thicker standing and tufted. By this good husbanding 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his bitternesse, and then there is vse to be had of it in sallades in Winter, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it is called white Succorie; and to this end it is wont to be planted againe in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of August: after that in the beginning of September, to the end that the leaues 〈◊〉〈◊〉 may be the greater, it must be taken vp without the breaking of any thing, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with a smal blade of a straw haue the leaues tied together very easily and gently, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wringing or brusing of them: afterward it must be layed in a well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 soyle, the leaues downeward into the ground, and the root vpward toward the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the earth, and aboue it there must be made something to couer it in manner of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, vnder vvhich there must straw be cast to keepe it from frost and bad winds: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 like is done with Endiue, and it is found white when it is pulled vp againe; and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 verie delicate in eating. Some for the same end, vvhen Succorie hath put forth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 leaues, tye them all together with a verie small threed, and after couer them with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of earth, to the end that it may continually draw by his root nourishment out 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the earth, and by this meanes it becommeth white and tender, and looseth a great 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of his bitternesse.

Euerie man knoweth that the decoction of Succorie drunke in manner of an 〈◊〉〈◊〉,* 1.70 is good for them which haue the jaundise or heat of the liuer. The juice of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 drunke euerie second day fasting,* 1.71 stayeth the spitting of bloud. Succorie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and put vnder the lest dugge doth heale the heart-ache. Some say that the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of vvild Succorie often drunke, maketh the visages and countenances of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 more cleare and pleasant.

CHAP. XIIII.

Of Artichokes.

THe Artichoke plant is a diuers thing from End••ue and Succorie: for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for Artichokes to plant them in Autumn••, which is about the moneth of October, they are so fruitfull and forward to thriue, as that you need not to take any more but the great leaues with their branches, of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as bring forth the fairest and greatest fruit, and in like manner of the thicke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the middest, seruing for no manner of vse after that the heads of them be 〈◊〉〈◊〉: and to plant them againe. Also some haue otherwise vsed to cast downe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 said stalkes, and burie them a foot deepe in good manured ground, the leaues at 〈◊〉〈◊〉 top bound at the end with a little straw, and the stalke layed downe and well 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and they keepe them thus, watering them now and then, if the time be not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ynough of it selfe, for to make shootes and young sets of in Winter, or at other 〈◊〉〈◊〉: and some there be that pricke the heads in a well manured earth, and being 〈◊〉〈◊〉 planted, doe couer them in Winter with the chaffe or dust of Line or Hempe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 keepe them from the frost, and that in the yeare following they may bring forth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fruit.

Moreouer, the Artichoke* 1.72 is sowen in the increase of the Moone of March, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beds well dunged and fatted, but you must not looke to haue any whole and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fruit of them, vntill the next yeare after. And, if you would haue the seed to 〈◊〉〈◊〉, make little small pits vpon your bed a good foot one from another, and halfe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 foot deepe, and as much broad, and these fill with old dung that is verie small, and ••lacke earth that is verie fine, mixt together, and aboue the same plac•• prick or thrust

in the seed of your Artichoke two inches within the earth, the small end 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and putting fiue or sixe seeds in one pit together, and making many pits neere 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in a round compasse, that so they may make a faire knot and plant, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 you may couer it againe easily without much stamping or treading for it. And 〈◊〉〈◊〉 soone as the Artichoke hath leaues bigge ynough, it must be watered; and 〈…〉〈…〉 continued in such places as are verie drie, that so it may bring forth a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and great fruit. Aboue all things care must be had that the small end be not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 contrarie put downeward, for then it would bring forth writhen, weake, small, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hard Artichokes. You must also make choice of the fairest and greatest ••eed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 may be found, and that the small pits be made a good fathome the one from the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that so one plant may not hinder another. It is true, that it is better to 〈…〉〈…〉 slips and branches than the seed, because there commeth fruit the sooner of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 than of the other, and because that in so planting of them, you may be occupied 〈◊〉〈◊〉 well imployed euerie moneth, and so reape your fruit in diuers seasons of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 according as the earth is fat or leane, hot or cold, moist or drie, or as the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hardly agreeing with and vnfit for this plant. And in anie case plant of those 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beare the fairest fruit, according as there are diuers sorts, in respect of their 〈◊〉〈◊〉, length, roundnesse, diuers colours, and tast, some also being prickly, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 without pricks.* 1.73 For of Artichokes there be diuers kinds; as the round and the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the red and the greene: the round, which is greene, is a good Artichoke, so 〈…〉〈…〉 red, although it be long, yet the soale is but thinne, neither is the leafe verie 〈◊〉〈◊〉, onely it is exceeding pleasant in tast: the greene, which is long, is of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sorts the worst, for it neither beareth good soale nor good leafe, but is a loose 〈◊〉〈◊〉 leaued Artichoke, euer wallowish and vnpleasant: but the round large 〈◊〉〈◊〉 whose tops of leaues are red, being hard, firme, and as it were all of one piece, is of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 other the best Artichoke, hath the deepest soale, the thickest leafe, and is the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to grow in anie soyle whatsoeuer: And therefore I would with euerie man, as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as he can, to make choice of these before anie other kind.

If you would that the Artichoke should grow without prickes, you must 〈◊〉〈◊〉 against a stone, and breake the end of the seed which is sharpe: or else put the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 after the manner of a graft in the ••oot of a Lettuce which hath no rinde, and 〈…〉〈…〉 small pieces, in such sort as that euerie piece may be grafted with a seed, and so 〈◊〉〈◊〉. You shall haue Artichokes of good tast,* 1.74 if you let the seed steepe three 〈◊〉〈◊〉 before you plant it, in the iuice of Roses or Lillies, or oyle of Bay, or of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or some other sweet and fragrant iuice, and then afterward drie it, ••nd so plant 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it: Although, that as concerning the former oyles, there be some which are of a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 opinion, and doe thinke that the oyle doth spoyle the seed. You shall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Artichoke of the smell of the Bay tree,* 1.75 if you clea••e or make a hole in a Bay 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and putting therein the seed of an Artichoke, doe set it so. Artichokes will be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in tast,* 1.76 if before you set the seed, you steepe them in milke; which must be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and changed twice or thrice before that it sowre; or in honey: and then 〈◊〉〈◊〉 drie and set them.

Two sorts of beasts doe annoy the roots of Artichokes, Mice and Mo••les. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dung of Swine, or the ashes of the Fig-tree spread about the roots of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doe chase away Mice: and the like will fall out, if you wrap their roots abo•••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wooll. Some, to driue away Rats that destroy the roots of Artichokes vnder the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pricke downe, halfe a foot deepe in the earth, certaine stickes of Elder tree, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 some foure ynches from the other; the smell of which Elder is so odious 〈…〉〈…〉 beasts, that they haue no desire to come neere it, either vnder or aboue the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so long as it is greene: and therefore when these first stickes shall be drie, you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 renew them. Othersome put Thornes that are verie sharpe and pricking, or 〈…〉〈…〉 of Chesnuts vnder the earth, round about the plants of the Artichokes, 〈…〉〈…〉 one neere vnto another, to the end, that the Rats, comming neere vnto the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 may presently be driuen backe againe. Others cause Beanes to be boyled 〈…〉〈…〉 poysoned water, and doe put them in the holes of this wicked cattell: for they 〈◊〉〈◊〉

〈◊〉〈◊〉 sent thereof, they run thither presently. As concerning Moules, we will speake of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 manner of killing them hereafter.

The root of Artichoke sodden in Wine and drunke,* 1.77 is soueraigne against the dif∣••••cultie of making water, for the stinking and strong smell of the arme-pits, and of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vrine also, for the hot and scalding fretting of ones vrine, whether it come of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or of some other cause, and so also for the dropsie: the pulpe boyled in flesh 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and eaten with Salt, Pepper, and Galanga made in powder, helpeth the weak∣••sse of the generatiue parts. The Italians eat them in the morning raw with bread 〈◊〉〈◊〉 salt, whiles they be yet young and tender.

CHAP. XV.

Of Sorrell and Burnet.

SOrrel and Burnet notwithstanding that they grow vntild in great aboun∣dance, yet they may be sowen in fine ground, and well manured in the Spring time, especially the Sorrell: for as for Burnet, it groweth like∣wise, and as well in drie grounds, nothing tilled or stirred: both of them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 planted in gardens, must from the beginning be well watered: and he that de∣••reth to gather the seed, must take them vp and plant them againe, suffering them to ••row to their perfection, and then to drie and wither. They feare not cold or frost, ••either yet aboundance of water: but they looke (especially the Sorrell) that they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 become the fairer, to be cut three or foure times a yeare.

All the sorts of Sorrell,* 1.78 as well those of the field as those of the garden, haue this ••ertue, that being boyled with flesh how old and hard soeuer it be, yet they make it ••nder and loose the bodie.

The leaues of Sorrell rosted in hot ashes, haue a singular force to resolue or to cause 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Apostumate the swellings of the eyes: or as some Surgeons vse, if you take the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Sorrell, and lap them vp close in a Burre-docke leafe, then lay it in the hot 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and rost it as you would rost a Warde, then open it and applie it as hot 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the patient is able to endure it to any impostumation or byle whatsoeuer about 〈◊〉〈◊〉 part of a mans bodie, it will not onely in short space ripen and breake it, but also ••raw and heale it verie sufficiently: it is also, being boyled in Posset-ale, a verie ••••od cooler of the bloud, and a great comferter against inflamations which come by ••••urning Feauers. A Cataplasme made of the leaues of Sorrell, with twice as much 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Swines-grease, all beaten and mingled together▪ and afterward put in the leafe of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Colewort vnder the hot ashes, is soueraigne against cold Apostumes. The seed of ••orrel powdred and drunke with water or wine,* 1.79 doth asswage the paine of the blou∣••ie flux. Sorrell steept in vinegar and eaten in the morning fasting, is a preseruatiue ••gainst the plague,* 1.80 as also the Syrope or Iuleb made with the juice thereof. The ••aues of Sorrell well stamped, and applied vnto the wrest, doth tame the fiercenesse 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the ague.

Burnet of the garden being an herbe that some vse to put in their salades,* 1.81 whereof 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue here spoken, and which is also the same which the Latinists call Sanguisor∣••••, taken in drinke is good to restraine the monethly termes of women, and all other 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the belly, but especially such as are of bloud: it is good also to dry vp wounds ••nd vl••ers if it be applied vnto them in forme of a Cataplasme. Some doe much ••teeme it in the Plague time: and some say, that the often vse of Burnet, especially 〈◊〉〈◊〉 juice thereof, is a verie soueraigne preseruatiue against dangerous diseases, be∣••••use it hath a propertie verie much strengthening the Liuer, the Heart, and the Spi∣••••••ts. The leaues of Burnet put into the wine, make it more pleasant, more strong, and ••omewhat Aromaticall, and of the taste of Millions: they are verie good to be put

in sallades made with Oyle, Salt, and Vinegar, according as we see them vsed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 day.

CHAP. XVI.

Of Harts-horne, Trickmadame, and Pearcestone.

AS for Harts-horne* 1.82 and Trickmadame they haue no need of any 〈…〉〈…〉 or planting:* 1.83 for both of them will come in any ground that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 would haue them, whether it be husbanded or not. True it is, that if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 would haue Harts-horne flourish and faire liking, you must cut it oft, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it along vpon some roller, or cause it to go vpon foot by it selfe: for it delighteth to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so intreated, and vtterly refusing to grow otherwise than against the ground. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 madame doth nothing feare the cold, and doth grow principally vpon the old 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of vines, in a stonie and grauelly earth. These are put in Summer-sallades, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 neither of the•••• haue either tast or smell fit for the same.* 1.84 The Harts-horne is good•• stay the flux of the bellie.

Trickmadame stamped with Lettuce,* 1.85 and applied vnto the pulses, doth delay 〈◊〉〈◊〉 heat of an ague. The distilled water thereof being often times drunken, doth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 roughly heale burning and tertian agues.

Pearcestone is sowen in a drie and sandie soile,* 1.86 and craueth to be much 〈◊〉〈◊〉 euen from the beginning: he that desireth the seed, must let the hearbe grow to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 perfection, and afterward to drie the seed as corne is dried.

It may be preserued in salt and vinegar after the manner of purcelane,* 1.87 and then 〈◊〉〈◊〉 soueraigne for the difficultie of vrine, for the jaundise,* 1.88 and to breake the stone,* 1.89 to pro••••uoke vvomens termes, and to stirre vp ones appetite, if it be vsed in the beginning 〈◊〉〈◊〉 meat. For want of such as is pickled in vinegar, you may make the decoction of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 leaues, roots, and seeds in Wine, for to vse in the same disease.

CHAP. XVII.

Of Marigolds.

MArigolds* 1.90 haue not need of any great ordering, for they grow in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fields, and in any ground that a man will, neither doe they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sowen euerie yeare: for being once sowen, they afterward grow of the•• selues, and beare flowers in the Calends of euery moneth of the yere, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Sommer as in Winter, for which cause the Italians call them the flower of all 〈◊〉〈◊〉 moneths: To be short, the place where they haue once beene sowen can hardly 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of them.* 1.91 If they be neuer to little husbanded, and cut many times, they will beare 〈◊〉〈◊〉 faire ••lowers and verie great but yet euer more in Autumne than in the Spring.

The juice of the flowers of Marigolds drunke fasting,* 1.92 haue great force to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the termes of vvomen: the fume or smoake of them taken through a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 into the secret parts doth the like, and causeth the after-birth to come forth, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 young maides out of the Greene-sicknesse. The conserue of the same 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue the same vertue. The women of Italie as well to prouoke the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them, doe frie the juice and tender crops of this hearbe with the yolkes of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and doe eat them. The verie same juice mingled with a little Wine or warme 〈◊〉〈◊〉, is a soueraigne remedie to asswage the extreame paines of the head and teeth, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 one vse ••t in manner of a lotion. This juice drunke to the quantitie of an ounce, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the weight of a French-crowne of the powder of Earth-wormes rightly prepared

〈◊〉〈◊〉 helpe greatly against the jaundise. Some say that to eat oft of Marigold leaues 〈◊〉〈◊〉 make a good countenance: the distilled vvater of Marigold leaues being dropt 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his eyes, or linnen clothes wet therein and applied vnto them, doth heale the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the eyes. The powder of the leaues thereof dried, and put in the hollow 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the tooth doth cure the aking of the same. The juice of the flowers of Marigolds 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to the quantitie of two ounces in the beginning of a pestilentiall ague, doth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the plague, so that the sicke after he hath drunke this juice, doe presently lye 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and be made sweat, being throughly couered in his bed: it doth cure also the ••ndise, and beating of the heart. The conserue of the flowers of Marigolds doth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 like. To drinke halfe an houre before the comming of the fit of a quartaine agu•• ••••out three ounces of vvhite vvine, vvherein haue beene sleept seuen seeds of Mari∣••••ds, and to go ouer this drinke for diuers mornings together, is a soueraigne medi∣•••••• against a quartaine ague.

CHAP. XVIII.

Of Beets and Blites, white and red.

BEets,* 1.93 as well the vvhite as the blacke and red, vvhich is called B••tte and lotte of the inhabitants of Tourraine, or Romane of the Picardes, are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not onely in Le••t, but at all times, especially after December vn∣till March, and in August, to the end that there may alwaies be in a rea∣••nesse both old and young, and for to gather feed which may endure good thr•••• ••••ares. And for this cause you must take them vp and plant them againe, when they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 put forth fiue leaues, and put vnto the roots a little new dung, and afterward 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and raise their earth, and free them quite from vveeds: they are apt and easie ••••ough to grow,* 1.94 and though they be cut, yet they will spring againe if they be plan∣••••d in a fat and well manured ground. They haue this speciall and as it were admi∣••••ble qualitie in them, namely, that they neuer come to their full perfection, vntil the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 yeare after they be sowen: in respect whereof, I could aduise the gardiner not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gather any seeds of the beets to sow, but such as the beet shall bring forth the third 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for of such seed there grow verie faire and goodly beets.

If you would make choyce of faire beets, chuse rather the white than either the ••lacke or red, as being the fairest and tenderest: but to haue such as shall be verie ••reat and vvhite, you must couer the root with the new dung of Oxen, and cleaue in ••nder their sprout, as is done with Leekes, and to lay vpon them a large and broad ••one or a bricke. If you would haue your beets red,* 1.95 water them with the Lees of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Wine: or else plant them in such a place, as wherein they may haue great heat 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Sunne.

Beets ••aten in pottage doe loose the bellie:* 1.96 the juice of beets drawne vp into the ••••ose, doth purge the braine: the same juice ••ubbed vpon the head, causeth Lice and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to die. The roots of beets roasted in the ashes and eaten, do take away the ill 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that commeth of eating Garleeke.* 1.97 The root of beets stamped and cast in wine, ••oth turne the same within three houres after into vinegar.

Blites are sowne in March, and are not long in comming out of the earth. If they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sowen in a well tilled ground, they will also grow the next yeare following with∣••ut any new sowing, in such manner as that the ground will hardly be rid of them 〈…〉〈…〉 craue no weeding or sweeping.

Blites doe loose the bellie:* 1.98 their decoction wherein hath boyled the roots and ••••aues, killeth lic•• and nits: their leaues roasted amongst ashes or boyled, doe heal•• ••••rnings: the first boyling of Blites with the gall of an Oxe, and the Oyle of 〈◊〉〈◊〉. ••oth take away all spots out of garments without doing any harme: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 presently 〈◊〉〈◊〉 you must wash the place with warme water.

CHAP. XIX.

Of Arrach and Spinage.

THe hearbe Arrach (in Latine called Atriplex) aswell the white and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as the greene, doe naturally grow in grounds manured with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and in such place as where there hath beets growne at other time. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 become red in the same sort that beets doe in a fat and well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ground. But they are sowne in Februarie, March, and Aprill: and they would 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sowne thin and not thicke, and oftentimes watered. Some sow them in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to gather them in Winter. They will not be remoued, but rather wed, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dunged with good dung, often cut and pruned, and that with an yron toole, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they may not spend themselues in turning all their substance into leaues. But 〈◊〉〈◊〉 after the time that the seed is scattered vpon the earth, it must presently be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with earth, and they must be sowne as cleare as may be, that so they may 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and come faire and goodly ones. In lesse than fi••teene daies they be readie to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 The Italians vse to make a kind of Tart of Arraches: They chop small the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and stampe them with cheese, fresh butter, and the yolkes of Egges: afterward 〈◊〉〈◊〉 put them in paste, and bake them in the ouen.

Spinage* 1.99 (so called because his seed is prickly) is of two sorts, the male and 〈…〉〈…〉: the female beareth no seed. Both of them are ••owen in August, Septem•••• and October, for to be vsed in Lent time, and in December, Ianuarie, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, for Sommer: they beare out the roughnesse of all seasons verie well and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, whether it be frost, cold, or snow: they grow also in any ground, so that 〈…〉〈…〉 well dressed and somewhat moist; they require (to the end they may prosper 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and spring quickly) to be watered euery euening, and to be couered either 〈…〉〈…〉 or stubble: they stand not in need to be wed, but if they be cut oft they grow the 〈◊〉〈◊〉. And he that would haue them to continue long and flourish, must at 〈…〉〈…〉 cut off the one halfe of the stalke, and at another time, the other halfe. Likewise 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that would haue them to continue sometime without being sowne euerie year, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at the first when he soweth them, see that the seed be a good, full, and well fed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for then for some yeares following, they will grow without being sowne againe, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 though the seed of the second yeare will be somewhat weake: for to keepe 〈…〉〈…〉 the f••ost, you must couer them with Walnut-tree-leaues, and that before 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or ••ogges doe fall in any manner of sort.

The inhabitants of Paris know well ynough how profitable Spinage is 〈…〉〈…〉 make meat o•• it Lent,* 1.100 which vse to make diuers sorts of dishes thereof for their 〈◊〉〈◊〉; as sometimes they ••rie them with butter in pots of earth: sometimes they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them at a small fire with butter in pot of earth: sometimes they make 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of them, as also diuers other fashions: especially they make a most excellent 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sallade thereof, by taking the greene leaues thereof, and boyling it in ••aire 〈…〉〈…〉 i•• be soft as pap, then take it from the fire and straine it, and vvith the backes of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 chopping-kniues, chop it so small as possibly you can, then put it into a verie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sweet pipkin or skelle••, with a good quantitie of sweet butter▪ and currants verie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vv••sht, and so bo••le it ouer againe a good space, then with vinegar and sugar, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 i•• according to the tast vvhich pleaseth you best, and so serue it vp vpon 〈…〉〈…〉 hard egges, or otherwise as you please, for it is of all sallads the best. The vse of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is good for them vvhich haue some impediment in breathing or speaking, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vvhich are much troubled vvith the cough, especially if such a one in the morning 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the broth of Spinage boyled vvith fresh butter, or oyle of sweet Almonds, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 loosen the bellie: their juice is good against the stinging of Scorpions and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 whether you drinke it, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it to outwardly.

CHAP. XX.

Of Borage and Buglosse.

BOrage and Buglosse being hearbes much differing in leaues and flowers, are alike notwithstanding in their roots, seeds, and vertues, seruing to put in the pottage whiles their leaues are tender, and the flowers are vsed in Salades. They are sowne in August or September for Winter vse, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ap••••ll for Summer: they may be remoued at anie time: And as for the seed, it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be gathered halfe ripe, that so it may not leape out of his coat. And of this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Buglosse you shall sow but a verie small quantitie: for it is ••o apt and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of growth, the seed so soone ripe, and so apt to shed, that albeit your vigilance 〈◊〉〈◊〉 verie great, yet you shall find it will in short space soone spread and ouer-runne 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ground: neither, where it is once sowne, can it, but with great difficultie, euer 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be rooted out.

Buglosse,* 1.101 but especially the flower, doth minister pleasantnesse vnto men that vse 〈◊〉〈◊〉 times, because it cheareth vp the heart, purgeth the bloud, and comforteth the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 spirits. The broth wherein Buglosse shall haue beene boyled, doth loose the 〈◊〉〈◊〉. The root that beareth three stalkes, stamped with the seed and boyled in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, doth serue to be taken against tertian Agues. The wine wherein the leaues of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shall haue beene steept, taketh away all sadnesse. The iuice of Buglosse, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and Parsley, mixt with Wine, or oyle of sweet Almonds, is a soueraigne 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to cause the after-birth of women to fall away. The iuice of Borage and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 drunken, is a preseruatiue against poyson, if a man haue drunke it; as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the biting of venimous beasts. Buglosse hauing three leaues, being stamped 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his seed and root, and drunke, doth helpe to put away the shakings of a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ague: and that which hath foure, against the shi••ering colds of quartaines. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water distilled is singular against the do••ages happening in Feauers, as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the inflamation of the eyes.

CHAP. XXI.

Of Leekes both great and small.

LEekes,* 1.102 as well those that are long headed, as those that are round, doe not require so rich and fat a ground as the hearbes going before, and they may be sowne at all times, if it were not for the gathering of the seed: for which cause they must be sowne in December, Ianuarie, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and there it will be ripe after March and mid August, and that if from the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that they are sowne, you goe and tread vpon the Beds, and water them not but 〈◊〉〈◊〉 daies after.

They are wont to be remoued when they grow of seed, and that either into 〈◊〉〈◊〉, euerie one being set foure ynches from another, and then there is nothing 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from them but the ends and tops of the leaues, or into a hole made with a sticke, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 then the roots must be made cleane and cropped off, as also manie of the leaues, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sand with the earth: or you shall plant them to make them great, if you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a bricke vpon the head of them after you haue planted them. This must be in ••prill, May, or all Iune, to haue for Summer vse; and in August, September, and ••ctober, for the Winter vse: in anie case you must weed, water, and dung them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 times, especially the round headed ones. Furthermore, to make them verie ••••icke, put the seed of a Cucumber and of Nauets in a Reed, or in Boxe boared

through, and graft this reed into the head of the Leeke, when you plant it the se∣cond time: or else if you will haue great and grosse Leekes, you must put so much of their seed as you can hold in three fingers in an old Linnen Cloth that is foule, and put it into the earth, couering it with dung, and watering it by and by: for all this little heape of Seed, thus put together, will make one great and thicke Leeke.

Ner•• vsed euerie morning the leaues of Leekes with oyle,* 1.103 to haue a good voice•• although that Leekes be noysome to the stomacke, as being verie windie, except they be boyled in a second water. If you eat Cummin before you eat Leekes, your breath will not smell afterward of Leekes. The leaues of Leekes boiled and apply∣ed vnto the swol••e Hemorrhoids, doth verie much good both against the swelling and paine of them. The leaues of Leekes stamped with Honey, and applyed informe of a Cataplasme vnto the stingings of Spiders,* 1.104 or vpon the biting of venimou•• Beasts,* 1.105 are soueraigne remedies for the same. The iuice of Leekes mixt with vineger and rubbed vpon the browes, stayeth bleeding at the nose.* 1.106 The seed of Leekes stam∣ped and drunke with white or sweet Wine, doth heale the difficultie of making Wa∣ter. The iuice of Leekes drunke with white Wine,* 1.107 helpeth to bring Women a bed which trauell in child-birth. The seed of Leekes stampt with Myrrhe and the iuice of Plantaine,* 1.108 it good to stay the spitting of bloud, and bleeding at the nose. The seed of Leekes cast in a vessell of Wine, doth keepe the Wine from sowring: and if it should be sowre alreadie, it reneweth it, and returneth it to his former goodnesse. The iuice of Leekes, or Leekes themselues boyled in oyle, take away the paine and wormes in the eares. Leekes roasted vnder embers, and eaten, is singular good a∣gainst the poyson of To••d-stooles, and to preserue from drunkennesse, or else to dri••e 〈◊〉〈◊〉 away, being alreadie possessed. If you boyle Leekes with Earth-wormes in Oyle vnto the consumption of the third part, and afterward straine out this Oyle, it will be singular good for the vlcers and noise in the eares.

Small Leekes* 1.109 must be sowne in the Spring, at such time as other hearbs are sowne•• they make a faire shew because of their thinne and little leaues, and because also they keepe greene all the yeare long: they may seeme to be the same with Chibols and Cyues, which are wont to be vsed in Salads to helpe to temper the coolenesse of other hearbes vsed in Salads, because the Chibols and Cyues haue no head, but onely a long stalke like vnto Leekes.

CHAP. XXII.

Of Purcelane.

PVrcelane loueth to be sowne in Februarie, March, Aprill, May, and Iune, but not at anie other time, for it cannot abide the cold. It commeth in great aboundance vpon Beds mixt well with old dung, or in a ground that is verie fat of it selfe, especially if it be sowne amongst Colewo••••, Onions, and Leekes: and after it hath once taken with the ground, it will not faile anie yeare afterward, though you take no paines with the sowing of it: notwithstan∣ding it craueth to be oft watered, that it rise not vpright like the stocke of a tree. It must be placed in the shadowes of trees, and amongst clods full of hearbes, but not thicke, for then it could not well spread it selfe abroad.

Purcelane eaten doth cure the roughnesse and astonishment of the teeth,* 1.110 stayeth spitting of bloud, and quencheth the heat of the reines, notwithstanding that this hearbe is hard to digest, and nourisheth but a little: being applyed vnto the browes, is appeaseth the head-ach, and being layd vpon the nauell, it killeth the wormes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 children.* 1.111 The decoction of the leaues thereof, or the seed, or the water distilled, is •• soueraigne remedie against the Bloudie flux and the Wormes in children. A lea••e

of Purcelane put vpon the tongue,* 1.112 assuageth thirst. A Cataplasme made of Purce∣lane and Barly m••ale, applyed vnto the liuer and ••lanke, worketh a maruellous effect against burning Agues.* 1.113 A Liniment made with Honey, and the powder of the root of Purcelane dried, healeth the chaps of the lips and hands.* 1.114

This Purcelane is an excellent Salad,* 1.115 and by a cooling operation which it hath keepeth the bloud in a most excellent temper. You preserue it all the yeare, by boy∣ling it first in faire water, then drayning the water from it, spread it vpon a faire table, and cast good store of salt amongst it: then when it is throughly cold, pot it vp in cleane sweet pots of Earth, and poure vpon it either a good strong Brine, or Vineger and Salt mixt together, till the Purcelane be cleane couered: or if you feare the ouer-saltnesse of it, then you need but onely make a well-tasted pickle, such as you put to Oliues, and with it couer the Purcelane, then close the pot vp close till you haue cause to vse it: And if at anie time you find the pickle or brine to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 away from the hearbes, and leaue them drie, you must immediately renew it, and couer it all ouer againe, for it is apt to putrifie, and nothing bringeth it more sooner thereunto than the want of moisture: Therefore you must haue care euer once in three of foure dayes to open your pots, and to mend what you shall find amisse in them: and if you find anie ho••rinesse cleauing vnto the pots sides, you must cleanse that away also.

CHAP. XXIII.

Of Onions, Chibols, and Chy••es.

FOr the most part, Onions (so called of the French, because they haue but onely one white root, like to a pearle; which the Latines call Vnio whether they be white, red, or round, would be sowne in Ianuarie, Febru∣arie, and March, in a fat ground, well dunged, blacke, well turned, as also well cleansed from stones, and enriched: or else in a red earth, which is short and murlie; for in it they grow excellently. They would be remoued in Aprill all along, well weeded, and often laboured, to cause them to grow great and thicke: and they must be kept from cold and freezing winds. In them we must obserue a nature contrarie vnto that of other Hearbes and Plants, being of great•••• force and vertue in the encrease of the Moone than in the decrease, quite conrarie to that of Onions, which in the wane of the Moone is more effectuall, and in the growth of the Moone more drie and weake. Such as are intended to be kept for seed, when they begin to put forth their stalke, and to rise aloft, must haue small s••ickes or poles to set by them and keepe them vpright, that the wind doe not bow or breake them downe. They must be gathered in the old of the Moone, in faire and drie weather, when the leaues begin to drie, and the seed to grow blacke, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 then you must pull vp the whole stalkes, and drie them in the Sunne: And it is said, that if they be sowne and planted when the Moone is vnder the earth, they tast the stron∣ger, but are smaller and lesse: Furthermore, they must be ordered as Leekes. But i•• must be obserued, that they loue and delight in a red earth, and to be sowne in faire weather, in the decrease of the Moone, to be taken vp againe, and by and by watered: and for to make them grow great, they must haue their top taken away when they are planted, and their heads vncouered, and their earth must be digged twentie daies before they be remoued againe, that so it may drie, and not haue anie moisture in it. And to keepe Onions from rotting,* 1.116 you must cast them into warme water, and drie them in the Sunne, and after that they are drie, to lay them vpon Barly straw, so as they may not touch one another. Who so would make choice of Onions,* 1.117 must know, that the round and white ones are a great deale better than

those of a rus••etish or reddish colour, and not to be so hot and sharpe as the other. The best in France are those which grow at Fertlonion, a small village neere vn•••• Estamps, for it hath his name vpon that occasion.

The Onion,* 1.118 though it be the Countrey mans meat, is better to vse than to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for he that eateth euerie day tender Onions, with Honey, to his breakfast, shall liue the more healthfull, so that they be not too new: for the drie are more healthfull 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the greene; the boyled, than the raws; the preserued, than the drie: wherefore the drie must be chosen to vse in Salads, fried Meats, Gallymawfries, baked Meats, Saw∣ces, Beane pottage, and other vses.

The iuice of Onions causeth haire to grow againe, cleanseth filthie ••ares, and such as runne with mattar; taketh away white spots, as well out of the face, as from the rest of the bodie: It cureth the Dropsie* 1.119 with the iuice of Fennell, if it be but beginning: it purgeth the braine through the nosthrils: mingled with Hennes grease it dryeth vp the Kibes:* 1.120 applyed with a linnen cloth vnto burnings, it easeth and take•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the paine: being mixt with strong vineger, it stayeth bleeding at the nose, if it be dropt and put into the nose with a feather.

An Onion rosted vpon hot coales, and eaten with Sugar, Oyle, and a little Vi∣neger, doth cure the Cough, and is good for them that are stopped or stuffed in their Lungs, and such as are short breathed. Take away the heart of an Onions, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it with Cummin seed powdred, stop the hole, and rost the Onion thus prepared ••••∣der hot ashes, when it is rosted, strayne it out, this iuice is singular good for the noyses and deafenesse of the eares, being dropped into them. The thicke ri••de of the Onion burned or rosted vnder hot ashes, assuageth old Head-ach and Me∣grams, if you put in little morsell, moistened or besprinkled with Oyle of Roses and Bayes, within the eare of that side of the head that aketh.

An Onion stamped with fresh Butter, easeth the paines of the Hemorrhoids: stamped with Honey and Salt,* 1.121 it is a soueraigne remedie for the biting of a mad dogge, and other such like beasts: mingled with Hennes grease, it taketh away the red and blew spots of the face:* 1.122 boyled in Wine, or in Water, and afterward stamped and fried in common Oyle, and applyed in forme of a Cataplasme vnto the Nauell, it assuageth the throwes of Women newly brought in bed: rosted vp∣on hot coales, and mixed with Leauen and Oyle of Lillies, it ripeneth Impo∣s••umes. Take away the heart of the Onion, fill the hollow place with Tracle or Mithridate, dissolued and beat with the iuice of Citrons, stoppe vp the hole againe with the Cap or vpper Crust which you cut of••, rost all together vnder the hot ashes, and that so long, as vntill all be well incorporated and drencht in, afterward strayne the Onion so rosted, and giue that which shall be strayned to drinke to him that is infected with the Plague, and cause him by and by to lye downe, and to be well couered, to the end that he may sweat. This Medicine hath not his match against the Plague, prouided that the sweat breake forth by and by.

As for Chibols and Chyues, they come more neere vnto the nature of Onions (as by the smell one may well perceiue) than vnto the nature of Leekes, which they nothing resemble, saue onely in the blade or stalke, and in that they haue no head. They must be sowne in the Spring, as other hearbes, in the same ground with the Onion: They are verie pleasant in Salads, to temper the coldnesse of other cold hearbes.

CHAP. XXIIII.

Of Garlicke.

GArlicke* 1.123 (as is well knowne vnto the inhabitants of Gascoine, Aqui∣taine, Limosin, and those about Burdeaux) would be planted at the same time that Onions are, and in the new of the Moone, that so they may be great: and it must not be set in whole heads, but in those little ••loues and parts which may be diuided and taken off from the head. They shall be set all along vpon beds diuided by ridges, like vnto ridged grounds of the Coun∣trey of Beaux, to the end that the water may not destroy them in Winter: For this hearbe desireth a drie ground, and but a little moist, verie white, and not much dun∣ged, or verie fat. When they shall haue put forth three leaues, you must weed them as oft as you can, for so they will become fairer, and their seed will be the greater. Who so is desirous to haue it great headed, must take away the tops of it, or else tread it downe with his feet before it put forth his stalke: for by this meanes the iuice will returne into the head. It groweth likewise of Seed, but more slowly, for it hath no better a head for the first yeare than a Leeke, the second yeare it beginneth to be better headed and more like it selfe, but is not perfect and abso∣lute vntill the third yeare. If you sow it in the wane of the Moone, and take them vp in like manner when the Moone is vnder the earth,* 1.124 you shall haue Gar∣licke that will not smell so strong: but contrariwise, if you sow in the new or growth of the Moone. Likewise it will haue a sweet sauour, if when you sow it you set in the middest thereof the kernels of Oliues: as likewise, if in plan∣ting it you set by the side thereof a Cloue, ioyned verie close thereunto, it will retaine the smell and taste thereof. In like manner it will be of a better taste, if you steepe it in good sweet Wine a day before that you sow it: And if you steepe it in Milke two dayes before you sowe it, it will become both greater and better.

The fit and conuenient time to gather and take it vp,* 1.125 is in the wane of the Moone, and in drie and faire weather, when the stalke will no longer stand vp∣right. It is kept well vpon straw lying bare, or hung vp in the smoake of the chim∣ney, or being steept a little in salt water. And to keepe it long, you must let it ripe well, and when it is gathered, to lay it in the Sunne, that it may drie throughly, and afterward to lay it vp in a place that is not moist, and whereas notwithstanding the Sunne commeth not, for so it would continue but a while. It is true, that if you meane to sow and set it afterward, that then you must not hang it vp in the smoak••, nor steepe it in salt water, for such kind of keeping doth make it barren and not fit to grow anie more.

Garlicke eaten,* 1.126 bringeth a verie vnpleasant smell vnto the mouth: and for the taking away of the same, you must eat a raw Beane by and by after, or the ribbe of a Beet rosted in ashes, or some Smallage or greene Parsley: or which is better, if you loue Garlicke,* 1.127 and hate the stinking breath that it yeeldeth, then vse vine∣ger wherein it hath beene steeped: or else cause the Dishes and Vessels whereon your meat is to be serued, to be rubbed therewith: for by this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 you shall haue the taste thereof in your mouth, and yet your breath shall not smell anie thing ill.

Garlicke eaten fasting, is the Countrey mans Treacle in the time of the Plague,* 1.128 and other dangerous diseases, as also against all manner of Venime and Poyson. It is true that it causeth thirst and heat throughout the bodie, and head-ach when it is of•• vsed: but all these inconueniences will be easily corrected, if you eate some Smallage or Parsley presently after. Verie manie men, but especially the people

of Aquitaine, in the beginning of the Spring time, namely, the first day of May, doe eat euerie morning Garlicke with fresh butter: by this meanes they hope to con∣tinue sound and strong all the yeare.

Garlicke applyed in forme of a Cataplasme vnto the stingings of Serpen••s,* 1.129 or bi∣ting of a mad Dogge, is a soueraigne medicine against the same. A Linimen•• made of Garlicke, Salt, and Vineger, killeth Nits* 1.130 and Lice.* 1.131

The decoction of Garlicke not bruised, giuen in Clysters, or applyed vnto th•• bellie in manner of a fomentation, assuageth the paine of the Colicke,* 1.132 and expel∣leth wind.

Against an old Cough,* 1.133 comming of a cold cause, it is verie good to rub the soles of the feet, the backe bone, and wrists of the hands with an Oyntment o•• Liniment made of three Garlicke heads, well powned and beaten in Swin•• Seame.

Against the paine of the Teeth,* 1.134 comming of a cold cause, there is nothing be••∣ter than to hold in the mouth Vineger, or the decoction of Garlicke, or to ap∣ply vnto the aking tooth three cloues of Garlicke stamped in Vineger. For the killing of Wormes* 1.135 in children, it is good to giue them to eat Garlicke, with fresh Butter, or else to make a Cataplasme thereof, to lay vpon the Stomacke. They which can scarce or hardly make their Water,* 1.136 or are subiect vnto the Stone, receiue great comfort by eating of Garlicke. To keepe Birds* 1.137 from h••••∣ting of young Fruit, you must hang at the boughes of those Trees some quan∣titie of Garlicke.

CHAP. XXV.

Of Scalio••s.

SCalions* 1.138 are like vnto Garlicke in tast and smell, but in stalke and fashi∣on the leaues resemble Onions, saue onely that out of their head there grow manie hulles or huskes, which bring forth manie round little leaues. They thriue and grow better when they be set than when they be sowne: for when they be sowne, there is no great hope of their comming to any fairenesse before the second yeare. They may be planted from the first day of No∣uember vnto the moneth of Februarie, to haue the fruit thereof the next Spring: and they are planted as Garlicke: But in the meane time you must gather 〈◊〉〈◊〉 before the March Violets doe flower: for if one vse them not before that they be flowred, they will fall away, and become but sillie ones. They are knowne to be ripe, if their leaues begin to drie away below. For to cause them to haue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and thicke heads, you must put brickes round about their rootes, as hath beene said of Leekes.

As concerning the vse of Scalions,* 1.139 there is no great helpe or profit to be hoped for, or expected, except of such as are giuen more to their pleasure than to their health: for the Scalion serueth for no other thing but to prouoke and stirre folke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the act of carnall copulation, and to haue a good appetite. They haue the same ve••∣••wes that Garlicke, saue onely that they be somewhat troublesome to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, because of their more sharpe and subtle tast.

CHAP. XXVI.

Of Parsley.

PArsley* 1.140 craueth no great labour, but loueth a stonie and sandie ground, for which cause it is called Parsley: againe, it craueth not anie store of manure; wherefore it will be good to sow it vnder Arbors. It desireth aboue all things to be well watred: and if it so fall out, as that it be sowne or planted neere vnto anie Fountaine or Riuer, it groweth verie faire, and in great quantitie. And if anie be desirous that it should haue large leaues, hee must put into a faire Linnen Cloth so much seed as he can hold in his three fingers, and so cast it amongst the stones in the ground: or else he must put in a Goats trottle a quan∣titie of Parsley seed, and so set or sow it. And he that will haue it curled, must bruise the seed with a pestle of Willow, to the end that the huske may breake and fall off, and afterward wrap it in a Linnen Cloth, and so put it in the ground. Otherwise, without thus much to doe, it may be made to curle howsoeuer it be sowne, if you draw a Rowler vpon it so soone as it beginneth to grow. It is a good time to sow it from mid May vntill the Sunne be risen to his highest point in the Heauens, for it somewhat craueth the heat. The seed thereof that is but a yeare old, is nothing worth: for looke how much elder the seed is, by so much it is the better, and endu∣reth a long time vnsowne: in such sort, as that it will not be needfull to sow or plant it of fiue yeares; although, when it is sowne, it groweth not vnder the space of threescore daies. Notwithstanding, to cause it to grow, and put more speedily out of the earth, it behoueth that the seed be steeped in vineger some certaine time, and after sowne in a well toyled ground, and filled or mixed with one halfe of the ashes of Beane stalkes: and after it is sowne, it must be oft watered, and sleightly, with a little Aqua vitae: and by and by after the watering, to lay aloft it a piece of Cloth, that the heat thereof may not be spent, and breath away, and by this meanes it will grow vp within a few houres: and then you must take off the Cloth coue∣ring it, and water it oft, and by this meanes it will haue both a high stalke and great leaues.

A Cataplasme made of the leaues of Parsley,* 1.141 with the crummes of White bread, doth heale a Tettar or Ringworme, doth resolue the swellings of the Breasts, and maketh Women that are brought in bed to loose their Milke.* 1.142 The iuice of Parsley, drawne ••ut with vineger, and mixt with a little salt, helpeth Women that are in tra∣uell to be deliuered. The often vse of Parsley taketh away the stinking of the breath, especially from such as haue drunke much Wine,* 1.143 or eaten Garlicke: And therefore such as vse to keepe companie much, and haue an ill breath, must not goe vnproui∣ded of good store of fresh Parsley to chew or hold in their mouthes. The decoction of the roots or leaues of Parsley,* 1.144 helpeth downe Womens termes, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Vrine, casteth out Grauell contained in the Vrinarie vessels, taketh away the paine of the Colicke* 1.145 and of the Reines, applyed in manner of a fomentation vpon the pained parts:* 1.146 It serueth also for the obstructions of the Liuer; but better for such as are flegmaticke, than for the cholericke, or those that are of sanguine complexion. The leaues of Parsley cast vpon the water of Fish-ponds, doe recreate and reioyce the sicke and diseased Fish.

CHAP. XXVII.

Of Rocket and Tarragon.

ROcket* 1.147 being an hearbe verie vsuall in Salads, and good to temper the coldnesse of Lettuces, may be sowne as well in Winter as in Summe•• for it feareth not cold, nor other iniurie of the ayre; neither doth it ••••∣quire anie great labour: it loueth notwithstanding to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in a grauellie ground. Rocket must not be eaten by it selfe, by reason of the great heat that it maketh in them that eat it;* 1.148 and for that cause it hath commonly for his companion in Salads the leaues of Lettuce, seeing that the one of these doth no∣tably temper the other. It is good notwithstanding to prouoke vrine, applyed in forme of a Cataplasme vpon the share bone: And some say, that three leaues of Rocket gathered with the left hand, and bruised in honied water, and taken in drinke,* 1.149 are soueraigne against the Iaundise, and hardnesse of the Spleene: Also Rocket being boyled and mixed with Sugar, doth take away the Cough in little children.

Tarragon* 1.150 is made of Linseed prickt in manie places of the head of a red Oni∣on, the strongest and sharpest that may be found, and put into well manured earth: And after it hath shot vp the height of a foot, or somewhat more, you must take the slippes or branches and set them againe in the same earth, and wa∣ter them often.

Tarragon hath the same force and vertue that Rocket hath, and is not to be eaten alone, but with Lettuces and such like hearbes.

CHAP. XXVIII.

Of Smallage, Cheruile, Costmarie, and Auens.

SMallage* 1.151 must be sowne in a well toiled ground, and neere some wall: for i•• loueth the shadow, and groweth well in all manner of ground. And after that it is once sowne, if it be not all pulled vp by the roots, but that there be but one stalke left from yeare to yeare to seed, it will continue for euer: and it hath not anie great need of being weeded. The good time to sow it, is from the end of Februarie vnto the first day of September. It hath the like vertue that Parsley hath, not to eat, but for Physicke. It is good also for all blew stroake••, and bloud that is setled by reason of anie kind of blow. The oyle thereof is likewise good for manie diseases, and especially for the rawnesse that commeth in the throat, if the place that is sore be oft annointed therewith. It is true, that Smallage stirreth vp the Falling sicknessee, if we may beleeue Pl••nie; although that Galen, in the curing of the Falling sickness, doe prescribe the roots of Smallage and Parsley. I haue tri∣ed by experience oftentimes, that the leaues of Smallage, chewed raw, doe prouoke the termes of women.

Cheruile,* 1.152 called in Latine Cerefolium, loueth to be sowne in a ground that is well manured, and in the time of Februarie, March, and Aprill, and sometimes in Au∣gust and September, for to haue it in Winter: and it would be often watered. Cheruile doth shirre vp the stomacke,* 1.153 and is verie good to prouoke vrine, and purge the bloud.

Costmarie and Auens* 1.154 are verie pleasant hearbes to giue a sauour like Spice in Pottage and Salads: They would be sowne in May and Aprill, and remoued in Nouember. Both of them haue the taste of Pepper and Cloues, and therefore

cannot but be good to comfort the stomacke. Some, to prouoke appetite, make a greene sawce of Sorrell for to eat with meat. Physicions doe greatly esteeme of the decoction of Costmarie against the Swimming disease, Astonishments, falling Sick∣nesse, obstructions of the Lungs, Dropsies, and Iaundise; as also for the Colicke, Stone, difficultie to make Water, staying of the Termes, for quicke deliuerie in Child-birth, and to bring downe the after-birth.

CHAP. XXIX.

Of Asparagus.

THe hearbe Asparagus doth grow bigge in a fat and spongie ground that is free from stones, well dressed, plaine, and smooth, demanding no helpe of watering, except a little in 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Some sow them in the Spring at the new of the Moone: but it is better to set the rootes, which spread and encrease better and sooner than the seeds: whether they be sowne of seedes, or set of rootes, it must be done in furrowes three ynches deepe, and a fa∣thome ouer on euerie side, standing one from another a good long foot: put into eue∣rie furrow two or three seeds, euerie one off from another some nine ynches, about fortie daies after the seeds doe gather together, and ioyne one with another, becom∣ming one: after you haue set them thus low, you must cast vpon them the third part of the earth that you haue taken out of the furrowes, which must be ••ifted, before you put it there, with an yron Sieue, that so the Sunne may pierce the deeper, and draw the Asparagus vnto it: after this, you must weed them oft, and helpe them in October with some well rotted manure of Horse, Sheepe, or Birds, or, which is better, with the filth and ordure of Sinkes and Priuies, and the dust which falleth out of Wooll when it is beaten: and againe, vpon this the ••eeds and drosse of the Vine-presse and Grapes. You must renew their ground oftentimes in Februarie, and cast new dung vpon it: you must doe the like also the second yeare in Februa∣r•••• or March, and likewise euerie yeare in October. It is true that they must be remoued the second or third yeare, and neuer to cut them vntill the third yeare, and then in the moneth of May. In stead of remouing them, it were better to vncouer their roots, and to take away those that are supers••uons, for to set in some other place, and then to purge them of withered and rotten or corrupted branches, (in as much as Asparagus would neuer be remoued out of their place, except it be when they grow too thicke together:) For doing so two or three yeares one af∣ter another, it will fall out, that all the intangled and folded one within another will be taken away; and then you may prune and trimme those which you leaue standing, which you must couer from foot to foot, or from root to root, with well seasoned manure, being rotted and mixed with as much sifted mould, sifting more∣ouer the same which was aboue before, and putting it into his old place from whence it was taken, and in such manner as it was found there. Howsoeuer it be, the yeare after they be planted there may well be taken from them some one of their stalkes, and the other let stand to seed. The stalke so taken away, must be cut away, not pluckt away,* 1.155 for feare of doing hurt to the root. For to haue Asparagus to grow faire and aboundantly, you must couer the earth of the trenches with beasts hornes; or else sow in the furrowes where you shall set them, the powder of the hornes of Weathers, or wild Rammes, or some others, and afterward you shall water them. And this is the cause that maketh them grow naturally in the Medowes.* 1.156 Others there are which say (though it be a wonderfull thing) that there must nothing be done to the hornes, but onely bored through, and to hide them in good ground, and that of them will breed and grow Asparagus. And to cause Asparagus to sprout and bring foorth often, you must rake and weed and digge about them often,

opening their roots, after that you haue gathered the fruit, and straw vpon th•••• the powder of beasts hornes: for the plant being thus handled, will beare his 〈◊〉〈◊〉 otherwise.

Asparagus is a delicate fruit,* 1.157 and wholesome for euerie bodie, and especially when it is thicke, tender, sweet, and not verie much boyled: it giueth a good stomac••e vn∣to the sicke, if it be vsed before meat: it prouoketh vrine: it openeth the obstructi∣ons of the reines and the liuer. The root thereof applyed to the tooth-ach, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the paine: being drie, and thrust into the teeth, it rooteth them out: put 〈◊〉〈◊〉 decoction, and drunke oftentimes, it breaketh the stone, it maketh a good colour 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the face, and a sweet smell in all the bodie, excepted onely that it maketh the vrine strong and stinking.

CHAP. XXX.

Of Garden and Water-Cresses.

GArden-Cresses,* 1.158 so called because they grow at all times, and are of great nourishment, as also Water-Cresses, doe loue moist places, and the little Brookes rising from Springs and other little Riuers: wherefor•• they aske no other labour in Gardens, but to be planted neere to 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that they may grow well, and to be watered euerie day, hauing water 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at their foot.

Both of them are verie good in Salads of Lettuce,* 1.159 and haue great force against the Stone and difficultie of Vrine: And furthermore, Cresses of the Garden, made in a Cataplasme, doth resolue Carbuncles, the Sciatica, Cat-haires, and all other sorts of Impostumes; especially if it be mixed with Leauen, it killeth the Wormes. The iuice thereof, drunke with the iuice of Mints and Wine, doth the like. The iuice of Water-Cresses dropped into the eare, doth heale the pai•••• of the teeth,* 1.160 comming of a cold cause. The seed of Cresses chewed and held 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the mouth, is good against the palsie* 1.161 of the Tongue. In the palsies of oth•• parts, there must be applyed vnto the said parts bagges full of the seed of the said Cresses, hauing boyled 〈◊〉〈◊〉 first in Wine. The same remedie is good also for the Colicke.* 1.162

Water-Cresses in a fomentation comfort a cold stomacke, prouoke the termes, mundifie and cleanse the mother, and prepare it to conceiue. They dissolue the colicke of the mother, if you frie them with Mugwort vpon a hot fire-〈◊〉〈◊〉 sprinkling them with red wine, and applying them vnto the bellie. They are verie singular against the paines of the mother after Child-birth, if with the flowers of Camomill, and the leaues of Mugwort, all chopped small and incorporated with foure yolkes of egges, you frie them all in a frying-panne with the oyle of Lil∣lies, and applie it hot vnto the bellie and nauell. The iuice thereof rubbed abo•••• the cods, stayeth the flux of the seed in the night time. A Cataplasme made of the leaues of Water-Cresses, of the leaues and rootes of Turneps, and of the rootes of Parsley, all chopped small, and fried with pure wine and butter, and applyed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the stomacke and the groine, causeth the vrine that hath beene long kept, to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 away and auoid.

CHAP. XXXI.

Of Saffron.

AS concerning Saffron (as shall be said hereafter) it loueth an indiffere•••• soyle, not strong, not dunged, but yet well eared, lying vpon the Sunne, and well digged: and it commeth verie well in the place where Onions haue growne. It loueth not water, and standeth in awe of the Moule and Mice: It groweth better, the head being set, than the seed being sowne: for indeed it is not vsed to be sowne, but the heads of it onely to be set, as the heads of Lillies, Leekes, or Sea Onions are. They are planted and set by ridges in Aprill and May. The heads are let ripen on heapes in the shadow of the Sunne, some eight daies be∣fore they be set: and this must be in such a place as is not moist. They are set in a well-digged earth with their roots, and a good distance one from another, as name∣ly, about halfe a spanne, and three ynches deepe. It groweth the better, if it be a lit∣tle footed vpon. It flowreth euerie yeare in Autumne, for one whole moneth toge∣ther, and then letteth the flower fall: but it keepeth his leaues greene all Winter long vnto the Spring, and then it beginneth to wither, and maketh no shew at all in Summer. It may continue good, being set and plant••d, for nine yeares: and then if it be remoued into some other place, it will be able to doe further good. It is true that it springeth forth manie cloues and kernels, which must be taken away euerie three yeare, or else the root would be choaked and smothered. Some doe set it (as being the best time) from after mid August vnto mid September, and cast at the roots of it the drosse of Grapes as it commeth from the Presse,* 1.163 and leaue it in the earth two or three yeares: and euerie yeare, in Aprill and May, the dried part of the hearbe is tyed vp and troden into the earth some two ynches deepe, without hur∣ting of the root: and after you haue cleansed the grassie part and leaues thereof, and that the flower shall be ripe, as in August, and toward Autumne, it shall be gathered in the morning at Sunne-rise, and reserued in a close and drie place. Furthermore, the Saffron is knowne to be good, if it be fat: if being holden in your hand, it make a noyse: and if being put into anie liquor, it dissolue: if being handled and held vp to the face, it procure a certaine kind of biting or pricking vn∣to the eyes: if it be of a golden colour: if it dye the hand with his colour, and haue somewhat a ••harpe smell and pricking: and if it be not brittle and verie readi•• to breake.

Saffron taken in a verie small quantitie, is good for the weakenesse of the sto∣macke, and fainting of the heart: it keepeth from being drunke, and healeth the bi∣tings of Serpents and Spiders: if it be taken inwardly, or applyed outwardly, in great quantitie, it procureth swimming and paine in the head, and bringeth a ••oggie mist ouer the eyes.

CHAP. XXXII.

Of Nauets great and small.

NApes and Nauets (called of the Latines Napi) are two diuers sorts of one kind, but notwithstanding, differing in taste, colour, and greatnesse: for the Napes are greater and drawing toward a yellow colour, less•• pleasing the taste: Nauets are lesse, white, and a great deale more sauo∣rie: both of them are sowne after one fashion in a well-digged ground, and withall well enriched, and made verie good, that so they may goe downe a good way, and

worke themselues deepe into the ground, or else in a ground which is intended to be made fert••e, or vpon Stubbles which haue beene newly plowed, or betwixt Mill••, and Pannicke: The seed is vsed to be mingled with earth broken into small powder, that so it may sow the more clearely, not falling manie together it must not be abo•••• three yeares old; for if it be elder, it bringeth forth Coleworts. And if the seed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beene steeped and moistened in milke or sweet wine, or honied water, two or three daies before it be sowne, it will be verie much the better. And if they come 〈…〉〈…〉 thicke, there is some part of them to be taken vp and set in other places. They 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be well wed and digged, and the fairest and greatest kept to haue the s••••d of 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ They are sowne in August: When you goe about to sow them, you must looke th•••• the earth haue beene newly watered with raine, for so they will grow bette••▪ And aboue all things it must be looked vnto, that they be not sowne in a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ground, for the shade is altogether contrarie vnto them, though the earth be good and fertile.* 1.164 They are gathered in Nouember, & kept in Winter vpon sand 〈…〉〈…〉 vnder the earth, for to eat in Winter and Lent time. I report my selfe vnto them of Meason and Vau-Girard neere vnto Paris, which gather great store of th••m 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ye••re to sell at Paris.

This fruit is windie,* 1.165 and begetteth wormes in young children by their 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ but they must be eaten with Mustard. It is true that their seed doth resist 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and there it is put into Treacle: it likewise killeth the Wormes, being mingled 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the iuice of Oranges or Limons: and it driueth forth the small Pocks and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with the decoction of Maid••n-haire or of Lentils. It prouoketh vrine mixt in eq••••ll quantitie with Linseed, and giuen to drinke in wine: it bringeth vp the crudities of the stomacke by vomit, being taken with honied vineger and warme water. The Aegyptians make a verie good Oyle of it.

CHAP. XXXIII.

Of Turneps.

TVrneps* 1.166 (called in Latine Raepa) are of two sorts, the round and the long, and they differ not much from Napes and Nauets, saue onely in gre••••∣nesse and tast: For Turneps are a great deale bigger, and of a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pleasant taste, than the Napes: for the truth whereof, I report my selfe to the inhabitants of Limosin in Aquitaine,* 1.167 and the people of Sauoy, who h••∣uing no store of Corne, haue no more excellent a meat than Turneps: and for the same cause they are so industrious in sowing and dressing of them, as being that com∣moditie and encrease of the earth vnto them, which is as well, yea better beloued, and more necessarie, than anie Corne or Graine: for they feed themselues and their Cattell with the leaues, great and small stalkes, tops and roots of Turneps; inso∣much, as that they complaine of a Famine, when in their Countrey their Turneps are frozen in the ground, or haue receiued some ouerthrow by the iniurie of the heauens.

The manner of ordering and dressing of them to make them grow, is (as it were) like vnto that of the Napes. It is true, that they would be sowne verie thicke, and not thinne, for else they will proue but verie small and little, and it would be r••••her in September than at 〈◊〉〈◊〉 other time, in a moist ground, well manured, and dili∣gently corrected of such faults as it may haue, because they reioyce and 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ great deale the fairer, and of a better tast, in cold, snowie, and foggie weather, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they doe in faire: which is the onely cause that in the Countrey of Sauoy and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they doe grow more sweet, tender, faire, and great, because of the Fogs, Snowe••, and cold Seasons that they suffer much in those places. If they be sowne in the Spring time, there must care be had, that their leaues be not ••aten with wormes

and such other vermine: and the better to free them from this pl••gue, it will be good to mingle of the dust that is to be found vpon floores with the seed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they before it be sowen, or else of the foot of the furnace or 〈◊〉〈◊〉: or else to steepe it in the juice of housl••••ke, and afterward to sprinkle it o••er well with water 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it may receiue some moisture: and then to ••ow it the day after it hath beene so steeped.

It is one of the wonders of nature,* 1.168 that of so small a ••eed there should grow so grea•• a fruit, as should sometime weigh thirtie or fortie poun••. There must sp••ciall car•• be had that the seed be not aboue three yeares old: for if it be it will bring forth col••∣worts in steed of turneps. To haue them faire and great, after they become 〈◊〉〈◊〉 great as a finger, they must be remoued a good distance one from another: afterward they must be couered with earth,* 1.169 and troden downe veri•• hard: for by this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the juice which should haue beene spent in putting forth of leaues and stalke, will turne to the making of the root great. They must be gathered in Nouember, and for to keepe them all the Winter, they must be buried in holes, or couered with leaues, or seed of Mustard.

The vse of turneps is not verie good for health,* 1.170 notwithstanding their decoctio•• is verie excellent good for to wash the feet of such as haue the gout withall. The Cut∣lers and Armorers doe constantly affirme, that kniues, daggers, and swords, quen∣ched three or foure times, when they are in forging, in the juice of turneps, mixt with equall quantitie of the water or juice pressed out of earth wormes bruised, doth make their edge so hard, as that therewith you may cut yron as easily as any Lead.

CHAP. XXXIIII.

Of Radishes.

RAdishes* 1.171 are properly the same which is called in Latine Raphanus, in Italie Ra••anels, and at Paris Raues, they are vsed in manner of a salad•• with meat for to stirre vp the appetite. They grow better when they are planted, than when they are sowen, and there are two seasons to set or sow them in, ••hat is to say, in Februarie in the waine of the Moone, if we intend to haue the benefit of them in the Spring: and in August or September, if we would vse them sooner: and this season without doubt i•• the better, because the Radish in a cold and moist time groweth in the root, and is more tender, but in a hot and drie time it groweth in stalkes and leaues. So soone as they are sowne they take root, the leaues whereof you must tread and trample downe, that so the root may grow the greater, which otherwise would runne vp all into leaues: likewise they must be ga∣ther••d within two or three moneths (otherwise they will quickly go to seed) and put them in the ground vnder sand or grauell after you haue cut off their leaues. The manner of ordring of them is to set them good and deepe in earth which is well hus∣banded, stirred vp even from the bottome and dunged, and after they be pretty great ones, to co••er them againe with earth, and to take off their leaues from them, for so they will become more sweet and pleasant. You must not plant or sow them abo•••• vines or arbours: for they are great enemies vnto vines, as making them to run out their juice, when they are neighbours to it, by reason of their acrimonie and 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Some likewise say,* 1.172 that radishes doe keepe away drunkennesse, because they greatly weaken the force of Wine. To haue sweet radishes, their seed must be wate∣red oftentimes with salt water, to haue them the more tender, and not so sharpe: for the salt water doth greatly diminish their bitternesse: likewise we ordinarily 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that they are eaten with salt and vinegar.* 1.173 Their goodnesse is knowne by their leaues, which by how much they are the gentler in handling, by so much is the root the ten∣derer and more pleasant to eat. The rinde doth likewise shew the sa••e: for the thin∣ner it is, so much the more delightsome are the radishes.

Physitians doe hold, that among other discommodities, the radish is an enemie vn∣to the teeth▪ and they make hard and stonie places in the mouthes of such as vse them: but this inconuenience may be amended, if presently after you eat some cer∣taine slips of Hyssope or Thyme, or Organie: or if they be eaten with oyle: and a∣gaine, in stead of this one discommoditie, they bring a thousand profits for the health of mankind. The roots of radishes being new, chopt small, and sprinkled with white wine that is neat and warmed in a frying-panne, and applied vnto the stomach, can∣seth a man to pisse aboundantly the water which he could not auoid of a long time: the juice of the same root drunke to the quantity of two ounces with Malmesey, wor∣keth the like effect: take an ounce of the rindes of radishes, as much of the lea••es of Mercurie, foure graines of saffron, one dram of sweet Cassia, and two drams of the juice of sauin, poune them all together in a mortar, and put them in a linnen cloth, which being put vp into the matrix is a singular remedie to helpe them that tra••ell of child-birth.* 1.174 The juice of the root of radishes, mixt with oyle of sweet or bitter al∣monds, a little white wine, and a little coloquintida, all heated at the fire and strained, and afterward dropt into the eares,* 1.175 doth take away the windinesse and noise of the ••ares: being drunke with honied water, it cureth the jaundise. The leaues boyled in pottage in stead of coleworts, do take away the obstructions of the liuer & spleene. Their seed bruised and strayned with white Wine, is soueraigne against all 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of poysons and other dangerous diseases. The roots eaten fasting do preserue and keep•• a man from venime and poyson.* 1.176 Some hold it for a certaine truth, that turneps 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in stinking and ill-sauouring wine, doth take away altogether the ill tast thereof. They wipe away the spots* 1.177 of the face, heale the places of the bodie raced with the twigs of rods, and couer the places with haire which are bare and should not. But a∣boue all the rest, the••e is no more certaine a remedie for the griefe of the reines, the stone,* 1.178 grauell, or difficultie to make water, than to drinke euening and morning go∣ing into bed, or comming out of it, a small draught of white Wine warme, wherein haue beene sleeped the space of eight houres, the rindes of radishes, with the fourth part of the kernels of medlars made in powder. For the same matter there may be prouided a Wine to vse a long time, wherein hath beene infused a certaine time th•• powder of the roots of radish dried. I cannot forget to set downe, that the often v∣sing of radishes bringeth vnto nurses great store of milke. And that water how stin∣king soeuer it be,* 1.179 wherein radishes haue beene boyled, will become better, and th•• they may not be eaten in the later end but at the beginning of meat, whatsoeuer 〈◊〉〈◊〉, pleaseth Dioscortdes to say, that so they may goe presently out of the stomach, and no∣thing hinder the digestion of the rest of the meat.

CHAP. XXXV.

Of Parsneps, Mypes, Carrets, and Skirworts.

PArsneps,* 1.180 Mypes,* 1.181 Carrets,* 1.182 and Skirworts,* 1.183 are sowen all after one fashions, in a ground well digged, freed from stones, clensed and scoured from all weeds, and vnprofitable roots, being also manured and rilled well be∣fore: they may not be sowen thicke, that so they may grow the longer and thicker▪ They must be watered as soone as they be sowen, and if the time proue drie, once a weeke, so long as till they be well sprung vp. They are set also after one and the same fashion: The time to sow or plant th••m, is in Aut••mne, and in the Spring: but Autumne is the better, that so you may haue them in Lent time. He that desireth to haue their roots great, faire, and thicke, must often plucke away the•• leaues: they must be gathered halfe a yeare after they be sowen, and then their leaues taken from them, and they kept vnder sandie grauell, especially in Winter: for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 causeth them to corrupt.

P••rs••eps may be kept a whole yeare or two in the earth, so as that one may know by the falling of the flowers, both the old and the new and which are good in Win∣ter and Lent, whether they be fried or otherwise.

All of them haue vertue to expell vrine,* 1.184 to asswage the paine of the colicke, and to prouoke womens termes: their leaues stamped and layed vpon wounds which hap∣pen in the legges, are verie profitable for them.

CHAP. XXXVI.

Of Mustard and Poppie.

SEnuie Mustard delighteth in a fat ground,* 1.185 and is ••owen with mould••, before and after Winter, and it, must be often weeded and watered, bu•• it would not be sowen too thicke: for it spreadeth very easily, insomuch as it is hard to destroy it where it hath beene once sowen: the seed will keepe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 yeare, but the newer that it is, so much the better it is, either to sow or ••at. It is discerned to be good, when being broken or crackt with the teeth, it appeareth greene within, but not white: for and if it be white, it is old and not worth any thing, either to sow or eat. That which is intended to be kept to eat, shall be good to be re∣moued when it is growing: for so it will yeeld a greater and fairer top: but that which is intended to vse for seed, must not be remoued or haue his place and habita∣tion changed.

The seed of Mustard chawed,* 1.186 and holden vnder the tongue, is of great force a∣gainst the pal••ey of the tongue, as also against all other manner of palsey, if vpon the grieued part there be applied a bagge full of the said seed, hauing beene first boyled in Wine. The powder thereof cast into the nosthrils causeth ne••sing, and purgeth the braine from superfluities. The decoction of Senuie or Mustard doth asswage the tooth-ach comming of a cold cause, and being drunke breaketh the stone, and pro∣uoketh the termes of women. It keepeth the haire cleane, and from falling. The oyl•• of Mustard is soueraigne against the ach of the hips, and weaknesse of the sinews. Mustard seed brayed and put into sweet wine, preserueth the same in his sweetnesse, so that it shal not loose it, the reason is, because it keepeth it from taking of a heat▪ th•• same made in powder and mixt with vinegar, doth heale the stingings of serpents and scorpions: being drunke, it ouercommeth the venime of Mushromes that haue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 eaten: mingled with the vrine of a young child, and rubbed vpon the bellies of such as haue the dropsie, it causeth them to auoid water: of you temper it with water, and rubbe your hand or any other part that hath need to be made cleane therewith: you shall perceiue the benefit thereof. The white poppie, which is sometimes vsed in pottage and clensed barly, cartes, and other confections for to quench the thirst, pro∣uoke sleepe, and coole the great heat of agues, neuer groweth of his old root, but will be sowen euerie yeare in September, in hot and drie countries: and in other plac•••• from Ianuarie vntill March, and it is sowen commonly with colewor••s. It prosp••et•• best when it is sowen in places where the crops of vines haue beene burned. I ha•••• seene at Vandeuer, a small village in Burgundie, young children and other folke to eat the seed of white poppie, for lickorishnes, without being any thing moued to hea∣uinesse of sleepe, but made more stirring and liuely, which hath made me to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that the seed of Poppie is not so much to be feared, as some would beare in hand.

CHAP. XXXVII.

Of Cucumbers.

CVcumbers are sowen vpon a bed, in the moneth of March: and for feare of srost they are couered with straw vntill mid-May, which is the time when they would be remoued vnto such ground as is well manured and thicke layed with dung, fat, and soft, to the end they may be suffered to creepe and ripen vpon the ground: or else vpon beds, filled with fat and well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 earth, being a foot high. For to sow them there must be planted foure or five seeds, the one from the other some two foot, they must not be weeded at all, because they thriue the better when they be ouer-growne with weeds. Notwithstanding 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Spaine they vse to weed them as carefully as they can, as also lighten and raise the•••• earth, and there grow verie faire Cucumbers thereupon. It is good to water the•••• oft, vntill they put forth their buds, and bring forth fruit, yea and after also, if the time fall out somewhat drie: for the Cucumber of his owne nature doth loue moi∣sture, insomuch as if there be set a vessell full of water vnder a Cucumber, it will be found the next day to be shrunke three fingers, and it must be prouided that the water goe directly downe vnto the root of the Cucumber, without touching the fruit, because otherwise it would make it worse. It is true, that when it beginneth to ripen, the raine, and ••uerie other manner of watering is enemie vnto it, for there∣by it becommeth but more withered, without any tast, and altogether disconten∣ting. It feareth the thunder and lightning, and for that cause you must not pla•••• them in any such time, neither yet hope for any great increase thereof, in such yeares, as wherein such stormes and tempests fall out: for thereupon they wither and fall quite away to nothing. If a man desire to haue them faire ones, he must gather them in the full of the Moone, for at this time they grow bigge, and at other times they fade and grow lesse.* 1.187 Furthermore, there may not come neere vnto their bed, any vessell full of oyle, because the cucumber of all other things hateth oile, and cannot thriue if he which doth till them, haue handled oyle.

The vse of Cucumbers is altogether hurtfull, because the nourishment and juice comming of them is easily corrupted in the veines,* 1.188 whereupon there grow in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bodies Burning-Agues, and such as are verie hard to c••re: wherefore it is better to appoint them for meat for Mules and Asses, to which kind of beasts this fruit is verie pleasant and profitable, than to ordaine them for mens food and sustenance. It is verie true that their seed boyled with Barley-water doth prouoke vrine, as∣swage the heat of the reines, and also diminish the heat and thirst that is in Agues. A decoction made with the seed of Cucumbers, Winter-Cherries, Mallowes, and the seeds of vvhite Poppie, adding thereto the juice of Licorice, a little Mummia, Gum-arabecke, and Tragacanth, is a singular remedie for them which are in con∣sumptions, which cough continually, and haue their vrine burning them. So•••• likewise say, that a Cucumber placed long-wise, neere vnto a child which hath an Ague, being of the same greatnesse that the child is, doth deliuer it altogether from the Ague.

CHAP. XXXVIII.

Of Gourdes.

GOurdes* 1.189 doe craue the like earth, and ordering, or tillage that Cucum∣bers doe, foreseene that they haue the Sunne at commaund: it is true, that they must be sowne with greater distances, and in such sort as they may climbe stakes, heapes of stone, and arbours, thereby to giue some plea∣sure in the beholding of the fruit hanging, rather than the lying vpon beds: for they delight not so much in creeping vpon the earth as the Cucumber doth, but rather to climbe on high.

Before you set them, you must steepe their seeds one night in water,* 1.190 that so you may learne to make the better choice of them, and to know which are good. And in that respect it will be good to take those which sinke downe to the bottome, and let alone those which shall swim vpon the top of the water, as being vnprofitable and worth nothing to sow. The seeds shall be put into the earth two together, the sharpe end vpward, in holes wide and deepe, to the quantitie of two foot, and three or foure foot euerie one from another, filled with old dung, that is verie small: or else to make them spring out of the earth the sooner, with horse dung as it commeth all hot from the stable: for other matters they craue no great attendance, prouided that they be serued with water to their contentment: and yet those which are least wa••e∣red, will haue the most pleasant sauour and tast: wherefore if they be sowne in a drie ground, you must set hard by them, pots of water with lists of cloth or straw hang∣ing at them, which will be continually dropping of water vpon them, which thing will be great aduantage to them during the great heat. It is certaine that the good∣nesse and fairenesse of Gourds doth consist altogether in the good choice and well setting of the seed: for the seeds which are next to the necke of the gourd, doe bring forth long ones, those which are in the middest, round ones: and those which are by the sides, short and thicke ones: in which consideration if you would haue grosse and thicke gourds, which may serue to make vessells and bottles of, when they shall be drie, you must take the seed that is in the middest of the gourd, and set it with the head downward: but when you desire to haue them to sell and to eat, you must take of the seed next vnto the necke, and set them after the right and common manner: for so the fruit will grow long, and more tender, and of a greater price. The gourds intended to gather seed of for to sow, must not be gathered before Winter, and when they are gathered, they must be put in the Sun to drie, or else hung vp in the smoake, or else hung (as the manner is in France) vnder some chamber-floore, or else set them in rows voon boards, for otherwise the seeds would rot: or else to put them in heaps of corne, which will not onely keepe them from rotting, but will also ripen them if they be gathered being yet vnripe: but those which are intended to be eaten, must be gathered at their due time when as they be ripe.

The vse of Gourds* 1.191 is not so dangerous as those of Cucumbers: so that their wate∣rishnes••e be tempered with things meet and sit for the same, as with saffron, pepper, and other such aromaticall powders: and for the dish, those which are long and white are better, and to be preferred before either of the other two sorts. Physitians are of opinion, that there is nothing better to asswage the heat of hot burning agues, to take away the thirst, and to loosen the bellie, then to vse oftentimes the strayned juice of Gourds stewed without liquor, in a new earthen pot, set in an ouen. There is nothing better for the drinesse of the tongue, for sharpe and burning humours, and for lea••e agueish persons, than the vse of the pulpe of Gourds, or the Syrope made of their juice.

CHAP. XXXIX.

Of Melons and Pompions.

MElons and Pompions* 1.192 doe not so easily grow in this Countrey, because they delight in a Countrey and Ayre that is hot: but by force of labour, and cunning skill, they are drawne vnto it, by ordering their beds, and remo∣uing of them, where they may be shielded from the Cold, and rece••••e the benefit of the South Sunne, and reflexe of the heat of the same from some wall. And againe, it is a speciall furtherance and helping of them forward, to fore-cast, that they may grow in such seasons as are verie hot: for now and then Summer falleth out 〈◊〉〈◊〉 variable, and mixt with cold or drought, or moisture, as that thereupon they be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ripe till Autumne, and towards the time of Vintage. Wherefore it standeth you vp∣on to hasten them and helpe them forward with dung, and with the heat of their beds; though this course, in the meane time, stand not so well with the health of the parties that shall eat them, or with the goodnesse and pleasant smell of the Pempi∣ons: and thereupon it commeth, that there are moe grounds planted with Cresses than with Melons amongst vs. Wherefore it were better to reserue for such vse▪ quarter of ground, or thereabouts, in some place of your Garden where the South Sunne lyeth, and is beaten backe by some wall, the same also keeping away the North wind, hauing no shadow either of Trees, or of anie other thing, to keep•• backe the Sunne from it, but being withall a good, fat, and substantiall ground, well weeded, well tilled, and the greene swarth well broken, and withall made verie le••ell and euen. And this your quarter would be againe diuided into foure small quarters: and to set your Melon seeds which you intend to plant that yeare but in one of th•• said little quarters, letting the other three r••st, and so succ••ssiuely, in succeeding yeares, to low the said little quarters one after another: for then the Melons wi•• grow in their naturall goodnesse and perfection; it being their nature to craue a new, rested, and well manured ground. And if it be requisite to helpe such ground wi•••• some sweetnesse, you must burne vpon it in Winter some Straw, or drie Dung, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 some Elder tree amongst other wood, and mixe the ashes with the earth, to the end, that during the time of Winter it may grow in season. And if the said ground 〈◊〉〈◊〉 need of more helpe, it must be dunged with Sheepes dung, or else with Goats dung well rotted; and this to be done a long time before you intend to sow your Melo•• seed: for as for Horse or Cow dung, it must not be vsed, except it be when no other thing can be gotten; and when it is vsed, it must be spread and mixt with the earth long before Seed-time, as hath beene said: whereby wee may iudge, how vnf•••• the beds, now ada••es vsed, are for to yeeld good Melons: and they that would ha••e them grow vpon beds, as lesle damnifying, must make their beds in the said place of the Garden, compassed about and hemmed in with a Mat: and vpon the bed must be cast a layer of the best and fattest earth that you can find, or of earth the thicknesse of three fingers, and in this earth to set your seeds; for the Melon will not be so much spotted with the dung, when there is a mixture of the one and the other▪ You must take the seed of the Melon, which hath a thicke and hard huske, and loo∣king verie greene within, which is of the first growne, and of those which grow neerest vnto the root, which you shall haue reserued in your Melon plot, vntill the full ••ipenesse thereof, that so you might haue others grow of it; for the seed is better when it is now taken out of the Melon, hauing beene all that while, from the gathe∣ring time, kept in the bodie and substance thereof. And if you would haue it to grow verie quickly, sleepe it in warme water sixe or seuen houres: afterward, abo•••• the tenth day of March, make your pits vpon your beds, some three or foure foot one from another, and two foot in depth and widenesse: and if you may make yo•••• choice of dung, then fill them vp with Sheepe or Goats dung that is old, well rotted,

and crumbly, and with verie fine blacke earth together, and herewith to fill them vp within two ••ingers. Some put therein the dung of horses comming hot from the stable, to make th••m put forth the sooner, but the sauour and goodnesse of the Me∣lon is greatly hindered thereby: and thereupon pricke six or ten seeds of your pom∣pions, the sharpe end downeward (although some put not in aboue foure or fiue) and couer them againe gently without much beating or treading of the earth downe vpon them. Afterward, for to auoid daunger of frosts, couer them with straw or mats borne vp with stickes prickt vp one way: or if you haue the benefit of great boards, or tables of boards, borne vp with stones or rubbish by the way, that so they may not presle vpon them, and that so you may take them vp when the Sunne shi∣neth hot, and lay them downe againe when the cold wind bloweth and when frosts come. And as soone as the Melons shall haue put forth leaues bigge ynough, you must water them with a shred of cloth hanging continually in a pot of water, without wetting of the Melon any whit at all, and this watering must be continued in a ve∣rie drie ground, though you haue remoued your Melons, till the fruit become of the bignesse of Oranges: and if you vse beds, you shall remoue them after mid-May in this countrie, out of the danger of frosts, about fiue or sixe foot one from another, vp∣on a border well tilled and manured. And from that time forward, you shall weed out diligenetly all the weeds from about them, and shall lighten their earth at the trunk of the root, without doing any hurt to it: and when the flower shall peepe out, you must cut off the ends of the armes of the hea•• be, to the end that the flower and the fruit may come forth in greater store & aboundance. And for your better choice of the said seed, take that which is of the Melons first put fo••th (as I haue alreadie said) i•• so be that your melon plot doe bring forth the fruit somewhat late, for other∣wise it will be good to take them that come forth last: as also that which groweth be∣twixt the middle and head, or crowne of the melon, and out of it, not that which is on that side whereupon the Melon lieth, the best seeded, and most rising from the earth, being heauie and full; and you may make triall of it in water, because that such seed will sinke downe to the bottome: and it must not be aboue one yeare old, for if it be, it soone groweth sicke, and casteth his fruit in vntimely sort.

Pompions and Melons* 1.193 must be gathered in the morning before Sunne rise, and they must be gathered when as they begin to cast their taile, and yeeld a pleasant smel at their ends, and then you must beware of and looke to Cats that goe a catterwau∣ling: and if you would carrie or send them farre, you must gather them a little before they be ripe, and with the hand onely without any edge-toole, for they will come so their just and perfect ripenesse by this course, which the cutting with an yron would keepe them from: there must notwitstanding care be had that those which are called Winter Pompions, be neuer suffered to ripen vpon their beds, but for to ripen them they must be gathered and hung vp vnder the floore of some higher roome, and when they are once turned yellow to eat them.

Furthermore, that I may say something of their goodnesse,* 1.194 you must vnderstand that there are diuers sorts of Pompions, for there are some female, and are called pompionets and they are more long than the other, and haue not their wrinkles stan∣ding vp so high: the other be more thick & greater bellied, and haue their wrinkle•• more high and stretched out from the taile vnto the eye. Some of them are called Turquins, as those which ha••e a verie greene colour, and drawing somewhat toward a blacke: some other of them haue the shape of a Quince, and they are properly cal∣led Melons, and haue a more fast and solide flesh than the pompions haue, which likewise haue not so many wrinkles in their sides, nor so much moisture in their nol∣low parts, neither yee are they so thicke, but haue a whitish flesh, and a great deale more seed than the pompions. The other sort may be called citruls, as hauing the fa∣shion and colour of a citron, and their leaues diue••sly drawne with many small lines, like vnto the feathers or wings of birds▪ The other are Winter pompions, and these are not so thick or great as the common pompions: and yet furthermore the one hath a white meat, and the other a yellow, whereupon the first doe craue more water than

the later, and the later are better in a strange Countrie. But the Melons are best of all, as also the blacke coated Pompion, and the Muske Melon,* 1.195 which become so by h••∣uing their seed steeped in water that is well sweetned with sugar or honie. The signe of a good Melon is the bitternesse of the taile, the hardnesse of the crowne, the hea••••∣nesse and good smell of the whole.

As concerning their vse,* 1.196 they are somewhat more delicate and pleasant than C••∣cu••bers, so that they haue a fast meat, and their hollownesse drie: for otherwise they are fitter to make meat for Cats that goe a catterwauling, or for Mules and Asse•• to make them fat, tha•• for to feed men withall: notwithstanding this is a thing wel and sufficiently proued,* 1.197 that a slice of a melon or pompion put in a pot with flesh, causeth it to boyle the sooner. Physitians likewise giue it out for a truth, that the seed as well of melons as of Pompions, cousred with sugar, or without sugar, is a soueraigne reme∣die to prouoke vrine, to asewage the heat of the reines, and to breake the stone.

CHAP. XL.

Of certaine speciall obseruations for and about Cucumbers, Citrons, Gourds, Melons, and such like fruits.

IF the border whereon you set your Melons be not so fat nor well dunged as that of the Cucumber and Gourd, and if it be not watered so soone as it is put forth and sprung, it becommeth the faster meat, and more 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and sooner ripe.

To cause Pompions, Cucumbers, and Gourds to grow without seed,* 1.198 you must steepe your seeds in the oile of Sesamum, otherwise called Turkie millet, three dayes before you sow them.

To haue Cucumbers of such forme and fashion as one would wish, they must be put whiles they be yet young and small, together with their stalke, into vessells or bottles that haue some figure or shape drawne within them, and tie them about them, for in time they will fil vp the draughts and prints within the same: likewise to make them long▪ you must put their flowers into reeds, throughly emptied of their pi••h▪ for then the Cucumber will grow all along: or else to set neere vnto them some v••••∣sell full of water, as namely about halfe a foot off: for (as I haue said) cucumbers 〈◊〉〈◊〉 moisture so well, as that vpon the onely standing by of water, they will grow the more, and become longer: in like sort standeth the case with the Gourd.

For their better and greater growth,* 1.199 you must sow them in cases or pots, or other great vessel•• full of sifted and well manured earth, which may be carried and rolled or drawne from one place to another into the Sun, that so it may haue both the pre∣sence of the Sun-shine and absence of the cold winds and frosts, and when they be∣gin to grow, breake off their ends.

To free them of vermine and lice, sow Organie round about them, or else pric•••• some boughs amongst their plants.

To make that a Cucumber or Melon shall haue no water,* 1.200 fill the pit that yo•• haue digged to plant your seeds, halfe full of straw, or the shutes of vines cut 〈◊〉〈◊〉 small and put vpon the earth, and afterward your seed: and doe not water them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all, or else verie little.

To make melons or cucumbers laxatiue,* 1.201 sprinkle them fiue dayes together, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fiue times ••uerie day with water, wherein hath beene steeped and infused the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wild Cucumber for the space of three dayes. Otherwise, vncouer them so soone 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they haue put forth any budd, and dung them at the foot with about two ounces of blacke Hellebor steept in water, and afterward couer them againe. Otherwi••••, steepe the seed before you sow it three daies in the infusion off cammonie, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉

or Agaricke, or some other purging medicine.

To make Pompions sweet* 1.202 and smell well, so soone as you haue taken out the core and wiped and dried the seed, put it amongst drie Roses, or some graines of Muske, and there ke••pe it vntill you must sow it, and if it so like you, sow them together: or else steepe the seed foure daies before you sow it in damaske or sweet water: by such meanes you may giue them such tast and smell as you please, if you steepe their seed before you sow it in any such liquor, as in Honied-vvater, in Rose-vvater, or in some other kind of water sweetned with Sugar or Muske: notwithstanding wate∣ring of them doth take from them a great deale of that smell, as also of their sauour and taste.

To make Cucumbers or Pompions sugred,* 1.203 you must steepe the seed in water that is well sweetned with Sugar or Honie, and to make them sweet in Sheepes milke, or Honied water, and so sow them: and when they be growne, you must sprinkle them ouer with the dust of some drie earth, and water them a little.

To make Pompions to keepe long,* 1.204 and not to be spoyled or rotted, you must sprinkle them with the juice of Housleeke.

A woman hauing her termes,* 1.205 and walking by the borders of Pompions, Gourds, and Cucumbers, causeth them to drie and die: but and if any of the fruit e••cape it wil be bitter.

Cucumbers indure fresh a long time, if they be put in the sweet lees of wine, or else in brine, or if they hang in a vessell wherein there is a little vinegar.

Pompions* 1.206 will haue the smell of Roses, if their seed be mingled with drie Roses, and afterward sowne together: and then also they are excellent good to quench the thirst in burning agues.

CHAP. XLI.

Of Strawberries.

STrawberries* 1.207 haue no need of great toyle or tilling, so that they be plan∣ted in some good ground not manured, notwithstanding, but well sha∣ded howsoeuer: because they delight greatly in the shadow of other hearbes, so also they are found growing amongst great tall trees, without any manner of husbanding or tillage. It is true that they grow well in the open Sun, so that they be watered once or twice a weeke, especially when they begin to looke red: they must be remoued euerie three yeares, to make them beare faire berries, and their earth raised about them once euerie yeare, and that about Christ-tide, and to weed them by hand when as weeds doe ouergrow them: in the ground whither you remoue them, you must first put horse-dung well rotted, or cowes dung, a scuttle full to euerie border that is three foot broad: dresse this ground in a drie time, and let it lye afterward, and in a moist time, but not rainie, you shall set the Strawberries halfe a foot euerie way, thrusting the earth close to the root with a dibble. In these you may obserue a certaine kind of wonderfull harmelesnesse and innocencie: which although they creepe vpon the earth, and be continually troden vpon by Ad∣ders, Lizards, Snakes, and other venimous beasts, are notwithstanding neuer infected with them, neither get they any venimous sauour, which sheweth that they haue no ••ffinitie with ven••me or poyson.

Amongst other pleasures or commodities that they afford, the juice or wine that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 strained from strawberries,* 1.208 is good to take away the red pimples▪ & itching knobs, which grow in the face by the heat of the liuer, as also to take away the rednes••e of the eyes, and to wipe out the spots and knobs of the Leprosie. Likewise the deco∣ction of the roots and leaues of Strawberries made with wine, is singular good for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, if it be drunke for some time in the morning, as also to prouoke the termes

in women; and this neuerthelesse doth stay the white termes and bloudie 〈…〉〈…〉 vsed in forme of a Gargari••••e, it comforteth the gums and teeth, and 〈…〉〈…〉 rheumes.

Of Physicke Hearbes.

CHAP. XLII.

Of Mallowes.

WE haue heretofore dedicated and appointed certaine borders downe••••∣low the Kitchin garden,* 1.209 neere vnto the wall of the orchard for Physick hearbes, whereof we desire and wish that the huswife may haue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 knowledge, thereby to helpe the nec••ssities of her people. And in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 respect it shall not be ••hought strange, if we touch in a word the dressing and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of some few, such as are most vsuall and familiar amongst women, leauing 〈…〉〈…〉 and exact description of th••m vnto such as make profession thereof: for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 drift of my purpose is, to instruct the Farmer and his wife, or her that is the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Dairie-woman, so much as is needfull for the maintenance of their house and f••∣milie But we will begin with Mallowes, as those that are most in vse.

Mallowes* 1.210 notwithstanding that they grow euerie where, yet if you be disposed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sow them▪ you may doe it most commodiously in Autumne, rather than at any other time, to the end their growth on height may be repres••ed by the comming of Wi••∣ter: for by how much the Mallow is the lesse, by so much it is the better. They lo•• a fat and moist earth, and craue to be remoued after they haue put forth foure or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 leaues: though indeed it would be much the better not to remoue them at all, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they will keepe a better rellish: but to the end they should not grow vp into high and great stalkes, alter that they be come forth of the earth, you must put some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bricke in the mid••est of their leaues. They would be oft wed, and when they 〈…〉〈…〉, if their leaues be t••ed together at the end, they will bring forth a well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and thicke set root.

The root of Mallowes ste••pt in Wine a whole day, and afterward wrapt in a 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and roasted vnder the ashes and dried, is a fine medicine to rub the teeth with•••• and to cleanse and scowre off from them the filth gathered thicke about them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 juice drunke to the quantitie of halfe a pound, o•• the decoction of the 〈…〉〈…〉 leaues comming to a certaine thick con••••stence, is exceeding good for w••men 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are in trauell of child birth. It is singular also for many other things, and therefore is called of some Omnimorbia.

Hollihocks* 1.211 craue the like husbanding and tillage that the Mallowes doe, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they are of the same kind, and in both of them, especially in the Mallowes, we 〈◊〉〈◊〉 obserue as a miraculous thing, that their leaues and flower doe open at the appro••d and comming of the Sunne, and shut vp themselues to goe to bed when it 〈…〉〈…〉 doe the Marigolds.

Both these haue verie great power and vertue to mollifie,* 1.212 they serue also to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the bellie, especially the young and tender crops of Mallowes haue vertue to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 swage the paine of the reines, and doe cause a man to make water. The juice 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with oyle doe heal•• the stinging of Waspes. The juice mingled with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doth helpe women trauailing of child birth. Their lea••es stamped with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of willows doe stay inflammations. A cataplasme made of their leanes, doth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 way the hardnes••e of the mother and other parts, especially if it be made of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with oyle of Roses.

Gentian* 1.213 grows in high places & open to the ayre, being notwithstanding 〈◊〉〈◊〉

and somwhat ouershadowed. This hearb through his bitternesse draweth downe the termes and the stayed vrine: The water thereof, especially of the root, being distil∣led through a Limbecke in Maries-bath, doth maruailously heale the Agues cau∣sed of the obstructions of any noble part: and which is more, it killeth the wormes, and wipeth away all the spots of the face, it they be often washed therewith. It is exceeding good against the inflammation of the eyes. It is verie soueraigne against any infection or mortall sicknesse, if it be drunke with Water and Honie it abateth the swelling of the bodie, and easeth the colicke, whether it be in the stomach or in the bowels, it also cureth the biting or stinging of venimous beasts, and it causeth a woman to be deliuered of her dead birth.

The root is a present remedie against the Plague, not onely in men, but also in all ••orts of cattell: it is a speciall preseruatiue against all poyson, and a meanes to with∣stand all putrefaction: in regard whereof, the Switzers mingle it amongst their owne meat, and the sodder or prouender of their cattell, that so they may continue in good health.

Arsmart* 1.214 (so called because the leaues applied to the fundament for to wipe it, doe cause great paine, and of the Latines Hydropiper) doth require a marshie ground full of water, or at the least verie moist, or often watered, and it groweth rather being planted of a root then sowne of seed.

It is verie singular in ointments for old vlcers and fistulaes, as also in clysters for bloudie fluxes: the leaues thereof washed in cold water, and applied vnto wounds and vlcers either of man or beast, doe take away by and by the paine thereof, and doth throughly heale them, as the swellings or gaules vnder the saddles of horses that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hurt, if they be renewed euerie day, and the horse needs not to be forborne for all that. Or else take the hearbe new, steepe it in water, and wash it, then rub therewith the swolne or gauled place, then put the hearbe in some place where it may quickly rot, or else burie it in some fat ground, and co••er it with a great stone; so soone as the ••hearbe is rotted, so soone will the fore be healed.

If you spread it all greene in the bed, it killeth fleas, you shall keep powdred proke from wormes, if you wrap it in the leaues of this hearbe: th•• juice thereof dropped into wormie eares, doth kill the wormes that is in them.

Eye-bright* 1.215 delighteth in a leane ground, and shadowed place, and yet where moi∣••ture is not altogether wanting, such as are the meadows and little mountaines; is groweth of roots, not of seed. It is singular good against the dimnesse, waterishnesse, ••ataract, rheume, and weaknesse of the eyes, being either applied and layd thereto, or ••aken inwardly by the mouth: there is a powder made of ••he dried leaues, which be∣••ng oft taken by the mouth with the yolke of an egge, or alone, or mixt with aloes▪ ••nd swallowed downe with Fennell-water, or with water of veruai••e, doth comfort ••nd strengthen mightily the weake and diseased eyes: some vse much to take Win•• wherein eye-bright hath beene infused and steept a long time for the same purpose▪ or the powder vsed with wine, but the powder alone, or the decoction without wine▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a remedie far more certaine, than the wine of eye-bright, as I my selfe haue proued ••y experience, in as much as the Wine by his vapours doth fill the braine▪ and pro∣••ureth rheumes: and therefore if you would auoid these inconuenienees, you must ••elay your Wine vvith the vvater of Fennell, or mixe Sugar therewith. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 de ••illa-no••a a••••irmeth, that by the continuall vse of this he••healed an old man which ••••ad alreadie wholly lost his sight; by the often vse of the leaues of this hearbe as well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as drie, as well in his drinke as in his meat.

Veruaine,* 1.216 as well the male as the female▪ must be planted of roots in a moist soile, ••nd that it may grow the fairer, it requireth to be remoued, and that into a place of ••he like nature and qualitie.

Besides the helpes that this hearbe affordeth vnto vveake eyes, it is also good a∣••ainst the paine of the head, teeth, and vlcers of the mouth, and principally in the ••••fections of the skinne, as the itch, the tetter, the flying-fire, the ring-worme, the ••prosie, the Gangrena, and Shba••lus, if it b•• vsed in manner of a bath 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in manner

of a fo••entation made with F••mitorie in Water and Vinegar.

Elicampane* 1.217 must not be sowne of seed, because the seed hath no power to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 but it must rather be planted of the young sprouts pulled gently from the 〈…〉〈…〉 that in a verie well tilled ground, and which hath beene manured, not verie 〈…〉〈…〉 yet ouershadowed. It is good to plant it in the beginning of Februarie, leauing 〈◊〉〈◊〉 foot distance betwixt plant and plant, for it hath great leaues, and the roots do 〈◊〉〈◊〉 verie much, as doe the young sprouts or roots of Reed.

The Wine wherein the root of Elicampane* 1.218 hath steept for the space of four•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 twentie houres, is singular good against the colicke, as we haue alread••e said in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 first booke: the juice of the root is singular good to continue and keepe the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and beautifull hew of women. The decoction of the root is likewise good 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••∣joyce the heart, and to prouoke vrine, and the termes of women, as also to 〈…〉〈…〉 to spit out, but then it must be vsed inwardly, and whiles it is new and greene: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 when it is old and drie, it is fit to be vsed outwardly, and not to be taken into 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bodie.

Dittander* 1.219 which hath the tast of pepper and mustard (for which cause it is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Latines Piperitis) must be planted before the first of March, cut as the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, but not so oft, for feare it should die with cold. It will continue two 〈◊〉〈◊〉, prouided that it be carefully weeded and dunged: it continueth in many 〈◊〉〈◊〉 whole ten years▪ and it cannot easily be destroyed.

The root of Dittander* 1.220 stamped with Hogs-g••ease, or with the root of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and applied in forme of a catapla••me vnto the Sciatica, doth cure it throughly. It taketh away the great spots, freckles, and scales, or pilling of the face by 〈…〉〈…〉 the thin skin wherein these are fixed, and as for the rawnesse left after the a∣way of this skin▪ it is healed easily with ointment of Roses.

Great Celandine groweth in euerie ground,* 1.221 so that there be any shadow 〈…〉〈…〉▪ and it would be sowne in Februarie, and may so continue ten yeares, so that ••waies after it hath cast his seed, the stalkes thereof be cut downe within 〈…〉〈…〉 of the root.

The juice of the flowers mixt with honie or womans milke,* 1.222 or some othe•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 asswage the sharpenesse of it, doth take away the spots in the eyes, 〈…〉〈…〉 scartes and vicers, healeth the ring-wormes and itch of the head, and the 〈…〉〈…〉 the haire of little children. The Alchymistes doe make great account of it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their extractions of mettalls. Some say, that the old Swallows doe recouer the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of their young ones being pore-blind, by applying vnto their eyes the leaues 〈…〉〈…〉: some say likewise, that the lea••e of this hearbe carried in the shoo•••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto the bare sole of the feet, doth heale the jaundi••e: being applied vnto th•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it taketh away the aboundance of Milke: stamped together with the root in th•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Cammomile, and being warmed or fried, and applied vnto the nauell or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it asswageth the frettings of the bellie, and paines of the mother: the whole 〈◊〉〈◊〉 being d••••ed and made in powder, doth heale wounds and vlcers: the juice 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dropt into a rotten or hollow tooth, mortifieth it, and causeth it to fall out: 〈…〉〈…〉 also the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 called Porrum, to fall away.

The small Celandine,* 1.223 otherwise called Pilewort, or the hearbe for the Kings 〈◊〉〈◊〉 because it heal••••h the same, doth grow well in warrie, moist, and shadowie 〈…〉〈…〉 groweth likewise in drie places, but not so well, though there it get a more 〈…〉〈…〉 as wel in his leaues as in his root vertue to heale the Kings 〈…〉〈…〉 to exulc••ration, as also other virulent vlcers, hemorrhoides, cankers, hard 〈…〉〈…〉 whether 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or porracious and other cold tumors, by a ••oollifying and 〈…〉〈…〉 quali••••e that they haue.

Asarum bacchar* 1.224 craueth a leane ground and drie, and where there is 〈…〉〈…〉 to be set than sowne. The root of Asarum being dried 〈…〉〈…〉 good to be taken the weight of a French Crowne in white 〈…〉〈…〉, and by this it c••reth the quartane and ••ertian ague: and this 〈…〉〈…〉

daies, the quantitie of a good goblet full of the decoction of this root, made in wine with honey, putting thereto some Cinnamon, Mace, and other such Spices, by which they purge verie much, as well vpward as downeward: Likewise when they feele the fit comming, they chafe the backe and soles of the feet with oyle, wherein they haue caused to be infused this root in the hot Sunne-shine, and after lying downe in bed, the shiuerings and shakings of the Ague is taken away, and a great sweat procured. The decoction of Asarum is good against the Sciatica: the infusion thereof in wine doth cure the Dropsie and Iaundise: the iuice dropt into the corner of the eyes, doth heale the Web in the eye, and dazeling of the eyes. Manie good women doe apply Asarun vnto the wrists of the hands, to driue away the heat of an Ague. You must obserue (as it were) diuers parts in this hearbe: For the root is a prouo∣ker of Vomit, and the leaues thereof are Aromaticall, and agree verie well with the stomacke.

Valerian* 1.225 groweth verie well in a moist and well manured ground, and would be often watered, that so it may put forth a tall stalke.

The good wiues are wont to apply to the wrists, in burning Agues, the leaues of Valerian, but without reason: for the Valerian doth rather encrease the Ague by his heat, than diminish it. It will be better to vse it in the paines of the sides, and in the prouoking of vrine, and womens termes. If you wet lin in the iuice of Valerian, and put it into anie wound, made either with Arrow, or Sword, or otherwise, and the drosse or gros••e part thereof layd vpon it, you shall cause the yron to come forth, if anie such be stayed behind, and so also heale the wound. Cats doe delight much to eat this hearbe. The decoction is good against Venime, and the Plague: It is good also against shortnesse of breath, if there be mixed therewith Licorice and Da∣maske Raisins.

Angelica* 1.226 would be sowne in a well tilled ground, oftentimes wed, and reasona∣bly watered.

The root is soueraigne against the Plague,* 1.227 and all sorts of Poyson: Whosoeuer shall keepe a little piece of it in his mouth, or which shall drinke onely in a Winter morning a little draught of Wine and Rosewater, wherein it hath beene steept,* 1.228 hee ••••••not be infected of anie euill ayre of all that day. Englishmen vse the l••aues and roots of this hearbe in sawce with their meats, because it correcteth grosse humours, and a stinking breath, and surthereth digestion verie much. The leaues of Angelica stamped with other leaues of Rue and Honey, and applyed in forme of a Ca••••∣plasme, doe heale the bitings of mad Dogges,* 1.229 and the stinging of Serpents: Being layd vpon the head of one that hath an Ague, it draweth vnto it all the burning heat of the Ague; and it is good against Sorcerie and Inchan••ment. The distilled water of Angelica it singular good against the fainting of the Heart, the bi••ings of mad Beasts, the stingings of venimous creatures▪ especially against the Plauge, if with this ••••stilled water there be drunke halfe a dramme of the root in powder, and a dramm•• of Treacle, and that afterward the patient giue himselfe to sweating, for by this means manie haue beene saued. The root put into a hollow tooth, assuageth the paine: being ••••••wed, it maketh the breath sweet and concea••eth and small of Garlick, or anie other 〈◊〉〈◊〉 meat which causeth an ill breath.

Blessed thistle* 1.230 would be ordered and dressed with such manner of ••illage as An∣gelica. It is true, that it would be sowne in the encrease of the Moone, and not abou•• three fingers depth in the earth. It lo••eth the compaine of Wheat 〈…〉〈…〉▪ It will not be prickly▪ it before that you sow it you put the Seed in the roo•• 〈…〉〈…〉▪ the leaues broken off: or it you breake the sharpe point••d end of the Seed against a stone, after the manner spoken of before in the Chapter of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

Blessed thistle hath no lesse vertue against the Plague,* 1.231 or anie other sort of Poy∣son, ••han hath Angelica, whether you vse it inward or outward. This vertue is it which driueth away Moules and other kinds of such Cattell, being hu••••full vnto Garde••••, from the place where it groweth. Such 〈…〉〈…〉 troubled with a Quartan••

Ague, or other Agues, which haue their fits comming with a Cold, are cured if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 take in the morning three ounces of Blessed thistles water, or of the decoction, 〈…〉〈…〉 weight of a French crowne of the seed in powder. The same remedie is good 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Pleurisies, and for children that haue the Falling sicknesse. If it be boyled in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the decoction is good to assuage the paines of the reines, and colicke, to kill 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and to prouoke sweat. Blessed thistle, as well drie as greene, taken inwardly, 〈…〉〈…〉 ourwardly, doth heale maligne vlcers. Physitions likewise commaund it 〈…〉〈…〉 ••∣mingled in decoctions and drinkes for the Pocks.

Mother-wort* 1.232 groweth in vntilled and rough places, and standeth not in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of anie tilling: notwithstanding, it is singular against the beating and fainting of the heart; for which reason it is called of some Cardiaca. It prouoketh also Wo∣mens termes: it taketh away obstructions, and prouoketh vrine: it raiseth 〈◊〉〈◊〉, deliuering the Lungs thereof, by making it easie to be spet foorth: It 〈…〉〈…〉 Wormes: dryed and made in powder, and the quantitie of a spoonefull 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Wine, doth mightily helpe forward the deliuerie of Women labouring of Child-birth.

Golden-rod* 1.233 would be sowne in a fat ground, which is not open vnto the he•••• of the Sunne, but hath the shadowes of some Trees, the top of a Mountaine, 〈…〉〈…〉 other such like thing.* 1.234 It hath a verie astringent power, as also it is verie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by which (after the manner of Comfrey) it healeth wounds, vlcers, and fistulaes, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 well inward as outward: it stayeth rheumes and bloudie fluxes, healeth the 〈…〉〈…〉 the mouth, and the inflamation thereof: Which is more, it is verie singular to pro∣uoke vrine, and to breake the stone.

Saxifrage,* 1.235 as well the great as the small, delighteth in a drie ground, chal•••••• clayie, sandie, stonie, and altogether barren: And it is sowne of small seedes▪ which are found hanging to the rootes thereof. It prouoketh vrine, and so dri∣ueth foorth the grauell of the reines and bladder. If you boyle the root and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thereof in Wine, it procureth Women also their termes, and bringeth ou•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 after-birth.

The great and small Burre* 1.236 (otherwise called Bardana, and of the Greeke•• 〈…〉〈…〉) hath not need of anie great tilling: for it will grow either of seed or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in a leane ground, that is drie and vntilled; as wee may well see in ditches, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it groweth without anie labour at all, and in the high wayes and by-p••••h •• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the fields.

The rootes, seedes, and iuice of the great and small Burre, are verie 〈…〉〈…〉 prouoke vrine, to breake the stone of the reines and bladder, and to stay the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flux. The iuice is drunke with white Wine, or alone, and the seed in like manner▪ which is sometimes, for the more pleasantnesse sake, confected or couered with S••∣gar. The leaues stampt with a little salt, and applyed vnto the bitings or 〈…〉〈…〉 Adders, mad Dogges, or other venimous Beasts, are verie soueraigne. The rootes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 seedes of small Burre, stampt and layd on cold swellings and rebellious 〈…〉〈…〉 verie profitable and good.

Star-thistle,* 1.237 so called, because it hath little heads at the tops of his stakes (〈…〉〈…〉 Thistles haue) set round about with sharpe prickes, after the manner of 〈…〉〈…〉 groweth in vnhusbanded grounds, as well of his root as of his seed. Some doe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 esteeme of the seed, made into powder, and drunke in wine, for to prouoke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and to auoid grauell: and herein it is of so great vertue, as that the much vse of it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cause one to pisse bloud sometimes. The decoction of the root with honey, after 〈◊〉〈◊〉 manner of a honied water, doth the like, but more gently, and without 〈…〉〈…〉 partie for to pisse bloud.

Maries Thistle (otherwise called Spina alba,* 1.238 or white and siluer Thistle, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Artichoke, or Asse-Thistle, because that Asses delight much to eat it) doth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fat and well tilled ground, and other ordering, like to that of Beets: and it 〈…〉〈…〉 that it letteth not to grow in vntilled and vnhusbanded grounds. The seed and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue (as it were) the like power to take away obstructions, to prouoke vrine, and it

breake the stone, that Star-thistle hath. The Italians vse the roots thereof in Salads, after the manner of Artichokes; and good wines, to gather the milke of it, for to eat. Some make a Ptisane with the root of this Thistle made in powder, the seed of Fen∣nell, and a little long Pepper, to giue to Nurses to vse which haue small store of milke. The distilled water of the leaues is good against paine in the sides, being drunke with halfe a dramme of the seed of the same hearbe.

Siluer-grasse* 1.239 (so called, because the leaues doe resemble siluer on the backe-side) doth delight in a moist and grassie ground, howsoeuer vnhusbanded it be. It hath one excellent propertie aboue all other hearbes, for to breake the stone, to heale vl∣cers and malignant wounds within the bodie, to stay the bloudie flux, and to dissolu•• cluttered bloud, being taken in drinke. Some say, that if you put it in halfe a basin full of cold water, and couer that basin with another basin, or vessell, or other coue∣ring, that there will gather great store of vapours in the hollow of the thing coue∣ring it, and will turne into the forme of distilled water, and that this water thus ga∣thered, is verie good to take away the spots, freckles, staines, and dye of the Su••ne out of the face.

Patience doth willingly grow in coole and moist grounds:* 1.240 and we see it ordina∣rily to grow neere vnto Riuers and little Brookes. The root, by reason of the great bitternesse and desiccatiue power, hath singular commendation against the Plague: for being dried and powdred, and afterward drunke with wine, it driueth away all venime from the heart, by the aboundance of sweat which it procureth. Some fo•• this purpose take away the rinde and core of this root, stamping it in vineger, and after making a drinke of the vineger, the iuice of Rue, and Treacle, for to take in pe∣stilent Agues. The powder of this root drunke with wine, is excellent for the suffo∣cations of the Matrix, and the wringing throwes of the bellie. This powder also kil∣leth the Wormes, healeth maligne Vlcers, the falling of the haire, called Tinea, and the Kibes; the Farcie in Horses, whether it be taken inwardly, or applyed outwardly, either in iuice, or in the decoction thereof.

Scabious* 1.241 groweth in the same ground that Patience doth, that is to say, in woods, vntilled places, and especially in sandie places.

It is verie proper and appropriate vnto the Cough, and diseases of the Lungs: fo•• the same purpose also the iuice is sometime extracted, sometime the hearbe it selfe made into powder, and sometime the decoction of it is made to endure for a long time. Likewise there is sometime conserue made of the flowers. His leaues or rootes applyed to itchie places, and the places bare of haire, or mixed with oyles and oint∣ments, doe great good vnto the same, as also vnto plaguie carbuncles: for they being rubbed with the iuice of Scabious, will be found to vanish away within three houres. The iuice of Scabious drunke in the quantitie of foure ounces, with a dramme of Treacle not yet one day old, is a singular remedie against the Plague, so that after∣ward the partie sweat in his bed, and withall, continue the drinke for manie times. The same remedie serueth for the bitings of venimous beasts, if, besides the drinke, you apply outwardly vnto the soare the leaues of the same hearbe bruised. A Lini∣ment made of the iuice of Scabious, the powder of Borace, and a little Camphire, is singular against tettars, itch, freckles, and other infections or desilements of the skin. Aboue all other things, the decoction of Scabious being drunke the space of fortie daies, doth heale the tettar throughly, yea, though it came of the Pocks, as I my selfe haue oftentimes pro••ed by experience.

Scolopendrium, or rough Spleene-wort,* 1.242 called also Harts-tongue, would be plan∣ted in a stonie and grauellie ground, which is moistened with some running Brooke; and for want of this, it must be often watered. The rootes thereof must neuer be pul∣led vp, but onely the leaues cut: for it cannot be sowne, seeing it bringeth forth no seed.* 1.243 The decoction thereof made in white wine, is verie good for such 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue a hard Spleene, and are subiect to a quartane Ague.

B••••onie* 1.244 delighteth to be sowne in a moist and cold ground, and neere vnto some wall, by which it may be shadowed, for it is not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in loue with the Sun-beames.

The root hath contrarie properties to the leaues and flowers: for the root 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the stomacke, and is verie vnsauourie vnto the mouth; his leaues and flowers and of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ver••e good smell, and a tast correspondent and answerable.

The decoction of Betonie made in white wine,* 1.245 assuageth the paines of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, breaketh the stone, and healeth the Iaundise. The leaues stamped and applyed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 forme of a Cataplasme, doe quickly ioyne together the wounds of the head. A Ca∣taplasme made of the leaues with Porkes grease, doth ripen the tumors called C••••∣haires, and all other sorts of Impostumes. The leaues stamped with a little salt, doe heale hollow and cancrous vlc••rs. To be briefe, this hearb hath so manie and so gre•••• vertues, as that the Italian, when he would highly commend a man for his gi••••, will say, that he hath moe vertues than Betonie.

Bugle would be planted in a stonie,* 1.246 drie, and hillie ground; in respect whereof, the Latines call it Casolida petrosa: It craueth no great paines to be taken with 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ The leaues thereof are good to conglutinate and soulder together both outward and inward wounds: it is likewise put in drinkes for wounds: and that is the cause why some doe commonly say, That he that hath Bugle and Sanicle, will scarce vouchs•••••• the Chirurgion a Bugle.

Lions-paw* 1.247 groweth in a clayish ground, being withall fat, red, and somewhat moist, commonly in medowes, situated in some high place. It hath like properties with Bugle and Sanicle: but moreouer, it taketh away all the paine and heat of in∣flammations and vlcers. The same hearb stamped and applyed vnto the teats of wo∣men and young maids maketh them hard and firme.

Great Comfrey* 1.248 groweth in moist places, and hath the same propertie that Bugle hath, that is to say, to soulder wounds: and this is ••o great in both of them, as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that you put Bugle or Comfrey into a pot wherein flesh is boyling, the pieces of flesh will become no more manie, but one. The root of great Comfrey, whiles it is yet greene, and newly pluckt out of the earth, being spread vpon Leather, or vpon Linnen, and applyed in forme of a Cataplasme vpon goutie* 1.249 or rheumatike pla∣ces, doth presently appease the paine of the gout, being a thing often proued and tried. The same root dried and made into powder, is good to put in children•• pappe,* 1.250 which haue their rimme broken; as also to stay the flux of the bellie▪ A Cataplasme made of the root of great Comfrey with Beane flower, and apply∣ed vnto the place where the childs guts fall downe, is a soueraigne remedie to cu•••• the same.

Self-heale* 1.251 craueth a fat ground, and where the Sunne beateth not much: it grow∣eth of se••des, and not of rootes, and hath like properties that Bugle and Co••frey haue, especially to stay the spitting of bloud, the bloudie flux, and to conglutinate wounds within the bodie (where no man can come to apply tent or oyntment) if there be made a drinke of the iuice of the rootes and leaues thereof, which be∣ing chafed in your fingers, or put vnder your tongue, doth smell and tast like Myrrhe.

Water Germander* 1.252 (called of the Latines Scordium) groweth verie easily, and without great paine or toile, so that it be planted by little slippes taken from the old stalke, and set in a moist ground: for it specially requireth (to grow well) to be pl••••∣ted in a moist ground, and to be often watered. It hath the like qualities that Ange∣lica hath against Poyson and the Plague:* 1.253 and furthermore, the decoction thereof ta∣ken as a drinke for certaine daies, doth heale the tertian Agues, and putteth away 〈◊〉〈◊〉 obstructions of the Spleene, and prouoketh vrine.

Fole-foot* 1.254 must be planted in a verie moist place, and craueth to be often wa∣tered: for so it appeareth, when as it is seene to flourish and like best in marish grounds, and about currents of waters. There groweth a whirish moss•• about the root of it, which if you gather and picke verie cleane, and afterward wrap it in a Linnen Cloth with a little Sal nitrum, and so boyle it a little in Lee, and afterward lay it to drie in the Sunne, you shall haue an excellent match to take fire at a flint and fire-steele; for it taketh fire so easily, that it will light at the first stroke of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

Amongst other vertues, it is singular good to comfort the lungs and parts aboue the breast, whether you take it in a decoction, or in a syrrup, or in manner of a fume at the mouth, or otherwise; especially if you mingle some slippes of Hysope, and some figges, or syrrup, with the said decoction. The great Colts-foot, especially the root thereof, dried, powdred, and taken in the weight of two drammes with wine, is sin∣gular against the Plague, if so the partie sweat presently after. It is good also to giue vnto Horses which haue the bots, or are short-winded.

The great and small Carline (so called, as though it were Caroline,* 1.255 because this Thistle was in a diuine manner made knowne vnto Charlemaigne by an Angell, for the deliuering of his hoast from the Plague, which did miserably annoy them) doth require to be sowne and planted in a drie ground, and stonie, and where the Moone and Sunne doth shine pleasantly.

The root of the great Carline made into powder, and taken the weight of a French crowne, is singular good against the Plague, the feeblenesse and faintnesse of the Heart, for the keeping of the Vrine, the breaking of the Stone, the paines of the Sides, and Conuulsions: applyed outwardly after it hath beene steept in vineger, it helpeth the Sciatica.

Eringium groweth in an vntilled,* 1.256 rough, and drie ground. The wine wherein the rootes of Eringium* 1.257 haue been boyled, prouoketh the Termes and restrained Vrine, breaketh the Stone, and casteth out it, and Grauell. It is good for such as haue the fal∣ling Sicknesse, Dropsie, or Iaundise.* 1.258 The decoction of the root is singular good to re∣sist Drunkennesse. The distilled water of the young buds of the leaues being drunke euerie day, and that so oft as one can, is maruellous good for them which haue their bodies troubled with vlcers caused of the French Pocks, in as much as it comforteth the Liuer. The same water is verie profitable for the quartane and quotidian Agues. The root thereof taken either in powder, or in a decoction, with the broth of those Frogges which are vsed to be eaten, or for lacke of Frogges, in the decoction of a Goslin or green Goose, is a preseruatiue against the poyson of the Toad, Hedge∣frogge, and other venimous hearbes. It doth good also in the diseases of the heart, being drunke with the decoction of Buglosse or Balme.

Beares-breech,* 1.259 called of the Latines Acanthus, groweth in stonie and moist pla∣ces, although it loue to be diligently tended, or otherwise not to yeeld anie profit.

The root and leaues are verie mollifying: taken in drinke, they prouoke vrine: and applyed in forme of a Cataplasme, they are good against con••ulsions, wrenches, and contractions of the ligaments: They are to good effect vsed in the Clysters of them which haue the Dropsie.

Diuels-bit* 1.260 (so called, because it sheweth as though the middle, or the heart of the root, were gnawed or bitten by some Diuell, so soone as it is planted, or hath put vp in anie place; as though the Diuell did enuie the good which it bringeth vnto men by the incredible vertues that are therein) craueth no great husbandrie, neither yet anie fat earth, or verie moist: for, as we see, it groweth vpon mountaines, in bushes, and places altogether barren. It is true, that it groweth also in medowes, but yet such as are not verie moist. It is found in great aboundance in the medowes of Verriere, a borough neere vnto Paris.

The root and greene leaues being stamped together, and applyed vnto Carbun∣cles and pestilent Buboes, doe heale them: The Wine wherein they haue boy∣led, is drunke with good successe against the Plague, and against the griefes and suffocation of the Mother. The powder of the root thereof is verie good against Wormes.

Cinquefoile* 1.261 (so called, because of the fiue leaues which it beareth) craueth a low, waterish, and shadowed ground: it groweth also in drie and grauellie places.

The decoction of the root vsed for a Gargle, doth assuage the tooth-ach, and heale the vlcers of the mouth: in a Clyster, it slayeth all manner of flux of the bellie, as well the bloudie flux as others: taken as a drinke, it is singular against the Iaundise, the stopping of the Liuer, and against a pestilent ayre, and poyson.

Tormentill* 1.262 (like in stalke vnto Cinquefoile, but vnlike in number of leaues 〈◊〉〈◊〉 much as it hath seuen) delighteth in the same ground that Cinquefoile doth, 〈…〉〈…〉 not altogether so waterish, and called Tormentill, because the powder or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the root doth appease the rage and torment of the teeth; is ouer and aboue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••∣ther remedies, most singular against the Plague, and against the furie of all 〈◊〉〈◊〉. and Venimes: it stayeth likewise all fluxes of bloud, whether it be spitting, 〈…〉〈…〉 struous, or of the bellie, all vomiting, and vntimely birth, whether it be taken 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by the mouth, or applyed outwardly, or whether it be taken in substance, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the distilled water onely.

Perwincle* 1.263 delighteth in a shadowed and moist place: we see it grow likewise 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Willow grounds, Hedge-rowes, and out-sides of Woods.

The leaues, as well in decoction, as otherwise, doe stay all manner of flux of the bellie, or spitting of bloud, or otherwise, as the monethly termes, and whites, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 purging hauing gone before, and bleeding at the nose, if you brui••e the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and put them in the nose: or if you make a collar thereof to put about your 〈…〉〈…〉 a garland for your head: or if you put them vnder and about the tongue: After the same manner you shall stay the monethly termes, as also preuent vntimely birth, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 you apply them vpon the groines.

Bistort,* 1.264 as well the great as the small, doth delight in a moist, waterish, and sh••∣dowie place: it groweth also in high Mountaines.

The root thereof doth stay all manner of fluxes, as the termes and vnwilling 〈◊〉〈◊〉 away of the vrine, if it be drunke with the iuice or distilled water of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it stayeth the flux of bloud comming of a wound, if the powder of it be cast 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the bleeding wound: it suppresseth cholericke vomits, if is befried with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of egges vpon a red hot tyle, and be eaten by and by. It is singular good, as well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the decoction and substance, as in the distilled water, against all Venime; as also a∣gainst the Plague, against Wormes in little children, against the Measels, Purple••▪ and small Pocks in young children; against the bloudie flux, and all manner of falls against the paine and rheumes of the teeth, if you put it into the hollow tooth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 little Allome and Pellitorie of Spaine.

Pionie,* 1.265 as well the male as the female, craueth to be planted or set in drie ground, where the Sunne hath his full force.

The seed or root gathered in the wane of the Moone, and hanged about the neck▪ or applyed vnto the wrists alone, or with the Miss••ltoe of the Oake, is a verie sing••∣lar preseruatiue against the Falling sicknesse: Whereunto notwithstanding I would not haue thee so much to trust, as that thou shouldest not looke after some other ••••∣medie: assure thy selfe rather, that it is singular in bitings and stingings that are ••••∣nimous, as well taken inward, as applyed outward. Thirtie seeds of Pionie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and brayed, and the verie kernell made into powder, and drunke with wine, doth fetch againe the speech when it is lost.

Paules Betonie,* 1.266 both male and female, would be either sowne or planted in th•• verie same ground with Pionie.

This hearbe, especially the female, is verie much commended for his vertues: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the iuice that is pressed out of his leaues, and the water that is distilled thereof, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 heale all sorts of wounds, as well new as old; all sorts of vlcers, whether maligne 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cancrous; swellings, and hot tumors, itch, and all the diseases of the skin: and which is more, the often vse, as well of the iuice, as of the distilled water of Paules 〈◊〉〈◊〉, doth perfectly cure the Leprosie: whereof we haue a notable and famous testimo•••••• of a French King, who thereby was throughly cured thereof: And this is the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 why this hearbe is called the Leapers hearbe. Some doe make a balme thereof (〈◊〉〈◊〉 we will further speake in the Chapter of Balmes in the third Booke) which is sing••∣lar aboue all others for all sorts of wounds and maligne vlcers, as also for the Lepro∣sie: and that it is so good, is proued; for that a certaine person, well knowne vnto 〈◊〉〈◊〉, hauing a virulent vlcer, in manner of a Polypus in his nosthrils, of the cure 〈◊〉〈◊〉, manie, as well Physitio••s as Surgions, being excellent men, and dwelling in 〈◊〉〈◊〉

Towne, did altogether despaire, was notwithstanding wonderfully cured by the ap∣plication of this Balme, and often vse of potions made of the decoction of the leaues of the female Paules Betonie. This hearbe is singular also in Clysters for bloudie Fluxes; and in drinkes, for pestilent Feauers, vlcers of the Lungs, and obstructions of the Liuer and Spleene.

Gromell* 1.267 is the same which we call in Latine Milium solis; and it groweth better being sowne than pianted: it delighteth in a drie and vntilled ground, being withall stonie, and hauing a good ayre.

The iuice of the leaues and powder of the seed being drunke with Wine, hath a singular vertue against the Grauell and Stone, and procuring of the Vrine to passe away. There is nothing more singular for the burning of the Vrine, than to drinke manie mornings the seed of Gromell, to the quantitie of two drammes, Ceterach halfe a dramme, and Amber two scruples, all being powdred with the iuice of Plantaine, or Purcelane, or Lettuce. In like manner, two drammes of the seed of Gromell, with womens milke, doth much comfort and strengthen a woman in her child-birth.

Hyporicum loueth the like entreatie that Gromell loueth:* 1.268 and yet withall it doth refuse a fat and well tilled soyle. The iuice of the leaues and flowers healeth cuts and wounds. The seed drunke with white wine, taketh away the tertian Ague. The flowers and crops are principally in vse to make Balmes of for the curing of wounds,* 1.269 such like as this is: Take of the fruit of the Elme tree, the flowers of Hypericum, and the buds of Roses, put them all together in a Glasse-bottle, and set them in the Sunne so long, as vntill you see them all so altered and changed, as that they may seem to be rotted, then straine them all through a linnen cloth, and reserue it for your vse. See further in the third Booke of the oyle of Hypericum.

Ground-pine* 1.270 loueth a drie, sandie, and stonie soyle, and groweth better planted than sowne. The whole hearbe boyled in honied water, doth heale the laundise, pro∣uoke the termes in Women, prouoke Vrine, and is soueraigne against the Sciatica, either taken in drinke▪ or applyed vpon the hippe in forme of a Cataplasme: for the whole hearbe, with the flowers and roots, made into powder, and taken at the mouth fortie daies with halfe an ounce of Turpentine, doth throughly heale the Sciatica. The conserue made of the flowers is good for such as are subiect vnto the Palsie. The whole hearbe boyled in vineger, and taken at the mouth, doth minister insinit helpe to a trauailing women, when the child is dead in her bodie.

Agrimonie* 1.271 would be planted in a stonie and drie place: and further, craueth no great helpe of hand, or husbandrie. The decoction openeth the obstructions of the Liuer, and strengtheneth it: and it being boyled and drunke, doth helpe against the bitings of venimous beasts. The iuice of Agrimonie mixt with vineger and salt in a Liniment, doth cure the Itch. Agrimonie is good against the cough of Sheepe, and for broken-winded Horses. The liquor of the decoction of Agrimonie, with fumitorie made like Whay, doth prouoke Vrine, expell the Termes, heale the Itch and Scab of the whole bodie; whereupon it is singular in the beginning of the Le∣prosie. The seed mixt with the iuice of Agrimonie, and taken in manner of pilles, doth kill the Wormes. The Stagge being shot and wounded, is healed so soone as he hath eaten of this hearbe. If you gather good store of this hearbe, and steepe it in faire Spring water, in a large earthen pot, till the water putrifie, and then euerie morning wash the face therein, it will take away all manner of Morphew, Sunne-burning, Farn-freckles, and other spots or dunnesse of the skinne whatsoeuer, making the same also cleare and smooth, and filling vp euerie manner of wrine∣kle. Some likewise vse in this case to vse with Agrimonie the like quantitie of Goose-grasse: and sure it is not amisse; for they haue both one manner of force and working.

White Mullein* 1.272 groweth euerie where: but best, in a stonie and sandie ground. The white Mullein, both leaues, flowers, rootes, and seed, is singular good against all manner of venime: as also to containe in his place the falling Fundament.

Good wiues, in like manner, for this consideration doe make a fume of the seed and flowers of Mullein, the flowers of Camomill and Masticke, all made into 〈◊〉〈◊〉. The iuice pressed from the root before it put forth his stalke, and drunke foure•••••••• in the quantitie of an ounce, with Hippocras or Malmesey, in the beginning of a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of a quartane Feauer, doth driue it quite away. The iuice pressed out of the flowe•••• or leaues, applyed to Warts, doth take them cleane away. Likewise, Gentlewom••n find no better remedie than the iuice of white Mullein flowers, to take away the wrinckles and other blemishes in their face. The leaues bruised betwixt two stone••, and applyed in forme of a Cataplasme vpon the foot of a Horse that hath beene cloyed, doth affoord him a singular and present reliefe. The water distilled of the flowers, quencheth the firinesse of the face, if there be a little Camphire added there•• unto. It doth in like manner with the tumor called Erisipelas, the itch, burnings, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 other diseases of the skin. The flowers of white Mullein, with the yolke of an egg••, crummes of bread, and the leaues of Leeks, applyed vnto the Hemorrhoids, doe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them altogether. There groweth about the leaues of white Mullein a whitish 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which is good to make match or tinder to take fire.

Mercurie* 1.273 craueth one and the same ground with the Vine, there to be sowne, and grow in great aboundance, without anie great care of husbanding: and yet th•••••• must care and regard be had, not to sow it among Vines, because the wine which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Vines should yeeld, amongst whom Mercurie hath beene sowne, would retaine the tast of Mercurie, and become verie vnpleasant to drinke.

The iuice of Mercurie being drunke,* 1.274 helpeth conception, prouoketh wome•••• termes, and deliuereth them of their after-birth. The decoction of Mercurie do•••• loose the bellie, being drunke or taken in a Clyster. Some make a honey of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Mercurie, with a halfe quantitie of honey, and this is good for laxatiue Clyste••••. The iuice of Mercurie taketh away Warts: the seed of Mercurie in a decoction with Wormewood doth cure the Iaundise: and the iuice thereof, with vineger, doth rip•• vp the scab and scurffe.

Yarrow doth grow in a ground that is indifferent fat and moist.* 1.275 The decoctio•• thereof doth stay all manner of fluxes, and especially the red termes of women, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 also that which commeth of a wound, especially the leaues dried, made in powder, and drunke with the iuice or water of Comfrey or Plantaine. The leafe put into the nose, stayeth the bleeding: and put into a Clyster, it stayeth the bloudie flux. Mil∣foile bearing a white flower, being powned with his flower, and drunke with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 distilled from the same, and Goats milke, doth cure the burning of the vrine in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and the whites in women.

Danewort* 1.276 groweth better plunted than sowne, and craueth a fat ground, well ••••∣nured, and somewhat moist.

The iuice pressed from the roots of Danewort, being drunke for a certaine time, preserueth a man from the Gout. The seed of Danewort being well washed and drunke in powder to the quantitie of a dramme, hauing beene first steeped a whole night in Wine, doth helpe the Dropsie, because it procureth stooles downward, and vomit vpward, to the voiding of great store of water. Being drunke also with the d••∣coction of ground Pine, it as••uageth the paine of the Gout and Pocks. There is also made a soueraigne Oyntment of the same for the appeasing of the said paines: Ta•••• the iuice of the roots of Danewort, the flowers of Rye, and fresh butter, of ech alike, mixe all, and let them worke together in an earthen pot set in the Ouen; with this Oyntment rub the aki••••g parts: or else infuse the flowers in oyle, with mans grease, set in the heat of the Sunne. Some also make an Oyle of the seedes, pressing it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of them.

Orpin* 1.277 groweth for the most part in moist and shadowie places. The Countr••y people doe, by their good wills, plant it vpon Saint Iohns night in dishes, or vpo•• trenchers of wood, in some cleft of a wall, the foot being thrust into clay, and the•••• they set it, where it abideth a long time greene, growing and flourishing, if it be now and then watered. The liquor of the decoction of the leaues is a soueraigne

remedie to heale wounds, and stay fluxes of bloud, for inward wounds and vlcers, and for burstings and ruptures.

Goats-beard* 1.278 groweth verie well in a moist ground and shadowed, and craueth to be oft watered. The Latines call it Vlmaria, because the leaues are like to the leaues of Elme. The root and leaues made in powder, doe cure the flux of the bellie, and bleeding. The distilled water being drunke, is singular good for wounds both in∣ward and outward.

Ground-Iuie* 1.279 groweth likewise in a moist and shadowed place. The decoction of the leaues hath great power to take away the obstructions of the liuer and spleene, to prouoke vrine, and the termes in women. There is made of it an excellent balme for new cuts and wounds: also for the Collicke, ministred in Clysters, or taken in drinke, putting the small chopt leaues into a Glasse-violl well stopt with gummie wax, and strong parchment, and setting the said violl in Horse dung for the space of fortie daies. The iuice thereof, with the rust of Brasse is a fit medicine for fistulaes and hollow vlcers: the decoction thereof, with Betonie, Pimpernell, Mouse-eare, Bi∣stort, Horse-taile, Tormentill, red Coleworts, and Dittander, is singular for wounds in the principall and inward parts, if it be oft vsed. This ground-Iuie is otherwise called of some, Ale-hoofe, and it hath a most singular vertue for the curing of all manner of ••ore eyes, either in man or beast, if you take it and beat it well in a mor∣tar, and drop into it three or foure drops either of white Rose-water, or the water of Eye-bright, and then straine it into a cleane Glasse-bottle, and keepe it close, then wash the sore eye therewith, when occasion is ministred, and the oftener in the day that you doe wash the sore eye therein, the better it is, and the sooner recouered.

Hounds-tongue* 1.280 groweth easily in peblie and vntilled ground. The leaues pow∣ned and applyed vnto burnings, the wild-fire, old vlcers, wounds, and inflammati∣ons, aches, fluxes, and hemorrhoids, doe verie much good. There is made a singu∣lar Oyntment for wounds of the iuice thereof, mixed with honey of Roses, and Turpentine. There are also made thereof pilles, to stay vehement and violent rhewmes.

Adders-tongue* 1.281 doth require aboue all other things a fat place, well tilled, and moist: it groweth also in medowes, but it is destroyed by and by and spoyled. The leaues stamped and applyed vnto burnings, inflammations, burstings, and princi∣pally vnto wounds and maligne vlcers, are of a maruellous effect. There is a balme made of the leaues thereof for the same effects, whereunto some put Turpentine: Red wine, wherein this whole hearbe hath beene steeped, is good to stay rhewmes falling downe vpon the eyes.

Goose-grasse* 1.282 doth grow in anie kind of ground, and hath no need of great til∣lage. Some doe distill the water of it, which is singular good against the Pleurifie, and other paines of the side, being taken in the beginning of the disease, as also against the bitings and stingings of venimous beasts, and to coole the heat of Cankers.

Corne-rose craueth a fat ground, and well tilled,* 1.283 such as are Corne-grounds, wherein we may see them grow faire and verie well blowne. The flowers of Corne-rose, as well the great as the small, either in decoctions, or the distilled water, or in sy••rups, or in powder, the weight of halfe a French crowne, are singular meanes to prouoke spitting in Pleurisies, and to cure the same.

Bastard Dittanie* 1.284 in like manner requireth a fat ground, and well tilled, and there∣with a diligent care to water it, and to keepe it from the coldnesse of the ayre. The seed, root, leaues, and flowers, as well in powder as in a decoction, doe prouoke vrine, breake the stone, prouoke the monethly termes, cast out the dead conception and after-birth: being eaten with Rubarbe, they kill and cast out the wormes: The iuice applyed outwardly, doth draw forth thornes and thistles, and stumpe•• of splints.

Knot-grasse* 1.285 is called in Latine Polygonum, it groweth by the edges of Vineyards

and fields that are badly tilled, especially when it is a moist yeare. Amongst the prin∣cipall vertues thereof, the distilled water is soueraigne against the difficultie of vri••••, as I haue oft proued by experience.

Salomons-seale* 1.286 must be set in a drie ground, and raised high. The root whiles it is new, being powned, or the iuice of the same, wipeth out freckles, spots, blew markes of blowes, falls, or other such like thing, whether they be in the face, or in anie other part of the bodie. Some distill the water, which as verie good for the paintings of women.

Great Dragons* 1.287 must be planted in a shadowed place, and good earth. The small Dragons loue a moist ground and waterish, as neere vnto the Fountaine in the Gar∣den. Their rootes boyled, or rosted and mixt with honey, and afterward taken as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Eclegme, doe profit greatly for shortnesse of breath, difficult and hard coughs, and painefull getting vp of the spittle: in such sort, as that they cut, ripen, and wast the grosse humors and slimie. Being powdred and mixt with honey, they heale maligne and corroding vlcers, especially the Polypus. Their leaues spread vpon Cheese, doe keepe them from spoyling and ••otting. If the iuice thereof be mixed with honey, and put into the eyes, they take away all manner of pa••••e and aking thereof: Also who so batheth his hands in the iuice thereof, may handle anie venime without dan∣ger: Also it is a great cooler of lust, and maruellously abateth all lecherous co∣gitations.

As concerning the Nettle,* 1.288 it hath no need either of sowing or setting, for it com∣meth vp in Gardens more than one would haue it: yet notwithstanding it is not without his great vertues, as well the Greeke Nettle, as the Hungarian or dead Nettle.

The leaues, and especially the rootes of dead Nettle,* 1.289 stamped and put vpon the nosthrils, doe stay the bleeding of the nose: and their iuice rubbed vpon the brow, doth as much. The leaues of the stinging Nettle stampt with a little Myrrhe, and ap∣plyed vnto the nauell in forme of a Cataplasme, haue great power to prouoke the termes of women. Their iuice drunke a certaine time, prouoketh vrine, and breaketh the stone. A Liniment prepared with the leaues of Nettle, Salt, and Oyle, doth de∣fend the parts of the bodie from all cold and staruing, how great soeuer it might proue to be, if so be that you rub the ridge of the backe, the soles of the feet, and the wrists of the hands therewith. Likewise the iuice of this Neule mixt with a little Po∣puleon, and applyed vnto the wrists, appeaseth the great heat of Agues. The leaues beaten and mixed with oyle of Violets and Poppies, and applyed vnto the wrists, doe alike. The vapour of the decoction of Nettle seed doth take away the stuffing of the nosthrils. Such as haue the Cough, with a great ratling in the throat, cannot meet with a better medicine to make them spit out lustily, than to take with some p••∣ctorall syrrop, or decoction, the weight of halfe a French crowne of Nettle seed finely powdred. You must furthermore obserue this vertue in Nettles,* 1.290 as that if it be put into a pot wherein is flesh boyling, it will cause the flesh to be the sooner boyled.

Stauesacre* 1.291 must be sowne in a place reasonably drie and shadowed. The seed chewed and held in the mouth, draweth vnto it, by his heat, great quantitie of moi∣sture: stamped and mingled with oyle, it driueth vermine out of the head and other parts of the bodie; it cureth scuruinesle and itch: sleeped in vineger, and held in the mouth, it assuageth the tooth-ach.

There is not anie need of great care to be taken in sowing the great, small, or mid∣dle Plantaine,* 1.292 for they grow euerie where, and yet they must be esteemed by rea∣son of their vertues. The iuice of Plantaine leaues or rootes pressed out, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 two houres before the fit, to the quantitie of two ounces, doth assuage the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Feauer. The leaues of Plantaine, stamped with the whites of egges, doe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 burnings. An emplaister made of the iuice of Plantaine, the white of an egge, and Bole-Armoniacke, and applyed vnto the brewes, doth stay the bleeding of the nose.

Horse-taile,* 1.293 as well the great as the small, requireth a verie moist ground, as neere to some poole or shadowed place. The decoction thereof in wine or water doth stanch bleeding, and all other fluxes, whether it be the bloudie, or anie other such. The iuice put into the nosthrils, doth stay the bleeding of them: and with a Pessarie put vp into the necke of the Matrix, it stayeth the flux thereof.

Pellitorie craueth no great care or tillage,* 1.294 for it groweth naturally neere vnto walls. A Cataplasme made of Pellitorie and the grease of a male or female Goat, is a singular remedie for the gowt, and slidings or falls. The leaues of Pellitorie fried with fresh Butter or Capons grease, and laid in forme of a Cataplasme vnto the bel∣lie, doth assuage the paine of the Colicke. The iuice mingled in like quantitie with white Wine and oyle of sweet Almonds newly drawne, doth assuage the paine and torment of the stone. A Cataplasme made of greene Pellitorie, stamped with crums of Bread, and oyle of Lillies, Roses, or Camomile, doth resolue Apostemes hap∣pening in the breasts. It is good also for mollifying Clysters and Bathes that are deterging.

Shepheards Powch* 1.295 groweth in all ground, but principally vpon the ruines of old walls, and neere vnto walls. The decoction of this hearbe in raine water with Plan∣taine and Bole Armoniacke, being drunke certaine mornings, or taken in Clysters, doth stay the bloudie flux, and the spitting of bloud. A bath prepared with the de∣coction of the leaues, stayeth the excessiue flux of the termes. But if you take it and boyle it in red wine, with a little Cinnamon and Tanners barke, and so giue it the patient to drinke, it will stay the most dangerous bloudie flux that can be possible. It is verie good also for the same disease, if it be giuen in milke. The iuice doth heale greene wounds, and being dropped into the eares, doth drie vp the vlcers of the same. The leaues stamped and applyed in forme of a Cataplasme, doth kill inflammations, and the wild fire. The leaues eaten doe stay all sorts of bleeding, being put into the nosthrils, as also holden in the hand, they stay the nose from bleeding.

Sow-bread* 1.296 desireth a shadowed ground, as vnder some tree or bush, which must notwithstanding be fat and well tilled to feed the root thereof, which is full, grosse, solide, and as it were like vnto the Turnep. The Forest of Orleance is well stored and repl••nished with this hearbe.

This is a thing to be maruelled at,* 1.297 that the iuice of the root of Sow-bread snuffed vp into the nose, purgeth the head: and the distilled water thereof snuffed vp also into the nosthrils, doth presently stay their bleeding. The same water drunke to the quantitie of six ounces, with an ounce of Sugar, doth presently stay the bloud running downe from the breast, stomacke, or liuer, and knitteth together the vessels therein, if anie be broken: which I my selfe haue proued and tried. Two drammes of the iuice drunke with honied water, doe loosen the bellie, and free the liuer from obstructions, as also the spleene; in respect whereof, it is singular good for the Dropsie and Iaundise, but you must mixe with it a little Mallicke, or Nutmeg, or Rhubarbe, for to correct the vehemencie thereof. It is incredible what ease the iuice thereof worketh in the Colicke, and other such like griping pangs, if it be put into Clysters: how greatly also it profiteth in Oyntments, Liniments, and Cata∣plasmes, appointed for the hardnesse and swellings of the spleene and liuer. If you infuse the roots chopped small in the oyle of Roses, or Camomill, or sweet Almonds, and afterward boyle them together, putting thereto a little wine, in the end you shall presse them out: This oyle dropped by two or three droppes into the eares, doth driue away the noyse and deafenesse of the eares, especially if vpon the eares you apply the drosse of these rootes at night at the parties going to bed: or else chop small the rootes, stampe them with Peaches and bitter Almonds, steepe them all in Aqua vitae, afterward straine them, and drop certaine drops of that which shall be pressed out, into the eares: this is verie soueraigne for deafenesse and the noyse of the eares.

Crowfoot,* 1.298 although there be six kinds of it, yet they all loue a moist and marish

ground, and whereas the frogges delight to liue, which also take pleasure in and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 themselues about this hearbe. It is true, that some of the sorts doe loue these 〈◊〉〈◊〉 places more than other some: for the Crowfoot that hath a double flower, not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 yellow, but somewhat red, and which appeareth onely in Autumne, cannot grow in a verie moist place, so as it doth in the drie medowes, and in places a little 〈◊〉〈◊〉: contrariwise, that which beareth a single flower, of a yellow and golden colour, can∣not grow but in some watrie medow-plot, and neere vnto standing water. The other, which beareth a double flower, not verie yellow, hath a bulbous and whitish root of a sharpe tast. This same (as well the leaues, but especially the root) being applyed vnto anie part, is as causticke as Pigeons dung, or the Causticke stone, or anie oth•••• the most violent cauterie that may be found: for though you put betwixt the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and the hearbe a Linnen cloth fiue or sixe double, yet it will not leaue to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and pierce deepe euen vnto the flesh. This is the hearbe, which being steept in D••••∣gons bloud, the cursed rogues and wicked rouers vp and downe doe rub their 〈◊〉〈◊〉, legges, and thighes withall, thereby to exulcerate them, that so they may moue th•• people with remorse, and so get the larger almes. This is the hearbe which si∣••i•• calleth Crowfoot, and which is so much esteemed for the Plague, and Plague-〈◊〉〈◊〉, called a Carbuncle. Take, saith he, Crowfoot (hauing a root like vnto a small 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Onion:) this root, either alone, if it be bigge ynough, or two or three of them st••••∣ped and laid vnto the thombe of the hand that is on that side in the arme, whereof the Plague is broken out, or vnto the great toe of that foot that is on the same side th•••• the groine is that hath the Plague-sore, and there leaue it foure and twentie houre••, and it will make blisters, which breaking of themselues, doe let runne out the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Plague drawne thither by a veine common vnto both parts: but because that this root is verie strong, you must put betwixt it and the thombe foure or fiue do••∣bles of new and strong cloth, or six or seuen of thinne and worne cloth, and so 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it and bind it vp; and afterward you shall heale the vlcer of the thombe with the yolkes of egges and fresh butter beat together, with a little of the middle Con••f•••••• stamped with them, or a little washt Aloes: and if you cannot haue it new, the dries also good for the same purpose; but then you need not so manie doubles of cloth be∣twixt them. This operation and worke is quickly done, and certainely, witho•••• bloud-letting, or other euacuation.

Pettie whin* 1.299 groweth in euerie ground, whether it be medow, plowed land, drie, scorched, moist, tilled, or not tilled. The Husbandman doth greatly abhorre 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hearbe, whereof he cannot by anie meanes rid his grounds. The root is singular, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 well in powder, as in a decoction, or in the water distilled from it (so that before it be distilled, the root be steeped in Malmesey twice so much as it weigheth) for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 prouoke Vrine, Womens termes, and to procure the opening of the obstructi∣ons of the Spleene and Liuer: but aboue all, to breake into powder, and dri•••• forth the Stone, as also to wast such ••arnosities as may be begotten in the blad∣der and conduit of the yard. The powder must be taken with white Wine. The•••• is also made a kind of Wine of this root during the Vintage time, with new Wine and white Grapes put into a Vessell, adding thereto a certaine quantitie of Win∣ter Cherries.

The Dittanie* 1.300 of this Countrey groweth in a drie ground, being also stonie, and open vpon the Sunne. The root is much commended against Poisons and Veni••••••, Wormes in children, and cold diseases of the Matrix. Being taken inwardly by d••∣coction, or in powder with Wine the weight of two drammes, or applyed or mini∣stred in a fume, it moueth the termes in women: it bringeth forth the after-birth and dead child: it also driueth out the stone from the reines: but principally it is good for the Pocks, taking it euerie morning a long time the weight of a dramme with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 decoction of Guaiacum. It is profitable also against the Plague euerie way that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 can vse it.

Germander* 1.301 (called of the Latines Cham••drys, that is to say, a small Oake, because the leaues are like to those of the Oake) requireth no other ground or manner of

ordering than Dittanie. This hearbe is called the F••auers scourge, because the deco∣ction thereof being drunke in the morning for a certaine space, doth driue away and make an end of the tertian agues: the leaues eaten in a sallade in the morning fasting, it preserueth from the ayre and pestilent contagion, no lesse effectually than water Germander, of which we haue spoken before. The decoction thereof is singular good against the jaundi••e, and being vsed a long time, for the Falling sicknesse, head-ach, and other diseases of the braine, and for the wormes.

Rupture-wort* 1.302 groweth in a grauelly or sandie ground which is drie and vnhus∣banded: there is likewise great store of it found in the wood of Bo••••on, neere vnto Paris. This hearbe made in powder and drunke with wine, prouoketh vrine that hath beene long detained, and breaketh the stone of the reines and of the bladder, if for some long time the partie take the weight of a dramme. Fallopius, •• great and famous Chirurgion in Italie, affirmeth, That he had cured an infinite number of persons of the rupture therewith, giuing it them in drinke for a verie long time to∣gether.

Mouse-••are* 1.303 will grow in the same ground that Rupture-wort doth: it hath a ve∣rie strong astringent qualitie: and that is the cause why Shepheards haue no great affection to d••aw their sheepe into such fields as haue store of Mouse-eare in them, because it bindeth them in their bodies, which for the most part worketh in them vnto death: likewise Physitians are wont to make their benefit of this hearbe in the bloudie fl••x, and aboundance of termes: as also to heale vp both inward and out∣ward wounds, the spitting of bloud, and falling downe of the fundament.

Dogges-grasse,* 1.304 without setting or sowing, groweth more than one would wish, both in gardens, and also in corne grounds that are fat. It serueth in physicke to coole and drie indifferently: and withall (notwithstanding this) to open and take away obstructions, and to expell and breake the stone: it is true that the seed drieth more, but it bindeth somewhat.

Water-Betonie* 1.305 groweth in moist, waterie, and marshie places. Of the r••ot there∣of gathered in Autumne, and made verie cleane, and stamped with fresh Butter, all being closed vp in an earthen vessell well leaded and stopt, and the same vessell set in some mo••st place, and let stay there some fifteene or twentie daies; after let the but∣ter be melted vpon a soft fire, and in the end strained: is made an oyntment that is singular good to annoint the Kings-euill withall, and the Hemorrhoides: this root is set about with many small knots, hauing the resemblance of Hemorrhoids, or the swelling of the Kings euill.

It groweth without any great paine in gardens,* 1.306 and being sowne, groweth more a∣boundantly than one would haue it. The seed purgeth those that haue the dropsie verie much, if they be giuen in Whay: it is true that they may be vsed without an∣noyance done to the stomack, if it be parched and dried, as also mixt with Annise and Fennell-seed▪ furthermore it is verie good to set in gardens, to kill and driue away Moules.

This hearbe is of two sorts, male and female: both of them will grow in all man∣ner of earth,* 1.307 but principally in that which is moist.

Neither the one nor yet the other doth beare any seed, as Writers record: not∣withstanding it hath beene tried,* 1.308 that the male beareth seed, and that it cleaueth to the hindermost part of the leaues, but yet so little, that hardly can a man see it, and which cannot be acknowledged, or gathered, but in the end of Iulie, which is the time when it is ripe: for to gather it, you must cut the leafe neere vnto the root, and then hang them vp in your house, spreading a linnen cloth vnder them, or else some faire cleane white paper. I know well that the common sort doe verily thinke and auerre, that this seed cannot be gathered but on the night of the wakes of S. Iohn in Som∣mer, and that more is, not without great ceremonies and mumbling and muttering of many words betweene the teeth, which haue power to driue away Deuills, which haue the custodie of the same seed: but all this is nothing but fables.

The decoction thereof is good to prouoke womens termes, to cast out the dead

child, to kill wormes, and some doe vse it to heale the frettings or hurts that may be in the fundament fallen downe; but especially the female.

Hearbe Two-pence* 1.309 (so called because the leaues resemble small peeces of siluer requireth no great peece of husbandrie about it, saue onely that it would haue a moist ground. The whole hearbe either in decoction or powder, but especially the water thereof distilled in a limbecke, is verie singular good for the falling downe of the fundament.

Fleawort (being called of the Latines Psyllium) craueth a verie fat,* 1.310 well manured and batled ground, for else there will no good come of it. The seed prepared in forme of a Mucilage, and applied in vinegar doth kill the wild fire and te••••er: ap∣plied vnto the head or brows it taketh away the paine thereof: it taketh away also the rednesse of the eyes being applyed thereunto. The distilled water is of infinite goodnesse seruing in the paynes of the eyes, two or three drops thereof onely being dropt into them.

This hearbe requireth a verie fat place,* 1.311 well manured and tilled: likewise we see it grow aboundantly in vineyards and grounds for Wheat and Barlie. The leaues are verie singular good for the opening of the liuer, and cleansing away of adust humours, and this also is the cause why physitians prescribe it with whay, in scuruie, scabbie, and itchie cases, and where the leprosie is. The juice thereof is good to cleere bleared eyes.

Ground-swell* 1.312 groweth in euerie ground, and without any great care: we see if grow likewise neere vnto walls, and vpon the townes walls: it is greene all the yere, and flourisheth as it were in euerie moneth, and this is the cause why the Italians call it euerie moneths flower. Some thinke that Ground-swell distilled is verie singular good for the Whites in women: but beleeue it not before you find it true by proofe, for I haue obserued by often vse, that this hearbe whether in decoction or otherwise, prouoketh the termes that are stayed.

Birt-wort, as well the long as the round,* 1.313 must be planted in a fat and fertile soyle, such as that where Wheat is sowne, and Oliue trees planted. Their roots (amongst other al••••ost in••inite vertues) cause womens courses, purge the lungs, cause spitting, cure the cough, and prouoke vrine: which more is, if either of them be taken in drinke, especially the round one made in powder with Pepper and Myrrhe, it dri∣ueth forth the after-birth, the dead conception, and all other superfluities gathered in the Matrix: it doth the like being applied in forme of a Mother suppositorie. It purgeth all obstructions of the liuer, and easeth all manner of colicke or other griefes which proceed from windie causes, it is soueraigne against all manner of poy∣son or any other infection; it cleanseth the bloud, and by rubbing the gummes there∣with it preserueth the teeth from rotting.

Centaurie,* 1.314 or the gall of the earth, aswel the great as the smal, desireth a fat ground that is fruitfull and well tilled, and yet in such a ground they thriue not well without the great care and industrie of the Gardener. Their root in decoction, juice, or pow∣der, moueth womens termes, and prouoketh vrine, expelleth the dead child, purgeth ••legmaticke humors which cause the sciatica, openeth the obstructions of the liuer and spleene, killeth the wormes, profiteth and helpeth palsies, convulsions, and dis∣eases of the sinews, it cleareth the sight, and taketh away all mistinesse from them, es∣pecially the juice dropt into the eyes doth heale their fresh and new wounds, and siccatriceth old and maligne vlcers.

Woodbind craueth no great tilling or husbanding,* 1.315 for it groweth euerie where and in what place soeuer it listeth. It is true that it desireth greatly to be neere broome hedges, and also the borders of fields. The fruit of Woodbind drunke with Wine the space of fortie daies, taketh away the obstructions of a hard and indurat spleene, it purgeth out vrine with such force, as that the tenth day the vrine becommeth all bloudie: it helpeth women in their child-birth: the leaues in decoction or distilled doe heale wounds and filthie vlcers: wipe away the spots and scarres of the bodie and of the face.

Pimpernel* 1.316 hath red and blew flowers, and craueth a moist and shadowed ground, so likewise we see it grow in the shadows of hedges and bushes. Pimpernell with the red flowers, stampe and applied vnto the eyes, or the juice thereof dropt within them, taketh away the inflammations, dimnes••e, and vlcers of the eyes: and heal••th the inflammations of the secret parts: Pimpernell with the blew flower boyled with salt and water, is a verie good and proper medicine to cure the itch or scurfe, and the lice, or wormes in the hands, if you wash them o••t therewith.

Buckwheat is a verie common hearbe,* 1.317 and yet but little knowne by his name: it is verie ordinarie in corne and tilled grounds about haruest time. The Peasants of Champaigne doe commonly call it Veluote, because (in my judgement) the leaues are hairie: which name I mind not to change, but rather to keepe for the easier knowing of the hearbe. They make vse of it by applying it, if at any time in shea∣ring they happen to cut themselues with their sickles. For to know it better there∣fore (than onely by the name) it putteth forth from the root, fiue, sixe, seuen, or eight small branches, for the most part layed along vpon the earth, of the length of a hand, and sometime of a foot, bearing leaues somewhat like vnto the little bindweed, but indeed they be lesse and more round, verie hairie, and a little fattie. The flower is small and of diuers colours, drawing verie neere vnto a pale yellow, but in greatnesse it commeth ne••re vnto the flower of eye•• bright, but in shape and fashion vnto the nettle slower.

The water of the leaues and branches distilled (whiles it is in force) in a Limbeck in Maries-bath,* 1.318 is singular and maruailous good to stay the spreading of the canker in the breasts, and the creeping Polypus, howsoeuer some hold them as incur••ble. The same applyed to the brows taketh away the hear, and asswageth the paine of the head. In an injection it mundifieth first, and afterward conglutinateth wounds, and drieth vp fistulaes verie readily, and maligne vlcers which are easily prouoked, and become worse by other remedies: being dropt into weeping eyes it healeth them, and stayeth such rheumes as fall downe vpon them, and cause inflammation and dazeling of the same: being applied with a linnen cloth vpon itchings, wheales, scabbes, poukes, the wild fire, S. Anthonies fire or shingles, it cureth and healeth them in a verie small time, as also all other burning inflammations. Being drunke for certaine dayes, it stayeth all rheumes, vomitings, and fluxes of the bellie, it drieth vp the water in those that haue the dropsie, appeaseth the paines of the colicke: it cu∣reth terti••n and quartan agues, and I am verily of mind that it may be giuen to good and profitable purpose to other agues, the temperature thereof considered and his infinite other secret qualities, which euerie day are more and more manifested: be∣ing drunke and applied a certaine time, it re••uniteth the rupture and falling downe of the bowels, the falling downe of the mother, and the excessiue courses of women by suppressing them and whatsoeuer other ••luxes of bloud. Taken in a gargarisme with a little Wine, it driueth the vlcers of the mouth: and being vsed for a garga∣risme it selfe alone, it is singular against the distillations, causing the swelling of the v••ula or the inflammation of the throat called the squinancie: likewise taken in the same mann••r it is good against the blacknesse and roughnesse of the tongue caused of a continuall ague. The juice and decoction of the leaues worke the verie same effects, if they be taken whiles as yet the herbe is not too much dried by the heat of the Sunne.

Of this Buckwheat there is made a compound water to make the face faire and beautifull,* 1.319 and vndoubtedly to take away the freckles, and it is thus made: Take of the leaues thereof bruised in a mortar two good handfulls, of the roots of Salomons seale made cleane with a linnen cloth, and after brayed a quarter of a pound, mingle all together, and infuse them for the space of twelue houres in wine, this being done, put all into a limbecke, adding thereto the juice of three Lymons or Oranges, then distill and draw out the water in Maries-bath, which you shall keepe verie carefully for your vse: but it is requisite that before this you haue made prouision of the liquor of the Brionie root, which must be gathered about the end of Aprill, or in the begin∣ning

of May, whiles the dews continue, and that in this manner. The head of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 root must be cut a little, vncouering the top, and not pulling it vp by the root 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it is thus pared at the top, you must cut a hollow hole in it some two or three fing•••••• deepe, and then couer it againe with the cap you haue cut off from the head, and some few of the leaues thereof, and so to leaue it to the next morning before Sun•••• rise, not taking off this cap or couering: then there will be found in this hole a li∣quor which must be gathered with a spoone, and put vp and kept in a violl glasse, after which the couering must be put on againe as it was the day before, and this to be continued euerie day vntill mid-May, and longer if so be that one be disposed. Now when you would vse it, take an ounce of this liquor, and mixe it in a violl with two ounces of the abouenamed compounded water; and at night when you goe to bed, you must wet a linnen cloth in this mixture, and spread it all ouer the face, then letting it rest a good part of the night, but in the morning you must auoid the b••••∣ning heat of the Sunne: and this course shall be continued for certaine nights to∣gether.

But although the hearbe alone applied, his juice, water, and decoction hauing great and excellent qualities, as it is easie to judge by that which hath beene said be∣fore, yet forasmuch as that one simple, or one drugge, or many joyned together, and to good purpose and effect in that thing for which it was compounded and made, is of much more efficacie by the helpe and assistance afforded vnto it, I am willing for that cause to impart vnto you a maruailous oyntment made of the same Backe-wheat,* 1.320 and the description of it, it in manner as followeth. Take of the juice of the leaues of Buck-wheat, layed in steepe in a little white wine the space of foure and twentie houres, one pound of the juice of Vernaine (which is as yet but a little 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vp into branches) in like manner steeped as before, and that by it selfe a quarter of a pound of the juice of the leaues of yellow Henbane (commonly called small Nico∣tian, or the Queenes-herbe) halfe a pound, Oyle-Oliue a pound: mix all these to∣gether in a skellet, and boyle them vpon a small ••ire, stirring it often with a spatule of wood, vntill the juices be almost consumed: then adde thereto of new waxe, brok••n into peeces, and of Perrosine, of each a quarter of a pound, and melt the whole by little and little, still stirring it with a spatule, and keeping a low fire without increa∣sing of it: which being done, take the skellet from the fire, and put into it at th•••• present instant of Venice Turpentine a quarter of a pound by little threeds 〈…〉〈…〉 were, and stirring it continually with a spatule: then when the oyntment shall be∣gin to wax cold, put in Masticke and Frankincense mixt together in powder, of each the weight two French Crownes, and cease not to stirre it as before, vntill it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all well incorporated. The marke to know when the oyntment is well made and fully finished, is, if a drop thereof being put vpon your naile doe congeale and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 together, or that it cleaueth vnto the spatu••e stirring it. Then put you vp this composition or mixture in Gallipots, for to serue you as shall be declared here∣after.

This oyntment aboue all other remedies is singular good in the curing of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as well of the dugs as of other parts, in the curing also of the Polypus, N••li 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tangere, the Kings-euill, bruised or squat ••••••les, wounds old and new, fistulaes, and maligne vlcers, be they neuer so rebellious It quencheth all sharpe inflammation••, the shingles, and burnings either of water or fire. It rooteth out all sorts ofring∣wormes, scabs, itches, pastules, the wild scab, and the wild fire. It is good for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of sinews i•• there be added to it pouned wormes. It cureth the moth, or falling of the haire, if before you annoint the head, the haire be pulled and taken away. 〈…〉〈…〉 away the swelling and paines of the Hemorrhoides. Being applied with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 grea••e and a little oyle of Roses, it likewise taketh away the paines of the go•••• ••••••mundifieth and draweth out mightily the gunshot out of the bodie, and healeth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wounds vp without any other thing applied: it taketh away the blewnesse of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 blows. To be briefe, it is a m••st ••ure and infallible remedie by reason of his ••••••••••rature in all impostumes either hot or cold, and resolueth and discusseth all 〈◊〉〈◊〉

that need not to be suppurated and ripened. But this must be obserued, that before you apply it, you must discerne of the offending humor, to the end, that you may vse some either generall or particular euacuation, according to good order, and that by the aduice of some Physitian.

CHAP. XLIIII.

A discourse of Nicotian, or the male Petum.

NIcotiana, though it haue beene but a while knowne in France,* 1.321 yet it holdeth the first and principall place amongst Physicke hearbes, by reason of his singular and almost diuine vertues, such as you shall heare of hereafter: whereof (because none, either of the old or new Writers that haue written of the nature of Plants, haue said anie thing) I am willing to lay open the whole Historie, as I haue come by it through a deere friend of mine, the first Author, Inuentor, and Bringer of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hearbe into France: as also of manie, both Spaniards, Portugals, and others, wh••••h haue trauelled into Florida, a Countrey of the Indians, from whence this hearbe came, to put the same in writing, to quite such of griefe and trauell, as haue heard of this hearbe, but neither know it, nor the pro∣perties thereof.

This hearbe is called Nicotiana, of the name of an Embassadour, which brought the first knowledge of it into this Realme,* 1.322 in like manner as manie Plants doe as yet retaine the names of certaine Greekes and Romans, who being strangers in di∣uers Countreyes for their Common-wealths seruice, haue from thence indowed their owne Countrey with manie sorts of Plants, whereof there was no knowledge before.

Some call it the hearbe of Queene-mother, because the said Embassadour,* 1.323 Lord Nicot, did first send the same vnto the Queene Mother (as you shall vnderstand by and by) and for being afterward by her giuen to diuers others to plant and make to grow in this Countrey. Others call it by the name of the hearbe of the great Prior,* 1.324 because the said Lord a while after sayling into these Westerne Seas, and happening to lodge neere vnto the said Lord Embassadour of Lisbone, gathered diuers Plants thereof out of his Garden, and set them to encrease here in France, and that in greater quantitie, and with more care, than anie other besides him, hee did so highly esteeme thereof for the exceeding good qualities sake. The Spani∣ards call it Tabacco.* 1.325 Some call it the Holy hearbe,* 1.326 because (as I thinke) of his holy and maruellous effects. Verie manie haue giuen it the name of Male Petum, to know it from the Female Petum; which is (in truth) the proper name of the hearbe, vsed by them of the Countrey from whence it was brought: Notwith∣standing, it were better to call it Nicotiana, after the name of the Lord which first sent the same into France, to the end, that wee may giue him the honour which hee hath deserued of vs, for hauing furnished our Land with so rare and singular an hearbe. And thus much for the name: Now listen vnto the whole Historie.

Master Iohn Nicot, one of the Kings Councell,* 1.327 being Embassadour for his Ma∣iestie in the Realme of Portugall, in the yeares of our Lord God, 1559, 1560, and 1561, went on a day to see the Monuments and worthie Places of the said King of Portugall: at which time, a Gentleman, keeper of the said Monuments, presented him with this hearbe, as a strange Plant, brought from Florida. The No∣ble man, Sir Nicot, hauing procured it to grow in his Garden, where it had put forth and maltiplied verie greatly, was aduertised on a day by one of his Pages, that a young boy, kinsman of the said Page, had layd (for tryall sake) the said

hearbe stampt, the substance and juice and altogether, vpon an vlcer which he had vpon his cheeke, neere vnto his nose, next neighbour to a Noli me tangere, as hauing alreadie seised vpon the cartilages, and that by the vse thereof it was become maru••••••∣lous well: vpon this occasion the noble man Nicot called the boy to him,* 1.328 and ma∣king him to continue the applying of this hearbe for eight or tenne daies, the Noli me tangere became throughly killed. Now they had sent oftentimes vnto one of the Kings most famous Physitions the said boy, during the time of this worke and operation, to marke and see the proceeding and working of the said Nico∣tiana: and hauing in charge to continue the same vntill the end of tenne dayes, the sayd Physitian then beholding him, assured him certainely, that the Noli me tangere was dead: as indeed the boy neuer felt anie thing of it at anie time afterward.

Some certaine time after,* 1.329 one of the Cookes of the said Embassadour hauing al∣most all his thombe cut off from his hand with a great Kitchin knife, the Stewa•••• running vnto the said Nicotiana, made him to vse of it fiue or six dr••ssings, by the end of which, the wound was healed. From that time forward this hearbe began 〈◊〉〈◊〉 become famous in Lisbone,* 1.330 where the King of Portugals Court was at that time, and the vertues thereof much spoken of, and the common people began to call it the Embassadours hearbe.

Now, vpon this occasion, there came certaine daies after a Gentleman out of the fields, being father vnto one of the Pages of the said Lord Embassadour, who 〈◊〉〈◊〉 troubled with an vlcer in his legge of two yeares continuance, and craued of the said Lord Embassadour some of his hearbe, and vsing it in manner afore mentioned, he was healed by the end of tenne or twelue daies.

After this yet the hearbe grew still in greater reputation: insomuch, as that mani•• hasted out of all corners to get some of this hearbe.* 1.331 And amongst the rest, there was one woman which had a great Ringworme, couering all her face like a maske, and hauing taken deepe root, vnto whome the said Lord Embassadour caused this P••tum to be giuen, and withall, the manner of vsing of it to be told her: and at the end of eight or tenne daies this woman being throughly cured there∣by, came to shew her selfe vnto the said Lord Embassadour, and how that she•• was cured.

There came likewise a Captaine,* 1.332 bringing with him his sonne, diseased with the Kings ••uill, vnto the said Lord Embassadour, for to send him into France; v•••••• whome there was some triall made of the said hearbe: whereupon, within few daies, he began to shew great signes and tokens of healing, and in the end was throughly cured of his Kings euill.

The said Lord Embassador seeing so great proofe and traill of the said hearbe,* 1.333 and hauing heard sa••, that the late deceased Madame of Montigny died at S. Germans in Lay of an vlcer grown in her brests, which was turned to a Noli me tangere, for which neuer ••nie bodie could find anie remedie: and likewise, that the Countesse of Ruffe had sought for all the famous Physitians of the Realme to cure her of a Ringwo•••••• which she had in her face, and that they could not all heale it, he resolued with him∣selfe to send of it into France,* 1.334 and thereupon accordingly sent it vnto king 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the second, and vnto Queene mother, and many other Lords of the Court, together with the manner to order it and applie it to the abouenamed diseases, as he himself•• had ••••und by experience: as also vnto the Lord of Iarnac, gouernour of Roche••••, with whom the said Embassadour had intercourse of letters by reason of the king his affaires: which Lord Iarnac also told him one day sitting at table with the Queen•• mother,* 1.335 that he had caused of the said Nicotiana to be distilled, and had caused 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water thereof to be drunke being mixt with the water of eye-bright by one that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stuffe•• in his lungs, and that he was cured thereby.

[illustration]

This hearbe resembleth in figure, fashion, and qualities, the great Comfrey, in such sort,* 1.336 as that a man would deeme it to be a kind of great Comfrey, rather than a yellow Henbane, as some haue thought. It hath an vpright stalke, not bending anie way,* 1.337 thicke, bearded or hairie, and slimie. The leaues* 1.338 are broad and long, greene, drawing somewhat toward a yellow, not bearded or hoarie, but smooth and slimie, hauing as it were tallons, but not either notched or cut in the edges, a great deale bigger downeward toward the root than aboue: as you see the smooth Docke leafe is, which beareth small red seedes, and not burres; and the finer and clearer that such leaues are, the better the Tabacco is esteemed. Whiles it is young, it is leaued, and as it were lying vpon the ground: but rising to a stalke, and growing further, it ceaseth to haue such a number of leaues below, and putteth forth branches* 1.339 from halfe foot to halfe, and storeth it selfe by that meanes with leaues, and still riseth higher, from the height of foure or fiue foot, vnto three or foure or fiue cubits, according as it is sowne in a hot and fat ground, and carefully tilled. The boughes and branches thereof put out at ioints, and diuide the stalke by distances of halfe a foot: the high∣est of which branches are bigger than an arme. At the tops and ends of his bran∣ches and boughs, it putteth forth flowers* 1.340 almost like vnto those of Nigella, of a whi∣tish and incarnate colour, hauing the fashion of a little bell, comming out of a swad or huske, being of the fashion of a small goblet, which h••ske becommeth round, ha∣uing the fashion of a little apple, or swords pummell: assoone as the flower is gone and vanished away, it is filled with verie small seeds* 1.341 like vnto those of yellow Hen∣bane, and they are blacke when they be ripe, or greene, whiles they are not yet ripe.

In a hot countrie it beareth leaues, flowers, and seeds at the same time, in the ninth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tenth moneth of the yere, it putteth forth young sciences at the root,* 1.342 and reneweth it selfe by this store and number of sciences, and great quantitie of sprouts, and yet not withstanding the roots are little, small, fine, threddie strings, or if otherwise they grow a little thicke, yet remaine they still verie short, in respect of the height of the plant. The roots and leaues do yeeld a glewish and rosinish kind of juice, somewhat yellow, of a rosinlike smel,* 1.343 not vnpleasant, and of a sharpe, eager, and biting tast,* 1.344 which shew∣eth that it is by nature hot,* 1.345 more than in the second degree, and drie in the first, wher∣upon we must gather that it is no kind of yellow Henbane as some haue thought.

Nicotiana c••aueth a fat ground well stirred, and well manured also in this cold countrie, that is to say an earth, wherein the manure is so well mingled and inc••rpo∣rated, as that it becommeth earthie, that is to say, all turned into earth, and not ma∣king any shew any more of dung: which is likewise moist and shadowie, wide and roomie, for in a narrow and strait place, it would not grow high, streight, great, and well branched. It desireth the South Sunne before it, and a wall behind it,* 1.346 which may stand ••••stead of a broad paire of shoulders to keepe away the Northerne wind, and to beat backe againe the heat of the Sunne; it would also be defended from the tossing and force of the wind, by reason of his weakenesse and height: it is true that it will be out of the daunger of the wind, if the root be deep••ly taken in the ground. It groweth the better if it be oft watered,* 1.347 and maketh it selfe spo••t and jol∣ly good cheere with water when the time becommeth a little drie. It hateth the cold, and therfore to keepe it from dying in Winter,* 1.348 it must either be kept in cellars when it may haue free benefit of aire, or else in some caue made of purpose within thesame garden, or else to couer it as with a cloake verie well with a double mat, making a penthouse of wicker worke from the wall to couer the head thereof with straw layed thereupon: and when the Southerne Sunne shineth, to open the doore of the cou•••• made for the said hearbe right vpon the said Sout••••Sunne.

For to sow it, you must make a hole in the earth with your finger, and that as deepe as your finger is long,* 1.349 then you must cast into the same hole ten or twelue seeds of the sayd Nicotiana together, and fill vp the hole againe: for it is so small, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that if you should put in but foure or fiue seeds, the earth would choake it: and, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the time be drie, you must water the place easily some fiue daies after: it may be sowen also after the manner of Lettuses, and such other hearbes, mingling the mould verie well with the seed, and afterward couering it most carefully. Some mixe with the said earth verie cleane ashes, being well si••ted and made small, but in a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 quantitie. It is a long time in springing and putting forth, and after that it is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 forth,* 1.350 you must keepe it both from the cold and frost, couering it in the night time, euen whiles it is young and small: and so it will be preserued and kept continually greene and beautifull. And when the hearbe is growen out of the earth, in as much as euerie seed will haue put vp his sprout and stalke, and that the small threddi•• roots and intangled the one within the other, you must with a great knife make 〈◊〉〈◊〉 great circle or compasse within the earth in the places about this plot where they grow, and take vp the earth and all together, and cast them into a bucketfull of wa∣ter, to the end that the earth may be seperated, and the small and tender impes swim aboue the water, and so you shall sunder them one after another without breaking of them: and thus hauing freed them one of another, you shall plant them along th•• sayd wall some three foot from it, and foure foot euerie one from another: and if th•• earth neere vnto the wall be not so good as it ought, you shall helpe it by such 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of batteling as hath beene spoken of, and shall close vp all your care about th•• plants so remoued with watering them o••t. The time to sow them is about 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Aprill,* 1.351 or in the beginning: or else earlier, if the Spring-time begin earlier: the In∣dians and Spaniards sow it in Autumne.

As concerning his vertues seeing it is hot and drie in the second degree, as his biting and sharpe kind of tast doth declare: we cannot doubt but that it is good to

cleanse and resolue, as also good for the effecting of the things which ••t hath beene tried to haue wrought, that is to say, for the healing of the Noli me tangere, all old wounds, and inueterate and cancred vlcers, hurts, ring•• wormes, and exulcerated seabs, what maligne qualitie soeuer is in them, Kings euill, clouds of the eyes, conlu∣sions, impostumes, stingings of liuing creatures, rednes••e of the face, and many other accidents which we will runne ouer hereafter particularly. But in respect of the ver∣••••es thereof, the best and most to be esteemed part are the leaues, and for want of them,* 1.352 the seed, though it haue no such vertue as the leaues: the leaues thereof are v∣sed, either as they are greene at the time of their ripenesse, or being kept drie in the time of Winter, or in powder, when they are dried and made in powder: as for the way to keepe them, we will speake thereof hereafter.

And to speake particularly of the effects of Nicotiana. The cold and windie paine of the head,* 1.353 armes, and legges will be holpen, if you lay vpon the griefe oftentimes the greene leaues of Petum somewhat dried ouer the fire▪ the tooth-ach is stayed by rubbing the teeth with a linnen cloth that hath beene dipt in the juice of the said shearbe, and by putting into the tooth a pill of the leaues of the same hearbe. The wounds of the armes, legges, and other parts of the bodie how old soeuer they be, will be throughly siccatrized, if you wash them first with white wine or vrine, and afterward wipe them verie cleane with a linnen cloth, and by and by after put there∣upon one or two greene leaues well stamped with the juice, or the juice alone, and vpon it some fine white Lin••, or white linnen cloth, continuing the same daily vn∣to the end of the cure: and, if you haue no greene leaues, take drie ones, and pow∣der them, and put of this powder into the wounds, after you haue washt them as hath beene said, and wiped them with cleane linnen. The Indians vse it to comfort the feeble & not digesting stomach,* 1.354 first rubbing it with oyle oliue, and then apply∣ing thereupon one or two leaues somewhat dried and made pale ouer the fire: it is in vse also among the Indian Canibals against poyson, wherewith they vse to an∣noint their arrows when they go to shoot, and this poyson will kill by and by if bloud be but drawne: for when they go to warre, they carrie in one Harts foot of that poyson, and in another of the juice of Petuum to remedie the mischiefe: and if they haue no greene, they carrie drie with them: and so soone as they haue applied it to the wound, they account themselues out of all danger of death, how great soeuer the wound be. This remedie was tried by the Indian C••nibals, by reason of a bat∣tell where they were hurt in a prouince called Sauinam, and as their custome was to cure their poysoned wounds with sublimate, so they not finding store thereof suffici∣ent, were made to applie vnto their wounds, the juice drawne out of the leaues of this hearbe, which shortly after tooke away the paine and venime thereof, and so they became whole: the proofe of this thing hath also beene made in Spaine sundrie times; and amongst others, by the Catholicke King himselfe, who to make triall of this hearbe, caused the wound of a dogge to be rubbed with sublimate, and then presently after to be applied the juice of Petum, together with the substance and all. This same remedie may serue against the bitings of mad dogges, so that it be vsed within a quarter of an houre after. The decoction of the leaues boyled in water, and made into a syrope with sugar, or into a ••uleb or Apozeme, and taking euerie mor∣ning the quantitie of two or three ounces, remedieth the difficultie of breath, old ••ough,* 1.355* 1.356 so that the partie before he vse this decoction, haue beene vniuersally purged, by some purgatiue medicine: the ••uice and drosse of the said leaues stamped in a mortar, doth open the obstructions of the spleene▪ and softeen the hardnesse of the same, applied vnto the region of the ••pleene in the morning:* 1.357 for want of the leaues the powder may be applied, being 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with some oyntment appropriat vnto such diseases. The same remedie serueth ••or the paine of the stomach,* 1.358 the paine of the bellie, and the colicke,* 1.359 as also such other griefes comming of coldnesse and windinesse, being applied warme, and vsed of∣••entimes, till at length the paines be asswaged. It is not of the least seruice for the paynes of the matrix,* 1.360 the said leaues applied vnto the nauell in manner aforesayd:

as also if the fume thereof be put into the nose of a woman grieued with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Mother. This is the reason why the women that are subject vnto the disease of the Mother, should haue the same alwaies readie. Some hold it for a ••••••∣gular remedie against the gowt, to chaw euerie morning fasting the leaues of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, because it voydeth great quantitie of flegme out at the mouth, hindering the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from falling vpon the joynts, which is the verie cause of the gowt. If you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the leaues amongst hot embers for some space, and alterward taking them forth, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them (without shaking off the ashes from them) vnto his bellie that hath 〈…〉〈…〉 drunke much,* 1.361 you shall as••w••ge his swelling fulnes••e, and keepe him from 〈◊〉〈◊〉. The juice of the leaues of Nicotiana stamped, clarified, and mixt with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sugar of the forme of a syrope,* 1.362 being taken in the morning killeth and casteth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wormes: but therewithall you must lay vpon the parties nau••ll some of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bruised, stamped in a mortar, and wrapped in a linnen cloth, and let it be presently after he hath taken a clyster of milke and sugar. All aches of the joynes 〈…〉〈…〉 a cold cause, all swellings,* 1.363* 1.364* 1.365 tumours, and impostumes comming likew••••e of cold and windie causes, all ki••es on childrens heeles, as also exceeding great itches are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 led by applying the leaues of Petum. The juice of Petum layed vpon a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 carbuncleo how pestilent o•• venimous soeuer, doth heale and cure the same presently: it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the like in old vlcers though they pierce vnto the bone,* 1.366 i•• you continue the vse of it so long as there shall be any need: for it maketh the flesh to grow againe, and con∣sumeth the filhinesse of the vlcers: which I my selfe haue proued in two 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the nose, caused of the French disease, out of which the juice of this hearbe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 great store of vvormes to come.* 1.367 Greene vvounds (prouided that they be n••t 〈◊〉〈◊〉 deepe) are healed in a day, by putting into them of this juice, and applying of th•• drosse vpon them: and if it happen that they should be deepe, then it is but the ••••••∣ther washing of them with wine, and then to put this juice into them, and the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thereof aboue and vpon them with a linnen cloth dipt into the juice: also for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 more briefe and speed••••hr curing of them, it were good that they were washed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and without with the same juice.

Nicotiana dried hath the like operation in the diseases and accidents aboue sp••∣ken of:* 1.368 the way to drie them is this: You must take the fairest leaues and those al∣so that are indifferent faire, and put them vpon a file, and afterward drie 〈…〉〈…〉 the shadow, hanging vnder some chamber doore, not in the Sunne, Wind, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and so you may keepe them whole, to vse them afterward thus dried or else in po••∣der.* 1.369 And that I may particularly touch the diseases which the dried leaues are good for. If you take of the best Tabacco or Nicotiana, I doe not meane such as gro••∣eth and is frequent with vs, but that which is naturally good, as hauing all his right both of Sunne and soyle, and is brought from the Indians, of which there are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 kinds according to the natures of the countries, and the plantation of the herbe, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in leafe, some in roll, and some in ball, and twine it verie hard as you can togeth•••• then with a knife shred it verie small, and spreading it vpon a cleane sheet of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 drie it ouer a gentle fire made of charcoale or other fuell that hath no stinke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 smoake, then when it is cold, you shall put it into a Tabacco pipe that is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cleane or new 〈◊〉〈◊〉 (the figure whereof is needles••e to relate, because the world 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so much inchaunted therewith, that not any thing whatsoeuer is halfe so 〈…〉〈…〉 this is now a daies) and hauing slopt it hard into the pipe, you shall with a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 candle, or other sweet flame, set it on fire, and then sucking and drawing the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 into your mouth, you shall force the fume forth at your nosthrills, which fume 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the head be well couered) make that you shall auoid at the mouth such 〈◊〉〈◊〉 s••••mie and flegmaticke water, as that your bodie thereby will become leane, a•• if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 had fasted long: by which one may conjecture that the dropsie* 1.370 not confirmed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be holpen by taking the same fume: the same fume taken at the mouth is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 good for them that haue a short breath, old cough or rheumes, in which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 maketh them to auoyd infinite quantitie of thicke and slimie flegme.* 1.371 The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Mother, otherwise called the Suffocation of the Mother, is healed by 〈◊〉〈◊〉

this fume into the secret parts. For the head-ach* 1.372 comming of a cold or windie cause, if you cannot come by the greene leaues, then take the drie, moistening them first with a little wine, and after drying them at liue ashes, then afterward sprinkle vpon them sweet water, and so applie them vnto your head, or any other such place where you feele any paine: you may doe as much with the powder of the leaues dried wingling therewithall things appropriat vnto the disease. Such as are subject vnto swounings* 1.373 are by and by brought againe, by taking at the mouth or nosthralls the fume of the said leaues burnt, in respect whereof Indian women keepe this hearbe verie carefully, because they be subiect to swounings. Which is more,* 1.374 the inhabi∣tance of Florida doe feed themselues a certaine space with the fume of this hearbe (whatsoeuer a certaine new Cosmographer say to the contrarie, who seeketh by his ••yes to triumph ouer vs in this respect) which they take at the mouth, by the meanes of certaine small hornes, the picture whereof you may see by the figure of the hearbe. And the truth hereof we gather from them which haue beene in the countries of Flo∣rida, and by mariners comming daily from the Indies, which hanging about their neckes little pipes or hornes made of the leaues of the Date-tree, or of reeds, or of ru∣shes, at the ends of which little hornes there are put and packt many drie leaues of this plant, writhen together and broken. They put fire to this end of the pipe, re∣ceiuing and drawing in with their breath at their mouth wide open, so much of this fume as possibly they can, and affirme thereupon that they find their hunger and chirst satisfied, their strength recouered, their spirits rejoyced, and their braine drencht with a delightsome drunkennesse: as also to auoyd out of the mouth an in∣finite quantitie of flegmaticke water. But in that the fume of this hearbe maketh men somewhat drunke, some men haue thought it to be verie cold, and by that rea∣son a kind of yellow Henbane, which it resembleth much in his stalkes, leaues, cups, and seed,* 1.375 as we haue said before: but we must know that the fume of this hearbe doth not make drunken so quickly, and withall, that this kind of drunkennesse doth not proceed of excessiue cold, such as is found in Henbane, but rather in a cer∣taine atomaticall vapour which doth fill the ventricles of the braine. All which vertues and properties, besides that we haue proued and tried them in many diseases here in the countries of France, to the great comfort of the sicke: they also which come from the Indies, and new world of Florida, haue confidently auouched vnto vs to haue proued and tried the same in themselues, hauing beene wounded and hurt, when they made warre in the countrie against the rebellious and trecherous In∣dians: who likewise affirme, that much good is spoken of this hearbe, euen of all the priests of these barbarous nations, whereof they make vse in their Magicall practi∣ses and diuinations, imagining that by the vertue thereof the things which they de∣sire to know are reuealed vnto them. And that it is so, the sauage and bruitish Indi∣ans being accustomed to aske of their Priests the successe and euents of things to come, is proued by the Priests: for then they to fulfill the desires and requests of the Indians, take the leaues of this plant and put them in a pipe, or hollow end of a cane, and being mixt with Wine, they sup in and receiue it all at the mouth, and by and by after they f••ll in a trance, and become as men without life so long as vntill the hearbe haue ended his operation: and then they rise vp halfe giddie, and so make answer vnto whatsoeuer any man hath demaunded of them: but we must thinke that it is more probable,* 1.376 that such like diuinati••n doth proceed of some diuelish art, rather than by vertue of this plant, seeing withall, that this barbarous and hea∣thenish nation is ordinarily giuen to call vpon the wicked feend in all their necessi∣ties, and he againe do••h so dazle their eyes, that he maketh them to conceiue an infi∣nite number of ambiguous and doubtfull things, and false superstitions: represen∣ting vnto them a thousand diuelish and dreadfull visions and apparitions: thus is the simplicitie of this poore people deluded, by the companie of the said Priests, holding for a true and certaine oracle their vertue proceeding from this plant. Fur∣thermore when they are throughly disposed to see strange and fantasticall visions, they burn the leaues of the said plant, and take the fume at their mouth and nosthrils,

and verie presently after they become as it were depriued of sence, falling to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ground in a trance. It is certaine that many Philosophers doe deliuer that there 〈◊〉〈◊〉 certaine plants which haue the like force and properties, making men to dreame of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 infinit sort of things, and those well pleasing to the spirit and vnderstanding of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 furthermore they assure vs that if a man take of the juice of it in any quantitie, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shall become beside himselfe for the space of three daies.* 1.377 Dioscorides likewise saith, That there are diuers plants which haue the same vertue as Mad night-shade, a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the root whereof, as he saith, drunke with Wine, doth bring dreames of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 things; but not altogether vnpleasant: but taken the double quantitie it make•••• mad,* 1.378* 1.379 and taken foure, fold it killeth: if any man eat Anise-seed going to bed, he shal•• haue pleasant dreames in his sleepe: but and if he eat turneps, they will procure hi•• noysome and troublesome dreames.

Furthermore, the vse of the leaues of Nicotiana, as well greene as drie and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in powder, are distilled in a glasse lembecke, the water whereof is not lesse 〈◊〉〈◊〉 than the juice in wounds, swellings, kibes, and the falling of the nailes of the ••••∣gers, if you powre of this water vpon the griefe, and afterward couer it with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 clothes dipt in the same.

Some likewise draw an oyle out of it by descension (to speake after the manner of Chymists) in a glasse retort: some also doe make thereof a chymicall salt: both the one and the other, are a great deale more excellent in the foresaid diseases, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the leaues, juice, powder, or distilled water of Nicotiana, forasmuch as quintesses∣ces drawne out of simples, are the subtile spirits thereof, wherein lyeth the pure 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and sincere qualities of the matter from whence it is drawne: we will not speak•• here of the manner of distilling of the Chymicall oile, and salt of Nicotiana, but re∣serue the same for our booke of secret remedies.

The ointments of Nicotiana are made diuers waies, notwithstanding that this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 simple taken and applied as we haue alreadie spoken at large, be of greater vert•••• and efficacie. I will onely make mention of two which seeme to me the most artifi∣cially described. The first is: take of the fairest, greatest, geenest, and most ro••••∣nish leaues of Nicotiana that can be chosen, a pound, wipe them as cleane as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 possible with a linnen cloth from all dust, earth, and whatsoeuer other filth, not ••••••∣ting them any thing at all, bray them in a mortar of wood or marble, with a wood∣den pestell: afterward melt halfe a pound of sweet seame prepared (that is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from all manner of filmes and skinnes) in a brasen vessell, putting to the said 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the drosse and juice of Nicotiana stampt, as hath beene said, let it all boyle toge∣ther in a brasen vessell at a small and soft fire, set vpon a triuet, or in Maries-〈◊〉〈◊〉 (that is to say, a cauldron full of boyling water) vntill you see all the warrie part of the juice euaporated,* 1.380 and that the rest haue got the consistence or just thicknesse of the forme of an vnguent. The second ointment is such: melt and boyle together perrosin,* 1.381 new wax, and turpentine vpon a coole fire in a brasse skellet, of each thre•• ounces, and when it is all melted and shall begin to froth, take a pound of the dross•• and juice of the leaues of Nicotiana, so purged, chosen, and stamped, as hath been•• said: set them to boyle with the wax, perrosin, and turpentine, the space of fiue or sixe houres more or lesse, at a small and gentle fire of coales, vpon a treuet, or in a double vessell (that is to say, in a cauldron full of boyling water) stirre the same con∣tinually vntill the watrie parts of the juice be consumed and spent, and the rest boy∣led thicke like an oyntment: after that, straine it through a thicke canuasse, and p•••• it againe into the skellet, with halfe a pound of Venice turpentine, not suffering it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 boile, but stirring it verie well: let it coole, and put it into pots for your vse. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in dispensing the first and second ointment, put not in the dros••e of the stamped herb, but strayning it through a thicke strainer, reserue onely the juice, which seemeth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 me to be the better. As concerning the properties of these two oyntments, the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is better for wounds onely, canerous vlcers, ringwormes, skurfes, and fire faces, be∣cause it hath more force to clense and resolue, which is the principall and chiefe pro∣pertie of Nicoriana, not being hindered or restrained by the mixture of other ingre∣dients.

The other Ointment is better to incarnate and consolidate all sorts of wounds, to resolue impostumes and swellings, to mitigate paines, and other effects.

Besides these two sorts of Ointments,* 1.382 there may be made a verie excellent Balme of Nicotiana: Distill the leaues of Nicotiana with the iuice pressed out (the drosse being cast away) put it into a Glasse-violl, with like quantitie of common Oyle: set this Violl, well stopt with gummie Wax, in the Sunne a long time, and tye vpon the top of it a strong parchment; or else set this Violl in a Cauldron full of boyling wa∣ter, or burie it in Horse dung, and let it stand there full fortie daies, changing the dung sometimes: the fortie daies expired, you shall find a Balme in the Violl, which is of no lesse efficacie than the quintes••ence of Nicotiana aboue mentioned, as concerning all the properties that may be desired in this Plant.

Lastly, you shall vnderstand that the ashes of this Nicotiana is of no lesse soueraign∣tie and medicinall vse than the leafe before rehearsed: for after you haue taken the fume of the Tabacco, and that the powder is burnt into ashes, you shall saue those ashes in a close boxe, for they will cure anie greene wound whatsoeuer. They are al∣so most excellent for the skinning of anie soare or vlcer: and if you steepe them in white Wine or Vrine, and make a lee thereof, (but Vrine is the better, because it hath a certaine s••ewt oylie substance in it, which comforteth and suppleth soares) and with this ice if you bath anie old and inueterate vlcer, it will take away the itch, cleanse it, and heale it. If with these ashes also you rub your teeth, it will make them white, smooth, and preserue them a long time from rotting.

See here (friendly Reader) the Historie of Nicotiana, euerie where so much spo∣ken of and esteemed, and that according vnto the verie truth, so farre as possibly I could find it out, following the report and intelligences which I haue receiued of the Portugals, Spaniards, and our owne Countreymen, which haue come hither these last yeares past from out of Florida (which is the naturall soyle of the same) as also such experiments as haue beene made here in France of the faculties and vertues thereof, altogether like vnto those which that Plant which Florida (as the naturall Countrey thereof) doth bring forth and nourish: Which if you haue not alwayes found in euerie point correspondent and answering vnto such effects as we attribute and giue vnto it, yet you must not therefore condemne the Plant, as though those were but fained and counterfeited properties and vertues which wee haue deliuered and reported of it; but rather accuse the small care which is had in the planting of it here amongst vs: assuring your selues, that if you prouide for it such a soile, and other comforts, as it hath where it naturally groweth, or somewhat neere thereunto (for such in all respects cannot possibly be procured here in France, by reason of the cold∣nesse and inequalitie of the a••re) and that you husband it likewise as carefully as the Indians doe, that then you shall perceiue, that what I haue here set downe of in, is verie faithfull and true.

CHAP. XLV.

Of female Petum.

THe experience (which is the Mistresse of Arts and Sciences) which hath beene had of the faculties and vertues of this hearbe, which are almost like vnto those of male Petum; the shape of the root, stalke, leaues, flowers, and seed of the same, which is but a verie little one, and in lit∣••••••nesse onely differing from the figure and colour of male Petum, doe giue vs some light and reason why wee should call this hear be by the name of female Petum; and yet the more boldly,* 1.383 for that of the seed of the male Petum this female doth often∣time spring and grow: For it when the male Petum is in seed, it happen to shed the same vpon the ground where it is planted and hath put forth, then this ground the

yeare following will not faile to bring forth the female Petum. And which more 〈◊〉〈◊〉, if you sow the seed of male Petum in a ground that is not hot, fat, well turned, and well manured, but rather which is leane and ••andie, in stead of bringing forth male Petum, it will bring forth the female Petum, and that in such aboundance, as that you shall hardly rid the ground of it, but that it will grow euerie yeare without being either sowne or planted. Which must be an argument vnto vs, that there is in Petum two sexes, a male and a female: like as wee are accustomed to doe in manie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Hearbes and Plants, hauing betwixt them some resemblance and affinitie, as well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their vertues, as in their figure, proportion, and colour. It is true, that the femal•• Petum hath a lesse slemme, and lower; the leaues not so great, and shorter, not so ro∣sinie, nor so manie; the flowers not so much vpon carnation, nor so large spread; the seed more red; the branches not so long, nor so high, neither yet so manie, as the male Petum putteth forth. And to vtter my iudgement, and make a particular scripli•••• this small female Nicotiana hath his stemme or stalke of two foot height, or then •• about, cornered, slimie, and woollie, set by distances with long leaues, large, pointed, and sharpe, soft, vnctuous, hoarie, not notched, and of a browne colour. It bring•••• forth, as it were, a nosegay at the top of the stalke, and vpon the branches, from be∣twixt the leaues, two flowers of a pale yellow, which are like vnto the Cowsl••p flow∣ers: and when they be fallen, there remaine and stay behind cups, and, as it we•••• greene pots, inclosed in small hoarie skinnes, open aboue, and hauing fiue or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 points, but such as pricke not. Within the cup is contained a seed, which is verie li••∣tle, of a browne tawnie colour: the root is tender and fibrous. Where the seed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beene once sowne, it soweth it selfe againe, and encreaseth and multiplieth mightily. This sheweth manifestly, how greatly they are deceiued, which call this hear be Pr••••∣peia,* 1.384 as though it were a kind of Satyrion, which commeth neere to that which is called male royall Satyrion: for this hearbe, which we call female Petum, doth no∣thing resemble Satyrion, neither in root, colour, figure, disposition, nor properties. For female Petum hath manie small rootes, a ••ointed stalke, manie branches, man 〈◊〉〈◊〉 long and large leaues, being hot and drie, as is the male Petum: but Satyrion 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fewer rootes, but grosler, a stalke without anie ioint, no branches, fewer leaues, flow∣ers onely at the top of the stalke, without cods and seed, hot and moist in the third degree, and good for nothing but to stirre vp carnall heat. Monsieur Go••pill and Dodonaeus haue spoken more wisely, saying, that it is a kind of Henbane, bearing •• yellow flower.

As concerning the vse and remedies which female Petum affoordeth,* 1.385 they are, as it were, like vnto the vertues of male Petum: for it serueth in stead of the oth•••• when the other cannot be gotten, and that in such sort as we haue declared; that is to say, in his leaues, greene or drie, powder, seed, iuice, drosse, and distilled water, in oyntments and balme, prepared after the manner that wee haue spoken of. But you must obserue,* 1.386 that the female Petum hath his particular properties; as that the leaues put in a decoction for Clysters, are singular for bloudie Fluxes; and that the balme made thereof, according to the manner aforesaid, is a remedie not second 〈◊〉〈◊〉 anie other in the curing of the Cankers of the breasts, and other parts; and that the iuice thereof applyed, is singular against the falling of the haire, called Tinea, the head being first shauen; and that the iuice, mingled with mans grease, and applyed, assuageth the paine and inflammation of the Gout; and that taken inwardly, it purgeth vehemently: and that therefore it is to bee auoided and shunned, vn∣till such time as his correctiue be knowne, and the vse thereof in Purgations re∣ceiued.

CHAP. XLVI.

A briefe discourse of the root Mechoacan.

WIthin certaine yeares past, the Indians, Portugals, and Spaniards haue sent vs the root of an hearbe, which they call Mechoacan which hath vertue to purge the humors in the same sort that our vsuall purging medicines. Our Countrey men, giuen to admit of and easily receiue new things, doe greatly esteeme of it, euen vntill this present: We will lay downe the historie thereof in briefe, and as truly as possibly we could come by it, to the end it may the better be discerned whether it deserue to be had in such estimation as we haue it in, or no.

The root is called Mechoacan,* 1.387 of the name of the Region or Countrey where it groweth, which is a Prouince of New Spaine (situate in the West Indies, or New World) called by the inhabitants Chincicila, and by the commandement of the Ca∣••holike King, Mechoacan: Which Prouince aboundeth with Gold, Siluer, Cattell, Corne, Fruits, exquisite Plants, mynes of Mettall and Stones, and all sorts of good things; where also the people are well coloured, full of vigour, strong of bodie, and of a perfect health, and that by reason of the Ayre, which is more wholesome there than in anie other place of the Indies. The occasion of the name rose thus: The Spa∣niards, Lords of this Prouince, and being desirous to plant it with Christians, did erect and set vp a Couent of Friers Cordeliers, liuing Monastically; whose Prouin∣ciall Father being extreame sicke, was quickly cured by an Indian Physitian, who caused him to vse oftentimes the powder of this well-prospe••ing and happily-suc∣ceeding medicine: when as therefore they fell sick••, they tooke, with good successe, of this powder. And thus this root came in great request throughout the whole Pro∣uince: and from thence the prayses thereof were carried and published throughout all Spaine and Portugall; and thereupon it hath kept the name of the Prouince of Mechoacan. The fame thereof is likewise come into France by the meanes of Mer∣chants, desirous of gaine, who haue brought it vs hither from thence. Some call it Rhamindick,* 1.388 because it seemeth that it hath the like propertie of attracting and pur∣ging flegmaticke and serous humors, which the East Rhubarbe hath to attract and purge cholericke humours.

This root is not brought vnto vs whole,* 1.389 but in pieces and round slices, whereinto it is diuided with kniues, or with hands, so soone as it is drawne out of the earth, that so it may the better drie in the shadow (although in drying it grow but little lesse) and that it may keepe better in these round slices, than either whole, or in powder: But the powder which is brought from the Indies, is of lesse operation than that which is made into powder amongst vs: it is thicke and of a weightie substance, and the rinde thereof of an Ash-like colour: the inward substance white, and marked with manie circles, without anie tast, except such as meale is wont to haue: for it is neither sharpe, nor sweet, nor bitter; and smell it hath none, neither is it anie thing pithie.

The best is that which is whitest,* 1.390 most close in it selfe, well set and ioyned toge∣ther, somewhat heauie, not full of holes, or rotten: it becommeth, in time, of white, somewhat grayish or blackish, and thus by his colour is discerned whether it be new or old: for the new is white, but the old grayish, or blackish, and, as it were, wrought with diuers colours.

This is the root of a Plant, which is a kind of great Bindweed, called in French Lizeron, which windeth it selfe about Reedes or Stakes along vp to the top of them, helping it selfe, in this compassing sort, to climbe without anie manner of aid: it hath a stalke or trunke mixe of diuers colours, as deepe yellow, greenish, reddish, somewhat of the colour of Ashes and Medlay, commonly called the Lyons colour: the leaues are somewhat moist (there being within the flowers, as it were, clappers,

with round knots at the vpper end, the sharpe-pointed end being toward the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the foot) round, and of a darke greenish colour. It beareth a fruit like a Grape, as bigge as a Coriander seed, and it is ripe in the moneth of September, and in the Spring following. It putteth forth neere vnto the rootes small siences and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which fall to creeping vpon the earth, if they be not borne vp with some pol••, a∣bout which they may wrythe and cast themselues round. The seed is like vnto th•••• of Bindweed. For your better assurance in all this that hath 〈◊〉〈◊〉 said, you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 visit and see the Physicke-Gardens of Master Nicholas R••se, that learned and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 experimented Chi••urgion, and of Master Peter Cuth, a skilfull and painefull Ap••∣thecarie, both which dwelling at Paris, haue enriched our Countrey of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with an infinite number of rare, exquisite, and verie singularly qualified 〈◊〉〈◊〉 This root is verie like to the root of wild Vine, as well in colour, rinde, and ••••••••••∣kles, as in thicknesse; in consideration whereof, some haue called this Plant 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Vine: but and if you tast the one and the other root, your shall find them some∣what differing: for Mechoacan, if you chew it, is found without anie tast, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it haue a mealie tast, for it is nothing sharpe, but hath some small as••ringe•••• and binding qualitie. Brionie, greene or drie, is biting, and leaueth behind it, in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 palate and roofe of the mouth, a sharpe and displeasing tast: it agreeth much bet∣ter with the blacke Vine, or with Turbith, at the least in facultie, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they are both of them gummie.

[illustration]

And concerning the vertues and faculties thereof,* 1.391 they are of two sorts: the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 proceedeth of his manifest qualities, as for that it is hot about the second degree, and drie about the third degree, compounded of ayr••e, subtle, and somewhat 〈◊〉〈◊〉 parts: and by this last, it hath some binding and astringent qualitie, from whenee it riseth, that in purging it comforteth. Furthermore, it openeth the obstructions of the inward parts, chiefely when it is taken in infusion. The other vertues that it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 come of a secret and hidden propertie, by reason whereof it purgeth speciall and choice humors: that is, it purgeth, by some similitude and familiaritie of substance▪ flegmatike and serous humors, but flegmatike especially; then secondly, choleri••••••, and last, adust and melancholike humours: and those not onely from the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, liuer, spleene, and guts, but also from the head, parts about the breast, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in regard whereof, it is good against old Agues, and long diseases, but especially the Iaundise, Dropsie, Gout, Kings euill, Wolues, flegmatike tumours, head-••••••, obstruction of the Lungs, shortnesse of breath, the suffocation of the Mother, C••∣licke, paine in the Flankes, retention of Vrine, Costiuenesse, Agues of diuers ••••∣mours,

that is to say, proceeding of flegmaticke and cholericke causes mixt together, quotidian, tertian, and bastard Agues: to be short, against all diseases comming of a cold humour. Wherefore it is not meet to be vsed in hot burning Agues, nor yet in cholericke Agues, nor yet in anie other such sicknesses,* 1.392 as are ioyned with great heat and inflammation, nor yet where adust humours doe offend: for although it purge them, yet it leaueth behind it some notable heat: but it is verie true, that in continuance thereof it would doe seruice, as namely, when the thinnest part is pur∣ged, and nothing remaineth but the thicke and gros••e behind. This is the cause why this root is not fit for the beginning of cholericke diseases, if it be not first steept a ••ight in Endiue or Succorie water with a verie little white wine, and in the morning ••straining of it, to drinke the liquor strained from it.

The way to prepare it is on this manner: You must take the weight of a dramme,* 1.393 or a dramme and a halfe, or two drammes, more or les••e, according to the disposition of the bodie, the aptnesse of it to purge, and the age and strength of him to whome you giue it: and afterward beat it in a mortar, and make it into powder, neither too grose nor too fine: then afterward put this powder in three ounces of white Wine, (when there is no Ague) or water, or the decoction, or broth of Endiue, or Succorie, or of a Chicken, or some other such liquor, which is meet and fit for the present dis∣ease: as in the water of Betonie, for the head-ach; or in the water of Mother-wort, for the diseases of the Matrix, and so forth of others: afterward, the next morning, you must drinke it, the liquor and powder all together: there may further, at your pleasure, anie syrrup that you will, be mixed therewith, if so be you know it meet and conuenient for the disease in hand. It is true, that we haue often proued, namely, that it endureth no mixture of syrrups, or such other things, no, nor of Cinnamon (if the ill disposednesse of the stomacke doe not require it) for in such mixtures it ma∣keth no operation,* 1.394 and therefore it is better to take it altogether simple. It may be giuen also in infusion, when we desire to take away the obstructions of the spleene or ••••iuer, in sleeping all night the powder thereof grossely beat (as we commaund to be done with Rubarbe) in some wine or liquor fit and appropriate: afterward straining it the next day in the morning, and giuing the liquor onely (wherein it was infused) to drinke: but in this case the quantitie of the powder must be encreased, vntill it come to three or foure drammes, for otherwise it will worke no effect; in as much as experience hath taught vs, that the purging qualitie of this root lyeth not so much in the subtle parts thereof, as in the substance. Which thing Mesues may seeme to haue ••ound likewise in Rubarbe of the East, when he wisheth vs to take two drammes onely of Rubarbe in substance, and the double in infusion. This thing may happen vnto this root, and to that Rubarbe of the East, vpon their longer staying in the sto∣macke, being taken in substance, than in infusion, and thereupon make a stronger and a longer continuance of their purging. This powder may be also prepared in another manner:* 1.395 as namely, by making Marchpanes of the said powder with stam∣ped Almonds and Sugar, which will be verie fit to purge young children after a gentle manner.* 1.396 There may pilles also be made of this powder, which may be as small as Coriander seedes, to the end they may be the sooner dissolued within the stomacke, and not stay long there to heat it: or else they may be made greater, when there is anie purpose that the said powder should draw from the ioints and out∣ward places.

The commodities and benefits that rise of the vse of this root,* 1.397 are, that it may be taken at all times. It is not loathsome to the tast, nor horrible to the smell, neither yet hath it anie displeasing colour; vnto all which the other purgatiues, for the most part, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 more or lesse subiect. It procureth not anie loathing vnto the stomacke: it causeth not anie wringings in the bellie; neither prouoketh it anie vomit: It purgeth so gent∣ly, as that it worketh not anie weaknesse or relaxation, or anie other such passion vnto the stomack: it resolueth not or looseneth the naturall power; neither doth it trouble or put the bodie to paine: but contrariwise, it maketh it strong & lustie, as though in∣deed it were no purgatiue or medicine, but a familiar & acceptable thing to our nature;

which thing falleth not out ordinarily in other medicines: so that young children, old folke, and all such as haue taken anie great checke and dislike at other medici••••, may safely, pleasantly, and profitably take and vse this.

It is true,* 1.398 that before it be taken, it will be needfull to prepare and digest the ••••∣mour that is to be euacuated, attenuating and making thinne and small the same, be∣cause it is cold and clammie: and opening the passages, after the counsell of Hi••••••∣crates, with Clysters and other conuenient meanes; for otherwise the powder pr••••••∣teth nothing: as we see it fall out euerie day in such as vse it rashly, and without p••••∣paration: and so also, with them, the thing that of it selfe is verie good, doth 〈…〉〈…〉 name, but against all right and equitie, seeing it worketh good and laudable effects, being taken the bodie first prepared.* 1.399 When it is taken, the partie must keepe him∣selfe from cold, wind, much eating or drinking, and other excesse: he may sleepe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 houre presently after he hath taken it, but not after that it beginneth to worke: th•••• is no need for him to take anie broth two or three houres after he hath taken it: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is so worthie a medicine,* 1.400 that it causeth not anie paine in the guts. The day follow∣ing,* 1.401 if the bellie be bound, you must procure it to stoole by Clysters, or other••••••••▪ and put case it hath not sufficiently purged, you must then goe ouer it againe so 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as till it hath wrought your wished intent.* 1.402 As concerning the symptomes or acci∣dents which may follow the taking of it, they are easily reformed, although 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the greater part of them grow rather of the qualities of the humours, or of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dispositions of the bodies of them that take it, than of anie maligne qualitie in the root it selfe. For as for vomiting, that may come by reason of the stomacke, bein•• easie and inclined to vomit, as hauing a verie sensible orifice, or of the obounda•••••• of superfluities and fretting humors contained in the same, rather than of the pow••••∣der which doth strengthen and comfort the stomacke by his astringencie: notwith∣standing, it shall not be amisse to meet with this vomiting, to put into the infusion•••• this powder a little Cinnamon. It is held for certaine, that if anie be desirous to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the working excessine or not excessiue of this powder, that he needeth but take 〈◊〉〈◊〉 small quantitie of broth, and the eating of it will stay the attraction of the medicin••▪ although I haue proued this not to be alwaies true. I further confesse, that it lea•••••• some heat and drinesse behind it when it hath wrought, which appeareth by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 great alteration that is remaining: but this is no other thing, than that which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 purging medicines likewise haue; for they being all of them hot, doe shew them∣selues therein: but this heat may easily be corrected by the mingling of cold things. Suppose likewise, that such heat may as soone come of the hot and drie humor: 〈…〉〈…〉 happeneth in hot burning Agues and true Tertians, especially if the sicke partie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of youthfull and flourishing yeares, of a hot and drie temperature, in Summer, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hot Region, and when the present constitution of the ayre is hot, and being such•• one as hath a leane and thinne bodie: and then, in this case, I could with such a par∣tie not to vse this powder without the deuise of a learned and wise Physician, for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of running into a greater mischiefe. I confes••e further, that it leaueth a contiuene•••• behind it, in such sort, as that some are six daies before they can goe to stoole 〈◊〉〈◊〉 but herein it deserueth no more blame than other like purging medicines, and espe∣cially Rhubarbe: Notwithstanding, to meet with this, you must take a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the day following, or eat some Broth, or Plumme pottage, which may 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the bellie.

Loe here (friendly Reader) what thou art to iudge of the root of Mecho•••••••• and what opinion thou art to haue of the properties thereof, and how thou canst 〈◊〉〈◊〉 faile therein, if first thou knowing the good by his tokens and markes, doest 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thy selfe for thy vse accordingly: as namely, if thou buy that which is new, sliced 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to round pieces, white, dustie, and which, quantitie for quantitie, doth ouer-〈◊〉〈◊〉 other roots: And if thou findest anie one to be somewhat blacke and worme 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ by that thou mayest know that it is old, and that therefore thou oughtest not to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it. It is somewhat hard, and quickly rotteth, for it will hard and scant endure 〈◊〉〈◊〉 yeares, if it be not hidden in Millet, or wrapt in a Linnen Sere-cloth, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉

ouer with Pitch or Rosin. Diuers and sundrie other hearbes there are of rare and so∣ueraigne qualitie, for the vse of man, in medicines; but their order, sowing, nouri∣shing, and planting, differeth nothing from them alreadie rehearsed: onely, accor∣ding vnto the opinion of S••rres, there is another speciall regard to be taken to these medicinall hearbes; which is, to plant them in those coasts and corners of your Gar∣den which is most proper to their natures, giuing them that Sunne, that Shade, and that Wind, which is most proper and behoofefull for them: for some take delig•••• in the Easterly quarters, some in the West, some in the North, and some in the South: as was most curiously obserued by Master Richard de Beleuall, Physitian to the last King of France; who, at his Maiesties commandement, planting a Physick-Garden in Montpelier, gaue vnto euerie hearbe his due place so rarely and artificially, that neuer anie was seene to flourish or encrease in more rare and aboundant manner, nei∣ther to haue greater strength or operation in their working, to the great admiration of the learned, and his high renowme in the workmanship. To proceed then to the naturall Clymats in which manie of these Physicke hearbes naturally delight,* 1.403 you shall vnderstand, that those hearbes which delight in the East, and loue to behold the Sunne at his first arising, is first Angelica, of which there are two kinds, the one called Garden Angelica, the other Wild Angelica: both may be sowne either be∣fore or immediately after Winter. It is soueraigne against all Infection, and there∣fore much sought after in the time of Pestilence and Mortalitie: it also healeth the biting of Serpents, or mad Dogges, and dryeth vp those naughtie humours which offend the stomacke. Then Valerian, of which wee haue written before: and also Argentine. Then Dogges-tooth, which must be sowne on good earth almost in anie moneth: the decoction whereof taken, with great reason helpeth Feauers, and kill the Wormes in children. Then Sophya, otherwise called Talietrum, which may be either sowne or planted in the Spring, or in Autumne: The seeds of it being beaten to powder, and drunke in Wine, is excellent for all euacuations and clearings of the bloud: also it helpeth women in Child-bearing. Then Oxe-eye, which would be sowne at the Spring vnder the eauings of houses, for it loues shelter. The hearbe is good to be drunke for the Iaundise: and being made into a Cataplasme, it dissol∣ueth all manner of hardnesse: and the decoction thereof will occasion Vrine. Then Centaurie, which first tooke his name from Chiron the Centaure, when he was woun∣ded with a poysoned shaft. It requireth a well-laboured earth, and verie fruitfull, according to some opinions: yet it is oftest found in Wood-land Countreyes and barren places; whence it seemeth, that a reasonable earth will beare it: and it may be sowne or planted either in the Spring, or in Autumne: it is a great purifier of the Bloud, and verie soueraigne against Wormes: it healeth old Vlcers, especially the powder thereof: and the decoction thereof is excellent against Rheumes and Flux∣es. Then Millefoile, which desireth rather a moist than a drie earth, and must be planted thinne, for it spreadeth much: it is soueraigne against the Dissenterra, and against all excessiue euacuation of bloud, in what part soeuer it be. Then Brassula Maior, or Minor, which is an hearbe of quicke and easie growth, especially if it be planted against a wall or house side, and may be sowne in the Spring, or planted in Autumne: it is good for the stanching of Bloud, and it cureth most inward Vlcers. Then Bedegaris, or white Thorne, which desireth a good earth, and may be sowne in the Spring: the decoction of it is excellent for the Tooth-ach, or for a weake Stomacke, for the Collicke, or Flux of the bellie. Then Crespinet, or Poligo∣non, which euer groweth best in a moist ground. It is good for the Stone, the Gout, Flux of the bellie, or paine in the Eares. Then Ebulus, which may be sowne in the Spring, or in Autumne: it purgeth Choler and Flegme, being eaten in pot∣tage: and the decoction thereof taketh away the paine of the Gout, and helpeth the French sicknesse. Mercurie is of two sorts, male, and female: it desireth a ground that is well tilled: it may be sowne in the Spring time: the decoction thereof pur∣geth Choler and all superfluous humours: it also looseneth the bellie, chiefely if it be ministred in Glyster, and prouoketh the termes in Women. Then Card••••••

Stellatu••, which is a verie delicate Plant, and groweth verie easily, either from the root, or from the seed, in the Spring time, or in Autumne: The chiefest vertue of this Plant consisteth in the seed, which being beaten to powder, and drunke with Wine, prouoketh Vrine, and expelleth Grauell. Lastly, Venus haire, which grow∣eth bes•• neere vnto Fountaines and Springs in Countries that are rather hot 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cold, for it loueth neither stormes nor wind: it is best to be planted in the Spring. This hearbe purgeth well: it breaketh the Stone, and auoideth Grauell: it is good against the bitings of venimous Beasts, and prouoketh the termes in Wo∣men: it stauncheth Bloud: and the decoction thereof is excellent for the yellow Laundise.

Those hearbes which delight in the West,* 1.404 and loue the declining of the Sunne, are first the hearbe Scabious, which delighteth in a reasonable tilled earth, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 moist than drie, and hauing his seat according to his nature, prospereth verie abo••••∣dantly. The best season either to sow or plant it, is in the Spring time, and it endure••h manie yeares without aid or replanting: all parts of it is verie medicinall, both the root, stalke, leaues, and flowers: The water distilled of this hearbe, is good again•••• all Venimes or Poyson taken into the stomacke, and also against all inward infecti∣on, Itch, Byles, or Vlcers. Then is Agrimonie, of which we haue spoken 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ Then Serpentar, which is so called through the likelyhood it beareth of a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and of it there are two kinds; one great, the other small. It desireth a verie good earth, and somewhat moist, and may be sowne or planted in the Spring time. The roots of this hearbe is excellent for all malignant Vlcers: a decoction of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thereof is good for Womens termes, and the leaues thereof keepeth Cheese long from rotting. Then Onos, which will grow in anie earth, and rather in a barren 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a fertile, and is best to be set of the root, either in the Spring time, or in 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ It is soueraigne against the Stone, and prouoketh Vrine speedily: and a decoctio•• of the roots thereof taketh away the paine in the teeth. Then Cinquefoile, which groweth almost in euerie place, and may be planted in anie season: the decoction 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it being gargled, or held long in the mouth, taketh away the paine of the teeth, and heales anie Vlcer in the mouth: it is also good against anie Infection, or pestil•••• Ayre. Then Sellodnie, of which wee haue spoken before. Then Staphi••••••••, which desireth a good ground, yet euer to be planted in the shadow, and that pr••••∣cipally about the Spring time: It is good against paine in the Teeth, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and other Obstructions, which grow from cold causes. Then Goats leafe, which will grow euerie where, if it be not annoyed with wind, and may be sowne or planted ei∣ther in the Spring, or in Autumne, and is exceeding good for the stone. Then ground Iuie, of which we haue spoken before. Then Tussilago, or Colts foot, which groweth best in watrie of moist places, and would euer be planted in the Spring time, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Autumne: it is verie good against infection, and against all straitnesse of breath▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the smoake or fume thereof being taken through a small tunnell in at the mouth, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cureth all infirmities of the lungs. Then Salicaria, or Lifimachus, which receiued the name from the King Lisimachus, who first made vse of that hearbe: it loueth to be planted neere vnto Riuers, either in the Spring time, or in Winter: it is good against the Dissenteria, or to staunch bloud, either being vsed in the leafe, or in powder. Last∣ly, Vlmaria, which loueth to be planted in low and shadowie valleyes, a great 〈◊〉〈◊〉 more moist than drie, and would be planted chiefely in Autumne: The decoction 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it purgeth and cleanseth the bodie of all flegme, whether it be sharpe or grosse: it hel∣peth the Falling sicknesse: the powder either of the roots, or the leaues, stayeth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flux of the bellie, or the issue of bloud: and the distilled water easeth all paines, both inward and outward.

Those hearbes which affect the North,* 1.405 and delight to endure the blasts and ••••••∣pings of those colder ayres, are first Gentiana, of which we haue spoken before. Th•••• Cabaret, or Asarum, which neuer groweth so well from the seed, as from the plant: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 asketh little cost in tillage, and beareth flowers twice a yeare, that is to say, both 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Spring, and in Autumne: it cureth the paine in the head, and assu••geth the

inflammation and anguish of sore eies: it is good against Fistulaes, the Gout, and Sci∣••••ticaes. The powder of the root prouoketh Vrine, and stayeth the menstruall Flux: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 helpeth the Dropsie, and putteth away both the Feauer tertian and quartane. Then the Golden rod, which onely groweth from the seed, and would be planted in a good soyle in the Spring time: it is good against the Stone or Strangurie: it bindeth vp Vlcers, and healeth Fistulaes. Then the hearbe which is called Deuils-bit, it desi∣reth but an indifferent, earth, rather moist than drie, and where the Seed often say∣••eth, there the Plant neuer doth, if it be set in the Spring time. It is good against bit∣••er griefes, as those which proceed from choler, and against pestilent tumors: against ••ice in childrens heads, and such like. Then Betonie, of which we haue spoken be∣••ore. Then Harts-tongue, which onely groweth best from the root: it is to be plan∣••ed in the moneths of March and Aprill, in a fat earth, yet the moister, the better: it helpeth all oppilations, and cureth those which are troubled with a quartane Feauer. Then the hearbe Dogges-tongue, which desireth a light blacke mould, yet but rea∣••onably tilled: it may be sowne or planted in the Spring time: it is good to cure the Hemorrhoids, and easeth all Ach in the limbes. Then Serpents-tongue, which must ••uer be placed in a rich earth, coole and moist, for it can by no means endure the heat of the Summer: it is best to be planted from the root in the first beginning of the Spring: there is in it much vertue for the resoluing of Tumors, and helping of Scal∣••ings or Burnings, or other malignant Vlcers, or anie inflammations in the Eyes. Then water Germander, which delighteth most in cold grounds, enclining more to ••oisture than drinesse, and rather fat than leane: it flourisheth most in the moneths of Iune and Iuly, yet in such sort, that the flowers continue not aboue a day at most; ••or as one falls away, another rises: it is best to be planted from the root or slippe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the moneths of Februarie or March: it is soueraigne against all manner of Poy∣••ons, as Pestilence, or the Dissenteria: it prouoketh Vrine, and the termes of Wo∣men: it cleanseth Vlcers, and reuiueth all benummed members. Then Tormen∣••ill, or Septifolium, which loueth a darke, waterish, and shadowed earth, yet that which is verie fat and ••ertile: it is alwaies to be sowne from the seed, either in the Spring time, or in Autumne: it is soueraigne against the Stone, but chiefely it cu∣••eth Fistulaes and old Vlcers: it withstandeth Poyson, and easeth the paine of the Teeth. Then Enula Campane, of which we haue spoken before. Then Persicaria, which is oftest planted from the root, in the Spring time, in grounds which are rather moist than drie. The decoction of this hearbe cureth all manner of bruises in Beasts, where the bone is not broken, onely by bathing them therein. Also the flesh of Mut∣••ons, Beeues, Veales, and such like, is kept fresh manie daies by the vertue of this herbe ••nely, being wrapped about the same. Then Lyons foot, which will not liue but in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 good earth, fat, and fertile, yet somewhat moist, and is best to be sowne in the ••oneths of March or Aprill: it hath an excellent vertue for the healing of ruptures 〈◊〉〈◊〉 young children. Then Eringo, which craueth a good and well tilled ground, and ••ay be sowne or planted either in the Spring or in Autumne: it is good against the Collicke, against Grauell, or the difficultie of Vrine: it strengtheneth the Reines, ••nd healeth the bitings of venimous beasts. The distilled water thereof is good a∣••ainst both quotidian and quartane Feauers: it helpeth the French disease, and stop∣••eth salt humors. Then lastly Feniculus Porcinus, which delighteth a great deale ••ore in the shade than in the Sunne-shine: it would be sowne or planted either in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Spring time, or in Autumne: it comforteth much the sinewes, and strengtheneth ••eake backes.

To conclude, those hearbes which affect the South,* 1.406 is first the blessed Thistle, of ••hich we haue spoke before. Then Veruaine, of which there be two sorts, the male, ••nd the female: both desire to be planted from the roots in good ground, either in the ••pring, or in Autumne. This hearbe is of great reputation, especially amongst the ••omanes, who vse if continually amongst their Inchantments: it taketh away the ••aine of the Teeth, and it healeth anie old Vlcer: it is good against anie Fea∣••er, easeth the paine of the Collicke, and expelleth Grauell. Then Saxifrage,

which is of two sorts, the great and the lesse: they may be sowne or planted in anie good ground which is fat and light, in the moneth of March. The chiefest 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of this hearbe is, to breake the Stone, prouoke Vrine, helpe womens Termes, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 driue away all euill humours out of the Stomacke. Then Pionie, of which wee 〈◊〉〈◊〉 spoken before. Then Hermole, or the Turkes hearbe, which loueth a fat, blacke, and drie mould: it may be either planted or sowne. The vertue of this hearbe 〈◊〉〈◊〉, to make one to hold his Vrine, the powder of it being taken either in Broth, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 white Wine. Then Acanthus, or Brankvrsine, is an hearbe which the auncient A••∣chitects were wont to carue, infolding and imbracing their Columnes or Pyllast•• •• of the Corinthian fashion. Whence it came, that the Romanes of auncient 〈◊〉〈◊〉 did call it Marmoralia, because such Pillars commonly were of Marble. It is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be sowne in the moneths of March, or Aprill, in a well tilled Garden: his 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are good against the Stone, and stay the flux of the bellie. Then Aristolochia 〈◊〉〈◊〉 both kinds, of which wee haue spoken before. Then Perforatio, which is so called from the affection that it beareth to the Sunne: it may be sowne in the Spring 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in anie light earth. The seed of this hearbe beaten to powder, and drunke in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Wine, cureth a tertian Feauer, and easeth those which are troubled with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or Sciatica: if the powder of it be cast vpon Vlcers, it also healeth them: and the decoction of the leaues thereof prouoketh Vrine exceedingly. Then Arum, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 also delighteth in a good Soyle, rather moist than drie: it flourisheth most in Iune, and the leaues thereof are like the leaues of Millet; and when it is in the prime, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hath a yellow colour, like vnto Saffron: it is to be sowne onely in the moneth of March. This hearbe is verie soueraigne against the Gout, and driueth away 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flegmaticke humours: if it be bruised, it cureth old Vlcers, and all wounds or ••••∣tings giuen by the Wolfe: the leaues boyled in Wine, helpeth bruises and displaced members or bones out of ioint: it helpeth the Hemorrhoids also. Then 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of which we haue spoke before. Then Carline, which tooke the name from Charl•••• the great, King of France, who by the vse of it onely cured himselfe of the Plagu•• it loueth a drie stonie ground, and where it may haue the strength of the Sunn•• beames: it must be sowne in the Spring time, or else planted from the root. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 powder of this hearbe being drunke, chaseth away all infection, and prouok•••• Vrine: it is good against all Conuulsions: and being made into a Cataplasme, ••••••∣tifieth and strengtheneth the heart: if it be steeped or mixed well with vineger, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 easeth either the Gout, or the Sciatica, being applyed vnto the place grieued. Th•• little Germander, which differeth not much from water Germander, onely it ••••∣ueth a drie and stonie earth, and rather a hot than a cold: it loueth the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beames, and is rather to be planted from the root, than sowne from the seed, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the Spring time, or in Autumne: it is good against infection, and helpeth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Feauers: it helpeth the Epilepsis, paine in the head, and anie other griefes of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 braine: it cureth Conuulsions, the Gout, and warmeth the entrailes. Then Nic••••••∣ana, or Tabacco, of which wee haue spoken before. Then Peper, which must 〈◊〉〈◊〉 planted immediately after Winter, in a well tilled earth, and endureth long in G••••∣dens, without anie helpe of transplanting. Then Camomill, which is of three 〈◊〉〈◊〉 differing onely in the colours of their flowers: for the one is white, the other yell••••▪ and the third purple: It loueth an earth cold and drie: it is best planted from 〈◊〉〈◊〉 root or slippe, either in Autumne, or the Spring time: it loueth to be oft troden 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or pressed downe, and therefore is most placed in Alleyes, Bankes, or Seats in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Garden. It is good against a tertian Feauer: and the bath which is made 〈◊〉〈◊〉 strengtheneth much weake members, and comforteth the sinewes both of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and legges: it comforteth also the reines: The water thereof also distilled is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 good for the same purposes: and the iuice thereof mixed with womans 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ Rosewater, and the iuice of Housleeke warmed, and a Rose-cake steeped 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ with a Nutmeg grated on it, and so applyed vnto the temples of the head, ••∣keth away all paine therein, how violent soeuer it be. Diuers other hearbes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be, which are of like natures to these alreadie rehearsed: but from the experience 〈◊〉〈◊〉

these, a reasonable iudgement may find how to plant, nourish, and vse anie what∣soeuer. There be also diuers purgatiue Simples, as Rhubarbe, Agaricke, and such like, which for as much as our Soyles will not endure or beare them, I will here omit to speake of them; onely a word or two of the hearbe Sene, which is somewhat more frequent with vs, and is of that delicate, holesome, and harme∣lesse nature in his working and operation, that it may be tearmed the Prince, or Head of Simples. Then touching Sene, you shall vnderstand, that it beareth lit∣tle small thicke leaues vpon a high large stalke: it hath flowers of the colour of gold, with diuers purple veines running vpon them. Some take the Hearbe which Theophrastus writeth of, called Colutea, to be Sene: but they are deceiued therein: for the one is a Tree, and no Hearbe, and the other is an Hearbe, and no Tree: besides diuers other differences, needlesse here to repeat; all which are at large see downe by Anthonie Mirauld, Doctor of Physicke, and a Bourbonois, in his booke intituled Maison Champestre. It may be planted either from the stalke or root, like Rosemarie, in anie good, fertile, and drie soyle, where it may haue the full reflection of the Sunne: and the season best and fittest for the same plantati∣on, is at the later end of Autumne. As touching the choice of the best Sene, that hath euer the best reputation, which is brought from Alexandria in Syria, as the best of our moderne Physitians doe report: but Iaques Siluius saith, That the Sene which commeth out of India is not at all inferiour to it; neither that which grow∣eth in Tuscanie. True it is, that there is not anie of them but is passing good. As for the vertnes of Sene, according to the opinion of Aetuarius, one of the best re∣puted Physitians amongst all the Grecians, hee writeth, That Sene is verie excel∣lent for the purging and auoiding of choler and flegme, without anie danger of di∣sturbance vnto the bodie and spirits: it also purgeth most sweetly all melancholie and adust humours, being taken in the broth of a Capon: it also taketh away all inueterate and old paines in the head, and easeth all inward obstructions. Ac∣cording to the opinion of Master Iohn of Damascus, and excellent Arabian Physi∣tian, Sene being abstersiue and binding, purgeth excellently the braine, the sensi∣tiue, parts, and organs of the heart, from all adust and melancholie humours: it also helpeth all long and tedious Feauers: it also reioyceth the spirits, and taketh away all sadnesse from the heart. A decoction made of the leaues thereof, together with Camomill, strengtheneth the braine wonderfully, and comforteth the sinewes, being bathed therein: also being taken anie way, it confirmeth both the sight and hearing. And if you find that the purgation be weake, you may then strengthen it, with mingling therewith Simples of stronger nature, as Sal Gemma, Sal India, and such like: but if you vse it for anie griefe in the stomacke, then you shall mix strong cordials therewith, and administer it either in the broth of Veale, Chickens, or Capons, or anie other flesh. And Serapion, another Arabian Physitian, writeth, That Sene is excellent for those which are dull of vnderstanding, for those which are subiect to frenzie or madnesse, or anie decrepitnesse of bodie, proceeding from inward weakenesse. And to all these former opinions, Iohn Fernell, Iaques Siluius, Manard Ferrarois, and Andrew Mathiol, the most excellent reputed Physitians of their times, are fully and truely consenting, as may be found in each of their Writings.

The Garden of Pleasure, or Flower Garden.

CHAP. XLVII.

Of the profit, pleasure, situation, working, or tilling, and disposing of your Garden of Pleasure.

THe most pleasant and delectable thing for recreation,* 1.407 belonging 〈◊〉〈◊〉 our French Farmes, is our Flower Gardens, as well in respect 〈…〉〈…〉 serueth for the chiefe Lord, whose the inheritance is, to solace 〈◊〉〈◊〉 therein, as also in respect of their seruice, for to set Bee-hiues in. It is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 commendable and seemely thing to behold out at a window manie acres of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 well tilled and husbanded, whether it be Medow, a Plot for planting of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or arable Ground, as we haue stood vpon heretofore: but yet it is much more to be∣hold faire and comely Proportions, handsome and pleasant Arbors, and, as it 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ Closets, delightfull borders of Lauender, Rosemarie, Boxe, and other such 〈…〉〈…〉 heare the rauishing musicke of an infinite number of pretie small Birds, which con∣tinually, day and night, doe chatter and chant their proper and naturall branch-〈◊〉〈◊〉 vpon the Hedges and Trees of the Garden; and to smell so sweet a Nose-〈…〉〈…〉 neere at hand: seeing that this so fragrant a smell cannot but refresh the Lord of the Farme exceedingly, when going out of his bed-chamber in the morning after 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sunne-rise, and whiles as yet the cleare and pearle-like dew doth pearch vnto the grasse, he giueth himselfe to heare the melodious musicke of the Bee••; which busy∣ing themselues in gathering of the same, doe also fill the ayre with a most acceptab••••▪ sweet, and pleasant harmonie: besides, the Borders and continued Rows of sou••∣raigne Thyme, Balme, Rosemarie, Marierome, Cypers, Soothernwood, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fragrant hearbe••, the sight and view whereof cannot but giue great contentment 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to the beholder.

And in this Garden of Pleasure you are verie much to respect the forme and p••••∣portion of the same: wherein, according to the opinion of Serres and Vnie••••, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 must be much ruled by the nature of the Soyle: which albeit you may, in part, by your industrie and cost helpe, as touching the leuelling, raysing, abating, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the same; yet, for the most part, and especially touching the ayre, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and clyme, you must be gouerned by the Soyle in which you liue. Now 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the generall proportions of Gardens, they may at your pleasure carrie anie of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 foure shapes, that is to say, either Square, Round, Ouall, or Diamond. As for that which is more long than broad, or more broad than long (neither of which are vn∣comely) they are contained vnder the titles of Squares. This is but the outward p••••∣portion, or the Verge and Girdle of your Garden. As for the inward 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and shapes of the Quarters, Beds, Bankes, Mounts, and such like, they are to be di∣••ided by Alleyes, Hedges, Borders, Rayles, Pillars, and such like, and by these yo•• may draw your Garden into what forme soeuer you please, not respecting 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shape soeuer the outward Verge carrieth: for you may make that Garden which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 square without, to be round within; and that which is round, either square, or o••••ll; that which is ouall, either of the former; and that which is diamond, anie shape 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all: and yet all exceeding comely. You may also, if your ground be naturally so 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or if your industrie please so to bring it to passe, make your Garden rise & 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by seuerall degrees, one leuell ascending aboue another, in such sort, as if you had di∣uers gardens one aboue another, which is exceeding beautifull to the eie, and very be∣neficiall to your flowers & fruit-trees, especially is such ascents haue the benefit of the Sun-rising vpon them: and thus, if you please, you may haue in one leuell a square 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪

in another a round, in a third a diamond, and in the fourth an ouall, then alongst the ascending bankes which are on either side the staires, you mount into your seuerall gardens, you shall make your physicke garden or places to plant your physicke hearbes vpon, according as the modell is most brauely set forth by Oliuer de Serres, and as the late king of France caused his physicke garden to be made in the Vniuer∣sitie of Montpellier, being all raised vpon bankes or heights one aboue another, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 round, some square in the manner of a goodly, large, and well trimmed Theatre, as may be seene at this day to the great admiration thereof.

The Garden of Pleasure (as hath beene said) must be cast and contriued close to the one side of the Kitchin Garden, but yet so, as that they be sundred by the inter∣course of a great large alley, as also a hedge of quickset, hauing three doores, whose ground must be of a like goodnesse, and vouchsafed the like labour, tilling and hus∣banding, that the Kitchin Garden hath bestowed vpon it: and as the Kitchin Gar∣den is to be compassed and set about with Lattise worke, and young common bor∣dering stuffe to be made vp afterward and continued into arbours, or as it were into small chappells, or oratories and places to make a speech out of, that many standing about and below may heare: in like sort shall the Garden of Pleasure be set about and compassed in with arbours made of Iesamin, Rosemarie, Box, Iuniper, Cypres trees, Sauin, Cedars, Rose-trees, and other dainties first planted and pruned accor∣ding as the nature of euerie one doth require, but after brought into some forme and order with Willow or Iuniper poles, such as may serue for the making of arbours. The waies and alleys must be couered and ••owen with fine sand well bet,* 1.408 or with the powder of the sawing of Marble, or with the fine dust of slate-stone and other hewen stone: or else paued handsomely with good pit-stone, and tyles that are well burnt: or with faire peeces of stones, such as staires be made of, the whole laying of them be∣ing leuelled and made euen with a beater or mall made for the purpose: or where these are not to be gotten, you shall take of fine yellow grauell well mixt with pyble or other such like binding earth, and with it trim your alleys; others vse to take coale dust, or the ashes of Sea-coale well beaten and si••ted, and with it strow the alleys, and although it be not fully so sightfull, yet it is profitable in this respect, that it keepes them from grasse and weeds, and other greenes, because nothing will sprout through the same, albeit be not troden or walked vpon of a long space.

This Garden, by meanes of a large path of the bredth of six foot, shall be diuided into two equall parts: the one shall containe the hearbes and flowers vsed to make nosegaies and garlands of, as March Violets, Prouence Gillo-flowres, Purple Gil∣lo-flowres, Indian Gillo-flowres, small Paunces, Daisies, yellow and white Gillo-flowres, Marigolds, Lilly-conually, Daffodils, Canterburie-bells, Purple Veluet flowre, Anemones, Corne-flag, Mugwort, Lillies, and other such like, as may be cal∣led the Nosegay Garden. Also in it you shall plant all sorts of strange flowers, as is the Crowne imperiall, the Dulippos of sundrie kinds, Narcyssus, Hyacynthes, Eme∣ryes, Hellitropians, and a world of other of like nature, whose colours being glorious and different, make such a braue checkerd mixture, that it is both wondrous plea∣sant, and delactable to behold. The other part shall haue all other sweet smelling hearbes, whether they be such as beare no flowers, or if they beare any, yet they are not put in Nosegaies alone, but the whole hearbe with them, as Soothernwood, Wormewood, Pellitorie, Rosemarie, Iesamin, Marierom, Balme, Mints, Penniroyall, Costmarie, Hyssope, Lauander, Basill, Sage, Sauorie, Rue, Tansey, Thy••••e, Cammo∣mile, Mugwort, bastard Marierom, Nept, sweet Balme, All-good, Anis Hore∣hound, and others such like, and this may be called the Garden for hearbs of a good smell.

These sweet hearbes, and flowres for Nosegaies, shall be set in order vpon beds and quarters, of such like length and bredth, as those of the Kitchin Garden: and some of them vpon seats, and others in mazes made for the pleasing and recreating of the sight: other some are set in proportions made of beds interla••ed and drawne one within another, or broken off, with borders, or without borders: the greatest

part of which sweet hearbes, as also for Nose-gay flowers, though they grow ••••••∣rally, and of their owne accord, without anie labour or trauell of the Gardener, espe∣cially hearbes for Nose-gaies, yet such of them as stand in need of dressing and orde∣ring, shall be sowne, planted, remoued, gathered, and kept, no otherwise than the pot-hearbes: but yet notwithstanding, regard must be had of the nature of euerie particular one, as shall be declared hereafter in the particular description of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of them.

CHAP. XLVIII.

Of hearbes for Flowers or Nose-gaies.

MArch Violets,* 1.409 as well the single as the double, must be set of whole 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in a well manured ground, and digged the depth of a foot, before the ••••∣lends of March: if you will ••ow them, you may doe it in Autumne, and the Spring. But especially you must beware, not to set Violets euerie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in one and the same place; for otherwise it will beare a yellow flower, and haue verie little or no smell in it. You may make, that one and the same Violet shall beare 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the colours that others doe, that is to say, white, pale, yellow, and red, of you mix to∣gether the seeds of all, and tying them in a Linnen cloth, put them in that sort 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a well manured earth. The Violet must be gathered in the morning before the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 rise, and when it raineth not, if so be that you will haue it to keepe his vertues and sweet smell.

The flowers of March Violets applied vnto the browes,* 1.410 doe assuage the heada•••• which commeth of too much drinking, and procure sleepe. He that shall haue take•• a blow vpon the head,* 1.411 so that it hath astonished him, shall not haue anie greater 〈◊〉〈◊〉, if presently after such a blow he drinke Violet flowers stampt, and continue the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 drinke for a certaine time. There is made of the flowers of Violets, Syrrups and Conserues, good for the inflammation of the Lungs, the Pleurisie, Cough, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Agues.

It is also most excellent to preserue these Violets for Salads, to serue all the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as thus: When you haue gathered your Violets, and pickt them cleane, both 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their stalkes, and anie other corruption that may hang ouer their leaues, you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wash them cleane, and strike the water through a drie cloth so cleare from them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 may be: then take a Glasse-pot, of the fashion of a Gally-pot, so large, as you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 put in your hand, and being cleane washt also, first, in the bottome thereof, lay a layre of your Violets, of halfe a fingers thicknesse, then take of the finest refined Sugar, beaten verie small, and therewith couer the Violets all ouer: then lay another layre of the Violets, and couer them with Sugar as you did before, and so lay Vio∣lets vpon Sugar, and Sugar vpon Violets, till you haue filled the pot to the 〈…〉〈…〉 take of the strongest Wine-vineger that can be gotten, and poure it into the pot, till the vineger swimme aloft: then let it rest an houre or two, to settle: and if you 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that the vineger be shrunke below the flowers, you shall fill it vp againe, not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thus to doe, till the vineger will shrinke no more: then couer the pot vp verie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with Parchment and Sheepes leather, and set it so, as it may receiue some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ayre of the fire; and after one moneth vse them, as occasion shall serue: for they will last all the yeare, both Winter and Summer, without loosing either their ••••∣lour, strength, sweetnesse, or pleasantnesse, neither their growth nor fulnesse. And in this sort you may preserue all sorts of flowers whatsoeuer, as Roses, Marigold••, Gilliflowers of all kinds, Cowslips, Primroses, Broome flowers Paunfie••, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 leaues, or anie other sweet and wholesome flower whatsoeuer. Wherein is to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 noted, that if the flower which you preserue, be of a pure white colour, and that yo•• feare the vineger may somewhat abate the brightnesse of the colour, in this case you

shall distill your vinegar either in a Limbecke, or other ordinarie Still, and with the water which commeth from it (which will be of a most pure and chrystaline colour) and is indeed the spirit and sharpest part of the vinegar, you shall preserue your flow∣ers, and then without doubt they will not abate any part at all of their owne bright∣nesse and colour.

White, yellow, and red Gillo-flowres,* 1.412 do craue the like ordering that the March Violet doth, and grow better vpon walls, house tops, and old ruines of stone, than planted or tilled in gardens, especially the yellow, which come neerer to the resem∣blance of a shrub than of an hearbe, hauing hard and wooddy stalkes, and set full of branches, commonly called of Apothecaries Key••y. The seed of Gillo-flowres stampt and drunke with white wine, is soueraigne to prouoke womens termes, and to further deliuerance in them that trauell.

Daisies* 1.413 must not be sowen but planted after the manner of violets, this is the least kind of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which is likewise found in the fields without being tilled, it flourisheth all the yeare long if it be well ordered.* 1.414* 1.415* 1.416 Daisies stampt with Mugwort resolueth the King-euill. A Catapla••me made of Daisies is good for the palsie, and all manner distillations. For wounds in the brest, whereinto tents may be put, it is good to d••inke by and by a drinke made of stamped Daisies: they heale the pastules of the tongue if they be chewed, as also of the mouth: being braied they asswage the inflammation of the priuie members: eaten in sallades or broth of flesh, they loosen the bellie.

Purple Veluet flower,* 1.417 called in Latine Aramanthus, doth recreate more with his colour, than with any smell that it hath, for it smelleth nothing at all: notwithstan∣ding who so will haue it in their gardens, must plant it in a drie and sandie place. The flower supt in pottage, doth stay the flux of the bellie,* 1.418 the termes and white flowers of vvomen, the spitting of bloud, especially if there be any veine broken or bruised in the lungs of brest. The flower hereof infused in vvater or white vvine the space of an houre, maketh the colour of the wine red, and thus one may helpe him∣selfe the more easily to beguile any that are sicke of some ague, and cannot abstaine from Wine.

Canterburie-bells,* 1.419 as well the simple as the double, require a fat ground and well inriched. The Latines call it Viola Calathiana.

Their ••lowers mingled with Wheat flower,* 1.420 make a good Cataplasme against scuruinesse and other sorts of scabbes, likewise their roots boyled in white Wine, to the consumption of the halfe, and a linnen cloth dipped therein, and applyed to scabbes and scuruinesse doth heale them: the roots boyled in Wine and taken in a potion, doe heale all the ruptures of the inward parts of the bodies, doe cleanse the exulcerated lungs, and spitting of bloud: brayed, and ground in manner of meale and drunke in Wine the weight of a French Crowne, with two or three graines of Saffron, are singular good against the jaundise, if the partie sweat thereupon present∣ly: the like vertue is in the distilled water of the flowers: the juice drawne out of their root and flowers applyed vnto wounds doth heale them presently: a pessarie drencht in this juice, prouoketh womens termes, and draweth out the child dead in the mothers vvombe: being dropt into the eare, whereinto there hath some Flea, or such other vermine crept, it killeth them.

Gillo-flowres of all sorts are seldome sowne,* 1.421 but oftentimes planted of roots or braunches pluckt from the plants▪ the root shall be planted in the beginning of Au∣tumne, in a fat mould, and so put in pots of earth, th••t it may be remoued and set vn∣der some couert in Winter for feare of the frosts: Sommer being come before the great plant haue cast forth his sprouts, you may breake off so many small branches from about the root, as will almost serue to set and plant a whole bed withall, and so you may breed new plants of them.

You may make Gillo-flowers smell like Cloues,* 1.422 if you lay bruised Cloues round about their roots. In like manner you may make them haue faire flowers, large, pleasant, and sweet smelling, if you plucke away their leaues often, and take paines to

digge and water their earth: furthermore such Gillo-flowers are commonly called Gillo-flowers of Prouence,* 1.423 of the place where Gillo-flowers so ordered doe grow, large, tufted, and ample: those which haue not their flowers so large, nor so sweet, neither yet are so carefully looked vnto and dressed,* 1.424 are properly called Purple Gil∣lo-flowers.

The flowers of Gillo-flowers of Prouence, as also their root▪ are soueraigne against the Plague. And for this cause such as are well aduised, in the time of the Plague 〈◊〉〈◊〉 make conserues or vinegar of the flowers of Gillo-flowers, to keepe themselues 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the euill ayre.

Indian Gillo-flowers,* 1.425 called of the Latines Flos petillius, and Ocellus 〈◊〉〈◊〉, al∣though it refuse no ground, notwithstanding if you plant it, of the whole plant, or of the branches thereof, or else sow it in a fat and wel manured ground, especially in the beginning of Iuly, it will grow vnto such a height, as that it will seeme to be a thing degenerated into the bignesse of a tree, and will put forth of his stalke many bough••, after the manner of a tree or shrub: and by the same meanes there will put 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flowers induring vntill Winter.

Who will be counted carefull of preseruing his health,* 1.426 must not smell vnto the flower of the Gillo-flowers of India: for the smell thereof doth procure head-ach and giddinesse, and is a meanes to breed the Falling-sicknesse: further also, which is more dangerous, some haue found it by experience, that it ingendreth an infecti∣ous aire: likewise Physitians giue speciall prohibition to smell vnto the Indian Gil∣lo-flower in the Plague time, because the flower thereof is venimous, and of tempe∣rate much like to the Hemlocke, which may easily be perceiued by the vnpleasant smell it yeeldeth, being both most strong and stinking. That it is so, namely that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is venimous, I haue giuen thereof sometimes vnto a Cat the flower the Gillo-flowres of India beaten and mixt with cheese to eat: and she hath thereupon become verie much swelled, and within a short time after dead: I saw likewise a little young child, who after hauing put these flowers in his mouth, his mouth and lips did swell, and within a day or two after became verie scabbed.

Wild Gillo-flowers* 1.427 as well white as red, although they grow in the edges of field•• and along the waies, may notwithstanding be planted and set in gardens, where 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they be oft remoued, they will grow to haue a double flowre. Their seed, flower, and whole hearbe is good against the stinging of Scorpions: and indeed haue so gre•••• vertue this way, that the hearbe onely cast among Scorpions, taketh from them all power to hurt: their seed taken to the quantitie of two drams purgeth hot and ch••∣lericke humours.

Dame Violets* 1.428 haue great leaues, somewhat blacke, notcht round about, and broad: the flowers are white and incarnate, and in shape like vnto the Auens: they grow sometimes so high, as that they degenerate into a tree.

Goats-bread,* 1.429 that it may haue faire, double, and full flowers, doth craue a fat and moist ground. The leaues thereof open at the Sunne rise, and they close at noone: the root boyled in mudde doth appease the paines and pricking of the side: taken in forme of a lohoch with syrope of Violets, it helpeth obstructed lungs, and the ple••∣risie: boyled in vvater, and preserued with Sugar, it is a singular preseruatiue against the Plague, Poysons, Venime, and deadly Stinging: the juice or distilled vvater of this hearbe doth heale greene vvounds, if you dip linnen clothes therein, and applie them to the wounds: some vse the root of this hearbe in sallades, where daintie and fine fare is: the same boyled in a pot vvith Veale and Mutton, and afterward pre∣pared and made readie betwixt two dishes with butter and vinegar.

Marie, or Marians Violets,* 1.430 for the beautifulnesse of the flowers, deserue to b•• sowne in a fat and well laboured ground: the flowers are good to make gargari••••••••, for the inflammations and vlcers of the mouth.

Lillie-conually,* 1.431 called of the Latines Lillium conuallium, notwithstanding th••t it groweth in shadowed Woodgrounds, yet it deserueth to be tilled in gardens, as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in regard of the faire little flowers, white as snow, which it beareth, being also of a

most amiable smell, somewhat like vnto the Lillies; as also in respect of his vertues: because the distilled vvater of the flowers being taken vvith strong and noble vvine, doth restore the speech vnto them which haue lost it vpon an apoplexie: it is good likewise for the palsey, distillations, and fainting of the heart: yet these nor any other Lillies whatsoeuer can I commend for any vse of nosegaies, because the smell of them ••s lussious, grosse, and vnwholesome, apt to make the head ake, and (as some hold of ••pinion) apt to in ingender infection, by reason of a certaine putrefaction which it ••tirreth vp in the braine, vvhereby all the inward parts are distempered; therefore whosoeuer planteth them shall preser•••• them more for shew than smell, and make ••se of their medicinall qualitie, not o•• their order; and touching their medicinall qualtitie, there is none better than this, that if the root be taken and cleane washt and boyled in milke, and so applyed to any hard tumour, swelling, byle, or impo∣••tumation, it will either dissolue it, or else ripen, breake, and heale it, so that it be ap∣plied pultus wise verie hot.

Water lillie,* 1.432 as well the white as the yellow, desireth a waterish and marshie place: vve see it grow likewise in pooles and fish-ponds. The root of vvhite vvater lillie ••oyled with grosse red wine and drunke, stayeth womens whites: the flowers, roots, ••nd seeds, as well in decoctio••s as in conserues, are verie singular or procure s••eepe, ••nd to preserue chastitie.

Hyacinth* 1.433 groweth verie vvell in a sandie ground. The root and seed boyled in vvine and drunke, doth stay the flux of the bellie.

Narcyssus* 1.434 (so called of a Greeke word, because the smell of it comming vnto the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doth cause an inclination vnto sleepinesse and heauinesse) would be sowne in a ••at ground that is hot and moist: it groweth also aboundantly in Languedoe and I∣••alie, and but a little in this countrie.

The root thereof boyled or roasted, and taken with meat of drinke, doth greatly procure vomit: also, the same brayed with a little Honie and applyed, doth heale burnings: taketh away the freckles and spots of the face, being mixt with the seed of nettles.

Corneflag (called in Latine Gladiolus) as well the blew as the white,* 1.435 would be planted of new plants in March and Aprill: or else of slips, but such as haue roots, for they are neuer sowne, neither doe they require any great tilling. Their flowres differ from the flowres of marigolds in this, in that the flowres of the marigold doe open at the Sunne-shine, but the flowres of Corneflag doe shut and close vp them∣selues then, not opening againe but when it is cold and moist weather. The roots must be pulled out of the earth in the beginning of the Spring, that thereby they may haue a pleasant smell, and a delectable kind of sauour, and afterward they must be died in the shadow of the Sunne. Some people, to take away the superfluous moisture thereof, which putteth them in danger to be consumed with Wormes, doe vvet them with Lee of ashes, as well whiles they are in the earth, as when they are out, and so drie them and keepe them for to procure the linnens and woollen gar∣ments to smell well.

The juice of the roots put in a clyster,* 1.436 doth appease the paine of the Sciatica:* 1.437 the root dried and made in powder, doth cleanse and consolidate hollow and filthie vl∣cers:* 1.438 being held in the mouth, it causeth a good breath: layed amongst clothes, it preserueth them from all vermine, and maketh them smell pleasantly. The juice of the root taken at the mouth sundrie times, purgeth water in such as haue the dropsie,* 1.439 especially if it be taken mixt with the yolke of an egge halfe boyled. The root min∣gled with the root of ellebor, and twice so much Honie, doth wipe away freckles, red pimples, and all spots of the face, if it be annointed thereupon. The decoction of the root taketh away the obstruct••ons caused of a grosse humour, prouoketh vrine, killeth vvormes, and casteth out the stone. The Italians make a preserue of this root whiles it is new with Sugar to Honie, and vse it in all the cases aforesaid: some make an oyle of the flowers infused in oyle, which hath power to resolue, soften, and ap∣pease the griefe of cold rheumes or distillations.

Lillies.* 1.440 must be planted in the moneth of March and Aprill in these 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and in hot countries in the moneths of October and Nouember,* 1.441 as well the 〈…〉〈…〉 the orange colour, in a fat and well digged ground: you shall make their flowe•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 what colour you will, if before you set them, you steepe their roots in such 〈◊〉〈◊〉 substance as shall best like you, and afterward likewise to water the roots when they are set and planted in their trench with the same liquor, and that after this 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ Some say that the flowers of Lillies become red and purple, if their roots before 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be planted be steept in the Lees of red Wine, or in dissolued Cinnabrium, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 watered with the same in the little pit or trench wherein it is set. Or else when 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are in flower in the moneth of Iune, you must take ten or twelue plants, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them together, to hang them in the smoake, for so they will put forth small roots 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto vvild Garleeke, and when the time of setting is come, which is in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of March and Aprill, steepe the same plants in the lees of red Wine vntill they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 prettily well coloured, as being become red when you take them out, afterward 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them in prettie pits contriued in good order and water them sufficiently with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 said lees: for by this meanes the flowers that will come of them will be purple ••••∣loured.* 1.442 You shall likewise haue young and fresh Lillies all the yeare long, if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they be open you gather them, and after close them vp in some bottell or well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vessell, that so they may come by no ayre. Or else close them vp in some oaken ves∣sel well pitched, so that there can no vvater get in, and after sinke the vessell in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Well, Cesterne, or running vvater, for so they will keepe young and fresh 〈…〉〈…〉 yeare.* 1.443 And if at any time during the whole yeare you would vse them, set them in the Sunne, that so by the heat thereof they may open. And to the end that Lillies 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flower at many times, when you set their roots, you shall set some of twelue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 within the ground, others eight, and some foure, for thus you shall still haue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Lillies for a long time.

A Cataplasme made with the Onion of the roots of Lillies,* 1.444 Hogs-grease, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 oyle of Cammomile, doth maturate and ripen Buboes. An oyntment made of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 said roots, oyle of bitter Almonds, and white Wax, hath singular vertue to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and smoth the face, and to take away the vvrincles* 1.445 of vvomens faces. The vvater 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Lillies distilled out of an Alembecke,* 1.446 doth take away the vvrincles of vvomen 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and make them looke verie faire and white. The root boyled or roasted in ••••∣embers, and stampt vvith oyle Oliue, is a singular remedie against all sorts of bur∣ning,* 1.447 as well of fire as vvater. Being boyled vvith Garleeke, and stampt in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of red Wine, cleareth vvomens faces and countenances, vvhich haue but ill colo•••••• after their lying in bed, if they besmeare their faces therewith at nights,* 1.448 and in the morning wash them with Barlie vvater. This root roasted and stamped with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Swines-grease, and applied to the cornes of the feet, doth wholly spend them, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they be kept thereto but three whole daies together: the distilled vvater of the flowers with a little Saffron and sweet Zyloca••sia, helpeth vvomen in child-birth▪ and deliuereth them also of their after-birth: the oyle that is made of the flowers by infusion, is good to soften all manner of hardnesse in swellings or otherwise: if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 chafe the priuie parts with oyle of Linseed, and applie Wooll vvet in these 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vpon the bellie: Women which are in trauell of child-birth will find great ease 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the same.

Small Pa••••ces* 1.449 (otherwise called Autumne Violets) desire a drie and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 place: they are to be planted in the Spring time, and beare flowers continuing 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Autumne, yea to Winter, if so be they be oft watered and carefully handled. The leaues or juice of small Paunces taken at the mouth, or applied outwardly, are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 good to conglutinate wounds: the leaues of small Paunces boyled and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doe stay the Falling-sicknesse in children when they froth and some: the same flow∣ers boyled with their hearbes and drunke, doe cleanse the lungs and breast, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 good for inward inflammations. The leaues dried and made in powder, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with red Wine to the quantitie of halfe a spoonefull, haue great force to stay the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 downe of the fundament.

The Helitropian is a certaine flower, which hath such a loue and sympathie with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sunne, that as his beames rise and spread open in the morning like a Curtaine, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the hearbe also openeth her leaues and glories, and (as it were) attending vpon 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beames: her flower riseth as he riseth; and when the Sunne is in his Meridian or ••oone point, then the flower standeth, and looketh straight vpright; and as the ••unne declineth, so it likewise declineth: and in the euening, as hee shutteth in his ••eames, so it also closeth vp her flowers, and remaineth (as it were) hid and lockt vp 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the next morning. This Helitropian neuer beareth on one stalke aboue one flow∣••••••, but it is exceeding large and great, being euer at least halfe a foot in the diameter: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is round and ••lat fashioned, and enuironed with yellow leaues of a bright golden 〈◊〉〈◊〉: it groweth also vpon a great thicke stalke, straight vpright, and high from 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ground: it beareth also verie manie seeds, which as soone as they are ripe, are like Marigold seeds, white, rough, and semici••cled. The best time to sow it, is in the ••pring time, at the wane of the Moone, and it is verie quicke and speedie in grow∣••••g. The greatest glorie it hath, is the beautie thereof: yet it hath all those vertues ••hich the Marigold hath, and cureth the same in••irmities.

Contrarie to this, is the flower of the Night,* 1.450 which is verie memorable for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 faire flowers which it beareth: It is therefore called the flower of the Night, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at the Sunnes rising it shuts vp her flowers, and at his setting spreads them open 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and so flourisheth with great beautie all the night long: his flowers are of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 colours, some white, some red, some carnation, and some yellow, some inter∣••ixt, and some entire: insomuch, that to behold it either in the morning, or in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, it lookes like a most fine piece of Arras or Tapistrie, to the great wonder of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beholders, when they shall see so manie seuerall colours proceeding from one 〈◊〉〈◊〉, without anie artificiall labour, or other sophistication. It is to be planted or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the moneth of March, when the Moone is encreasing, the ground being 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and rich, and well tilled and ordered before hand.

Tulipan* 1.451 is a Plant which growes about two or three foot from the ground, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a verie faire flower, yet commonly not before it be three yeares old: it de∣••ighteth to grow neere vnto the Flower-de-luce, and would be planted soone after Winter in the new of the Moone. The first yeare it putteth forth but one leafe, verie ••arge, and of a greene colour: the second yeare it putteth forth two leaues: and the ••hird yeare, three leaues, together with the knob or button, which beareth the flower ••nd all, long before the approaching of Winter: as soone as the three leaues are ••prung vp, which are euer neere vnto the earth, the stemme shooteth vpward a good ••eight without leaues as smooth as a cudgell, till it be come to his full growth. Now of these Tulipans there are diuers kinds, and are distinguished onely by the different ••olours of their flowers: for some are white, some red, some blew, some yellow, some Orange, some of a Violet colour, and indeed generally of anie colour whatsoeuer, ••xcept greene: yet it is to be noted, that these Tulipans which are thus of one en∣••••re colour, are but common and ordinarie: for those which are most rare and preci∣••••••, are of diuers colours mixt together, and in semblance like the flower of the Night before spoken of. Againe, there is another note of admiration in this flower; which is, that it changeth it colour euerie yeare of it owne nature, for the which no Gardiner is able to giue anie account: Also there be some Tulipans which will not ••••ourish aboue foure or fiue daies in the yeare, and then after it carrieth no flower 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all.

The Martagon is a plant which putteth forth verie rare and excellent flowers,* 1.452 ••uch what is shape like the Flower-de-luce▪ and are infinitely desired for their ex∣••ellencies: it is most commonly either of an Orange or red colour, and may be ei∣••her sowne or planted in a good ground in the Spring time, when the Moone en∣creaseth▪ It groweth in height seldome aboue three foot, neither hath it anie bran∣••hes: it garnisheth the earth with manie greene leaues, both long and sharpe, ••ending their points downeward. At the toppe of the stemme the flowers put ••orth, vpon seuen or eight round buttons or cuppes, which after a few daies

doe open, and out of euerie button springs forth a flower, which will continue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 upon at least three or foure daies, and then they will fall away, and the bowle is per∣ceiued in which the seed is retained, which is not verie great but of a little and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 compasse.

P••onie* 1.453 are flowers of diuers kinds, some being single, and some double, and are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 esteemed for the beautie of their flowers, they may be sowne or planted on any 〈◊〉〈◊〉 earth; immediatly after Winter the stalke of it is greene, and being ris••n 〈◊〉〈◊〉 foot from the earth, it putteth forth diuers large branches, vpon the tops whereof 〈◊〉〈◊〉 many great buttons, out of which breaketh forth the flowers, being round, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and large, so that some haue beene measured from the circumference to be the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 part of a foot in the diameter, & these flowers are euer of one colour, as being all 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all white, or all purple, and not mixt or stripped as other flowers are.

Amongst all the flowers which beauitfie gardens, none may compare with this o∣ther for odour, glorie, or generall delicacie, whence it commeth that it is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Crowne Emperiall,* 1.454 it may be sowne from the seed in any well drest 〈…〉〈…〉 the Spring of the yeare, and the new of the Moone, yet it is much better if it be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from the root, which root is bigge and round like vnto a great S. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Onion, about which in the planting you shall ••ould a little fine mould 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with cows dung, and then set it a good depth into the earth, the stemme of this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 will spring out of the ground three or foure foot, garnished all along with fine 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ yet without any braunches; at the top of all, it putteth forth eight or nine 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ borne vpon seuerall little branches distinguished from the stalke, euerie one of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 being of equall height and length, the flowers thereof for the most part shew 〈◊〉〈◊〉, because (like the Helitropian) they continually follow the Sunne, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stand streight vpright, but at hie noone onely; the colour of them most 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is a pale red, and they haue within the inward part of them a round liquid 〈◊〉〈◊〉 like vnto an Orient pearle, which whilest the flower is in strength, being for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 part fifteene or twentie dayes, you can by no meanes shake off, nor will it be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 way with showers or tempests, but if with your hand you wipe it away, a new 〈◊〉〈◊〉 will arise againe presently in the same place: this pearle if you tast vpon your 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is sweet and pleasant as Honie or Sugar. This flower must be carefully 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from the frost, and the slips of it would be seldome or ne••er set, because they are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they bring forth flowers as three or foure yeares at the soonest.

CHAP. XLIX.

Of sweet smelling Hearbes.

BAsill,* 1.455 as well the great as the small, is sowne in Aprill and May in a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ground, and commeth vp quickly, if so be that by and by after it is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it be watered with water somewhat heated: It may be sowne 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Autumne, and the seed would be watered with vinegar, for so (〈◊〉〈◊〉 it but a verie little) it will grow forth into branches. If you sow it in a drie ground 〈◊〉〈◊〉 open vpon the Sun; it will by and by turne and become either mountaine 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or cresses. When you haue sowne it, you must draw vpon the ground some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fasten and set it close together, for if it should lye light and hollow, the seed would 〈◊〉〈◊〉 corrupt.* 1.456 It must be watered at noone-tide, cleane contrarie to other hearbs 〈◊〉〈◊〉 would be watered at morning or euening. To cause it to grow great, it is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 crop it oft with your fingers, and not with any yron thing. Some report a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 strange thing of Basill, as namely that it groweth fairer and higher, if it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sowne with curses and injuries offered vnto it: and further that there is a deadly 〈◊〉〈◊〉 betwixt ambe•• & basill: for whereas amber or blacke jet it giuen to draw 〈◊〉〈◊〉

••nto it vpon the touching of them, it driueth and putteth farre from it the leaues and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Basill.

Such as are subject vnto head-ach,* 1.457 or feare to be troubled therewith, must shun the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Basill altogether: for the smell thereof begetteth paine and heauinesse of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, ye•• sometimes it ingendreth in the head little small wormes, like vnto Scorpi∣••••s: as we read to haue happened to a certaine Italian in our time (as Monsieur ••••oulier D. in physicke doth testifie in the beginning of his Practica) in whose ••••aine the oft smelling of Basill did beget a scorpion,* 1.458 which caused him to endure ••••treame paine, and brought him to his death in the end.* 1.459 The greatest vertue that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hearbe can haue, is that if a woman doe hold the roots of Basill in her hand, to∣••ether with a Swallows feather when she is in trauell, she shall be deliuered by and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 without any paine.

Rue,* 1.460 as well that of the garden as the other which is wild, doth not loue eyther a ••oist or cold ground, neither yet a ground made verie fat with dung: but rather a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and drie ground free from vvind, and where the Sunne shineth much, in respect ••hereof it must be couered with ashes during the Winter time: for the naturall heat 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the ashes doth cause it to resist the cold. It may be sowne in March, August, and ••••ptember, although in deed it grow better set of roots or braunches, than sowne. ••hen it groweth old, it degenerateth into a wooddie substance, and therefore you ••ust cut the stalkes twice euerie yeare euen to the root, to recouer his youth againe: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 must not be suffered (if possibly it may be let) to flowre, for if it be suffered to put 〈◊〉〈◊〉 any flowres,* 1.461 it groweth so much the more drie. Some report, that this hearbe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a maruailous propertie, as that if it be toucht or come neere vnto, be it neuer so 〈◊〉〈◊〉, by a woman that hath abused her bodie, or that hath her termes, that it dyeth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and by.

To cause that it may grow faire and haue a more pleasant smell, it must be planted ••nder the shadow of a Figge-tree, or grafted in the rind of a Figge-tree: for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and sweetnesse of the Figge-tree doth temper the sharpenesse and acrimo∣••ie of the Rue. Some say likewise, that Rue will grow fairer, if the branches thereof 〈◊〉〈◊〉 set in a Beane or Onion,* 1.462 and so put into the ground. It is likewise reported, that it ••••oweth fairer, if one curse and hurt it when they set and plant it. But looke how ••••iendly and kind it is to the Figge-tree, so much it is enemie vnto and hateth the ••••emlocke;* 1.463 likewise Gardiners when they would pull vp Rue, for feare of hurting ••••eir hands, rub them with the juice of Hemlocke.

Wild Rue is of greater force than the garden Rue, and of a more vnpleasant ••••ell, and also a more dangerous smell: furthermore of so sharpe a vapour, as that if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 come neere vnto the face neuer so little, it will breed the wild fire in it. The feed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the one and the other by the hot and drie temperature it hath, drieth vp the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of man, and maketh him barren: the same seed in decoction is good for distil∣••••tions, and the moisture of the matrix.

Rue hath a singular vertue and force against all manner of venime. Likewise we 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that the king Mithridates was accustomed to vse an opiate made of twentie ••••ues of Rue,* 1.464 two drie Figges, two old Walnuts, and a little Salt, to preserue his state ••gainst all manner of poyson. For this cause you must plant in your gardens, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 your sheepecoats, houses for your fowle and other cattell, great quantitie of ••ue: for Adders, Lizards, and other venimous beasts,* 1.465 will not come neere vnto 〈◊〉〈◊〉, by the length of the shadow of it. Some also hold it as a tried thing, that to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 away Cats and Fulmers from hen-houses and doue-houses,* 1.466 there is no∣thing ••etter than to set Rue at the doores thereof, or round about them. And that to free a ••ome of fleas and g••ats, it is good to water that same with water sprinkled about with branch of rue.* 1.467 In the plague time it is not good to put rue neere vnto your nose ••ontrarie to that which we see many men practise) because by the sharpenesse of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 there is caused a heat and excoriation of the part which it toucheth: notwith∣••••anding to draw out the venime that is in a bubo or pestilent carbuncle,* 1.468 there is no∣••••ing better than to applie thereto a cataplasme made of the leaues of rue stampt with

leauen, hogs-grease, onions, figges, vnquencht lime, sope, cantharides, and a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 treacle. If a man haue eaten of hemlocke, ceruse, mandrakes, blacke poppie, 〈…〉〈…〉 other hearbes, which through their great coldnesse haue caused them to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and blockish, they may profitably vse the juice of rue, to drinke it for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of them from such danger, or else the wine wherein it hath beene boyled. Th•• distilled water of rue powred into vvine and rose-water of each as much, is good 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the weakenesse of the sight. It is verie soueraigne for the headach, and being 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in wine with fennell, and so drunke, it easeth all obstructions of the spleene or 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ and taketh away the pain of the strangurie, and also stoppeth any flux, being 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with Cummin-seed, it easeth all maner of aches, and being stampt with home, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flower and the yolke of an egge it cureth any impostumation whatsoeuer.

All sorts of mints* 1.469 whether garden or wild, doe nothing desire the ground 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dunged, fat, or lying open vpon the Sunne, but rather a moist ground neere 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water, for want thereof they must be continually watred, for else they die: it is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sowne than set; but if it be set, then it may be either of roots or branches, in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or in the Spring time, especially about the twelfth of March or September. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wanteth the seed to sow it, may insteed thereof sow the seed of field mints, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the sharpe point downeward, thereby to tame and reclaime the wildnesse of it. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it is growne it must not be toucht with any edge toole, because thereupon it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 die. Neither need you take care to sow it euerie yeare, for it will grow of itselfe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 being sowne of set in great aboundance.

Mints stampt and applyed to breasts too hard and full of milke doe seften〈◊〉〈◊〉, and hindreth the curding of the milke:* 1.470 stampt with salt, it is good against the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of a mad dog: stampt and put into a cataplasme it comforteth a weak 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and strengtheneth digestion: two or three sprigs of mints taken with the juice of ••••pomegranat, stayeth the hicket, vomiting, and surfets. It is good to help them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue lost their smelling, by putting it oft to the nose. Then leaues dried, made in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and drunke with white wine, doth kill the wormes* 1.471 in yong children. Such as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 milke, a••ter they haue eaten it, must by and by chaw of the leaues of mints, 〈…〉〈…〉 the qua••ling of the milke in their stomachs: for mints haue the speciall 〈…〉〈…〉 keeping milk from curding,* 1.472 as also to keepe chee••e* 1.473 from corruption and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, if it be sprinkled with the juice or decoction of mints: being ••pplied vnto the 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ it asswageth head-ach commming of cold. The water of the whole hearbe distilled 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Maries bath, in a glasse Alembecke, and taken the quantitie of foure ounces, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stay bleeding at the nose, which is very strange thing: they that would liue 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ must not smell vnto not eat any mints: and therefore in auncient time it was 〈◊〉〈◊〉 captaines in warre to eat any mints.

Calamint,* 1.474 (otherwise called Mentastrum) delighteth in the same ground 〈◊〉〈◊〉 mints, we see it likewise grow in vntilled grounds neere vnto high waies and hedg••▪ It prouoketh the termes in women, whether it be taken at the mouth or in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and that with such violence, as that women may not in any case meddle with 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ if they take themselues to be with child: it is singular good vsed in formentation 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the paines of the stomach, for the colicke and distillations: the juice thereof 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the mouth killeth wormes in the bellie, and being dropt into the eare, it killeth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 there also. Of this Calamint there are three kinds, as the stone Calamint, the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Calamint, and the water Calamint, the water Calamint is excellent to make 〈…〉〈…〉, the earth Calamint is verie good against leprosie, helpeth paine in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and comforteth the stomach, lastly the stone Calamint is soueraigne against 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ and strengtheneth the heart, if it be bruised and made into a plai••ter with 〈…〉〈…〉 sewet, it healeth any venimous wounds, and to drinke it three or foure daies 〈◊〉〈◊〉 either in ale or wine, it cureth the jaundise.

Thyme* 1.475 as well of Candie as the common, doth grow better planted than 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and craueth a place open vpon the Sunne, neere vnto the sea, and leane, and it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be planted at mid-March in a well ••illed ground, that so it may the sooner 〈…〉〈…〉 also that it may grow the fairer and fuller leafe, it will be good to water the 〈◊〉〈◊〉

••oft with water wherein hath been steeped for the space of one whole day drie thyme somewhat bruised.* 1.476 If you be disposed to gather the seed, you must gather also the flowers wherein it is contained, seeing they cannot be sundred.

A Cataplasme made of thyme boyled in Wine,* 1.477 appea••eth the paine of the Sciati∣••••ca, and the windinesse of the bodie and matrin. The smelling of thyme is soueraigne to raise them that haue the Falling-sicknesse out of their fit, and also to keepe them from their fit, by decking their bed about with the leaues thereof. The oft vsing of thyme with wine or whay, is good for melancholicke persons.

Winter Sauourie* 1.478 craueth no fat, manured, or well tilled ground, but rather an ••pen, stonie, and light ground, lying so as the Sunne may shine full vpon it. Both Thyme and Winter Sauourie are good for the nourishing of bees, and for the preser∣••ing and seasoning of meats: they are also called fine, sebtill, or small and slender hearbes.

Organie,* 1.479 otherwise called bastard Margerome, loueth a rough, stonie, peble, weake, and yet well fu••nisht ground, and vvithall craueth a manured ground, as also to be watered, vntill it be growne vp to his full bignesse, notwithstanding it be seene ••o grow in many places without watering or dunging. It may be remoued of little ••prouts or sciences, and the lower end set vpward, to the end that it may put forth new ••prings and shoots; and be sown of his seed, the which the elder it is, so much the soo∣••er it will put forth of the earth, although that organie do not ordinarily shew it selfe before the 30 or 40 day after the sowing of it: in many places it is sowne neere vnto ••, because they willingly load themselues from thence, and make singular honie.

Organie boyled in Wine,* 1.480 and layed vpon the region of the raines, doth take away and vndoe the difficultie of making vvater: being boyled in wine and drunke, it is good against venimous beasts, or the stingings of Scorpions and Spiders. A Cata∣plasme made of Organie and Barly meale boyled together, resolueth the tumours vn∣der the eares. The decoction thereof is good to comfort the sinews, and the relaxed and weake parts: the seed thereof drunke vvith Wine doth prepare and dispose a vvoman to conceiue: the flowers and leaues of the sayd Organie dried at the fire in an earthen test or melting pot, and being wrapped vp verie hot in a cloth, and ap∣plied vnto the head, and kept fast tied thereunto, doth cure the rheume comming of cold.

Hyssope* 1.481 affecteth a place free from shadow, and lying open vpon the Sunne: it ••ay be set or sowne about the twelfth of March. It must be cut in the moneth of August, and dried to put in pottage in Winter.

Amongst other principall vertues that it hath,* 1.482 it is of great vse for the affects of ••he lungs, and to prouoke vvomens termes; of there be a broth made thereof to sup ••asting in the morning. Some say that the syrope of Hyssope, taken oftentimes with ••owerfold so much of the vvater of Pellitorie of the wall, causeth the stone and much grauell to auoyd from the reines: Hyssope with figs, rue, and honie boyled together ••n water and drunke, is good for those that are short breathed, and for old and hard ••oughs: stampt with salt, cummine, and honie, and applied, healeth the stingings of Scorpions: stampt with oyle and rubbed, it killeth lice: pills made of hyssope, ••orehound, and pionie roots, doe heale the falling-sicknesse.

Sommer sauourie* 1.483 doth delight in an open Sunne shining place, and therefore must be set or sowne in such a one, not in a fat or manured ground: for it is often seen grow of it selfe in leane grounds, and neere vnto the Sea. It groweth more delight∣••ully and of a better tast, if it be sowne amongst onions.* 1.484 It is verie good for sauce to ••eat. The leaues and flowres applied vnto the head in forme of a cap or garland, doth away the drowsily inclined.* 1.485 A Cataplasme made of sauorie and wheat meale, ••oth cure distillations.

The Sciati•••••• Coriander* 1.486 ••orteth well with any kind of ground, notwithstanding in a fat and ••ew ground, it groweth a great deale more aboundantly, and it seeketh for an hot ••ire: againe, that which groweth in a sunnie place doth ouerthriue that vvhich groweth in a shadowed place: when you goe about to sow it, chuse the eldest seed

you can get; for by how much it is the elder, by so much it is the better, so that it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not mouldie and foughtie. Sow it also in a fat and moist ground, and yet 〈…〉〈…〉 a leane ground: and to cause it to spring vp the sooner, you must steepe the〈…〉〈…〉 water two daies before you sow it. If you must dung the ground where it is to be sowne, it must be with Sheepe or Goats dung rather than anie other.

The excessiue heat thereof bringeth Head-ach,* 1.487 and the trembling of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 being eaten after meat, it comforteth digestion,* 1.488 and dispelleth windinesse,* 1.489 so that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be prepared. The way to prepare it, is as followeth▪ You must, hauing dried it 〈◊〉〈◊〉, cast vpon it verie good wine and vineger mixt together, and leaue it thus sprinkl•••• and wet the space of foure and twentie houres, then drie it vp, and keepe it for Phy∣sicke vse: being stamped in vineger, and cast vpon flesh,* 1.490 it keepeth it from 〈◊〉〈◊〉: it prouoketh womens termes:* 1.491 and some say, that looke how manie seeds a wo∣man drinketh with white wine, so manie daies shall her termes continue. 〈…〉〈…〉 drunke with the iuice of Pomegranats, killeth the Wormes* 1.492 in children. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thereof, with Ceruse, Litharge of Siluer, Vineger, and Oyle of Roses, 〈…〉〈…〉 Wild fire,* 1.493 and all Rednesse. The seed stamped in Vineger, doth keepe the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from corrupting in Summer. Also to drinke the iuice thereof with Honey 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Wine, killeth Wormes: and adding the seedes bruised thereto, it helpeth a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Feuer.

Sage,* 1.494 as well the little as the great, it planted of branches wrythen at the foot, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 also of roots, in the Spring, and Autumne. It is sowne also at the same time. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 delighteth to be laid about with Lee ashes. It must be set neere vnto Rue, to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from Adders and Lizards, which vse to take vp their lodging neere vnto Sage 〈◊〉〈◊〉 may be knowne by the leaues, which haue their tops oftentimes withered and dried, the same comming of hauing beene touched by Serpents. Sage refuseth neither 〈◊〉〈◊〉 nor cold ayre: how beit, naturally it groweth in a barren, sto••••e, and ill-〈◊〉〈◊〉 ground; and that in such sort, as that in some places of Spaine the mountaine•• 〈…〉〈…〉 ouer-growne therewith, and the Countrey inhabitants burne no other wood. No••∣withstanding, to grow faire, it would be well digged about, and kept clean•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 leaues and stalkes that are dead.

It hath a singular vertue to comfort the ••inewes that are hurt by being 〈…〉〈…〉,* 1.495 or otherwise become weake:* 1.496 And for this cause, some make Sage Wine for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 drinke, and a fomentation with the decoction of Sage for the trembling of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and other parts.* 1.497 It comforteth the mother, being taken in a fume at the secret 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by such fume it also stayeth the whites. Such as cannot beare their conception 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their time, but miscarrie vpon slight causes, must oftentimes in the morningeat 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sage leaues, for they strengthen the retentiue facultie, keepe aliue and strengthen 〈◊〉〈◊〉 child, and make women verie fruitfull. And this is the cause why the Egyptian••, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a great mortalitie, constrained their wiues to drinke the iuice of Sage with a little 〈◊〉〈◊〉, keeping themselues foure daies from hauing to doe with their husbands, and then 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to lye with them, that so they might conceiue and bring forth manie chil∣dren. To stirre vp appetite, and cleanse the stomacke full of ill humours,* 1.498 Sage 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be vsed oftentimes in pottage, and otherwise: it assuageth the paine of the head, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cleanseth the teeth and gummes: it maketh a sweet breath, being boyled in wine: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 distilled water thereof doth cleare the sight: the conserue of the flowers of Sage 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the like vertues.

Oake of Ierusalem* 1.499 (called of the Latines Botrys) craueth a drie and sandi•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or else a watrie ground, but such a one as is sandie or grauellie. We behold it also 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and then to grow in swift running Brookes. Being once sowne, it needeth not 〈…〉〈…〉 sowne againe afterward: for it groweth againe euerie yeare, and that as it were in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of a shrub. It hath vertues much like vnto Thyme, that is to say, it is good••••gainst the suppression of the termes,* 1.500 and vrine. Being dried and laid in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, it giueth a verie good smell vnto the garments, and keepeth them from 〈…〉〈…〉 decoction thereof with Licorice, is wonderfull good for such as haue a short〈◊〉〈◊〉 and are ••••uffed in their lungs, if you put thereto a little Sugar, or syrrup of 〈◊〉〈◊〉

••ea, and furthermore to such as spit matter, vpon no other penaltie; but that it be v∣••ed a long time. The hearbe parched vpon a hot tyle, and besprinkled with Malme∣••ey and applyed vnto the bsllie asswageth the pains of the matrix, yea and more too, ••f you adde thereunto the leaues of Mugwort, and the flowers of Cammomile, all fri∣••••d with oyle of Lillies, and the yolke of an egge.

Horehound* 1.501 (called in Latine Marrubium, or Prassium) as well the blacke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the white groweth in euerie ground, but rather in an vntilled than in a tilled ground▪ you may also see it grow neere vnto walls, hedges, wayes, and borders of fields▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is ••rue that the wild de••ireth wattie places, as ditches, little riuers, moist and low pla∣••es. It is verie good in decoction for the cough and difficultie of breath, because it cleanseth the lungs, and causeth spitting: it prouoketh womens termes and bring••th ••orth the after-birth.

Sea, Romane, and common Wormewood,* 1.502 is not so much sowne or set because of his smell, as for the profit that it bringeth vnto the health. The Romane grow∣eth in a sandie ground: the Sea-Wormewood groweth in a salt and ashi•• ground▪ ••he common in hillie, stonie, drie, and vntilled grounds; for to set them, you must writhe the roots.

Wormwood,* 1.503 amongst other his vertues almost infinite and admirable, doth espe∣cially comfort the stomach laden with cholericke humours, but not the stomach op∣pressed with flegmaticke humors,* 1.504 and for that cause there is a Wine made of Worm∣wood, and called by the same name. The decoction of dogs-grasse his roots, and the crops of Wormewood, doe heale the Iaundise.* 1.505 The conserue of the crops made of a pound thereof, and three pounds of Sugar, doth cure the old, in••eterate, and des∣perate dropsie,* 1.506 if it be oftentimes vsed after purging: it doth preserue likewise from drunkennesse. It is an antidote in case a man haue ••aten venimous Mushromes, or taken downe any other venime, especially the Hemlocke, as also in bitings and sting∣ings of Spide••s and other venimous beasts. The juice mingled with the kernells of Peaches, doth kill the Wormes.* 1.507 The leaues made into ashes, and mingled with oile of Roses, doth make the haire blacke.* 1.508 The leaues layed in Wardrobes, doe keepe the garments, and doe driue away Flies and Gnats.

Southernewood groweth best being planted of roots or shoots,* 1.509 for it doth not so well being sowne of seed. It cannot abide much cold, nor much heat, and therefore it must be planted in some such place of the garden as is temperate. The seed the weight of a French Crowne stampt with some of the leaues in white Wine, adding thereto an old Nut, and a little Bole-Armoniacke, all being st••ayned and drunke, is a singular drinke against the Plague▪* 1.510 and all manner of poyson.* 1.511 The crops of the tops of the leaues, and the flowers being beaten and stampt in oyle, and made into the forme of a liniment, doe serue to shift off the shiuerings of agues,* 1.512 if so be that the soles of the feet and verebres of the backe o•• him that hath the ague be rubbed there∣with. Southernwood taken inward, or applied outward, doth kill wormes* 1.513 in young children. It is true that Galen for biddeth the taking of it at the mouth, because it is an enemie to the stomach.

Rosemarie* 1.514 loueth chiefly a reasonable sat ground: it groweth in any ayre, but best by the Sea sides, and thereupon it bea••eth his name. It must be planted in the Spring and Autumne, of roots on braunches writhen and see fast in the earth, and that in a warme place, or at the least lying open vpon the Sunne, and not such a place as is verie moist or subject vnto the Northern•• vvind, because this plane can hardly en∣dure the cold, and therefore it must be planted vpon the South vader some wall, and the good time of planting or it is, when it will pricke, and then you must take off the small young sprigs, and set them three inches vvithin the earth, making the earth fast and close vnto them aboue: or else of some part of the most leauie branches ther∣of, which being afterward helped by making the ground light, doth spread and con∣tinue fresh, hauing no need to be watered, except at the verie time of setting of it, if the ground be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and yet notwithstanding if it be watered, it will prosper the bet∣ter, and flourish the more. So long as it is young, it would be diligently weeded and

picked: it requireth no dung, but onely a good mould, and to be compassed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the root with good earth. The lees of Wine, and the scraps broken off from 〈◊〉〈◊〉, layd at the foot thereof, doe cause it to grow maruellously. There are two 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Rosemarie: the one bearing seed, and the other not. Some plant it for food 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto Hiues, because it flowreth betimes, and for that the Bees doe greatly deligh•••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it, and by it doe better continue in health, as also make better honey than th••se which feed not vpon it at all. The flowers of it will keepe a yeare or two, without being spoyled, if you gather them cleane, and not mixt with anie filthie things, hauing 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dried them a little in the Sunne, vntill they haue lost their newnesse and freshness•••• afterward drie them vp throughly in the shadow, and put them not vp to keepe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they be perfectly dried.

It is good in the Plague time to perfume the house with Rosemarie,* 1.515 for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thereof driueth away the ill ayre.* 1.516 The leaues and flowers are good against headach,* 1.517 especially to stay the whites, if a woman doe vse them long time euerie morning▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 more specially, to make the sight better, if the partie that hath the weake sight 〈◊〉〈◊〉 eat fasting both the leaues and the flowers of Rosemarie ioint together, with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and salt euerie morning. The flowers thereof made in conserue doe comfort 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Stomacke, and are good in melancholike Passions, the Falling sicknesse, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and Palsies. The seed drunke with Pepper and white Wine, doth heale the Iaundise,* 1.518 and take away the obstructions of the Liuer. The decoction of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thereof in white Wine doe comfort weake and oppressed Sinewes:* 1.519 If you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 your head therewith, it will make a hard skinne, and comfort the little 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and also keepe the haire from falling so quickly. Some doe make Tooth-pi•••••• of the wooddie parts thereof, and those verie good; as also Coales to draw 〈◊〉〈◊〉 first Lineaments and Ground-worke of Pictures, and such other things, to be painted.

The ordering of lesamine* 1.520 is like vnto that of Rosemarie, saue that Iesamine do•••• continue alwaies gre••ne, and not so subiect to frost as Rosemarie, and is much in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 quest for Arbors and Shelters, and for the setting forth of a Quarter. There may 〈◊〉〈◊〉 made an Oyle of his flowers, infused a long time in Oyle of sweet Almonds, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in a bagge from betwixt a Presse, which will be soueraigne to comfort the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••inewes and other parts of the bodie troubled with cold distillations,* 1.521 and to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the frets of young children.

Mountaine or wild Thyme delighteth to be planted or sowne in grounds 〈◊〉〈◊〉 some Fountaine,* 1.522 small Rundle, or Well, and such as is ill tilled, being drie in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and full of water in Winter: and thus placed, it yeeldeth a great deale the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 leaues. It requireth notwithstanding a ground that is neither fat nor dunged, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 open to the Sunne, and would be oft transplanted. Sometimes it commeth of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that is ill husbanded.

Mountaine Thyme boyled in vineger and oyle of Rose, assuageth the headach,* 1.523 if the temples be rubbed therewith: boyled in Wine, and drunke, it prouoketh Womens termes, bringeth forth the after-birth, and dead child: with Honey i•• cleanseth the Lungs, and helpeth the Falling sicknesse. The decoction is good 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the windinesse, swellings, and hardnesse of the Matrix. The perfume of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Thyme killeth Serpents and other venimous Beasts,* 1.524 and driueth away Fleas. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 weight of a French crowne of the powder of Mountaine Thyme, drunke with 〈◊〉〈◊〉,* 1.525 assuageth the belly ach, and deliuereth the partie which is troubled with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of vrine.

Penyryall* 1.526 groweth well either sowne or planted: wherein this must be marked, that if it be planted of the root or branches in Autumne, it will bring forth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and flowers in mid Nouember. It being once planted, continueth alwaies, so 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it be well wed and pickt euerie yeare: it must be watred verie diligently. Penyryall•••• excellent good against the Dropsie, for the Spleene, Iaundise, and furthering of womens deliuerance in trauell,* 1.527 as also to bring forth the after-birth, and to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the termes, being drunke with white Wine.* 1.528 The perfume of Penyryall killeth 〈◊〉〈◊〉

and venimous Beasts. A Cataplasme made of Penyryall boyled in Wine, doth as∣suage the paine of the Sciatica.* 1.529

Dill* 1.530 loueth better to be planted than sowne, and craueth chiefely a ground some∣what warme, but more enclining to cold. If you would haue it to grow faire, you must water it oftentimes. When it is sowne, it is not needfull that the seed should be couered with earth, because it is not subiect to be eaten of Birds. Dill hath power to take away Belchings,* 1.531 and inward Gripes,* 1.532 Vomit, and Hicket, and that onely with smelling to it, to prouoke Vrine, and helpe the digestion of the Stomacke: it causeth a spring of milke in Nurses,* 1.533 healeth the suffocation of the Matrix, and ripeneth all manner of tumours.

Annise* 1.534 craueth a well batled, tilled, fat, and manured ground. It must be sowne in March, and oft watered. Euerie man knoweth how good and profitable the seed thereof is, eaten in the morning, for such as are subiect to the gripes of the Stomack and Guts, to the Hicke••, Belchings, stinking Breath,* 1.535 and which desire to haue a beau∣tifull and comely countenance: after meat,* 1.536 it also helpeth digestion: it is good for Nurses to cause them to haue much milke. It also taken away the stopping of the Stomacke or Spleene: it helpeth Collickes, prouoketh Vrine, makes a man apt to sweet: and lastly, keepes the bodie soluble.

Bishops-weed* 1.537 craueth such ground and such tillage as Annise, which being once sowne, doth lightly grow there euerie yeare by the seed falling from it: it groweth chiefely in rested grounds. The seed is excellent good against Wringings and Gripes, to prouoke Womens termes, and Vrine, if it be drunke with Wine, so that it be vsed but seldome, for otherwise it causeth a pale colour. The perfume doth mundifie and cleanse the Matrix, and maketh barren women fruitfull, if together with this suffumigation the barren woman doe take euerie second morning the weight of a dramme of the powder of this seed, three houres before shee eat anie thing, continuing it for foure of fiue times: but in the meane time, the husband must lye with his wife vpon such daies as shee shall vse this powder: a thing proued di∣uers times.

Caraway* 1.538 is sowne in the moneth of May, in a good, cleane, and manured ground, in such sort as we haue said in the Kitchin Garden. The seed helpeth Digestion, prouoketh Vrine, expelleth Windinesse, and hath the same vertues that Annise hath: being made into powder, it is with good successe mixt amongst such remedies as are vsed to be giuen for drie blowes.

Cummin* 1.539 doth grow fairest, when it is sowne in a fat and hot ground, or in a ground lying open to the Easterne Sunne amongst the pothearbes (for so it grow∣eth better) in the beginning of May. Some likewise say, that for to make it grow faire and well, it must be cursed and rayled vpon. It must not be watered so pre∣sently after it is sowne; but after it is put forth of the earth, it must be oftentimes watered.

The seed taken at the mouth,* 1.540 scattereth the winds which breake vpward, it men∣deth the inward gripes,* 1.541 and taketh away the difficultie to make water; as also the blacknesse of drie blowes,* 1.542 the powder thereof being presently applyed after it hath beene beat verie small and fine,* 1.543 and heated at the fire. Being taken in a Suffumiga∣tion, or put vp into the secret places, it helpeth conception. The fume of this seed taken vpon the face, doth make it pale and deadly. And this doe they verie well know, which are giuen ouer to counterfeit holinesse, sincere and vpright dealing, or the subduing or bringing vnder of the bodie. Also the seed thereof bruised and boyled in Oyle, is good against anie Impost••••ation, and assuageth anie great swelling.

Fennell* 1.544 findeth not it selfe agrieued with anie ayre or soyle: howbeit, naturally it is more enclining vnto a hot than vnto a cold ayre, and vnto a grauellie ground ra∣ther than vnto a better: onely it flyeth and refuseth a sandie and altogether barren ground, as not thriuing anie whit therein. It is sowne in the Spring and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and it is planted likewise at the same times, the stalkes are romoued hauing put

forth a 〈◊〉〈◊〉, euerie one from another, or else the whole tuft onely; notwithstanding▪ the sweet Fennell loueth rather to be sowne than planted, and that rather in the Spring than in Autumne, for so it groweth more sweet, and beareth the greater seed. It must be sowne in and remoued vnto a ground open vpon the Sunne, and reasonably drie, and seldome sowne, as not aboue one yeare. It must be kept verie cleane so long as it is in growing, and vntill it be come vnto his full growth, for otherwise bad weeds would choake it.

To haue verie sweet Fennell,* 1.545 put your seed in a Marsellis figge, and so sow it, or else mix honey with the earth wherein you sow it, or else steepe the seed in honey one or two nights before you sow it, or else in the water of honey, or in milke, chan∣ging the same, and putting new instead, in such sort as we haue said in the handling of Melons.

Fennell,* 1.546 as well the leafe as the seed, is wholly dedicated to the clearing of the eyes: and for this cause, some draw the iuice of the leaues and stalkes while they are yet tender, and drying it, keepe it for the same effect. Sometimes the water of Fen∣nell is distilled all alone, and by it selfe, or else mixt with honey. The seed of Fen∣nell, is good to restraine wind,* 1.547 taken after meat, notwithstanding that it is hard of digestion, and bringeth but little nourishment vnto the bodie. It may be eaten greene after the beginning of August: as also the buds and tender stalkes may be preserued, and likewise the branches as they beare their seed, with salt and vi∣neger, in earthen pots, to vse at all times, and especially whiles there is raigning anie excessiue heat. The vse of Fennell also causeth women to haue great store of milke.* 1.548

Marierome* 1.549 groweth of seed, roots, or shoots, as Sage doth. It desireth shadowed places, and that fat, well manured, and oft watered. It will be the fairer, if it be re∣moued in the beginning of Summer. The roots must be defended from Rats and Mice; for this kind of vermine doth it more iniurie than anie other: which you shall find and proue true, if it please you but to make triall thereof. The iuice pressed out of the leaues,* 1.550 and drawne vp into the nos••hrils, doth purge the head: made into a lee, it dryeth the rheumes, and scoureth away the filthinesse of the head. The broth wherein it hath boyled, is good against the beginning of Drop∣sie,* 1.551 as also for them that cannot make water well, and which are subiect vnto Gripings.

Mugwort,* 1.552 whether it be set or sowne, craueth a drie and stonie ground, contrarie to another hearbe resembling it, and called hearbe S. Iohn, and groweth in marshes, and it indeed the male Sothernwood.

Mugwort hath singular force against the bitings of Serpents,* 1.553 vsed as well inward as outward, as also against the Plague: That it is so, the Almaines doe sufficiently proue, who account not themselues to haue anie more soueraigne remedie against the Plague, than Mugwort made into ashes, and afterward boyled into a chymicall salt, to vse so soone as they perceiue themselues strucken with the Plague, with foure or fiue ounces of good Wine, or Malmesey, and afterward to goe lay themselues downe in bed, to cause themselues to sweat two or three houres. It hath singular ver∣tues against the diseases of the Matrix: for the leaues put into a bagge, or made in forme of a Cataplasme, and applyed warme from vnder the nauell vnto the flankes, doe procure the termes,* 1.554 and doe appease in like manner the Matrix relaxed, or out of order and place. The leaues stamped with oyle of bitter Almonds, and applyed vnto the stomacke, doe stay the paine thereof. There is made a singular Pes••arie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bring downe womens termes, with the leaues of Mugwort, Myrrhe, and Figges, all being brayed with oyle of Ireos. The root powdred and drunke with white wine, doth so purge the Matrix, as that it casteth forth the mole and after-birth. The iuice is with good successe drunke against Opium: the powder of the dried leaues drunke with wine the weight of three drammes, is exceedingly good for the Sciatica. Some say, that the traueller which carrieth Mugwort the whole hearbe, tyed vnto his legges, or thighes, shall not find himselfe wearie at all: and that hanged at the

entries of houses, it with-holdeth all Incantations and Witch-crafts. When awo∣man laboureth of child, and cannot auoid her after-birth,* 1.555 there is nothing better than to apply vnto her, vnder her nauell, vpon her thighes and flankes, a Cataplasme made of Mogwort leaues, boyled with Barly meale: but presently after the child or after-birth is come ••orth, you must take away this Cataplasme, otherwise it would draw downe the Matrix also. If you stampe the iuice of Mugwort with the yolkes of egges boyled, adding thereto Hogges grease and the seed of Cummin, and apply it all in manner of a Cataplasme vpon the Matrix,* 1.556 you shall remedie all the paine that ordinarily doth follow after child-birth.

Tansie,* 1.557 as well the great as the small, groweth in most places, as vpon the brinkes of Riuers and small Brookes, and sometimes in drie places, as wee ••ee it grow in Wayes, and in the edges of high Wayes. The seed or flowers drunke with milke or wine, doth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Wormes:* 1.558 and that is the cause why some call it Worme-ba••e. It serueth also to prouoke Vrine, and to breake the Stone* 1.559 and Grauell* 1.560 of the reines, espe∣cially in men, as Fether••ew doth the same in women.

Fetherfew* 1.561 doth require the like ordering and ground that Mugwort doth, and they are also (as it were) of the like vertues, both of them appropriate vnto the af∣fects of the Matrix: but Fether••ew surpasseth in this, that the flowers, but princi∣pally the leaues, stamped and applyed vnto the teeth or eare of the side that aketh, it wholly assuageth the paine of the teeth: And this is the cause why the Parisi∣a••s doe call it Espargo••tte, because the leaues thus stamped and applyed, doe cause to distill out of the mouth, drop after drop, the flegmaticke humour, which causeth the said tooth-ach. It is good also for them which haue the swimming of the head, as also for them which are troubled with Melancholie, or with the Stone.

Ca••s-mint, or Nept,* 1.562 is a kind of Calamint, whereof wee haue spoken before: so called, because that Cats doe exceedingly delight in the smell thereof, and doe tum∣ble themselues round vpon the leaues and stalkes: it groweth without anie great husbanding in marshie and waterish places, as may easily be seene and tryed. It is reported to haue a singular vertue in helping women to conceiue.* 1.563 In like manner Physitians are wont to prescribe Bathes and Fomentations made of this hearbe, for women that cannot conceiue and haue children. Also it is verie delicately purga∣tiue, and openeth the bodie verie gently, without offence, or danger after∣co••••i••enesse.

French Lauander* 1.564 being and hearbe of a verie good smell, and verie vsuall in Lan∣gu••do•• and Prouence, doth craue to be diligently tilled, in a fat ground, and lying open to the Sunne. The decoction▪ syrrup, or distilled water doth comfort the braine and memorie, taketh away the obstructions of the Liuer, Spleene, Lungs, and Ma∣trix: but such as are cholericke, must not vse it, because it disquieteth them migh∣tily, in causing them to vomit, and altering them much, by bringing a heat vpon all the bodie.

The drie, stonie, and Sunne-shining place is verie fit for Lauander,* 1.565 whether male or female. Before it flower, it must be cut and picked verie carefully. It is of a sweet smell, and good, when it is dryed, to put amongst Linnens and Woollen Clothes, ••mparting of his sweetnesse vnto them, and keeping of them from ver∣mine. It is verie excellent to comfort weake and wearied sinewes,* 1.566 or otherwise ill affected, through some cold cause: and by reason hereof, Baths and Fomentati∣ons made of Lauander for Palsies,* 1.567 Conuulsions,* 1.568 Apoplexies,* 1.569 and other such like affects, are verie soueraigne. The flowers, with Cinnamon, Nutmeg, and Cloues, doe heale the beating of the heart. The distilled water of the flowers, taken in the quantitie of two spoonefuls, restoreth the lost speech, and healeth the swownings and disease of the heart. The cons••rue and distilled water thereof doe the like. The Oyle thereof dryeth vp Rheumes also: and beeing annoynted vpon the nape of the necke, it is singular good against conuulsions and benummednesse of sinewes.

All-good (otherwise called in French Orualle,* 1.570 because it is as much worth as gold) groweth in anie ground, without seed, and with seed: it delighteth notwithstanding to be often watered. The leaues stamped and applyed, doe draw forth thornes and prickes that are fastened and runne into anie part of the bodie whatsoeuer: It doth, in like manner, bring the child out of the mothers bodie, being in trauell. The wine wherein it hath been steeped in small quantitie, doth make men pleasant and cheere∣full,* 1.571 and apt to carnall copulation. The seed thereof put into the eye, and turned manie times round about the eye,* 1.572 doth cleanse and cleare it, in wiping away the ••••eg∣maticke humour, wherewith you shall well perceiue the seed to be laden, and (a•• it were) wrapt in small filmes after that it is taken out of the eyes. The flower•• and seed put in a vessell full of sweet Wine, whiles it yet purgeth, giueth it the tast of Malmesey. It is true, that such Wine will quickly make one drunke, and cause the head-ach, as we see that Beere doth, wherein Brewers boyle Clarie in stead of Hoppes.

Nigella* 1.573 of the Garden must be sowne in a ground that is fat and well tilled. The fume of the seed taken, doth stay the rheume, drie the braine, and causeth the smel∣ling that is lost to come againe: boyled with water and vineger, and holden in the mouth, it assuageth tooth-ach.

Sweet Balme* 1.574 groweth rather in Woods and Forests than in Gardens: notwith∣standing, he that will haue it in his Garden, must sow it in a fat and well battild ground, where the heat of the Sunne commeth not verie strongly.

It serueth to reioyce the heart,* 1.575 and deliuereth the spirit from melancholike ima∣ginations and fansies: it is good not onely against bitings and stingings of venimon•• beasts, but also against the Plague, in whatsoeuer manner it be vsed. And further, if anie man doubt himselfe to haue eaten anie venimous or poysoned meat, as it falleth out often in them which haue eaten Mushromes and such like things, then this ser∣ueth for a singular remedie against the same.* 1.576 Such as esteeme it a fine thing to keepe Bees, to the end he may preuent their flying away, and forsaking of their Hiues, as also to cause them to come againe, if they be gone away, doe rub the Hiues with the flowers of sweet Balme: as on the contrarie, to driue them,* 1.577 and to cause them to for∣sake them, they rub them with the flowers of Fetherfew.

Camomile,* 1.578 as well the white as the yellow, hath no need of great tilling: it is suf∣ficient to plant it in a drie, leane, and stonie ground.

Camomile is singular good to mollifie,* 1.579 resolue, ra••ifie, and loosen: and in this re∣spect there is no remedie better for la••••itudes or wearisomenesse, without iust outward causes, than bathes made with the leaues and flowers thereof. The leaues of Camo∣mile stamped with white wine, make a verie good drinke to cure all sorts of Agues, but especially Tertians: for which reason, the Priests of Egypt did consecrate it vnto the Sunne. Also the water of Camomile drunke warme in the beginning of the fit, doth throughly heale the Tertian by vomit. The leaues of Camomile yet greene, being dryed vpon a Tyle, or hot Fire-panne, doe by and by appease the head-ach. Being also fried with sweet Sewet and vnset Leekes in a Frying-pa••••e, and put hot into a Linnen bagge, and so applyed to the nauell, it killeth Wormes either in old, middle age, or young infants, and taketh away all manner of paine in the bellie.

Melilot* 1.580 refuseth no ground, be it fat, or be it drie, and yet it loueth to be wa∣tered. Melilot doth mollifie, resolue, and rarifie, as doth Camomile, and yeel∣deth a verie good smell, especially when it is new, or when it raineth, in Summer▪ it also assuageth the ach of anie part or member, whatsoeuer it be. Also the ••uice thereof, mixed with Turpentine, Waxe, and Oyle, ripeneth, breaketh, and hea∣leth anie Impostume whatsoeuer: it taketh away all hard swelling, and cleanseth wounds.

Manie men being verie desirous to adorne and set forth their Garden with all sorts of Plants,* 1.581 doe amongst the rest prouide to furnish it with Apples of Loue (which the Latines call Mala insana) by reason of the beautie of their fruit, which

which is as thicke as a Cucumber drawing towards a red colour. They must be sowne in the Spring, in a fat and well battild soyle, and where the Sun hath great power, because they cannot abide any cold: they craue the like ordering and husbandrie that the Cucumber doth.

Many licorish mouthes let not to be eating of these, no more than of mushroomes: they take away their pilling, they cut them in slices, boyle them in water, and after frie them in the flower of meale and butter or oyle, and then cast vpon them pepper and salt: this kind of meat is good for such men as are inclined to dallie with com∣mon dames, and short-heeld huswiues, because it is windie, and withall ingendreth cholericke humours, in••inite obstructions and head-ach, sadnesse, melancholicke dreames, and in the end long continuing agues: and therefore it were better to for∣beare them.

Mandrakes* 1.582 as well the male as the female is more acceptable and to be commen∣ded, for the beautie of his leaues, fruit, and whole plant, than for the smell it hath: it must be sowne or planted in some shadowed place, a fat and well battild ground, and be kept from the cold which it altogether detesteth and cannot abide.

The Apples of Mandrakes procure sleepe,* 1.583 if you put but one of them vnder your eare when you are layed in bed: it is all but fables which is spoken of the root which is not so cooling as the apple, and hath vertue on the contrarie to drie, soften, and re∣solue all the hardnesse of the liuer, spleene, kings euill, and such other tumours, how hard and rebellious soeuer that they be. Which is more, Dioscorides reporteth, that if one boyle the rootes of Mandrakes, vvith Iuorie for the space of sixe houres, it ma∣keth the Iuorie so tractable, and softeneth it in such sort as that you may set what im∣pression vpon Iuorie that you please: peraduenture such as bring vs vnicornes horne from thence, doe vse such deceitfull and wily dealing with vs, seeing by such their cunning skill, they are able in such sort to soften Iuorie or the Harts-horne, and there∣by likewise able to worke it to the same forme which we receiue the vnicornes-horne in at this day.

Within this small time there hath beene seene a plant somewhat like vnto apples of loue,* 1.584 bearing a round fruit like an apple, diuided vpon the outside as the melon is with furrowes, in the beginning it is greene, but afterward when it commeth to ripe∣nesse, it becommeth somewhat golden, and sometimes reddish. This plant is more pleasant to the sight, than either to the taste or smell, because the fruit being eaten, it prouoketh loathing and vomiting.

CHAP. L.

Of the forme of setting Hearbes in order, by proportion of diuers fashions.

WEe haue alreadie deliuered the forme of setting Hearbes in order, as well such as are of a sweet smell, as those which are for nosegaies, and that either vpon particular beds or quarters: now we will speake of the manner of bestowing of them in proportions of diuers fashions, and in labyrinthes or mazes. But in this course I cannot set thee downe an vniuersall, and as it were inuiolable prescript and ordinance, seeing the fashions of proportions doe depend partly vpon the spirit and inuention of the Gardener, and partly vpon the pleasure of the maister and Lord vnto whom the ground and garden appertaineth: the one whereof is lead by the hops and skips, turnings and windings of his braine; the other by the pleasing of his eye according to his best fantasie. Notwithstanding that there may not any thing be here omitted, which might worke your better con∣tentment

and greater pleasure, by looking vpon the beautie and comelinesse of this your garden-plot: I intend to set before you diuers figures of proportions, and the manner of drawing of them cunningly, to the end you may haue the meanes to chuse those which shall most delight you, and best agree with your good liking. In which I desire you to giue great thankes, and acknowledge your selfe greatly beholden and bound vnto Monsieur Porcher, Prior of Crecie in Brie, the most excellent man in this art, not onely in France, but also in all Europe: and not vnto me, who shall be but his mouth in deliuering what he hath said, written, and communicated vnto me in precepts, yet extant, and to be seene with the eye. And touching these proporti∣ons, you shall vnderstand that they are of two kinds, inward and outward, the in∣ward are those beauties and proportions which are bestowed vpon the inward parts or quarters of your garden, as are knots, mazes, armes, braunches, or any other cu∣rious figures whatsoeuer, and these are diuided by slender rowes, or lines of hearbes, flowers, turfes, or such like; the outward beauties or proportions are those which are bestowed in the outward and generall parts of the whole or entire modell of the gar∣den, drawne into what figure, knot, or deuise your fancie can create, or the ground retaine, and are diuided by alleyes, hedges, deepe borders, and such like, as shall be at large shewed vnto you hereafter.

To come therefore vnto the matter, all the sweet smelling hearbes and others for ••osegaies, which we haue mentioned before, are not fit and good to make proporti∣ons of. The most fit and meet are, penniroyall, lauander, hys••ope, wild thyme, rose∣marie, thyme, ••age, marierom, cammomile, violets, daisies, basil, and other such hearbs, as well those that are of sweet smell, as those which are for nosegayes: as for example, lauander and rosemarie of a yeare old to make borders about the proportions or knots; and as for boxe in as much as it is of a naughtie smell, it is to be left off, and not dealt withall. All the rest of the hearbes, as penniroyall, hyssope, wild thyme, thyme, sage, ma••ierom, and such like, are ••ittest to be vsed about the quarters, or else in some such pre••tie little deuises as are made in the middest of borders, or whereof proportions of quarters without borders, as wel whole as broken, are made. German∣der also is an excellent hearbe for the setting forth of any inward proportion, for it growes euen and comely, thicke and vpright, so is also mother of thyme, winter-••a∣uorie and pinkes, prouided that with your sheares you keepe them from too much spreading.

The hearbes whereof borders shall bee made, must bee more high and thicke•• set of leaues, than those whereof proportions of quarters either whole or broken are made, or yet the other which are in the middest of the borders, that so the beautie and good proportion of the knot or quarter may bee seene and discerned more easily.

I call in these places that the border which compasseth the proportion or quarter about, as also the alleys of the garden: I call broken quarters, those many small par∣cels which are sundred and seperate one from another. The proportions either with∣out borders or borders, are either equally square in widenesse and length, or else vn∣equally squared, that is to say, longer than they are wide, or wider than they are long: Or else of the forme and shape of an egge: or of a forme and fashion that is mixt of a round and a square, or of some such other forme, as shall please the gardener: as for example, the fashion of a flower-deluce, of a true loues knot, of a lion rampant, and other such like portraitures.

That which shall be in the midst of the proportions with borders, or without bor∣ders, shall be of a square forme, or of the fashion of an egge, or round, or mixt of a square and a round, or some other such like forme.

If you be disposed to plant any hearbe in the midst of broken quarters, it must not bee ouer high, but lesse and shorter than those wherewith the proportions are set, that so it may not hide or hinder the sight of any part of the quarter. It is true indeed that in this middlemost part, you may set an hearbe of a meane and middle height,

yea, or some such as for his bignesse may resemble a shrub or little tree, but it may not be thicke set with leaues, not spreading far abroad, but rather putting forth his stalke vpright, as doth the Bay and Cypres tree.

But in respect of the beautie and comelinesse of the quarter, you must not plant any thing in it, or if you do plant any herbe, you must see, that it be of a shorter stalke than that which compasseth it about: the knot that is made of borders, must consist but of two sorts of herbes: as for example, of Lauander or Rosemarie, or Boxe for the border, and of Penny-royall of Hissope within. It is true, that in the middest, and foure corners thereof, there may be set some Cypres, or Rose-marie, or some such other herbe, or little tree, which is not thicke set with leaues, not spreading far abroad, but rising in height vpright.

But the knot made of broken quarters, may bee made of diuers, and differing herbes, which notwithstanding may not grow great and tall, because they would hinder the view of the garden, but they must be short, and thinne set with leaues, as Sage, Penny-royall, Margerom, Cammomill, Da••sies, Violets, Basill, Rue, and such others, which herbes shall be planted in diuers quarters, to the setting forth of grea∣ter varietie in the knot, and to giue grace vnto the little quarters. It is true, that within some round quarters, or squares of broken quarters, you may worke some small birds, men, or other such pourtraites made of Rose-marie, according to your pleasure, and inuention of your Gardener.

The herbes wherewith proportions are set out and deckt, must bee planted of rootes or slippes: the time to plant them is Ianuarie, Frebruarie, March and Aprill.

It is true, that if you plant herbes, especially Penny-royall and Lauander vpon sl••ps. The time of gathering of good plants, will be at the end of Ianuarie, and in the moneth of Februarie, and not later, because this kind of slip will not bee fro∣zen by any frost that may happen, and withall, in the meane time, it doth not stand in neede of watring, because it hath taken roote before the hot times of the yeare come in.

Againe, if you set herbes of the roote, you must stay till March and Aprill, and looke well vnto it, that your herbes haue ••ound, liuing, and euery way suffi∣cient rootes, for otherwise, they will not bee able to prosper, spread, and grow in the earth, but will die for the most part. It is meete also, that when they are plan∣ted, you should water them verie often, because of the heat then growing more and more euery day, for otherwise they will wither, or grow small and dwarfish, or die right out.

Wherefore for the greater assurednesse, I could wish you to plant your herbes rather of slippes than of rootes: for besides that, it will bee more easie, and of lesse ••harge and cost to purchaseslips, than to purchase the whole herbes with the roots. I•• will be also lesse labour and trauell for to preserue and make to grow the one than the other: for the slips will assuredly grow without watering, and notwithstanding any frost, and they will shew faire and thicke leaued, by such time as Sommer shall begin. To plant within the earth, whether it be root, or slip, you must cast trenches, rather with some short handled hand-forke, or hand-spade, than with a dibble, which you shall find a great deale more easie.

Behold here the greatest part of the things which you are diligently to looke vnto before you put your hand to the worke of casting your proportions or knots: and whereas their whole beautie and commendation doth consist in a well framed and proportioned forme, and in a well carried and appointed order of disposing them, such as may delight the eie: to the end you may attaine this commendable and well pleasing kind of proportion in the contriuing of your quarters, you must first cast what is the space and whole contents of your quarter, wherein you meane to draw your proportions, that so according to the said contents, you may fit them with such forme as the place will affoord. After that, you shall haue in your hand many measures of small cord, and yet sufficient strong: many cord-reeles and dibbles,

and such other things to finish the proportions which you desire to haue drawne in your quarter.

And thus much concerning the meanes which you shall vse in the finishing vp of a knot with borders. Before you stretch your line to draw and cast the shape of it, you must first take the bredth and length of the border, and that such as the quantitie of the ground may conueniently beare, and so make it more long and broad, or else long and broad accordingly.

It is true, that if you haue good ground enough, as about some sixtie foot square, af∣ter the measure of a common foot, euery one containing twelue inches, you may make your border large enough: but and if you haue lesse quantitie of ground, then you must make your border lesse, and the proportions at large: you shall so finish vp your borders, as that in the middest of them, you may haue some prettie little knot. When you haue cast your ground, you shall begin to stretch your line with good and firme line-reeles, to take the bredth and length of your borders round about. Then you shall draw your line a crosse, from the which crosse, and from about the which said borders, you shall not draw vp your line and line-reeles, vntill you haue marked out all your border, or at the least one side, or halfe of it, because this is the directorie, for the whole quarter and border to: this is it, whereby you must be gui∣ded and directed for the making of compasses and largenesse of your squares and rounds. Furthermore, you may stretch your line in the middest of the border, there∣by to take the iust middest, and that for to direct and guid you. Furthermore, you shall haue two lines of the length of the border or quarter, and two foot ouer, and these are called the flying or running lines, for that they serue to carrie or remoue from place to place, for the planting of herbes in the said borders. Againe, you shall stretch out a line from corner to corner, because that without such line you cannot make vp your corners: and this is the manner of making your borders. As concer∣ning the knot contained within the borders: to take the measure of the proportion or squares, you must haue two small rods, of the thickenesse of a thombe, of willow, of some other straight wood, the one eight foot long, and the other betwixt three and foure, the long one to serue for the largest works, and the short for the smaller: vpon which rods, you must marke out your proportions, wherof you meane to make your squares, or any other ••orme that it shall please you to make. For round workes, you must haue an instrument, commonly called the Gardners Bilboquet, the patterne whereof you shall see hereafter; but giue it what name it pleaseth you, but this is the manner of making of it: You shall take a prop or standard, somewhat thicker than your thombe, you shall put thereto a line of the same thicknesse that your gardening lines are, of three or foure foot long, or according to the length and greatnesse that you would haue your rounds of. Vpon this line, shall you make knots, according to the bignes or outside of the worke, and then another knot for the second or inward circle of the round, which shall be eight or nine inches, or lesse if you will: but I tell you before hand, that if you make them any lesse, the border will be ouershadowed, and will not last and continue so long; and yet I still refer it to your owne discretion. To euery knot of the said line for to make your rounds withall, you shall make fast, right ouer against the knot, on the backside thereof, a little sticke some foure fingers long, more or lesse as you shall most fancie, and of thicknesse of your little finger. By the meanes of these knots shorter or longer, you shall make your rounds so many, and so big, or so little, as shall seeme good vnto you. If it may not rather stand with your liking to make two Bilboquets, one for your smal rounds, and another for your grea∣ter. This figure following, doth shew the forme and fashion that must be followed in vsing your lines for the making of your quarters with borders. These draughts will serue also to make a border to broken quarters, with some small whole and vnbroken proportions in the midst, euen as you see a square in the midst, and shall further here∣after see it in other portraitures, which shall be set out for your vse. To work the more surely, you shall let all your lines be stretched out in length, and our standards, props, or dibbles fast in the ground, vntill such time as you haue throughly finished the bor∣der,

that is to say, your crosse lines in the middest, as also those which passe from cor∣ner to corner, and thirdly, those which make the sides of the borders. All which said lines are noted with the letter B. The others which are marked with the letter A. are the running or flying lines, which are carried from one place to another to make middle partitions, to the treading of the rounds, and to the squaring of the said bor∣der, & when as one side is downe, they are then to be taken vp, & to be pitched down else where. And although that here be foure, yet two is sufficient, at the discretion of the gardener, who according as his number of workefolkes is, more or lesse, shall stretch and draw more or fewer lines.

[illustration]

The manner of vsing, and platforme, shewing the practise of handling the lines, for the laying out of a simple quar∣ter without any border. And how the lines must bee conti∣nued and kept stretcht till the whole proportion be drawne out and finished.

[illustration]

The vse and manner of practising by the stretched lines.

[illustration]

The vse and manner of practising by the stretched lines.

[illustration]

A simple proportion, or draught of a Knot.

[illustration]

A simple proportion, or draught of a Knot.

[illustration]

A simple proportion, or draught of a Knot.

[illustration]

A simple proportion, or draught of a Knot.

[illustration]

A simple proportion, or draught of a Knot.

[illustration]

A simple proportion, or draught of a Knot.

[illustration]

A simple proportion, or draught of a Knot.

[illustration]

A simple proportion, or draught of a Knot.

[illustration]

A simple proportion, or draught of a Knot.

[illustration]

The way and maner to stretch the lines, to make a quarter with borders, and to make a border with squares bro∣ken and crossed thorow the middest.

[illustration]

The manner of stretching your lines vpon a bor∣der with a seuered knot in the middest.

[illustration]

A border with his seuerall proportion in the midst.

[illustration]

A border of broken squares, with a middle con∣sisting of fiue proportions.

[illustration]

The manner to stretch the lines to make a quar∣ter of broken squares. Let rest and abide in their places the lines til you haue finished the proportions. Take the measure of the standards of a crosse and corner line, whether it be a square or a round, and let there be so many of them, and as great as the ground will beare. And if perhaps you would plant any thing in the middest of the quarter, helpe your selfe with the running lines, and their standards, to plant there what you would, without putting downe any other standards, or stretching any other lines than are alreadie: and those you must not flacke, according as hath beene said before.

[illustration]

The manner of stretching the lines, vpon a quarter of broken squares.

[illustration]

A border of broken squares with the middle.

[illustration]

The forme and shape of Bilboquet, which is an instrument to take the measure of rounds, as we haue declared before.

[illustration]

The forme of a Labyrinth.

When the hearbes, as well of the Borders, as of the Quarters, are growne vp, if they become too thicke set of leaues, and by their large spreading doe ouer-shadow the one the other, couer the small alleyes of the proportions, and therewithall spoyle and hu•••• the comelinesse of the whole Quarter, they must be cut. The season to cut them, is at all such times as need shall require. It is true, that there must especiall care be had not to cut them, the time of August being once past, by reason of the great los••e that ensueth in hearbes, which thereby will fall to wither and pine away, and become as things burned with the Sunne. To cut them which stand in a right and straight line, you shall stretch a line verie stiffe, being of the length of the proporti∣on, by the direction whereof you shall cut verie neere first the two sides, and then the vpper face thereof. As concerning Rounds, you must cut them, for the ••ight of the Countrey, as round as euer you can. To cut the Border, whether it be of Lauander, Rosemarie, or Boxe, you must vse the ordinarie sheeres, which haue handles of wood. To cut other smaller and lesse hearbes, you must haue sheeres like those which Taylors vse.

Now you shall againe vnderstand, that these inward Quarters, wherein you place these Knots, or other Deuises, may be circumferenced or bound in as well with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 curious Hedges, made battlement-wise, in sundrie formes, according to inuention, or carrying the proportions of Pyllasters, Flowers, shapes of Beasts, Birds, Creeping things, Shippes, Trees, and such like, as with Borders, especially if your ground be little, or straitened, because these Hedges take not halfe so much roome as the Bor∣ders. Againe, you may at your pleasure, either within these Hedges, or in the s••me Line wherein these Hedges grow, plant all manner of Fruit trees, or other Trees of anie curiositie whatsoeuer: and within them you may plant your Gooseberrie 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Prouence Roses, Muske Roses, or anie other fruit or flower that growes shrub-wise, or not aboue two or three foot aboue the earth: So that whereas your Border con∣taineth not anie thing but one entire hearbe, as Prympe, Boxe, Hysope, Lauander, and such like; by this manner of bordering, which is to say, with a Quickset Hedge, you shall haue not onely all them, but also all kind of fruits, flowers, and sweet smel∣ling hearbs whatsoeuer: besides, they will keepe your Quarters and Knots in a great deale more safetie, because they are not so easie to be runne ouer, or broken downe, either by man, or beast, as your other Borders of hearbes are. Now, for the making of these Quickset Hedges, it is in this manner: First, you shall with fine small stakes, cut to the length and proportions of your worke, stake your Quarters about: then with small poles, bound to those stakes either with strong Wyar, or Oziers (but Wy∣ar is the better) make a Lattice-worke, about two foot aboue the earth: then with shorter poles and wands, made plyant for your purpose, fashion your battlements of what shape soeuer you please to haue them; whether made plaine, or pyllaster-wise, or in semicircles, or other proportions, in such manner as you intend your Hedge shall grow: and this done either in Autumne, or the beginning of the Spring. Alongst the bottome of this Hedge you shall set Prympe, white Thorne, Eglantine, and sweet Bryer, mixt together, and as they shoot and grow vp, so you shall wind and plash them within the Lattice-worke, making them grow and couer the same; euer and anon, as need shall require, either with your Sheeres, or Hooke, cutting them to that shape and proportion to which you first framed your Lattice-worke, and this will in two or three yeares bring your Hedge vnto such perfection, that besides the beautie thereof, the defence will be so good, that you shall not feare the harme that Dogges, Swine, or other Cattell may doe, if at anie time they shall chance to breake into your Garden. These Hedges are also verie excellent to set alongst your Alleyes, or other Walkes, and adde a great beautie thereunto. There be some that make these Hedges onely of Oziers, or small Sallowes, planted crosse-wise, or otherwise, as your inuention pleaseth, and these Hedges are good, and beautifull, and verie speedie in their growing, but they are not of any very long continuances: therefore, except your ground be very moist, the former Hedge is much the better. Which that you may the better know how to make, I will here set you downe the models of a couple of them;

by the example whereof, you may at your pleasure make anie other proportion whatsoeuer: and you shall also vnderstand, that these two Models containe but the dead worke onely, which is to be made of Poles or Wands, and the Quickset to be planted close vnto it, and so placed within the dead Lattice-worke, as you may here perceiue.

[illustration]

CHAP. LI.

Of the manner to keepe and preserue Hearbes, either for the vse of the Pot, or of Physicke, or such as are of a sweet smell and sauour.

THe root of Elecampane is preserued after this sort:* 1.585 When you haue ta∣ken vp the root in the moneth of October, at such time as it is verie ripe, you must first take away all the sand and earth which is about it with a rough Linnen Cloth, or with a Strainer: after that, you must scrape it all ouer with a verie sharpe knife, and according as the rootes are of big∣nesse, to cleaue them in two, three, moe or lesse pieces, of a fingers length, and boyle them in a Brasse Cauldron with vineger, and that in such sort, as that the slices may not burne within the Cauldron. Three daies after they must be dried in the Sunne, and put into a new pot well pitched, and cuted wine put vnto them, and that so much, as that they may be couered therewith, and a good deale of Sauorie pressed downe vpon them, and then the vessell close shut vp and couered well with lea∣ther. Otherwise: You must carefully looke that the rootes thereof be made ve∣rie cleane, and then cut in two or three pieces, of a fingers length: then after∣ward, for the space of a whole day together, you must infuse them in water vp∣on hot embers, and afterward boyle them with twice or thrice as much Honey, or Sugar.

There may likewise conserue be made of the root of Elecampane after this man∣ner:* 1.586 Make verie cleane the roots of Elecampane, as wee haue said, and cut them in small slices, infuse them a long time vpon hot embers in water, and after to boile them so long, as till they be tender ••odden: then stampe them and straine them through a Linnen cloth or Strainer, and in the end boyle them vp with thrice as much Honey or Sugar.

You may in like manner preserue and conserue manie other roots,* 1.587 as Gentian, Pio∣nie, Corne-flag, wild Vine, Parsneps, Althaea, or marsh Mallowes, Turneps, Carrets, Radishes, Naue••s, Caraway, Eringus, and such other like, all which will be the more pleasant, if you put vnto the conserued or pre••erued a little Cinnamon.

Lastly,* 1.588 be it knowne, that by this word confected, preseruing, or confection, is to be vnderstood the remaining of the root or other thing (whatsoeuer it is that is pre∣serued or confected) whole: and by the word conserue, or conserued, is to be vn∣derstood that manner of ordering things, whereby they are stamped and beaten verie small.

Purslaine is preserued in this manner:* 1.589 Gather Purslaine before it haue cast the seed, ••ake the tenderest stalkes thereof, and the fullest of leaues, from these you shall ••ake the roots, and wash them throughly from the sand and earth that might hang a∣bout them: afterward drie them a little, euen so long, as till you perce••ue them to begin to wither: afterward put them vp handsomely in some Barrell or little Vessell of earth, in manner of little Beds, euerie Bed sufficiently couered with salt. When the Barrell or Vessell shall be full, powre thereinto a sufficient quantitie of Vineger, or else one part of Veriuice, and two of Vineger. This being done, set the Vessell in some drie place, and not moist, for feare that the preserue should smell anie thing of mustinesse, and looke to it well, that the Purslaine be continually couered ouer with the pickle: And when you would vse it, wash it first with warme water, or wine, afterward make it vp in Salads with Salad oyle.* 1.590 After the same manner, Samphire, the ••pro••ts of Asparagus, Harts-horne, Trick-madame, Broome flowers, the flowers of Capers, Cucumbers, Limons, Oranges, Plummes, Peares, and such like, may be preserued.

Lettuce is preserued after this sort:* 1.591 They take the stalkes of Lettuce cleane pic∣ked, and the leaues pulled off, euen from the lowest part of them, vnto where you perceiue the leaues to grow tender, and these stalkes you must salt in a little Trough or Tray, and so let them continue a day and a night, vntill that they haue turned the ••alt into brine: after this, they must be washed in the same brine of salt, and after that they haue beene spraind, they are layed abroad vpon hurdles, vntill they be well dri∣ed: afterward there must be put vpon them dried Dill, ••ennell, a little Rue, and L••••kes chopped small: after all this, the said stalkes are put vp in a pot thus dried, and there is powred in vpon them a pickle, which is made of two parts of vineger, and one of salt brine: after this, in stead of a double Linnen cloth to couer it, there must be thrust in good store of drie Fennell vpon them, in such sort, as that the pic∣kle may swell vp and ouer-couer them. And euermore, in all confections, it must be a speciall great care that they remaine not drie, and to that end to powre in pickle oftentimes, ••f by turning them aside you see they haue need. After this fashion may Succorie, Scariole, Harts-horne, the tender shoots of Brambles, the young and ten∣der croppes of Thyme, Sauorie, Organie, and Radishes, be pre••erued: and such pre∣serues must be made in the beginning of Summer.

The hearbes preserued with salt and vineger are chiefely ordained for Salads▪ but these that are made with sugar and honey, doe serue for the vse of Physicke: such are those which follow hereafter.

There is but verie seldome any preserues made of the flowers and leaues of herbes:* 1.592 I vnderstand by this preserue, taken properly, the preseruing of things whole, and not stampt and beaten into one bodie: notwithstanding, who so is disposed to pre∣serue the flowers or leaue•• of hearbes, may doe it in this fashion:* 1.593 Take the leaues or flowers of such herbes as you will preserue, make them very cleane; afterward, without

anie manner of stamping of them, put them all whole into some vessell wherein 〈◊〉〈◊〉 will keepe them, cast vpon them a sufficient competencie of fine Sugar made in p••••∣der, and so ••et them to Sunning in the vessell. Also in this ••ort boyle them at a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fire with Sugar, so long, as till the Sugar become as thicke as a syrrup, and 〈…〉〈…〉 them in a vessell. Otherwise, after that you haue diligently cleansed the leaues or the flowers of the hearbes, put them in an earthen pot or glasse, and after poure into them of boyled Sugar of the consistence of a syrrup, and well clarified. Thus may Roses, leaues of Mines, Spleenewort, Maiden-haire, Sorrell, Ceterach, Buglosse, and such like, be preserued: the flowers of Marigolds, Succorie, Violets, Broome, Sage, and other such like:* 1.594 and such preserues are more acceptable than conserues, because the flowers and leaues doe in better sort retaine and keepe their naturall smell thus, than in conserues; for in conserues they are powned with Sugar, which doth rebate verie much the naturall smell of the leaues or flowers.

Now as concerning making of conserues of leaues or flowers of hearbes, you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 keep•• this course: Take the tendrest parts of the flowers or leaues, and cast away the hardest, such as are the white tailes of Rose leaues, the stalkes of Mints, Spleenwort, Maiden-haire, and such like, make them verie cleane, and bray them afterward in a Marble Mortar, or of other Stone, with a pestle hard and solide ynough, and that so long, as till they become in manner of a past, and then put vnto them twice or thrice as much Sugar or Honey: And if it fall out, that the leaues or flowers so ••••amped be of themselues somewhat too moist, as the leaues of Violets, water Lillies, and Buglo••••e be, then put thereto great quantitie of the powder of Sugar. When you haue thus done, put them into an earthen Vessell, and set them abroad a Sunning a whole moneth, that so their superfluous moisture may be spent by the heat of the Sunne; but they must be stirred euerie day. Or if you had rather, doe thus: Set the Vessels vp∣on hot ashes, to the end they may take a little boyle: but this is not so good as the set∣ting of them in the Sunne. After this manner may the flowers of Rosemarie, Mar••∣golds, Be••onie, Pionie, Marierome, Balme, Scab••o••s, Elder tree, Mints, fu••••itorie, Eye-bright, Succorie, of the flowers of the Peach-tree, Sage, Broome, Oranges, M••••∣lowes, Hollyhocke, and other such like, the toppes of Thyme, Hysope, and Worme▪ wood; the conserue whereof, we haue said before to be verie soueraigne in the Drop∣sie: as also the conserue of Peach-tree flowers, and that of Broome flowers, for the obstructions of the reines and spleene. And for as much as the conserues of Violets and Roses are in great vse and request, we will speake particularly of them.

To make conserue of Roses,* 1.595 you must take the leaues of Roses, white or red, which are not as yet open and blowne, you must make them cleane, and stampe them, with∣out being dried before, in a Stone Mortar, and after put thereto thrice their weight in Sugar, and then put it vp in a Glasse-vessell well couered with Parchment, and set in the Sunne the space of three moneths, and stirring it almost euerie day. If you would make conserues of drie Roses,* 1.596 boile in halfe a pound of Rosewater one whole pound, or thereabout, of fine Sugar: afterward, when you see that all the water is con••••••med, cast into the Sugar an ounce of drie Roses made into powder, boyle them altogether reasonably, and after with a spatule of wood you shall make your conserue into mor∣sels or cakes. Otherwise, make three infusions of Roses in Rosewater, let the third set∣tle, the bottome whereof you shall let alone, as being the earthie and grosse part, taking that onely that is aboue, and in it you shall boyle fine Sugar: and after that, you shall cast thereinto halfe an ounce, or thereabout, of dried Roses in powder, and doe in like manner afterward as hath beene alreadie said.

To make conserues of Violets,* 1.597 you must take the fresh and new flowers of Violets, and take from them their taile, and the little greene cup by which they hang, and after drie them some small time in the shadow of the Sunne, to take from them their super∣fluous moisture which they haue: after that bray them in a Stone Mortar with twic•• so much Sugar, and put them in a Glas••e vessell, which shall be set to Sunne for the space of three moneths, and stirred verie oft during the said t••••e, as hath beene al∣readie said of the conserue of Roses.

If you would make conserue of drie Violets.* 1.598 make one or two infusions of Vio∣lets, and in them boyle fine Sugar, afterward casting halfe an ounce of powdred Violets to one pound of Sugar: then boyling them a little together, you shall with a spatule make your conserue into morsels or cakes.

For to make Mustard,* 1.599 you must picke and cleanse your seed verie well, ••earce it, wash it in cold water, and after leaue it a whole night in the water: then take it out, and when you haue wrung it or pressed it (as neere as you can) drie with your hand, then put it in a new or verie cleane Mortar, and bray it with a pestle with strong vine∣ger, and then after that straine it. But the most ordinarie way for the making of your Mustard, is, onely to wash the seed verie cleane, then put it into your Mustard Quernes, and grind it either with strong vineger (which is the best) or with good Beere or Ale, or with Butter-milke; onely the Beere will make it eat a little bitter whilest it is new, and the Butter-milke will die soone. Some make a verie pleasant Mustard in this manner: Take two ounces of the seed of Se••uie, halfe an ounce of Cinnamon, powne them verie small, and with honey and vineger make a paste, and of the paste little loaues, which you shall drie in the Sunne, or Ouen: and when you would vse it, dissolue one, or some of one, of your loaues in Veriuice or Vineger, or some other liquor. Some, to take away the great sharpnesse that is in it, doe steepe the ••eed in new Wine during Vintage time, and then make it as we haue said alreadie: after they put it in little Barrels, such as Mustard of Anion* 1.600 is wont to be put in. The people of Dijon make it in small loaues, and when they will vse it, they dissolue it in vineger. The Mustard of Dijon* 1.601 hath woon the praise from all other, either because of the seed growing there, which is better than that of other Countries, or by reason of the making thereof, which the inhabitants there doe performe more carefully than in other places.

To preserue Cucumbers,* 1.602 you must put them in Lees of white Wine, which are not sowre, and in a pitched Ves••ell, and stop it well. Otherwise, you must put them in salt Brine, or else hang them in some Vessell wherein is a little Vineger, but so also the Vessell must be verie well stopped. Some preserue them in an earthen Vessell with Salt, Vineger, and Mari••rome. Others cast them into sandie P••••s, and couer them with the seed of Senuie bruised with Vineger, and after that put vpon them drie hay and earth.

To preserue Gourds,* 1.603 take them when they are tender, and cut them, then powre vpon them warme water, and let them coole in the open ayre for a nights space: after that sowce them in strong salt Brine, and so you shall preserue them a long time: or else drie them in the Sunne, and after hang them vp in some smoakie place. In France they are preserued all Winter, being hanged vp vnder some chamber floore, or set in rowes vpon planks, especially the Citruls.

To keepe Onions,* 1.604 you must drie them in the Sunne, and afterward put them in some drie place, and well ayred. Some preserue them after this manner: First they drie them in the Sunne, and lay Thyme and Sauorie below in the bottome of a pot, and lay the Onions aboue, putting thereunto pickle, which shall be made of three parts of vineger, and one of salt brine, and aboue this againe a bunch or small bundle of Sauorie, to the end that by the weight of it the Onions may be sunke down•• into the pickle, and when they are so drencht, as that they haue receiued of the pickle into their owne iuice, then they fill vp the pot with the same pickle. Some doe steepe them onely in water, and afterward preserue them the whole yeare in vineger. But there is no better way to preserue or keepe Onions long, than after they are first ga∣thered to spread them thinne vpon a boorded floore, where they may receiue both Sunne and Wind: and then, after they are sufficiently dried, to bind them vp in long Ropes or Bundles, and so hang them neere the ayre of the fire, as ouer your Kit••hin chimney, or such like.

CHAP. LII.

A briefe discourse of small and great trees, as well strange as growing in the Countrey, planted or remoued in the Garden: and first of such as Arbours are made of.

THe Garden of Pleasure hauing beene deuised and ordained for the one∣ly recreation of the chiefe Lord of the Farme (as hath alreadie beene said) and seeing that this his recreation cannot be altogether so great and so sufficient in the onely smell of flowers and sweet hearbes, as and if there be withall presented vnto the sight the view of strange and Countrey-borne trees, both great and small; which doe not onely yeeld a more pleasant smell, with∣out comparison, than the hearbes, but doe also (the greatest part of them) bring forth fruits of great wonder and admiration, as Pomegranate-trees, C••per-trees, Citron-trees, Orange-trees, Limon-trees, Citron-trees of Assyria, Date-trees, Figge-trees, Oliue-trees, bastard Sene-trees, and others such like. Therefore, to the end we may leaue nothing out of our Garden whereof the Master of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 may reape anie solace, we will speake briefely of handling and husbanding of great and small Trees which must be planted in it: of which, some are imployed as ne∣cessarie about Arbours, and the Garden is to be set about with them; they are the Cypresse-tree, Iuniper-tree, Sauin-tree, Cedar-tree, Rose-tree, Box-tree, and others: othersome are sowne, or set, and remoued vnto Beds only proper vnto them, or into Vessels and Cases, as the Bay-tree, Mulberrie-tree, Date-tree, Pine-tree, Citon-tree, Orange-tree, Limon-tree, Figge-tree, Oliue-tree, and such like, which shall be spo∣ken of hereafter.

The Cypresse-tree,* 1.605 as well the male as the female, notwithstanding that in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Crete it doth grow in great Tufts and Forests, without anie sowing, or planting, of his owne accord: yet in this Countrey it cannot be got to thriue, without the great paines of the Gardiner, and notable goodnesse of the ground: for naturally 〈◊〉〈◊〉 delighteth not but in hot Countries, where it groweth as one would wish it. It groweth either set or sowne in a drie ground, farre from Flouds, Riuers, Marishes, dyrtie, and moist places, and on the tops and sides of Hills where the Sunne shineth, better than in valleyes. It abhorreth all manured ground especially and most of all, be it neuer so little: yea, if one doe but fill a trench with dung round about where 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is planted, it will die in a short time: notwithstanding, it is requisite some certaine time before you plant it, to put some good mould into the pit where you intend to plant it, or to s••w it. This is (as it were) a wonder of Nature in the seed of this tree, which, though it be so small as that one can scarce see it, yet it bringeth 〈…〉〈…〉 goodly and so tall a tree. When you sow it, you must sow it in furrowes, from after the twentieth of October vntill Winter: and neere vnto it, some Barly; for there is such great familiaritie betwixt these two seeds, that they grow (as it were) in spight one of another: whereupon it will come to passe, that when it is a great Barly yeare, it will be also a great Cypresse yeare. If you remoue it, doe the like: but be care∣full in the meane time not to water it, nor to pr••ne it, or to snip off the top•• of it, for it cannot endure anie wound, be it neuer so little. This tree hath a male and a female: The male groweth more high, hath his braunches and boughes more close and straight together, and bringeth forth Fruit, or Nuts, but so doth not the female.

The Cypresse-tree beareth fruit and flourisheth three seuerall times a yeare, 〈…〉〈…〉 I••nuarie, May, and September: and therefore at these times you must gather the Nuts, which you shall drie in the Sunne, to make them easie to breake; and take 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the seed, which you must likewise drie in the Sunne: And if you be desirous to sow it (the fit time for which is Aprill in verie hot Countries, and May in temperate ones,

and in this Countrie from the twentieth of October vntill Winter) you must chuse a drie, faire, and calme day; and being sowne, you shall riddle ouer it with a small riddle, open aboue, some earth in an euen and equall sort about the thicknesse of two or three fingers, and after that, so soone as the Cypres is put forth of the ground, you must be watchful o••es the Ants, and besprinkle it with water euerie third day before the Sunne rise, or else after the Sunne set, which i•• much the better: but after that it is growne aboue the earth, you must not water it but verie seldome, for often wate∣ring of it would make it die: but in steed of this, it must be carefully weeded, pruned▪ and digged, but without touching of the root: neither must you goe vpon it 〈…〉〈…〉 vpon it with your feet killeth it: and whereas ••or the first and second yeare it is verie tender, you must couer the head of it for that time to keepe it from the burning hea•• of the Sunne by day, and the pinching cold of the frosty nights, euen so as wee haue said of Melons: the laying of the earth light about it spoken of before, is to be vnderstood of the time of his young yeares, and whiles it is growing: for after it hath once perfected his sciences and bowes, it hath no more need either of that or any o∣ther labour and helpe. It is wont to be remoued being betwixt fiue and sixe yeares old, and that in March or in Aprill, and because it scattereth and spreadeth abroad his roots, and pearceth not farre downeward with them, the pit whereinto it is to be remoued must be made wide, and that somewhat more than it selfe is broad in the roots, and in a moist countrie it must be but a little depth, vvhereas in a drie coun∣trie it may be two foot deepe. The Gardener must be carefull to keepe it from ants, because this little vvorme loueth Cypres aboue all other things, and causeth it often∣times to die.

The vvood of Cypres is better than any other to make coffers,* 1.606 chests, cabinets, and presses of, because besides the good smell which it yeeldeth, it endureth an infi∣nit long time without corrupting, moulding, or rotting any thing at all, and it is such an enemie to all vvormes and vermine, as that the leaues and nuts thereof being laied amongst clothes, doe free them of vvormes. The leaues and seed are verie much commended for the killing of vvormes in children. The decoction of the nuts in vinegar doe assuage the tooth-ach, if the mouth be often washed therewith: the de∣coction of the leaues vvorketh the like effect: the ashes of Cypres nuts, and the horn of an A••••es hoofe mixt vvith oyle of Myrtles, keepe the haire from falling. The de∣coction of new and fresh gathered Cypres nuts made in old vvine, doth exceeding good to them vvhich haue the falling downe of the fundament, if they drinke there∣of euerie day the quantitie of three ounces, but in the meane time they must rub their testiicles vvith the leaues of Cypres brayed and beaten: and this is a certaine reme∣die, such as hath oft beene experimented and tried: the like vertue hath the young sciences of the Cypres-tree, if they be so chawed, as that thereupon their juice may descend into the bodie.

The Rose-tree sitteth it selfe for all manner of ayre,* 1.607 vvhether hot or cold, but in countries that are hot and somewhat moist, it groweth more faire, greater, and ••louri∣shing a longer time, as may be seene in manie coast townes and places neere the Sea in Spaine, vvhere Roses continue and flourish vnto mid-Winter. It requireth a fat, substantiall, and reasonable moist ground; for as for grauelly and sandie grounds, they are altogether enemies vnto the Rose-tree. It must be planted in October, No∣uember, and December, in hot and drie co••ntries, and in Ianuarie and Februarie in cold and moist cou••tries; yea and also in March, and such as are planted in the later season, vvill put forth Roses the same yeare, vvhich vvill not fall out in those vvhich vvere made hast of and planted a great deale sooner: if the earth be good of it selfe, the Rose vvill craue no manure, but yeeld a more perfect smell, but and if it be spent and vvorne out, it must be succoured with dung well rotted.

As for Roses there be manie sorts of them, that is to say, the vvild ones, vvhich we call Eglantine, and the red also growing in hedges: Damaske of the colour of Scar∣let, vvhich vve call Prouence Roses: and amongst the braunches, besides the vvild ones there are, Muske-Roses, Common-Roses, and Roses hauing fiue leaues onely.

The Rose-tree groweth either of plants or seed. It is planted of shoots, or little 〈◊〉〈◊〉, diuided into pieces of the length of foure fingers,* 1.608 and set into a well manured earth▪ ••oot deepe. It is good to remoue it, for it will grow the fairer: as also euerie yeare▪ or at the least when it is past fiue yeares old (which is the terme of his approching age) to cut it, or else to burne the branches of it that are superfluous; for this restoreth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto his young yeares againe. If you remoue it, remoue it by branches, setting the one foure foot distant from the other, in a ground that is not ••at or clayie, nor moist, but drie and stonie. The Rose-tree sowne, groweth slowly: but yet and if yo•• sow it, let it be foure foot within the ground: and deceiue not your selfe with th•• seed; for the seed is not that little yellow flower which is in the middest of the Rose, but that which is contained and nourished in the little fruit which the Rose brin∣geth forth after Vintage,* 1.609 which is knowne to be ripe when it groweth blacke and soft.

For to haue Muske Roses, you must graft the Rose-tree vpon it selfe, or vpon the Eglantine, and before the grafting of it, to put into the cleft, where the graft 〈…〉〈…〉 stand, a graine of Muske, or else one or two drie leaues of sweet smelling Roses. Such Roses are pleasant to behold, as being but a little tree, and yet laden with leaues, the flower verie sweet of smell, and such as will neuer faile, but alwaies hold and bring forth in their season: besides that, a man may fit the root and branch•••• thereof to make a shadow. Such Roses are not good to make conserues, or distilled water, nor for anie vse in Physicke, onely they are good to drie and put amongst Lin∣nen and other Apparrell, because of their good smell. It is true that some say, that they loosen the bellie. Looke further in the third Booke in the Chapter of the speci∣all properties of Grafting and Planting.

To haue Roses that shall smell verie sweet,* 1.610 you must plant your Rose-tree in a place that is verie drie, or else to set it round about with Garlicke. The Roses will come early, if you make a little trench of some two hands wide round about the Rose-tree, and therein powre warme water morning and euening:* 1.611 and yet this must not be at∣tempted before it begin to put forth his buds. You shall doe the like if you place your Rose-tree in baskets, or pots of earth, and order them after the manner of timely Gourds and Cucumbers, as hath beene taught before.

You may keepe new Roses in their liuelinesse,* 1.612 if you put them in the lees of Oyle▪ so as that the lees may swimme aboue them: Others pull vp greene Barly, roots and all, wherein they wrap Roses as yet not blowne, and so put them together in a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that is not pitched. The way to haue greene Roses, is, if you graft the Rose-tree vpon an old Colewort stalke, or vpon the bodie of an Oake, but then the Roses will 〈◊〉〈◊〉 no smell.

You may make the Carnation Rose white,* 1.613 if you perfume it with Brimstone 〈◊〉〈◊〉 such time as it beginneth to spread.

You may haue Roses of a yellow colour, if after you haue planted the Rose-tree vvith his naturall earth neere vnto the broome, you bore through the broome stalke vvith a vvimble, and plant in the same hole diuers roots or shoots of the Rose-tree, scraped round about so farre as they are to lye in the hole, and after tie and make the•• fast vnto the broome plant with mortar: and whenas you see the hole bored in the stalke to be growne vp againe▪ you shall cut off the broome stalke aboue the pla•••• vvhere you bored the hole, and shall let the Rose-tree to put forth his shoots, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by this meanes you shall haue yellow Roses.

The vertues of the Roses are sufficiently knowne vnto euerie one. Some distill the vvhite and Prouence rose, vvhich▪ if you vvill haue it to retaine the full qualitie and vertue of the Rose, together with the smell and fauour of the same, you must distill in a glasse vessell, and not in lead, as is ordinarily accustomed. Some make 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and syropes of carnation Roses, which haue force to loosen the bellie, and to purge the humours offending in serious and cholericke matter, as also good for 〈…〉〈…〉, the jaundise, the obstructions of the liuer, and beating of the heart.

The yellow growing within the Rose, which is a flower accompanied as it vvere

vvith smal haires, doth stay the vvhite flowers of vvomen: the white end of the leaues of Roses, are good in a decoction to stay all manner of fluxes: the cup hath the same force and vertues: the seed and vvooll contained within the button of the Rose, as al∣so the whole button, dried and made into powder, is singular good to stay women•• whites and termes, for the scalding of the vvater, for the disease called Gonorrhaea, ta∣ken the weight of a dram with sowre red wine.

Box-tree* 1.614 is planted of shoots or boughs, after the twelfth day of Nouember. It delighteth in hillie places and mountaines, and groweth verie well in cold, drie, and vvindie places.* 1.615 It must not be planted neere the place where bees are kept,* 1.616 for the flower killeth them sodainly. Some affirme, that it corrupteth the ayre by the stink∣ing smell it hath, and for this cause it would be as sparingly planted in the garden as possibly may be.

Box-tree is better to make combes and other durable instruments of, than for to vse in medicine, if it were not that Physitians doe hold that the scrapings or r••••ped powder of Box and the leaues thereof boyled in Lee▪ doe cause the haire to looke ••ed. Some likewise doe thinke that it hath the like properties that Guaiacum hath in decoctions for the French disease, but herein I referre my selfe rather to experi∣••nce than to reason.

Broome,* 1.617 as well the small as the great, is planted of shoots and boughs, in the in∣••rease of the Moone, about the Calends of March. It may likewise be sowne,* 1.618 and it requireth a drie and sandie ground. The flowers,* 1.619 as also the seed, doe prouoke v∣rine, and breake the stone,* 1.620 as well of the reines, as of the bladder: the flowers prouoke vomit, taken in a drinke: the leaues and crops boyled in wine or water, are good for the dropsie and obstructions of the liuer, spleene, and kidneyes: some vse the stalkes of broome to tie their vines, as also to make ropes and sackes of, and that by ripening it in water as they doe hempe.

Spanish broome* 1.621 groweth also in drie places: it must be remoued after the first yeare that it is sowne: it is sowne in Februarie, and remoued in March the next yere after: the flowers in decoctions procure vomite after the manner of white hellebor: the seed alone doth loosen the bellie, and forceth downeward great store of water.

Furze* 1.622 grow in vntilled and sandie grounds: the leaues boyled in water or wine do stay all manner of ••luxes.

The Cedar-tree* 1.623 is verie rare in these countries: so that if you will haue it in your garden, you must assigne it a well husbanded ground, and lying open vpon the Sun, notwithstanding the places where it is found most growing, be cold and moist moun∣taines, and full of snow: if you doe well you must sow in pots of earth, and cases or impaled places the small and exceeding little seed that commeth thereof.

The liquor thereof put into the hollow parts of the teeth, doth stay their ach: being anuointed it killeth the wormes, and preserueth bodies from rotting. The wood is verie pleasant to looke vpon, and to smell vnto, whereupon some vse it in steed of perfumes.

Sa••in* 1.624 is planted as box, and groweth much better if it be watered with Wine Lees, or sprinkled with the dust of tile stones. The leaues as well in decoction as in per••umes, prouoke the termes, and expell the after-birth and dead child: they also cause to fall off the warts growing vpon a mans yard.

As concerning Iunip••r* 1.625 it affecteth the tops of mountaines, and stonie ground for to grow well in, and by how much it is the more ••ost of the winds, and pinched with cold, so much the fairer it groweth. The fruit thereof is good for the stomach, for weake and broken people, and against all sorts of venime, whether it be drunke or taken in a perfume, as also against an euill aire: It is vvith good successe vsed in the decoctions prescribed against the pockes: take seuen Iuniper-berries, and as many Bay-be••ries, halfe a dram of Zylocassia, and a dram of Cinamome, put all this whole in the bellie of a Turtle-do••e, roast the said Turtle thus stuffed, and ba••t her with Capons grease, giue euerie second day one of these at supper, to a woman that is rea∣die to be deliuered, and she shall haue an easie deliuerie: boyle twelue pound of Iu∣niper

wood cut small, or raspt in a great cauldron, and in a sufficient quantitie of wa∣ter to the consumption of the third part of the water, put this wood and water in•••• a bathing tub, and let the partie troubled with the gout, ••it in this water vp vnto the middle; he shall feele incredible reliefe hereby.

Elder tree* 1.626 is fitter to plant in the garden hedge, than to make at bou••s in 〈◊〉〈◊〉: notwithstanding where other sorts of small trees are wanting, there may vse be made of the Elder-tree. It would be set in the moneth of Nouember vpon sciences and shoots, in a moist and shadowed place, neere to some little riuer or brooke. To cause it to grow well, you must take this diligent course: to cast the earth as it vvere into furrows of a good halfe foot broad, and a whole foot deepe with a spade, and not with a pickaxe, for there must no earth be taken away: then presently after the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Saint Martin in Winter, plant your Elder-trees, the great end thereof which sha•• be put into the earth, shall be cut bias like the foot of a Hind, and thrust downe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the ground thus prepared, a foot or nine inches deepe: and let it stand vp aboue the ground, at the least a foot and a halfe, or two foot, so as that in all, your plant m••st be two good foot and a halfe, or three foot long: before you put them into the gro••nd, open it vvith a dibble, either of yron or vvood, so that the rind of the plant may 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be torne, in putting of it into the earth. If you plant it in the furrows, there must be at the least three foot betwixt euerie furrow, and a foot betwixt euerie plant. Ha∣uing once thus planted them, you shall neuer need to take any further paines 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them, if you vvill not your selfe, but to cut it two joynts at the least euerie yeare 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the space of the two or three first yeares, to the end the root may grow the 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ and the first two or three yeares being past, you may cut it from two yeares 〈…〉〈…〉 yeares to make props for vines: in any case you must ••op it euerie yere, and cut away all the euill sciences and shoots vvhich it ill fauouredly putteth forth.

Some distill the vvater of the flowers, as singular to appease the head-ach* 1.627 com∣ming of heat, if the brows or hinder part of the head be rubbed therewith. Some likewise doe make verie good vinegar vvith the ••lowers and juice of the be••••ies. The juice pressed from the rind of the root, moueth vomit, and draweth forth the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that is in tho••e that haue the dropsie: the juice pressed from the leaues and take•• vvith some pottage doth loosen the bellie: the dried seed is good against the drop∣sie, and for ••at folke to make them leane, taking of it the quantitie of a dram in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vvine, and continuing it a certaine time, and mixing therewith a little 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ because it is a procurer of vomit, and a disquieter of the stomach.

Rose-marie and Iesamin* 1.628 are likewise fit for the adorning of arbours in 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ of the ordering vvhereof vve vvill say nothing in this place, because vve haue before spoken thereof verie largely.

Iuie,* 1.629 as vvell the great as the small, doth delight to be planted in moist and vva∣terie places, from the moneth of Nouember vntill March, and it flowreth not but in Autumne, neither doth the ber••ie thereof become ripe but in Winter: it growe•••• not high, if it be not neere vnto some tree or old ruine, vnto both vvhich in the end 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vvorketh ruine and ouerthrow. It vvill bring forth a goodly fruit, if you 〈…〉〈…〉 vvith powdred Allome, or ashes made of burnt Oyster-shells. Blacke Iuie vvill be∣come vvhite, if you vvater the root thereof vvith vvhite earth tempered vvith vv••∣ter eight daies together continually.

If you take three Iuie berries, and tying them vp in a cleane linnen cloth 〈…〉〈…〉 thread, giue them to some one that is troubled vvith paine and stifnesse of his 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to vveare about his necke, the said partie so vvearing them three daies together 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be vvhole and cured of his disease. The leaues brayed and applyed, doe heale ••••∣nings and ••••••ldings made vvith hot vvater: boyled in vinegar and applied, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cure the hardnesse of the spleene: the gum thereof killeth lice and ni••s, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ annointed in any hairie place, causeth the haire to fall away. The vessells 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the wood of Iuie are singular to know if there be any vvater in the vvine, for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vvill abide in the vessell, and the vvine vvill run out. Seuen Iuie ber••ies, 〈…〉〈…〉 many peach kernels the skin•• taken off, boyled in oyle, and afterward stamp•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉

applied vnto the temples and brows, doe assuage the head-ach comming from the braine: the juice of the leaues of Iuie drunke with red vvine, doth heale the swelling of the spleene: a cap made in forme of a head-piece or skull of the leaues of Iuie sowed together, and applied vnto the head of a little child which hath the falling of the haire called Tinea, doth heale it throughly: the water or gum which droppeth out of the stocke of an Iuie tree the rind being cut, killeth nits and lice.

Priuet* 1.630 groweth more than a man would wish amongst brambles and bushes, from which places it may be transplanted into the garden for the benefit of arbours. The water of the flowers thereof may be distilled, and it is most singular against all manner of ••luxes, vvhether of the bellie, matrix, spitting of bloud, and of the eyes, as also for all sorts of cankers: the same vertue hath the juice pressed out of the leaues, especially for the canker growing in the mouth. There is an oyle made of the flow∣ers thereof infused in oyle in the Sun, which is singular good for the head-ach com∣ming of a hot cause, and also for inflammations.

CHAP. LIII.

Of Hearbes for the Arbours of the Garden.

FOr want of trees of low growth (such as haue beene spoken of here be∣fore) you may helpe your selfe in the making of your Arbours for your Garden of Pleasure,* 1.631 with certaine hearbes which are plyant, and with their leaues apt to make shadow, still prouided, that they be borne vp by poles of Willow, or Iuniper, dressed and ordered in forme, and after the man∣ner of Arbours: They are such as follow; the wild Vine, Hoppes, Gourds, Cucum∣bers, the maruellous Pease, Winter Cherries, the maruellous Apples, and other such like.

And as concerning the wild Vine, it groweth more plentifully than a man would wish amongst the Brambles and Bushes: and therefore from hence it may be trans∣planted and remoued into your Garden for the benefit of your Arbours. The root, especially the iuice, doth mightily loosen the bellie, prouoke vrine, purge the braine, open the spleene, and take away the hardnesse thereof: applyed in forme of a Pessa∣rie, it bringeth downe the termes, the after-birth, and dead child: stamped with salt, and applyed, it healeth vlcers, it cleanseth the skinne, and taketh away the red pim∣ples of the face: for which purpose also serueth the water thereof, which you may gather in the moneth of May out of a pit which you shall make in the head of the root, as it standeth in the ground, according as we haue alreadie said in the Chapter of Violets going before. In a Cataplasme it is singular against the Sciatica, as also to take away the haire from some place: being mixed and stamped with Bulls bloud, it is of maruellous effects in hard and schirrous swellings, and cankerou•• tumours.

We haue spoken heretofore of cucumbers and gourds:* 1.632 and therefore it is not needfull to make any new repetition.

The ordering of hops* 1.633 is like vnto that of the wild vine, for one and the same ground and dressing vvill serue both. The flowers, crops, and juice pressed out, doe take away the obstructions of the liuer and spleene: and the vse thereof is verie con∣••enient for such as haue the dropsie: therewith beere is made, as we shall further de∣clare hereafter.

Maruailous apples* 1.634 are verie fit to ouerspread arbours, as well in respect of their beautie, as for that they are pliant, and winding easily about the poles. They would be sowne in the Spring time, in a fat and well battilled ground: they cannot en∣dure the cold: so soone as their fruit is ripe, which is in Autumne, they drie away by and by: wherefore you must sow them where the Sunne hath full power vpon

them, and water them oft in the time of great heat, gathering their fruit in Septem∣ber. These apples resemble little lymons, as being sharpe pointed at the end, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bellied in the middest, rough as wild Cucumbers, greene at the beginning, but a••ter∣ward turning red: the first that euer brought them into France, was Re••e du Bellay▪ Bishop of Mans. They haue also beene found in the gardens of the religious of S. Ge••manes in the fields, and in the Temple garden at Paris. They are called of the Greekes Gratious apples, because of their well pleasing beautie; and of the Latines, Viticella, Momordica, and Balsamita, this last name was giuen to them by reason of the vertues of Balme which they haue: and in French Maruailous apples, because of the maruailous vertue that they haue to heale wounds. Some take all the seeds 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the apples, putting the said apples into a viole of vnripe oyle oliue (or insteed of oyle made of vnripe oliues, which is not alwaies readie to be had at Paris, some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 common oyle verie well in Rose-water or Common water, or plantaine, or Mulbe∣rie water) and doe afterward set the said viole a long time in the Sunne when it 〈…〉〈…〉 his heat, or else they put it in a vessell of hot boyling vvater: or else burie it in the earth, or in horse dung, and this oyle is singular good to assuage inflammations of wounds, and of the breasts, and hath no lesse vertue than Balme to consolidate 〈◊〉〈◊〉 heale wounds either new or old, being a thing tried of many. The fruit soaked 〈◊〉〈◊〉 oyle of sweet Almonds, or Linseed, adding thereto an ounce of liquid vernish 〈◊〉〈◊〉 euerie pound of oyle,* 1.635 maketh the oyle verie soueraigne for the paines of the H••••••••∣rhoides, Burnings, prickings of the sinews, and to take away the skarres of ••ound••. The leaues dried and made into powder, and drunke the quantitie of a spoonefull with the decoction of plantaine, doe heale the gripes in the guts, the paine of the colicke, and the wounds of the guts. The oyle wherein this fruit hath beene soaked, doth keepe in his place the fundament wont to fall downe in little children,* 1.636 if it be often rubbed therewith:* 1.637 it maketh barren women fruitfull, if after they haue bathed in a bath for the purpose, and drunke of the powder of the leaues of this hearbe, they annoint their secret parts with this oyle, dwelling afterwards with their husbands.

The maruailous pease* 1.638 are verie rare in this countrie, resembling somewhat Winter cherries, as hauing their seed inclosed in a little filme or skinne, like vnto a ••ich pease; in the middest whereof, there is the shape as it were of a heart. They delight in a very fat, moist, and well sunned soyle, and cannot abide to endure the cold.

Winter cherries* 1.639 (which the Latines call Halicaca••um, and the Arabians A••••∣kengi,) are delighted in vines: wherefore they which would haue it planted in their garden, must picke out for it such a soyle as would fit the vine. The little 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which is inclosed in the bladder, is singular good to prouoke the decayed vrine, and to take away the sharpnes••e and scalding thereof, for the juice thereof mixt with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 creame or milke of white poppie seed, or with the decoction of the seed of melo•••• or gourds, mallows, or barly ptisane, and drunke, doth maruailously mitigate the scal∣ding of the vrine: if the root come neere vnto the aspe or lizard, it casteth them into a dead sleepe, and killeth them: the vse of the cherrie is soueraigne against the stone and grauell. Likewise for this disease some make a Wine which is called Winter-cherrie wine, which is made with the new pressed liquor of good white wine, when in hath beene infused a certaine quantitie of these cherries: or with a certaine qua••∣titie of these cherries cast with an equall quantitie of white wine grapes all whole in∣to a new ves••ell, the same ves••ell afterward being filled vp with white wine new fro•• the presse, being afterward scummed and vsed after the manner of other wines: or else this wine may be thus made, these cherries are troden amongst ripe grapes, and being suffered to worke together certaine daies, they are afterward ••unned vp 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vessells, and ordered as other wines: this wine taken the quantitie of foure 〈…〉〈…〉 the morning three or foure daies together in the decrease of the Moone, cleanseth the reines, and purgeth out great quantitie of grauell.

CHAP. LIIII.

Of Trees both great and small, as well outlandish as of the same Countrie, being planted or sowne either vpon beds or in vessells, in the Garden.

THe Bay-tree* 1.640 will grow in all places, but it is not as easily preserued and kept in euerie place: for it delighteth especially and naturally in a hot or temperate countrie, for in a cold it groweth not but by constraine▪ but and if you be disposed to haue it to grow in this cold countrie, you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 plant it so vpon the Sunne, as that it may thereby sh••ke off and better passe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the extremitie of the cold; and on the contrarie, in a hot countrie you must plant▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so, as that the Sunne may come but sparingly to it, to wit, euen when the shadow. 〈…〉〈…〉 be hard at the foot if it: notwithstanding it delighteth much in places neere 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Sea, in leane and thin grounds, where the ayre is warme and temperate of it ••elfe. It must be planted in Autumne and in the Spring time, of sets, of whole plants, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of branches: and in March it is planted verie fitly and seasonably, when as the ••ap ••putteth vp and commeth to the barbe. It may likewise be fowne after the foure. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 day of March in a ground that is well manured, one foot within the ground 〈◊〉〈◊〉 foure berries together: and at the yeares end▪ to remoue it to some other place. The Bay-tree feareth the cold aboue all other things,* 1.641 and for this cause it must be planted in this countrie in a firme and solide ground as hath beene said, to the end that during the times of snow, frost, and freesing vpon raine, the roots may be de∣fended from cold, which although the boughes and braunches should be dead by the cold of Winter, it would yet continue to bring forth new boughes in the Spring time▪ for the fastnesse and closenesse of the ground will haue let and stayed the ayre from hauing pierced vnto the roots. And in ca••e the ground where you haue planted your Bay-tree should be sandie, drie, and barren, then it will be your part during the time of Winter to spread and cast ashes and straw about the roots of the Bay-tree, to preserue the heat of the earth, and to withhold the cold from piercing vnto the roots. Then for to procure a flourishing and faire Bay-tree,* 1.642 two things are necessarie▪ the heat of the ayre, and the fastnesse of the ground, of which, if the one be wanting, the Bay-tree will not grow any thing at all; or if it grow, yet it will be bu•• a small and starued thing, as we may easily make triall and proofe in this ••countrie. The Bay-tree may be grafted vpon it selfe, as also vpon the Dogg-tree, the Ash-tree, and the Cherrie-tree, as we will declare more largely in the third Booke.

The Myr••••e tree* 1.643 is of two sorts, the one is a darke greene, the other is a light greene, the one beareth a yellow flowre; and the other a white, but of these the later is the better: but euerie sort of Myr••le craueth a hot Countrie, a light, sandie, lea••••••, and brittle kind of ground, and yet notwithstanding this, it groweth well vpon the Sea bankes, as also vpon the sides of pooles, lakes, and fennes. It is planted either of young boughs borowed and cut downe for the excessi••e ranknesse of them, after 〈…〉〈…〉 foure or fiue yeares old, or from the shoots putting forth at the root thereof, ••epe••••∣ting them from the maine root so soone as they be put vp, and from after a yeare of their first planting to remoue them: or else of seed, rubbed and cha••ed betwixt your hands, and after thrust into an old band or small cord: the same buried all a∣long according to that length that it is of in a furrow cast a foot deepe, or therea∣bout, and well manured with rotten dung, and watering the place. The myrtle-tree would be planted in the highest part of the Garden, for by his smell it maketh the place most delightsome: it may be ••owne also after the manner of the Bay-tree, but then it will not grow vp till after a long t••me. It will grow both high and faire▪ if you make it cleane and sco••re it often round about, and it will b••ing forth much and great fruit, if you plant Rose-trees neere vnto it, or else plant it neere vnto Oliue-trees,

in the countrie where they grow: for the Myrtle and Oliue trees doe helpe one another greatly. It loueth and craueth to be watred with mans vrine, but especially with sheepes: or when you can get neither of these, with warme water, wherein it de∣lighteth exceedingly, as sometimes appeared by a Myrtle planted neere vnto a bath, which to euerie mans sight grew verie pleasantly and beautifully, though there were no reckoning or account made thereof. Myrtle-berries put in a vessell which is not pitched, but well couered, doth keepe a long time greene and fresh: Some hold it better to put them in, hanging vpon their boughs: The Myrtle 〈◊〉〈◊〉 nothing so much as cold, and taketh delight to be neere vnto pooles, brookes, and maritime places. If you water it oft with warme water,* 1.644 it will beare fruit▪ 〈…〉〈…〉 any kernell.

The fruit is called Myrtle-berries. It must be gathered when it is 〈…〉〈…〉 great while after the Rose is fallen and shaken. It may be grafted vpon another of his owne kind, and the white vpon the blacke, and the blacke vpon the Apple-tre••, Medlar-tree, and Pomegranet-tree.

After vintage time, in the countrie of Prouence, where there is a great number of Myrtle-trees, the birds feed of the fruit of the Myrtle-tree, and thereby become so fat, and their flesh so pleasant to eat, as that men eat birds so fatted all whole, with•••••• pulling out of the garbage: insomuch as it is growne into a common prouerbe, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the excrement is better than the flesh.

The leaues, bayes, or berries of myrtle-tree by their astringent force and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doe stay all manner of fluxes, whether it be of the bellie, or of the termes, or princi∣pally of the whites: the juice and distilled water of Myrtle-tree are singular good to drinke, to keepe vp the falling fundament. The decoction of the seed of Myrtle-tree, doth blacke the haire, and keepeth it from falling. The berries of the Myrtle-tree may serue in steed of pepper, the sauce made therewith worketh the like effect, and is singular good to comfort a languishing stomach: myrtle berries euen do com∣fort the heart, and cure the beating of the same: the ashes of the drie leaues of myrtle-tree burned within a pot of raw earth, so throughly as that they become white, being afterward washed, haue one and the same vertue that Spodium or Pomphol•••• hath.

If you cannot make the myrtle-tree to grow in your garden, you must content your selfe with the Myrt-tree,* 1.645 which craueth the same ground and manner of orde•••••• that the Myrtle-tree, as being a kind of wild Myrtle-tree) and which may be 〈…〉〈…〉 the steed of Myrtle-tree vvhen it cannot be come by, as hauing the same or 〈…〉〈…〉 vertues.

Butchers-broome* 1.646 is also a kind of wild myrtle, which groweth commonly in Fo∣rests and Vnderwoods, from whence it is better to translate it into your garden, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 either to sow or plant it.

He that is desirous to plant Tamariske* 1.647 in his garden, must make choyce of the moist and wettest ground, and for want of a sufficient moist ground, to water 〈…〉〈…〉 It is likewise seene that Tamariske doth grow faire and tall, by ponds, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and o∣ther standing waters. It is planted either of roots or sprouts, and that from the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of October, till the foure and twentieth of December, yea vntill the beginning of Februarie; but yet it thriueth best being set of roots: there is no frost almost 〈…〉〈…〉 hurt it, especially the root, for when it is once taken, it putteth forth continually 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and boughs along the plant.

The wood is principally commended, for that it assuageth and diminisheth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 spleene in such as haue it stopt too full of melancholicke humours: and hence 〈…〉〈…〉 that many troubled with that disease, doe eat and drinke in vessells made of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wood thereof. And some likewise doe counsell to giue swine that are troubled 〈◊〉〈◊〉 too much fulnesse of the spleene, water to drinke in their ••••ough••, hauing first ••••••∣ched therein coales made of the wood of Tamariske. The decoction of the 〈…〉〈…〉 damaske raisons in good for leprous persons, and such as haue their spleene 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ as also for the pockes.

Bastard Sene,* 1.648 (called of the Latines 〈◊〉〈◊〉) delighteth in a fat ground, and well

battilled with Sheepes dung. It groweth not planted, but vpon seed: and it is meet that the seed be steeped first a long time in water, euen vntill it begin to sprout. The time to sow it, is about the beginning of the moneth of Iune. It must not haue any of the branches cut off, nor be pruned or touched before the fourth yeare. The fruit serueth to good vse for the fatting of Sheepe, and maketh them to haue much milke: it is good also to fat chickens, bees, goats, and kyne. Some take it to be Sene, but they doe greatly deceiue and beguile themselues.

The Caper-tree* 1.649 in many countries groweth without any tilling, ••n ••arable ground: but where it wanteth, if it must be sowne, it must be in a hot countrie, and a drie, sto∣nie, and sandie place, which shall before hand be inclosed with a little ditch, which shall be filled with stone and lyme, or else with fat earth, for to be a fortresse and▪ de∣fence vnto it, that so the roots of the Caper-tree and thereby all shoots that might grow vp from them, may be kept from breaking forth, and spreading further than this ditch: for if they should be stayed and kept backe from spreading by some such meanes, it would come to passe that within a small time they would ouer-runne the whole Garden, and plant themselues in euerie corner of the same. Notwithstan∣ding the Caper-tree is not so noysome in that respect (because it may be pulled vp) as it is by inueniming (I know not by what venimous humour or juice) the whole ground, and making of it barren. It hath no need (except a ver••e little) to be any way tilled or fashioned: for it groweth well ynough (without any thing done vnto it) in ••ields and desart grounds. It may be sowne in the Spring and Autumne.

The fruit of the Caper-tree, as well the great as the small, is good in a fallade to prouoke appetite, cleanse the flegmaticke stomach, and to take away the obstructi∣ons of the liuer, but principally of the spleene: the rind of the root and leaues haue the like vertue, but more effectually. Capers both the great and the small, whiles they are yet greene and not salted, doe nourish a great deale more, both of them are in request, not so much for that they are fruit, as for their manner of preseruing, which is performed either with vinegar, or else with salt brine: for Capers not pick∣led are of a verie sharpe and vnpleasant tast, but the vinegar wherein they are pre∣serued doth make them verie acceptable vnto the stomach: but the great ones be∣cause they haue both more juice and more pulpe, are a great deale better than the little ones: though the little ones are more delightsome to the tast than the great ones, because they are fuller of vinegar than the great ones.

Agnus Castu••,* 1.650 seeing it commeth verie neere to the nature and condition of the Willow, and of the same colour with the leaues, disagreeing onely in smell, craueth to be planted in a watrie place, where there is much shadow: or at the least to be oft watered. The leaues, seed, and flowers, are singular good for them which would liue chastly,* 1.651 taken inwardly, or applyed, outwardly: for some say, that the leaues, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or ••lowres, put into little b••gges, and applied vnto the reines in bed, do helpe to keepe the chastitie of the bodie, which is the cause that in many countries it is seene planted almost in all the Monkeries.* 1.652 The decoction of the leaues is good against the sealding and burning Vrine, as well in drinking as in fomenting it, as also against the obstructions of the liuer, spleene, and matrix. If you carrie a branch of Agnus Ca∣stus about you, you shall not grow wearie,* 1.653 no not after much trauell. The fume there∣of taken in at the secret parts of women, doth quench the vnsatiable lust and burning desire vnto venerie and carnall copulation.

Beane-tree,* 1.654 or S. Iohns-bread (bearing a long, flat, and broad fruit, like vnto that of Ca••••ia) would be planted of new shoots, in Februarie and Nouember, in a drie ground, lying open vpon the Sun, and where as there are verie deepe ditches made. It may also be grafted in a Plum-tree, or Almond-tree: in any case you must neuer thinke vpon the sowing of it, because so it would neuer beare any fruit, but would die verie quickly: it must be oft watered.

The Cod•• are good either to fat children or ••win••,* 1.655 but not so fit to feed men with∣all: It is true that the fruit doth loosen the bellie gently, as it were after the manner of Cassia.

There 〈…〉〈…〉 sorts of the Date-tree:* 1.656 some beare fruit, and some 〈…〉〈…〉 and of the fruitfull, some beare a reddish fruit, and some a white, and 〈…〉〈…〉 gray. Furthermore, some are males, and some females, some are high and 〈…〉〈…〉 some are stooping downe, and but low, and therefore called the little or 〈…〉〈…〉 tree; and some of a middle size betwixt both: but howsoeuer they differ, yet 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they agree, that they all desire a hot ayre, a great deale more than temperate: for in a hot Countrey it bringeth forth verie faire and ripe fruit, and of it selfe is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 kept and preserued, without anie f••rther paine or ••are, except it be about the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of it; where, in a temperate Region, it either ripeneth not his fruit, or 〈…〉〈…〉 none at all. It craueth a 〈…〉〈…〉, and nitrous ground, foreseene that it be 〈…〉〈…〉 moist, and this is the cause why it ••ro••pereth well vpon the Sea coast: and if the ground where it be planted, be not such, it must be watered with salt water, 〈…〉〈…〉 brine. It is planted of small Plants, with roots in Aprill and May, the Plant being well layd about with fat earth. Some also sow the new stones of Dates (and they bring forth their trees in October) two cubits deepe in the ground, and that mingled with ashes, and well enriched with Goats dung, and the sharpe side of it must be vp∣ward: it must be watered euerie day, and euerie yeare there must be ••alt shed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it▪ or else, which is better, that it be oftentimes watered with water that is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 salt. Againe, that it may grow high and faire, it gladly accepteth the watering of hi•• roots with the lees of old red Wine strained.

Note likewise, that (seeing of one Date stone alone there will hardly grow vp any Date-tree, bearing sufficient bignesse in the bole and bodie, to carrie and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the weight of the head) it will be good to put and ioyne together two or three 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stones, sowed vp in a Linnen cloth, in such sort, as that the sharpe sides may behold one another, and so to set them; for by this ioyning of two or three together, your tree may come by a bodie sufficient big to beare the head. Not further, that if you would haue the female Date tree to beare fruit, that then you must plant it neere vnto a male Date tree, and not one onely, but manie, if it be possible, because the neere standing of the one vnto the other, causeth that the vertue of the male is conueyed and impar∣ted vnto the female, and that by the commixtion made by the wind, from 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a∣riseth aboundance of fruit. But and if you haue not the meanes to plant manie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Date trees neere vnto the female, it will be sufficient if you doe but touch the male oftentimes with your hand▪ and then afterward lay the same hand vpon the female•• or you must gather o•• the flowers of the top o•• the male, or of the mos••e of the male, and sprinkle the same vpon the female. Eat but as ••ew Dates as you can, for they make obstructions in the liuer and spleene, and are also of hard digestion, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the head-ach.

The Pine-tree* 1.657 groweth chiefely of a kernell, which must be planted in October or Nouember in warme places: or in cold places in Februarie or in March▪ or a∣bout the fall of the apple, or a little after, and that in pits well digged, and which ha••e lyen vntilled and vnoccupied a g••od time: the apple must not be broken by force of an yron thing▪ to get out the kernels, which must lie in steepe three dayes before hand, and seuen of them set together, and that fiue fingers deepe onely, when they are growne vp, you must not be too hastie to remoue them, because they take 〈…〉〈…〉 but in long time, and verie hardly: nay, they cannot abide at all to be transplanted without their great hurt and hinderance: but yet when time may serue to transplant them, in any c••se beware that you doe not hurt their roots, especially the principall and thickest ones. The Pine-tree groweth chiefely and thr••ueth best, vpon high mountaines, and places that are open vnto the wind, still regard being had, that the place where they shall be planted, be as carefully husbanded and tilled, as if it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for to beare and bring forth wheat. It will continue the longer time, if the barke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 oft taken from it, because that vnder the barke certaine little wormes do breed, whi•••• fret and destroy the wood.

The distilled water of new Pine-kernells,* 1.658 ••••ake away the wrinckles of the face, and diminish the breasts that are too great and swagging, if there be laid vnto 〈…〉〈…〉

clothes dipped ••n this water as oft as you can: this water also is singular good to draw narrower the secret parts of women being too much distended and enlarged, and to cure them of all manner of rheumes and distillations: but yet their juice ••s more effectuall for these matters, than the distilled water.

Pineapples are a meat of verie easie nourishment,* 1.659 ••nd for that cause are verie good for such as ar••troubled with the cough, for them which are in a consumption, and such as are sicke of an hect••cke ••euer, but they must haue beene s••••••pt sometime in Rosewater to take away their acrimonie, sharpnesse, and oylie substance: it is true that they be hard to digest, and therefore to such as are cold of nature, you must giue them with home; and to those which are hot, with sugar, to helpe out with the hard∣ne••••e of their digestion. They are good for such as haue the palsey, for ach in the si∣news and backe, for heat of the vrine, and gnawing of the stomach, taken with the juice of Purslaine.

Figges (being one of the best fruits we haue,* 1.660 according to the ground and plant whereof they come) are either more or les••e sweet and sauorie, and this commeth of the ayre as it is tempered with heat, cold, or a milder temper: or else in respect of the moisture and drinesse of the grounds, their fatnesse, and leannesse; their rough∣nes••e or smoothnes••e; their s••••ngth or gentlenesse, and easinesse; their sto••••nesse or being without stones, or their scituation amongst some old ruines and rotten stone walls: for in respect of all these, it falleth out that there are great diuersitie of figges, as hauing some great, some small, some round, some sharpe pointed, some white, some blacke, some greene, and some gray. So that this tree loueth to be in places standing open vpon the Sunne, and therewithall rockie or clayie, stonie or mixt much with lyme, neere vnto walls or old ruines, yea within the verie walls being 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or halfe fallen downe, especially that which beareth little figges, verie sweet and white ones, such as are those of Mar••••••llis, for such a figge-tree delighteth in a drie and grauelly place: as on the contrarie, the figge-tree that bringeth forth great, lesse sweet and reddish figs, desireth a fat and well manured ground. It thriueth and prosper••th in a hot and t••mperate aire, so that the ground be somewhat moist: for this tree is verie daintie and quickly wronged and injured by frosts, broken downe by winds, and made thin and leane by drought, by the which the fig will sooner be ouerth••owne and spoyled than the Mulberrie. They are easily hurt by Frosts, Mists, and great Cold: wherefore they must be planted in the Spring, when Frosts are past, vpon the South or East quarter, in great, deepe, and well-digged pits, of shootes and boughes of two yeares growth, being faire and round ones, and full of knots▪ for these are most fruitfull. And to cause them the better to take root, you shall take a∣way their barke at the nether end of the stemme about halfe a foot, and yet lea∣uing it notwithstanding fastened thereunto, that so the said barke may turne into ••ootes.

It may in like manner be sowne of figges layd in steepe, and bound about with small lines, and then afterward planted in that manner, and watered often and dili∣gently: but it would su••e better, if it were grafted vpon a Plumme tree or Almond tree▪ for so it continueth a great deale longer. But whether it be planted or grafted, it must not be much watred▪ for aboundance of water corrupteth the naturall beautie of the figge-tree, and maketh them verie subiect to rot. It would be a great deale better, to make them grow faire, and become fruitfull, to thrust the plant into a wild Garlick, called in Latine Squilla, and better in English, Sea-Onion: or else to steepe it in Brine, or to set it round about with Oxe dung, or with vnquencht Lime. And to keepe and guard them from Frosts, they must from the eleuenth of Nouember be couered verie well with Straw, or with the stalkes of Line, tying these things to the roots and to the boughes so well and in euerie place, as that there remaine nothing to be seene of the plant. If you would haue the figge-tree to bring forth a late fruit (which is a thing a∣gainst his nature)* 1.661 you must take from it his first small figges which begin to grow great, and the figge-tree will put forth another & second fruit, which will be kept till

Winter. Likewise it will be fruitfull and bring forth a full figge and of a good ver∣dure,* 1.662 if from the time that it shall put forth his leaues▪ there be put to his root 〈◊〉〈◊〉 earth ••eaten and tempered with the setlings of oyle oliues and mans dung: or else when it shall begin to spring, to cut off the tops and ends of the braunches. Figges will be more forward and early, if there be applyed vnto the roots of the trees pige∣ons dung, and pepper brayed and mixt with oyle:* 1.663 or else if when their gros••e and vnripe apples shall begin to grow red, you annoint them with the juice of a great o∣nion, mixt with oyle and pepper, or if when as their fruit shall be reasonably great, you pierce them with a needle, and afterward rubbing them with oyle, you couer them with oliue-tree leaues: for the heat, being nothing hindered through the great moisture of the figge, doth concoct the fruit and ripen it most easily. But if your figge tree grow in a cold soyle or such a soyle as the clime appeareth somewhat vn∣naturall therefore, you shall then when he putteth forth his first or later kno••••, and by reason of his want of Sunne-shine is not able to ripen them, you shall then let them remaine on the tree, and by no meanes pull them away, and the next year fol∣lowing, in the height of Sommer, they will all be ripe and pleasant which you shall know by their shining, softnesse, and transparancie, then will they also put forth other new hard knots which yow shall againe suffer to remaine till the next yeare, and thus allowing them two yeres to ripen in, you may haue in England or elsewhere as good and as pleasant figges as are any is Spaine.

They will be of a diuers colour,* 1.664 that is, white on the one side, and red on the o∣ther, if you tie together in a linnen cloth the seed of two diuers figge-trees, and so planting them, afterward to transplant them. You shall reclaime a wild figge tree,* 1.665 if you water him at the roots with wine and oyle mixt together. Figges will not fall downe from their tree, if you water the bodie ditched round about with salt-brine and water equally mixt together: or if you burie neere vnto the figge-tree the hornes of Rammes or Weathers.* 1.666 You shall keepe them continually greene, if you put them in a pot full of honie and well stopt, in such manner as that one of them doe not touch another, nor yet the pot: or else in a gourd euerie one by it selfe, hanging the gourd in a shadowed place, where neither fire nor smoake may come vnto it. Or if you put them in an earthen vessell, hauing the mouth well stopped, putting the same vessell afterward into another vessell full of Wine: for as long as the Wine re∣maineth vncorrupted, so long the figges will remaine ••ound and safe. You shall pre∣serue drie figges from rotting or corrupting, if you spread them vpon a hurdle in an ouen▪ after the bread is drawne, and put them afterward into a new earthen vessel vnpitch••. You shal haue figges that loosen your bodie, and make it soluble,* 1.667 if you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at the root of the figge-tree when you plant it some blacke hellebor ••••ampt with spurge, or some other such purgatiue.

Furthermore,* 1.668 the figge-tree hath this vertue, that if you haue a wild and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Bull which you cannot tame by any means, if you tie him to a figge-tree, by and by he will become gentle, forgetting his naturall sauagenesse. Furthermore, to make the hard and rough ••lesh of any beast tender by and by, you must hang it to a branch of a figge-tree; as also, to make it to be boyled quickly, you must stirre it oftentimes in the pot wherein it boyleth, with a ladle of the wood of a figge-tree: for the figge-tree breatheth forth a certaine kind of vapour which drieth vehemently, and dige∣steth the hardnesse of any ••lesh whatsoeuer, whether peacocke, birds of the riuer, or other such like. It is true that there is other meanes to make tender the flesh that is tough,* 1.669 as to put it in a heape of corne. We may further note I know not what se∣cret vertue in the figge, for the horses and asses laden with figges doe easily fall downe vnder their burthen, and loose all their strength, which notwithstanding are as easily recouered of their strength and refreshed, if they haue but giuen them a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of bread. It is also worth the noting how that the juice or milke of the husbanded or ••ame figge-tree (as we haue before shewed in the treatise of the making of chee∣ses) serueth for the turning or changing of the milke into curds, as wel as the 〈◊〉〈◊〉:

figges boyled with Hysope, doe heale an old Cough, and amend the diseases of the Lungs. The fruit doth soften the bellie, nourisheth much, prouoketh sweat: being drie, mingled with the flower of Linseed and Fenugreeke, it killeth or resolueth im∣postumes, and hard swellings: in decoctions it is good for the Cough, and difficultie of breath▪ the flowers are good to eat, notwithstanding that Swine auoid and shunn•• them in all they may.

King Mithridates made an Opiate against all manner of Poyson and danger of the Plague,* 1.670 which was compounded of Figges, Walnuts, and Rue, as we haue said before in the Chapter of Rue.

Figges burnt and made into powder, mingled with a verie little Wax, doe make a verie soueraigne medicine for Kibes.* 1.671 The ••uice of Figges doth heale all Rough∣nesse, ill conditioned Scabbes, small Pocks, Purples, Freckles, Ringwormes, and other spo••s and defilements of the bodie and of the face, being annointed thereupon with the flower of parched Barly. It cureth also the paine of the teeth, a little Cot∣ton wooll being dipped therein, and laid vpon the tooth. It openeth the Hemor∣rhoids.

This Tree is easie to make grow,* 1.672 and delighteth in hot and temperate Countries, as in Languedoc and Prouence, where it may be seene growing (as it were) in little Forests: and it is so long liued, and of such durablenesse, as that though the labour due to be bestowed about it, be left off for a long time, yet it ceaseth not to beare fruit more or lesse: and comming to it selfe againe, being old, it becommeth young a∣gaine, and getting foot liuely, of drie it becommeth marrowish and fattie, and of barren, fruitfull. In these Northerne Countries it groweth not without great paine and labour, by reason of the coldnesse of the ayre. Wherefore if you be minded to plant the Oliue tree in your Garden, chuse out a place standing vpon the South or East quarter, raysed sufficient high, and open to the Westerne wind, and which hath also rested a good while, consisting of Potters clay vnderneath, and aboue min∣gled with Sand and Fullers clay, being also a close, moist, and not leane ground: and in this you shall plant it about mid March, not of sprou••s putting forth at the foot of the Oliue tree, but of sienes, shoots, and branches that are young, faire, and fertile, pulled from the boughes of the tree, as thicke as the wrist, and a foot and a halfe long, verie round, hauing a sleeke and glistering barke, without boughes, and cut downe in the new of the Moone, raysing the thicke barke about the length of a fathome, and letting the greene barke alone, which is more fine and thinne▪ And you shall set them in the ground in such manner as they did grow vpon the tree; as the lower end downward, and the vpper end vpward towards Heauen, as when they grew vpon the tree: for if you set them the vpper end downeward▪ they will hardly grow; but and if they grow, yet they will abide barren for euer. You must lay the root, as also the head, all ouer with dung mixt with ashes, and set them on such a depth in the earth, as that there may be aboue them some foure fingers thicknesse of fine small mould, and afterward tread all close downe together, round about the new-set Plant, and so cast still more earth vnto it, as it sinketh with treading, or else you may beat it downe with a rammer of wood. It must not be transplanted till af∣ter fiue yeares: but in the meane time you must digge it euerie moneth, and dung it with Goats dung euerie yeare in Autumne. You must water it with raine water, ra∣ther than with Fountaine, Riuer, or Well water. And sometimes you must prune and c••t away the superfluous branches, especially the drie and withered shoots, and the branches putting forth vpon it, if so be that the plant be not become old, feeble, and broken, in such sort, as that it standeth in need to be renewed and planted againe, for then it will be requisite to leaue growing one or two of the fairest, and not to cut them downe before they haue growne eight yeares, and then at such time as the Moone is decreasing, and the season drie and faire. And sometimes, euerie eight yeare, you must moisten the root of the Oliue trees, that are lustie and well liking, with the lees or grounds of Oliues, to keepe them from wormes and other vermine, which are oftentimes noysome vnto this Plant. You must also defend them from

Cattell, especially from the browsing of Goats, which would make them altogether barren. You must not plant anie other Plants neere vnto the Oliue tree, except the Figge-tree, or the Vine, whose companie and neighbourhood it reioyceth greatly in, and hateth especially the Oake, yea, euen to be planted in the place where the Oake was standing, and is pulled vp, for there it dieth presently. The Oliue tree may be grafted in the bud with that kind of grafting called the Scutcheon, and that of the thickest and strongest grafts that may be pickt out of the Oliue tree, as we will further shew hereafter: but it were but a lost labour to sow it of his stones and kernels.

The Oliue tree is lesse subiect vnto vermine than anie other,* 1.673 because of his strong ••auour, insomuch, that it is as good as a shield vnto all other hearbes that are about it: as also by his bitternesse it killeth Coleworts, Lettuces, and other moist hearbes which are sowne in the same ground with it. Some hold (which is a maruelous thing) that the Oliue tree groweth more fruitfull and aboundant in encrease, if it be planted and looked vnto by such as are virgins,* 1.674 and haue not vnlawfully abused their bodies, and other mens beds, or otherwise: and that therefore in some Countries the pla••ing of it is committed vnto such youths as are certainely knowne to be chast, as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ordering and gouerning of them, and that there they grow faire, and bring 〈◊〉〈◊〉 much fruit.

You must gather them with your hand, when you are got vp into the tree by a lad∣der:* 1.675 you must not hurt the branches, for that might make the Oliue tree barren: it must be done in Nouember, when they begin to change their colour, and are verie blacke: this time must be faire, and not rainie: yea, and if it haue rained sometime before your gathering, you must see that it be dried vp againe verie throughly. Som•• gather their Oliues after another fashion: They beat them downe with long slender Poles, or Pearches of Reed, not of Wood, and are carefull not to strike against them for feare of beating downe some of the branches, together with the fruit: but such manner of gathering Oliues is not good, because the Oliues beaten downe, or struc∣ken, doe wither incontinently, and doe not yeeld so much oyle: put also vnto this dis∣commoditie, that other; which is, that the tree is bruised, and manie of his branches broken, which is a great hinderance in the yeares following.

Furthermore, Oliues are gathered for two ends, either to make Oyles,* 1.676 or to sent as dishes at Banquets, to the end that they may prouoke appetite: notwithstanding, wee must not thinke that all sorts of Oliues indifferently doe serue for these 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vses; for the greatest, for the most part, are better for Banquets, and the lesse to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Oyle out of. But those which are intended to be reserued for Ban∣quets, must be carefully preserued with salt Brine, or salt Vineger, or Oyle, or the grounds of Oyle, or with Cure, or the drosse of Grapes, or Honey, or Veriuice, in manner as followeth.

They must be gathered with the hand, hauing got vp into the tree with a ladder,* 1.677 in faire weather, when they begin to be black, and are not as yet throughly ripe: than afterward to spread them vpon a hurdle of Oziers, and there picke and cull the•• out at your pleasure, putting aside all such as are spotted, corrupted, or verie small, and reseruing onely those which are grosse and great, fashioned like an egge, full, fast, hauing a long and slender stone, a close pulpe, or flesh, and in good quantitie. This done, they must be clouen in foure places, or without anie such cleauing, be put whole into an earthen pot, and salt Brine or Veriuice powred vpon them, or else Honey with Vineger and Salt, or Oyle, with Salt beaten small, or else with Wine new from the Presse, or such other liquor as hath beene alreadie spoken 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Some put in the bottome of the earthen pot, vnder the Oliues, or into their 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the leaues or ribbes of Penyryall, Min••s, Annise, Masticke tree, Oyle tree, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Rue, Parsley, Fennell, and Bay tree leaues, and the seeds of Fennell, 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ and Rue. Finally, you must keepe the vessell well stopped, and put it in some C••l∣lar to keepe: but he that would keepe Oliues a long time, must change his 〈…〉〈…〉 euer••e quarter of a yeare.

As concerning Oliues to make Oyle of,* 1.678 they must be gathered when they are somewhat more ripe than those which are to be preserued, and when as there are ma∣nie of them become alreadie blacke, but yet not so manie as are white: in other re∣spects they must be gathered in such manner as wee haue said that the others should be gathered, that is to say, with the hand, and when it is faire weather, except it be those Oliues which by tempests and winds haue beene blowne to the earth, and such as must needs be gathered, as well because of wild, as ••ame and house beasts. There must no moe be gathered at one time, than may be made into Oyle that night and the day following: for all the fruit that is gathered in a day, must presently be put vpon the Milles, and so into the Presses. But before that they be put into the Presse, they must first be spread vpon hurdles, and picked and culled: as likewise, that their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and waterish liquor may runne out a little, and spend it selfe; for it is a great enemie vnto the Oyle: insomuch, as that if it remaine, abide, and stand with the Oyle, it spoyleth the tast and sauour of it. And therefore in this respect, when sometimes the quantitie of Oliues is so great, as that there want Presses and workmen to dis∣patch them, you must haue a high and well-raysed floore, where you must prouide partitions to keepe asunder euerie daies gatherings: and these partitions, in the bot∣••••me, must be paued with Stone, or with Tyles, or Squares made somewhat sloping, that so the moistnesse of the Oliues may conuey it selfe along the channels which shall be there prouided. And thus much concerning the preparing of Oliues to make Oyle of: it remaineth now to speake of the making of Oyle; but wee will re∣serue that for the end of the third Booke, where we will make a large discourse of the making of Oyles.

Finally, there is a verie astringent and binding facultie in the Oliue tree: for the decoction of the leaues in a Clyster doth stay the flux of the bellie:* 1.679 the iuice pressed from the leaues, with white Wine and Raine water, doth stay all manner of fluxes of bloud: the liquor which droppeth from the greene wood of the Oliue tree when it is burning, doth heale the Itch,* 1.680 Ringwormes, and Scabs.* 1.681 Oliues yet greene and vn∣••ipe, doe stirre vp and prouoke an appetite, being eaten, and cause a good stomacke, but they make the bodie costiue, and are hard of digestion. Ripe Oliues doe ouer∣turne the stomacke, and make boylings therein: they cause also headach, and hurt the eyes. As concerning the vertues of Oyle, wee will speake of them in his place. See more of the Oliue-tree in the third Booke.

Pistates* 1.682 require as great toyle and diligence about them as the Oliue-tree, and would be sowne about the first day of Aprill, as well the male as the female, both ••oyntly together, or at the least one verie neere vnto the other, the male hauing the backe turned to the West: for being thus ioyned, or neere neighbours one vnto the other, they beare better and greater store of fruit, especially if they be sowne in a fa•• ground, and well ayred: and there you may graft them at the same time vpon them∣selues, or vpon the Turpentine tree, notwithstanding that some doe graft them on the Almond tree. They may in like manner be set of Plants; and the manner of planting them is thus: You must make Pits sufficient deepe in some place where the Sunne shi∣••eth verie hot, and chuse new shoots of the tree which are in verie good liking, and ••hese bound together, put into the Pits the second day of the moneth of Aprill, after∣ward bind them together from the earth vp to the boughes, and couer the roots with good dung, watering them continually for the space of eight daies. And after the ••odie of the Tree is three yeares old, you must lay open the Pit neere vnto the root••, ••nd set the bodie somewhat deeper in, and then couer it againe with good dung, to the end, that when the Tree shall be growne great, it may not be ouer-blowne with ••••eat winds.

This Tree was rare and hard to be come by in this Countrey, before the most reue∣••end Lords, Cardinall du Bellay, and Reue du Bellay, Bishop of Mants, brethren, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 worthie of eternall memorie for their incomparable knowledge, alone, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all other Frenchmen, had brought into this Countrey the knowledge, not onely of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which were altogether vnknowne vnto vs, but also the ordering and figure••

of strange Hearbes and Trees, the fruits whereof we are greatly in loue withall, and doe highly commend; notwithstanding, that as yet we doe scarce know themselue••▪ But surely herein this whole Nation is bound to acknowledge an euerlasting 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto them for the same.

The fruit of Pistates (as A••icenne saith verie well, not sticking at the scruple and doubt which Galen casteth in the way) doe comfort the stomack, and nourish 〈…〉〈…〉 and this is the cause why they are prescribed them which are leane and worne away with sicknesse, and which desire to be strong and mightie in performing the act of Venerie.

Citron-trees,* 1.683 Orange-trees,* 1.684 Limon-trees,* 1.685 and Citron-trees of Assyria,* 1.686 require 〈◊〉〈◊〉 like manner of ordering, by reason of their like nature, whereunto, in respect of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 great tendernesse and incredible daintinesse, it is needfull to giue great heed▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 o∣therwise there is no hope of reaping any profit or pleasure of them. And for as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as they are best dealt withall, and found to prosper most, when they are gotten 〈◊〉〈◊〉 growne great from some other place (it being so difficult a thing, and exceeding toyle, to make them breake the earth, and grow vpon the seeds in this Countrey) I will make a briefe discourse concerning whatsoeuer is requisite for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, planting, remouing, and gouerning of them in our Countrey and Grounds. And therefore to speake (in the first place) of the manner of transporting of them,* 1.687 〈◊〉〈◊〉 must thinke, that these Trees get no good by changing their place, but that they would doe a great deale better in their naturall and natiue soyle and ground, when they were first planted, sowne, or grafted, than to be remoued else whither. Not∣withstanding, if it please the Lord of the Farme to procure them from 〈…〉〈…〉 must doe it in the Spring time rather than in Autumne: because euen as in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the wood thereof groweth hard and solide, being ripe, and for that the ••appe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to comfort it with his warme moisture, by reason of his approaching cold; so i•• the Spring time, on the contrarie, they begin to bud by and by after that they are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and planted, and bring forth leaues, yea and flowers, if the Plants be great and strong ynough.

The way to transport them,* 1.688 is in such sort to ••it the rootes with ••lothes or 〈…〉〈…〉 that you may bind therein vnto them so much of the earth, from which they 〈…〉〈…〉, as may defend them from being hurt either by the Wind or Sunne: and hauing thus done, to fit them further with Barrels, or Sere-clothes, the better to keepe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from all the iniuries of the ayre, as also from the raine, and to cause them to be ••••••∣ueyed vpon Horses, Carts, or Waggons: so soone, euen the same night that they shall come to the place where you would set them, you must well aduise and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they be altered (which will be knowne by the change of the leaues and barke) 〈◊〉〈◊〉 then to prouide for that accordingly: for in such case you must take away the earth, and temper it soft anew, water them, cut them, and take away the blasted or 〈◊〉〈◊〉, vntill such time as the pits where you intend to set them, be seasoned in such sort 〈◊〉〈◊〉 manner as shall be said hereafter.

You shall in the day time view well your ground,* 1.689 and see that it be a good substan∣tiall blacke, open, tender, sweet, light, fat, and cleane earth, without anie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stone whatsoeuer, neere vnto the Sea coast, if it be possible, where moisture 〈◊〉〈◊〉: and furthermore, that it be easie to be stirred, to the end it may drinks in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water in aboundance where you meane to set these Trees. For these Trees 〈◊〉〈◊〉 much watering, if the water should stand aboue the earth, and not sinke 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the roots would become sicke, discoloured, and by little and little would looke the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 colour of pale, blacke, or blew. If the earth be not easie to be stirred, you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 couer it with Horse dung verie well rotted, or else with Oxe or Sheepes dung, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by this meanes it will become easie to be pierced or stirred. The place where 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are to be planted, must be open vpon the Sunne, a high place, and sheltred 〈…〉〈…〉 the quarters from whence fro••tie winds doe blow, but principally the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wind, which is alwaies most contrarie vnto those Plants. It must be also open vpon the South (because contrarie to the nature of all Trees they feed vpon this 〈◊〉〈◊〉,

and starue through that of the North) and a little vpon the West, in such sort, as that they may be guarded on the back part, and both sides, but specially the Citron-tree, which is the most tender of all the other. For which considerations, it will not be a∣misse to set them neere vnto some wall; of a conuenient height, to the end they may haue a rampart against the Northerne parts: and for the more certainetie, to make them a hood and flankers of Bay trees, for the encrease both of the beautifulnesse, as also of the profit of the same: for some hold, that the companie of the Bay tree doth keepe the Orange tree from frost. These Bay trees shall be planted in double chesse, that so the thinnest places of the first may be amended by the thickest places of the second: but and if you haue not Bay trees to doe it withall, then you may take Cy∣presse trees. And here you must learne, that Orange-trees loue not the companie of anie other tree but of the fore-named, and of the Myrtle-tree. The best of all, and most assured for profit, were to plant the said Orange-trees, Citron-trees, and other such like Trees, in halfe Barrels or Vessels, of earth made for the purpose (they being the chiefe pleasures of Princes and great Lords) or else in Cases, that are wide below, and narrow aboue, builded of clouen boords, verie well ioyned and fitted together, in such sort, as that no shoots may grow through them: for the earth, by reason of the oft watering of it, doth not cease continually to cause them to put forth and breake out one way or other. But that such watering may be conueyed in best sort for their growth, it must be prouided and brought by some low conduit and passage, and the surplusage carried away by some such cocke as is vsed in Lee tubs: and such, or the like Vessels, must be made to carrie into anie place whatsoeuer a man will: for seeing that these Plants doe die, if they be touched neuer so little with frost, as being most tender and daintie of their naturall inclination, it must be loo∣ked vnto in Winter, after that they are well couered and compassed about with straw, or the stalkes of Gourds (for by a naturall contrarietie they are giuen to let and hinder the frost from hurting them) that they be conueyed vpon small Wheele-barrowes into vaulted Caues, and when Summer is come, to returne and bring them backe againe into the full and open Sunne, to be nourished and refreshed by the heat thereof. Then hauing found out such a place in the Garden (as wee haue spoken of) there shall Pits* 1.690 be cast with distances betwixt: and whereas the Orange-tree doth shoot out his roots deepe into the earth, you must cast the said Pits a good fadome deepe, and a fadome and a halfe in compasse, which shall be well broken and made soft, that so the root may rest and spread it selfe at pleasure: which Pits shall grow narrower by little and little towards their top, and where they are to embrace and close in the foot of the tree. These Pits, to doe well, should be kept open a yeare, or thereabout, if it were possible, for the well seasoning of them, which by manie Sunne-shines, and manie Raines, would be effected: but there may more speed be made with them, either by couering the places of the said Pits with well rotted dung and new ashes, which neuer were wet, and watering it with a little wa∣ter, if the time and season be not rainie, or by filling vp the said Pits with Wheat straw, or with small Vine branches, burning it all, and afterward watering the ashes which shall remaine, if the season be drie, and without raine: for within eight or tenne daies after this preparing of it, the said Pits will be well seasoned. About the end of the same time, you must againe breake and soften the earth of the seat of the said Trees, and the sides thereof, and lay into them a finger thicknesse of dung, and againe, vpon this dung, the like thicknesse of good mould, and then vpon it to set the Tree, in the verie same aspect of the Sunne, if it be possible, that it stood in be∣fore the taking vp; that is to say, that euerie part of the tree stand vpon the same quar∣ters of the Heauens that it did before: for otherwise it would not serue, if the ••ide be∣holding the North before, should now behold and stand vpon the East or West. And this obseruation is of great moment: for as much as they which faile in this, doe oftentimes see their Trees dead, or else (notwithstanding whatsoeuer other meanes vsed) bringing foorth verie late and vntimely fruit, with like vntimely growth and blossoming, which they would not haue fallen into, if they had beene see

againe after the manner they stood, before they put forth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 budde 〈…〉〈…〉 of the earth. And this di••aduantage likewise happeneth vnto them, which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 planted their Trees in Pots or Cases, vse to carrie them into houses and vnder 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the Winter time, and out againe at the Spring, vvithout an••e ragard••ed in them after the same si••uation and state of standing wherein they stood the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 before.

Thus the Tree being seated vpon the ground in the like aspect of the 〈…〉〈…〉 it was, you must dresse it about the foot with a leuelled bed of good earth, or the thicknesse of halfe a foot, and trample it downe: and againe, vpon this, 〈…〉〈…〉 bed of the same thicknesse of good made earth, and for want thereof, with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 newly mixt with good dung, and to tread and trample it downe, and thus by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the one and the other to continue till the Pit be filled vp euen with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 swarth, and then to water it. All these said and seuerall workes shall be ended before the full of the Moone, and the better, if it be in the encrease of the day, that 〈…〉〈…〉 about nine or ••enne a clocke in the morning: For some hold, that if these things 〈◊〉〈◊〉 done in the full Moone, that then there would grow Wormes and Ants 〈…〉〈…〉 bodie and barke of the Orange tree. Being thus planted, you shall order and go∣uerne them both in Summer and Winter in manner as followeth: In Summer 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shall be watered euerie three daies, morning and euening, and ofter too, if the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the heat doe require it: For the Orange tree, aboue all things, doth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water, and standeth in need of two buckets of water at the least vnto euerie 〈…〉〈…〉 tree root; and therefore the Gardiners are happie in this case, which in their 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or not farre off, haue water at commandement, because commonly they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 both more fruit, and that also more beautifull and faire, and better seasoned. Such 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water them, must beware of touching the stocks or trunkes of the tree, or else the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 therewith, but rather that they cast it a pretie way off, and that round about, that so it may sucke in and sinke downe equally vnto and vpon the rootes: And to this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 you shall make a little furrow, digged some three fingers deepe round abou••, and in∣to this you shall poure your water, and when it is sunke, you shall fill vp the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 againe. In Winter the care and labour is the greater, in keeping them from being tainted of the Frost: and therefore, so soone as the Frost shall begin, you shall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them in good time, about the first of October, with good store of boughes, held vp with props, or else to make for euerie one of them a lodging of Mass, with a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in it open vnto the South. Some vse to couer them with Corke, and it is a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 good couering for them. Some, as hath beene said before, remoue them into 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnder the earth, carried thither vpon little Wheele-barrowes, and fitted of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Cases, But which of these cour••es soeuer it shall be that you shall take, you must al∣waies see, that their tops and outsides be at libertie, and not pinched of due 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by that which couereth them, and that this coueret be not taken away till 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be past. It is true, that before you couer them, or set them in vaulted caues, you must see, that they be not wet anie manner of way: for if the cold should seize vpon them in that pickle, both the tree and the fruit would be easily spoyled by the 〈…〉〈…〉 that, this wetnesse would cause the flowers and fruits to corrupt and rot when they were vnder their couert: but good and wise Gardiners, before they co••er these 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doe take from the Citron trees (being the least able to endure cold of all the rest) 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the flowers, buds, and tender boughes of the same. You must beware that it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not into their lodging or place of couert, especially vpon the thaw of Snow, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Snow water is more hurtfull vnto them than anie other. Likewise, if anie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Snow or Sleet come thwart their lodging, or that anie trade wind doe bring it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them, you must shake it off from their branches, and take it from the foot of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, for it would scorch them. And therefore, to meet with these inconueniences, if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be anie cleft or hole in the couering, you must make it vp close, and stop it well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dung, or vvispes, so as they may be taken out when it is a faire and cleere weather, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that the Sunne shall cast forth his beames, that so it may shine vpon the 〈…〉〈…〉 dispell the ill, corrupt, and infected ayre, and take away and drie vp the 〈◊〉〈◊〉

moisture rising of the continued shadow: and then againe, when the Sunne goeth downe, and falleth off, you must stop them vp againe, that so the cold may not take hold vpon them. It will not likewise be amisse to make a fire there, during the ex∣treame cold times, of good drie Wood, or Coale, because the heat thereof would be great, and continue well, without working anie annoyance vnto the plants, either by his flame or smoake: and this to be most chiefely performed in the behalfe of the Ci∣tron-trees, which are most subiect vnto the cold of all other, the cause being, for that they haue in them greatest store of iuice and substance; as on the contrarie, they are least subject to cold which haue least iuice and substance in them. Againe, you may not be too hastie in vncouering of them, vpon some shew and promise of gentle, meeke, and faire weather, because the cold oftentimes faining it selfe to be gone, re∣turneth againe in more vehement manner than before, threatning the killing of them, onely it will be the best and safest to open some boord or window of their lodging, that so the tree•• may enioy the present heat of the Sunne for certaine houres. In the time of the couering of these new translated trees, you must not forget to renew them at the foot a cubit height with good earth, enriched with good rotten dung, and that to lye round about the said foot the breadth of a good fadome: and this will serue and stand in stead, in case that by extremitie of cold the bodie of the tree should be frozen, to refresh and repaire it againe from below, where the frost shall not haue pierced it; notwithstanding, if in such extraordinarie cold seasons you couer and lay ouer their former couering with other dung well rotted, you shall preserue the said Orange trees. Their grafts (whereof wee are to speake hereafter) are a great deale more tender and more easie to be broken by the cold and frost, and therefore they must be couered at the foot, and layd high with earth, and as it were cloaked or hoo∣ded, and double couered and cloathed, as hath beene said, and that a great deale higher, that so it may not be pinched in the place of the setting in of the graft. But and if the cleft, or other receit made for the setting in of the graft, be so high, that the said prouision and defence cannot conueniently be applyed vnto it, you must then couer such chase with thicke new cloth, being well woolled, or else with straw, and to tye the one or the other fast to, by wreathing it about with one of the breadths of a Mat, and stay it vp with a prop, if need be. In hot Countries, as Spaine and Portugall, it is held as an approoued opinion, That by how much the more Orange trees are watered in Winter, so much the lesse subiect are they to frost; because their water is either out of the Well, or fresh drawne from some Fountaine, or of water broken out of the earth, and made warme with the Sunne, or with the fire, and for that it is drunke vp all into the earth: but I feare me, that it would not fall out for well done, if so be that in this cold Countrey one should take that course: notwith∣standing, if you will vse the same order, you shall doe it either by the helpe of the foresaid Sunne beames, or by a pipe of Lead, laid good and deepe in the earth, a farre off from the root of the tree, powring of the said water into it, that so it may descend and reach vnto the roots: but so soone as you haue thus powred in your water, you must stop verie well and couer the said pipe with earth and dung, that so the cold ayre may not runne along it vnto the roots, for so they would be frozen. They must be vnder-digged and cast at the foot from moneth to moneth, if the season will suffer it, and the earth made light and soft, mingling it with dung, and watering it as hath beene said. And for the better preseruing of the branches of these plants, and keeping of them in their strength and force, they must be cut euerie yeare, more or lesse, accor∣ding as the good and expert Gardiner shall iudge it necessarie, in as much as these trees, being both daintie and precious, doe require a verie carefull regard to be vsed in this cutting. It must not furthermore be forgotten to take from them continually all manner of superfluitie, filth, and grasse, growing at their foot, or elsewhere; and likewise thornes or pricks, and that with the hands, or some other cutting yron: And if anie branch, through ••rost, or otherwise, grow drie, pale, or blacke, you must cut off the dead part at the Spring in the decrease of the Moone, in faire weather, and calme and temperate, and vpon the putting of it forth againe, and this must be

done with a Garden Sickle or Knife well sharpened, and the cut must be well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 together, and couered ouer, that so it may put forth branches againe. You must also bow the boughs as shall be necessarie, and to raise some higher, and pull some lower, as occasion shall require: cut the ends and sprou••s which put forth at the toppes of the tree: take away those that grow too high, to the end they may be proport•••••••• in an equall measure of growth: for these trees, especially the Citron tree, growing in anie great height, and hauing anie great store of boughes, doe neither bring 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so much nor so good fruits, as when they are otherwise fitted and freed from their vn••necessarie boughes: and further, if need require, to se•• some store of p••les to hold vp the boughs. If notwithstanding all the paine and preseruation spoken of before, they fall now and then into mislikings and diseases, then you must burie at their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 some Sheepes hornes: for some are of opinion, that by these they are maintained is ••ound estate and good plight.

And thus much as concerning the ordering of these Trees,* 1.691 when they be brought out of other Countries: but as for those which wee procure to grow and spring out of the earth here in this Countrey, wee must know, that they grow either of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, boughes, grafts, or ••eeds. But to speake of these particularly, the Orange tree grow∣eth not, but verie hardly, either vpon shoots or grafts: for hauing a verie hard 〈◊〉〈◊〉, it hardly taketh root. It is true, that some vse to prepare a Plant of it in such man∣ner: They picke and prune from an Orange tree bough his sprigges and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, plant it the small end downeward, wrapt in a Linnen cloth, hauing within it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dung that is verie new: and of such plants haue beene seene to grow Orange trees, growing indeed lower than the other, but hauing a well spread and large 〈…〉〈…〉 yet it is better to sow it,* 1.692 so that it be in a good soyle, notwithstanding it be long be∣fore it bring forth fruit: but he that will helpe that, and cause it to hasten to bearing, must graft it. The manner of sowing all these sorts of trees, is, first to prepare and manure the ground verie well with Horse dung about the moneth of May, or else with Oxe or Sheepes dung, and to mixe therewith some Wood ashes, or which were better, some Cucumber ashes: then making pits in the said ground, of the breadth of halfe a foot, to put three seeds together, and the sharpe end vpward, and the high∣er part of the seed toward the earth: after this, they must be oft watered with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water, or with Sheepes milke, for so they will grow better and sooner. And yet 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not, before you sow them, to lay them in steepe in Cowes milke that is warme: and if you desire to haue them sweet fruit, put to the liquor wherein you steepe them, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sugar cand••e.

You shall plant their shoots after the same manner, in a well husbanded and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ground, as also their boughes and grafts, about mid May, setting the great ends vp∣ward, and filling the pits with ashes made of Cucumbers. These bring forth 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and the middle part of the apple will be sweet, if the bodie of the tree be pierced with a Piercer in the moneth of Februarie, and that there be made therein an oblique and sloping hole, which must not goe through, and from out of this the sappe is let distill, vntill such time as the apples come to be formed, and then you must stop vp the said hole with Potters clay or mortar: or else giue a slit in the thickest branch of the tree, and in the place where you haue giuen the slit, make a hollownesse of the depth of a good foot, which you shall fill with honey, and stop vp with mortar, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 feare of raine and of the heat of the Sunne: when as the tree hath drunke in all the ••on••y, you shall put in more, and water the root with vrine: in the end, you shall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 off all the little shoots which shall put forth of the tree, letting those alone which shall grow vpon the slit branch.

At the same time Orange trees may be grafted chiefely vpon the Pom••-〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••tree,* 1.693 for vpon this they thriue maruellously (especially the Orange tree) both in good∣nesse, greatnesse, beautie, and thicknesse of such fruits as they bring forth, in respect and comparison of those which they bring forth when they are grafted one 〈◊〉〈◊〉 another: that is to say, the Orange vpon the Citron, or the Citron vpon the O∣range tree. They may be grafted likewise vpon themselues, as the Citron-tree vpon

the Citron tree, and sometimes vpon the Pomegranate, Peare, Apple, and M••lberrie tree, but seldome betwixt the barke and the wood, but vpon the head of the trunke or bodie of the tree, cut off neere vnto the root. In the grafting of them, you must make choice of the fairest grafts which may be found, as ••o graft a good Citron tree vpon a better. The Limon grafted vpon the Citron, doth beare fairet fruit than the Citron grafted vpon the Limon, because the Citron tree is a great deale more ••appie and full of iuice for to make nourishmen•• of than the Limon tree, Citrons and Li∣••••ons, grafted vpon an Orange tree, doe beare more fruit than vpon their owne ••••umpe and bodie, and are not so subiect vnto the cold, because they enioy and par∣••••cipate so largely of the Orange tree his properties and qualities which consisting of a hard wood, without sappe, doth resist the cold a great deale the more. 〈…〉〈…〉 way to graft them, is by cleauing the stocke, and then it must be done in Aprill, or in March: or by way of crowning; and that must be done in May: or by cutting a ••ound hole in the barke of the tree, and this must be done in Iuly. When they be grafted into the barke of the tree, you must cut away whatsoeuer is superfluous, or more than needeth, of buds or sprouts which are not grafted, and withall, take away all the shoots which grow thereupon afterward. When they are planted, you shall ••ot suffer anie weeds to grow there about them,* 1.694 except it be the Gourd, whereof they are refreshed, if it grow neere vnto them, as being much succoured by them, and protected from the cold; as also for that the ashes thereof sowne and cast about ••he roots of Citrons, doe make them more faire and fruitfull: And se••ing that the Citron tree is verie fruitfull, and bear••th a heauie fruit, after such time as it hath brought forth his fruit, you must gather the greater part, and leaue but a few remaining, and so the remainder will proue verie faire ones, and a great deale the better.

The Orange tree will neuer freese nor die with a cold wind, nor yet with the frost, if it be grafted vpon Holly, being an approued thing: but then indeed the fruit will not be so naturall as that of the others.

Citrons,* 1.695 Oranges, Limons, and Syrian Citrons, must be gathered in the night, with their leaues, in the change of the Moone, not before they be ripe, but when the O∣range is of a golden colour all ouer, if you purpose to keepe them long: and you must not tarrie till they be become pale before you gather them. You may keepe them fresh and vncorrupt all the yeare, if you hide them in heapes of Barly, or Millet: or else if you annoint them ouer with plaister well temp••red: or if you close them vp in vessels euerie one by it selfe. You must not in anie case lay Citrons neere vnto hot bread, for it would make them not.

To haue Oranges of a mixt nature,* 1.696 and as it were halfe Oranges, halfe Citrons, you must about the beginning of March cut a sience or branch of the Citron tree, whiles it is yet young, of the thicknesse of three fingers, and plant the same in a conuenient time, giuing it all his orders and best helpes of husbanding: at the end of two yeares, or thereabout, when it is well taken, and betwixt March and Aprill, you shall sow it of a finger within the earth, and closing the cut fast, you shall graft, by way of cleft, a graft of a young Orange tree thereupon, as of some two yeares old, proportionable and sutable vnto the Citron tree in thicknesses afterward you shall rub and annoint the said cut, and cha••e or cleft for the receit of the graft, with the root of the hearbe called Aron, and you shall couer it well with a good cappe, after the manner of other grafts, putting therewithall vnto the foot thereof well rotted dung, or the ashes of Gourds: after that, you shall lay it about with good earth, a rea∣sonable height, and vnderprop it, till such time as it shall grow great and strong: but know, that the graft must be taken of the side of the Orange tree which standeth to∣wards the East, and it must be done in the encrease of the Moone and day, for so it will prosper more effectually.

The Citron* 1.697 will be red and sweet, if it be grafted vpon a Mulberrie tree,* 1.698 and will grow in such forme & after such manner as a man will haue it, if before it be growne to his bignesse, any way it be closed vp in a frame or mould, cut after the shape you would

haue it 〈…〉〈…〉 may grow 〈…〉〈…〉 quantitie therein. By the 〈…〉〈…〉 it be put into a vessell of earth, or glasse, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it be fully growne, it will 〈…〉〈…〉 fashion of the vessell, and become as great as the vessell: but, in the 〈…〉〈…〉 is haue ayre, you must make some small holes in the vessell.

The fruits of these Trees are alike differing,* 1.699 both in colour, disposition, 〈…〉〈…〉 for Oranges haue a more yellow and golden rind, a sowre or 〈…〉〈…〉 sowre and sweet together, being round as an Apple, and fitter for the Kitchin 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for Medicine. The Limon hath a longer shape, a paler rind, a sowre-tast, and is good for the Kitchin, and in Physicke, to coole, cut, and penetrate. The Citron is long, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the fashion of an egge, the rind thicke, yellow without, sowre, good for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and preseruatiue medicines. Syrian Citrons are twice so great as 〈…〉〈…〉 fa∣shioned like Cucumbers, and the rind an 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thicke.

The leaues of the Citron tree doe cause a good smell amongst clothes,* 1.700 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them from the fre••ting of Moathes. The rind, iuice, and seed of Citrons, are all of them verie soueraigne against all manner of Poyson, and danger of the Plagues 〈…〉〈…〉 also that of the Limon. And for this cause there may a whole Citron and 〈…〉〈…〉 boyled in Rose water and Sugar, vntill such time as all be consumed away to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 iuice, and after to vse euerie morning, to the quantitie of one or two 〈…〉〈…〉 this decoction, in the time of the Plague. The rind and iuice of Citrons doe pro∣cure a sweet breath: the rind preserued heat••th the stomacke, and helpeth dig••••••••▪ The iuice pressed from the rind of an Orange, is quickly set on fire:* 1.701 it 〈…〉〈…〉 by his great subtlenesse, through the glasse, euen into the Wine that is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 therein. The iuice of Limons killeth S••abs, Itch, and Fre••kles, and taketh away the spots of Inke out of Cloth. The same distilled through a Limbeck, maketh 〈◊〉〈◊〉 countenances smooth and beautifull, and taketh away all filthinesse from all the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the bodie: being giuen to children to drinke, it killeth the Wormes which are in their bodies. If one bring the Limon neere vnto the fire, the thinne iuice that will come forth,* 1.702 doth cleanse the faces of young girles, and taketh away red pimples i•• the same, as also other manner of spots like vnto them. Likewise, the iuice of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 distilled in a Limbeck, besides that it helpeth and polisheth the countenances of wo∣men, is furthermore good to take away,* 1.703 out of the face, and other parts of the bodie, all white Spots, Warts, and other such like things. The iuice of a Limon is of such vertue,* 1.704 that if you straine it twice or thrice, and then wash in it whole Pearles, and af∣terward s••eepe them in it, and after lay them in the Sunne, within fiue or six daies they will become so soft as honey, so that you may make anie shape with them that you will. Furthermore, the iuice of Limons is so corrasiue, as that if you steepe in it a piece of Gold some certaine houres,* 1.705 you shall find it diminished, and become light: and as much will fall out, if you sticke a piece of Gold in a Limon. See more of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 matter in the third Booke.

The flowers of Oranges are preserued with Honey or Sugar, and those are verie cordiall: therewith likewise is made a very precious water, of rare and singular sweet∣nesse, which is called the water of Nafe.* 1.706

Pomegranate trees craue a hot or temperate ayre, for they cannot beare fruit 〈…〉〈…〉 cold Countrey: and albeit their fruit be of one of these three tasts, as sweet, sowre, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 both sweet and sowre, notwithstanding, all manner of Pomegranates doe craue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and the same ayre, ground, and manner of ordering. They maintaine themselues 〈◊〉〈◊〉 good state in all manner of ground, whether it be far, or strong, or grauellie, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or sandie, foreseene that the sand be somewhat grosse and moist. They refuse not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 situation of anie ground, be it hill, valley, or plaine: yea, they refuse not to grow well in stonie, drie, and rough grounds, for a little nourishment doth content them: And for these causes they need not to be so carefully husbanded as the former; and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 rather, because they will grow if they be but prickt downe, and doe well beare ei∣ther to be planted or grafted. Further, if you will take the paines to picke and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them whiles they are young, and in due time, the fruit will be a great deale the big∣ger, and of a better fashion: but it must be looked so, that they be planted vpon 〈◊〉〈◊〉

South Sunne, but neuer vpon the East, nor yet vpon the West, for this quarter doth most hurt them, as well as the Vine. Note notwithstanding, that the young bran∣ches which you shall cut off from them must be taken when the tree hath put forth his buds, and not before (which is contrarie to the branches of other trees) as also that the si••nces, with barke and all, be of the thicknesse of the helue of a knife. And before that you plant them, you must make sure and close both ends of them, and annoint them with Swines dung, which is more familiar vnto them than anie other, and then lay them ouerthwart or crosse in the earth. they delight in a ground that is no•• leane, nor moist, but indifferent fat: and they grow the more easily and faire, if there be planted and set by them the Sea Onion, or especially some Mulberrie tree. The time to plant them, is from after March vntill May: betwixt the same times it is good to graft them vpon themselues, but to better successe vpon the Myr∣tle tree, wherein they delight greatly. The Citron tree, the Willow, and the Mul∣berrie tree are not so good, howsoeuer that sometimes they may be grafted vp∣on them.

The manner of grafting them, is to put into the bodie of the tree the graft of the Pomegranate tree,* 1.707 so soone as euer it shall be cut off from it, and after to poure vpon it some oyle, and to plaster and couer it with earth: and as concerning the graft, it must be taken from the Pomegranate tree after it hath budded, after the same manner that we haue said of the branches. Furthermore, the craue to be often watred when the Sunne is in Libra.

Pomegranate trees, by mightie raines,* 1.708 excessiue dewes, and great fogges, doe easily loose their flowers and fruits before it be ripe: but to preuent this mischiefe, they would be planted neere vnto some wall, and haue their boughes bowed downward, to the end they may not so easily take wet, which is so noysome vnto them. They en∣dure clefts and chaps in their bodies, without anie danger: and therein they are like vnto the Figge-tree and Vine. If the Pomegranate tree bring forth sowre, or scarce sweet fruit, you must water the roots thereof with Swines dung and mans dung,* 1.709 mixt with old vrine: or temper a little Beniamine with wine, and therewith to bath and wash the top of the tree, or to spread vpon the roots Asses dung, and after to couer them and water them with mans vrine.

The seeds of the Pomegranate will be white,* 1.710 if the roots of the tree be compassed about with Potters and Fullers clay, and one fourth part of Pla••ster,* 1.711 for the space of three yeares. The barren Pomegranate tree will become fruitfull, if the bodie thereof be often washed with ashes and lees. The Pomegranates will become red,* 1.712 if the roots of the Pomegranate trees be often watered with lee, or couered with the ashes of Acornes.

The Pomegranate will grow grosse and thicke,* 1.713 if you put much Swines dung at the foot of the tree: againe, looke how much more of this dung you put there, by so much the more sweet will the great sowre ones become. Pomegranates will haue no seedes, if you take away the greater part of the sappe of the boughes of the tree,* 1.714 and lay them in the ground all shiuered, and after that they haue take, cut that part of the Plant which spreadeth furthest, and hath alreadie put forth his buds. Pomegranate trees will be fruitfull, if you stampe Pur••••aine and Spurge together, and therewith annoint the bodie of the tree.

Pomegranates will not breake nor open vpon the tree,* 1.715 if there be three stones put at the root of the t••ee when it is planted: but and if the tree be alreadie planted, then neere vnto the tree roots you must plant the Sea Onion. But indeed, all these helpes, and such other, doe but little preuaile: and therefore it were better to plant or graft them onely which will not bring forth a fruit that will breake when it commeth to ripenesse. The Pomegranate tree will not fall his flowers,* 1.716 it the roots be watred eue∣rie yeare thrice with old vrine mixt with as much water.

Pomegranates will keepe and continue, if you dip them in faire warme water,* 1.717 and take them out again by and by: or else if you put them apart in drie sand, or in a heape of corne in the shadow, so long as till they become wrinkled: but yet better, if when

they be ripe, and yet hanging vpon the tree, you wrythe the small bough a little, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the start by which the Pomegrana••e hangeth: or else lay Pomegranates in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 clay tempered with water, and after drie them in the Sunne. It is good likewise 〈◊〉〈◊〉 lay them in dust, or scrapings, or sawings of the Poplar tree, the Holme tree, or the Oake, in a new earthen pot, and within it to set them in order, in manner of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and then afterward to couer the pot, and lute it verie well. But whatsoeuer way 〈◊〉〈◊〉 take, the principall end must be to keepe Oranges in a cold and drie pla••e▪ and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they be gathered with their stalkes, as also with their little branches, if possibly it may be done without hurting the tree, for this helpeth much to keepe them long. They must likewise be gathered in the old of the Moone, so that they be then 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ve∣rie drie, and not being wet from aboue: and then, after that, to keepe them •• day 〈◊〉〈◊〉 two in the Sunne, their flowers lying downeward: then, after that, to clo•••• them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in a pot verie well stopt, and well pitcht or ••eared, that the ayre may not get in▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doe couer them and worke them ouer verie thicke with Potters earth, verie well bea∣ten and tempered, and when it is drie, then they hang them in a cold place: and wh•••• they will eat them, they steepe them in water, and take away the earth. Others doe wrap euerie one of them alone by it selfe in hay or in straw within cases. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Pomegranate trees doe driue away ven••mous beasts: and this was the cause why men in auncient time were wont to put the boughs of Pomegranate trees both v••de•• and aboue them in their beds.

The Plane tree* 1.718 is more commended for the beautie of his leaues and shadow, than for his fruit: it groweth of shoots and siences drawne and taken from the tree, and planted in a verie moist ground, and such as is neere vnto some Fountaine or Riu••••▪ and yet besides this, it delighteth to be wa••red oftentimes with neat Wine, and some∣times with mens Vrine, to helpe it to shoot vp and grow high, and to put forth larg•• and ample branches, and long leaues, for to make the better shade. In this Coun••••ey we cannot see manie faire ones. I remember, that I haue seene one at Basil in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Peters place, betwixt the height of fifteene or sixteene cubits, vnder the shield and shadow whereof, the people betooke themselues, for their refreshment, during the time of great and scorching heat. Some make dishes of Plane tree wood, to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 paine and wringings in the bellie, being applyed thereunto. You must beware of the dust which hangeth vpon the leaues: for being taken into the bodie, by drawing in of your breath, it hurteth the rough arterie and voice, and in like manner, the ••ight and hearing, if it fall into the eyes or eares.

The Nettle tree is well ynough knowne in Languedoc and Prou••n••e,* 1.719 especially in a borough neere vnto Mompelier, called Bontonnet: it groweth in a fat ground, well man••red and toyled, open to the South or East Sunne. The wood is good to make Flutes, Cornets, and other Instruments of Musicke: it is good also to make handles for Kniues and Swords. The fruit is verie much desired at the Tables of great States, of his great sweetnesse, and most pleasant and delightsome smell which they find in it that doe eat or smell to it. Likewise, some doe presse a Wine out of this fruit, being stamped and beaten, which is verie sweet, and seemeth like vnto other new pressed sweet Wines, but it lesteth not aboue tenne or twelue daies.

The Masticke tree* 1.720 delighteth in moist places, and is planted after the first day of Februarie: it beareth fruit thrice a yeare. The leaues, barke, and wood in decoctions haue power to restraine, strengthen, and comfort. And this is the cause why it is vsed to make Tooth-pickes thereof.

The Turpentine tree delighteth in a low and moist ground, and withall, in a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and warme ayre, open vpon the Sunne. The leaues, barke, and wood, haue the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vertue that the Masticke tree.

The Iuiube tree,* 1.721 and others, as well foraine as growing in our owne 〈…〉〈…〉 further to be seene and read of in the third Booke.

CHAP. LV.

Of the two particular Gardens scituate or lying at the end of the Kitchin Garden, and of the Garden of Pleasure.

THe Kitchin Garden, and the other of Pleasure, being of the largenesse aboue declared, may haue referued out of them, two or three acres, for the profit of the Lord of the farme, as for Madder,* 1.722 Wo••d; Tasel, Line▪ and Hempe. And we may also adde vnto these, Saffron, albeit that all these things, euen as well as pulse, if it be a free and kind ground, doe well deserue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue euerie one his seueral field by it selfe, and to be tilled and husbanded after the ••anner of corne and pulse.

For Madder therefore, it is meet that there should be appointed out foure or fiue ••eres of ground in a place by it selfe, which must not lye farre from the water, but in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 free and not in a strong mould, and yet not too light: which hath had his three or foure arders with the plough, or (as indeed is best) digged and si••ted: notwithstan∣ding that the sifting of it be a longer peece of worke, and of greater cost, it being v∣••ed to be cast and tilled with thicker raisings of the earth, and smaller clouds than is ••ont to be in the casting or digging of a new vineyard.* 1.723 For this plant hath his pro∣per and particular seasons to be dressed and planted in, as well as the vine: but in this they differ verie manifestly, that the one is an hearbe, and the other a shrubbe, and as it were a knot to many trees: the one dieth yearely (and there is nothing of it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 request but roots for to make good colours of) but the other lasteth and conti∣••••eth at the least twelue yeares in good liking and liuelihood: of which, the first sixe is for growth, and a little for bringing forth of fruit, and the later sixe, for whole, ••••mple, and intire profit, the daunger of haile, washing away of the grapes, when the ••ines be flowre by much raine and frost; being excepted; vnto which in like ma∣••••er Madder in subject, and oftentimes more than the vine, because of his tendernesse. This prehemencie it hath, that the vine being frozen, cannot be recouered, but Mad∣der may be either set or ••owne againe, as also Woad, the speciall husbandrie of such as dwell in Prouence, and the wealth and commoditie of Dyers of Cloth or Wooll, with what colour soeuer it be. It may be sowne or planted: but indeed being sowne it yeeldeth scarce at any time any great store of increase: but if you will sow it, then bestow the like quantitie of the seed thereof vpon an acre, as you are wont to doe of Hempe, and that in the moneth of March, vpon the tops of hills well battilled and ••manured: thus the seed being cast into the ground, and the same well incorporated with harrows of rakes, there is no need of any other labour but keeping of it cleane from hurtfull weeds, vntill such time as the said Madder be readie to be gathered in September for to take the seed of it.

The choyce of the roots which you intend to set and plant, must be out of the coun∣trie of high Prouence, being more Easterly and coole, and as for the sight and tast of them, they must be more yellow, thicke, and stringed, comming neere vnto the co∣lour of the true Prouence Orange-tree, verie bitter in tast, and in seething (for the triall of it) more red and full of juice, that is to say, not so drie and withered. The time to plant, is from March be ended vnto mid-May, and as for the best and most profit to be expected from it, it is not to be attained or come by, till after the two first yeares after the first planting of it: and withall, you must make a sure defence about your ground against the comming in of cattell; for there can no greater hurt happen vnto it. In Italie they vse not to take vp the roots of Madder, till after they haue continued ten yeares in the ground, either set or sowne: but they cut the boughes of it euerie yeare to haue the seed, and after they couer the roots one after another, lay∣ing two fingers depth of earth vpon euerie one, the measure b••ing ••••ken from his

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chiefe and principall, to the end the frost may not hurt them, and that so the roots may grow the thicker: after the eight or tenth yeare, they pull vp the roots, drying them in the Sunne, and afterward when they would grind or presse them, they doe further drie them in a great Ouen made for the purpose, and so presse them vnder a Mill-stone, and this is called the fine Madder. Thus they haue found by exp••••∣ence, that looke how much the longer they delay the gathering of the root, so much the more Madder haue they euerie yeare, and that fine, which is more than if they should take vp the roots euerie yeare. You may both sow it and plant it in the sam•• place, where you haue taken it vp, or which is better, sow that place for the nex•• two or three yeares following with wheat, because it will beare verie faire and great store thereof: in as much as the field wherein Madder hath beene sowne, is ••ade much fairer and better thereby, as whereof it may be said this ground hath rested it selfe, seeing the root hath done nothing but brought forth boughs, for seed, and that the leaues falling from them, doe as much feed the ground as the ground doth the roots and boughes.

But Autumne being come, and when you see that the hearbe beginneth to look•• yellow, and to loose his naturall colour, you shall draw it out or pull it vp with the spade or pickaxe, and shall strip the roots from their leaues, which you shall cast vp∣on small heapes to drie, for the space of three or foure daies, if the weather be such as it should, or else sixe or eight daies in a rainie and moist weather: then you shal cau•••• them to be taken vp, dusted, and scraped, that so they may haue none of their hai••ie strings at them: and when they are thus made cleane, you shall keepe them whole, or ground into powder either grosse and great, or more fine and small, either for your owne vse or for the sale.

Madder is in this one thing much to be maruelled at,* 1.724 in that it colour••••h his v∣rine that shall but hold it in his hands: and which is more, it maketh the bones and flesh of those cattell red, which haue beene fed with it some certaine time: some say, that the powder of it is so penetratiue, and so taketh vp the nos••hrills, as that it in••••∣nimeth and killeth many in a few yeares.* 1.725 The decoction procureth v••ine, and th•• termes of women, and coloureth egges red that shall be boyled with it. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be∣cause they are rough and stiffe are good to scowre brasse vessell.

CHAP. LVI.

Of Woad.

AS concerning Woad, it is tilled in a field, and requireth much labour, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as the Nauets or Turneps, though there be no part of it in request but the vppermost, and that which is furthest off from flowers and stalkes: it doth not feare frost, raine, or extraordinarie cold: Indeed it doth not craue any long rested fat ground, but a strong ground, and such as may be said to be in good plight, rather than an indifferent and light: it groweth better also in ground••, which haue layed fallow three or foure yeares before, or which haue beene Medo••∣ground two yeares before, than in grounds which haue beene well tilled▪ which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cleane contrarie vnto Madder, which craueth as much helpe, as the ground oppoin∣ted for wheat or vines: yea and it craueth the rest of soyle, and set from one yeare to one: for otherwise the roots when they are set, doe degenerate oftentimes and mi••••••∣rie, loosing their force and goodnesse. And whereas Madder doth fat the gro••••d, Woad doth make it leane, and therefore it must not be sowne in a leane gro••••d, where it euermore groweth but little, and where it proueth almost nothing wo••••••; but rather in a ground that is well manured before it be sowne, as also renewed wi•••• dung when it is to be sowne. But the best approued ground of all other to sow woad in, is that which hath laine long swarth, and hath seldome beene broken vp 〈◊〉〈◊〉,

wherein you are to obserue, that in the ploughing vp of such grounds▪ you must turne vp a great and a deepe furrow, laying them broad and flat 〈…〉〈…〉 that the seed may be throughly well couered, and that the swatth rotting vnderneath and above the same, may be as a warme and comfortable meanure to make it flourish and in∣crease. Being sowne of seed, it must be diligently harrowed, to the end it may be wel couered and incorporate with the earth, and when the planes haue put forth their leaues the height of two fingers, you must weed and digge it about mid-Aprill▪ or somewhat later, according as the time hath beene faire or rainie: then shortly after∣ward you must gather the leaues: and they being gath••red, you must weed and digg•• the feet of the said roots 〈◊〉〈◊〉 left voyd of their leaues: and this must be continued ••ue∣rie moneth, that is to say, Iune, Iulie, August, and Sep••••mber: in such sort, that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as the leaues are gathered from foot to foot fiue times, so they must be digged 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the earth cast as oft, and that so soone as the gathering of the leaues is past: and this labour of digging is ordinarily to be seuen ••••mes gone ouer, that is to say, the fi••e times now spoken of, and the two first, which are before any gathering of the leaues doe fall. The manner of gathering them is in this so••t: When the leaues begin to be coloured about the edges, and not in the middest, you must take them from plant to plant in your hand, and breake them off in such manner from the root, as that it may seeme and shew as though one had cut them away with a hooke, and after that, to lay them in order in the shadow, that so the Sunne may not harme or injure them.

The manner of making Woad.* 1.726 Vnder your Mill, which would not be as some vse a M••ll-stone, for that crusheth out the sap and juice of the Woad too much, but a Mill made of strong timbers the compasse of a large Mill-stone being hollow or d••••∣uided on•• out-side from the other, and running circular or round, and these out-sides shall be bound together both in the middest by the drawing axell-tree, and also at the outmost Verdges, by strong places of yron made broad and flat, with reasonable rebated edges, and these plates shall be at least three foot in leng••h, answering to the full bredth of the trough in which the Mill shall run, and this Mill must be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 about by a horse. Now the leaues (as aforesaid) being ••••rewed in the trough vnder the Mill, you shall grind them as small as may be, till they come to be as it were all one substance, which may easily be done, by oft turning the Woad ouer and ouer as the Mill runnes, which one must continually doe with a shouell, then the Woad be∣ing thus sufficiently well ground, you shall stay the horse, and tak•• all the ground Woad out of the trough, and then fill the Mill with fresh Woad againe, and thus do till you haue ground all you▪ woad, which being finished, you shall forthwith mould it vp into great round balls, as bigge as a culuerine bullet, or twice so bigge as a mans fists, and these balls you shall place vpon fleakes or hurdles made of small wands, pent-housed, housed, or couered ouer to keepe them from the raine, but all the sides open in such wise, that the Sunne or Wind may haue full power to passe through the same, and these hurdles shall be moun••ed one aboue another in many heights and de∣grees, and your Woad balls shall lye thereupon without touching one another till they be throughly well dried, then at the later end of the yeare, which is towards No∣uember, you shall breake those balls again••, and put them vnder the Mill, and grind them as before, and then taking it from the Mill, you shall lay it in great heapes in some coole vault kept for that purpose onely: and when vpon this laying together vpon heapes it shall begin to take heat, it must be turned, and in turning watered, vntill it be sufficiently moistned: for as too much water drowneth it, so too much heat in the heapes doth burne it: thereupon you most pile it vpon heapes not high but long ones, and stirre it euerie second day, so long as till it become cold, and yet after this, to put it abroad euerie fou••th or sixth day, while it be throughly cooled indeed. And this worke must be verie carefully performed, for otherwise the woad would roast it selfe, and proue not any thing worth, which being so ••••immed and or∣dered as it should, it is left in some cold and paued place, vntill the time of the sel∣ling of it, and looke how much the longer it lyeth in heapes in this ••ase, by so much it becommeth the better and finer. The coun••rie men of Tholouse, in whose countrie

there groweth great store of Woad, doe not grind their. Woad-balls into 〈◊〉〈◊〉 but gather it together by great vessells full, and put vnder the Mill-stone to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 out the waterish parts of it, and then they make vp the remaining substance 〈…〉〈…〉 like lo••ues, which they drie and rot afterward, by laying them in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 heat of the Sunne in Sommer time, and then they cast these lumpes into their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 where they put their Wooll to be died, a blew, blacke, or other colour, as it best pleaseth the Dyers. The leaues thereof made into a plaister, doe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••••••∣stumes, and heale wounds new made, they stay fluxes of bloud, heale the wild 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and the vlcers which runne ouer the whole bodie.

Also the leaues of Woad thus ground, are excellent to kill any itch, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or o∣ther r••islike either in men or children, also it is most excellent for the di•••••••• is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 called the Farcie, and cureth it verie sodainely.

CHAP. LVII.

Of the Tasell.

THe Tasell (called also Venus her bathing tubbe, because it keepeth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 drops of water (being by nature as all the other Thistles are, hot and drie) in the lower part of the leaues, close by the stalkes, to refresh and water it selfe withall) serueth greatly (in respect of his head) for the vse of Clothworkers, both to lay the Wooll of their new clothes so much•••• is 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as also to draw forth so much as lyeth loose out of order amongst the rest: and it is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 seruiceable or more vnto Cap-makers, after that the Cap is spun, wouen, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and scoured with sope, Walkers-earth, or other scouring earth: Now he that will 〈◊〉〈◊〉 profit by this hearbe, must make choyce of a good fat ground, well 〈…〉〈…〉 tilled with two, three, or foure arders, and well harrowed: and then after 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it with the best seed that possibly may be ••••und, and that verie thicke, and when 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hath shot one of the earth as in the beginning of May, then to make it cleane, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 weed it with the hand, and in Iune and Iulie to digge it, if need be, in the end of September you must gather the heads that haue flowred the first yeare, le•••••••••• the rest to grow for to be gathered the yeare following, at such time as they shall be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flowre. The heads cut off, the plants must be planted anew in a well tilled ground, putting all the root into holes, from one to another (which is all one with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ring of the Radish) and trampling the ground vpon them verie orderly and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and furthermore, to digge them when they begin to pricke and put forth branches•••• in March, Aprill, and May: and to cut them which are cankered or 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and so vnprofitable; that so the juice of the earth may be fed vpon by those onely which are good and seruiceable. And whereas at the time of their flowring they begin 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flowre on high on the head, and so downeward till the whole head be 〈…〉〈…〉 flowre being once fallen, you must cut off the head either euening or morning, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 halfe a foot of stalke thereunto. Furthermore you must not forget, that they must be set or sowne in furrowes, that so water may haue an orderly course to fall to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of them, and giue them a continuall refreshment, and not to sow them in anie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 place but such as is reasonably watrie: for too much moisture maketh the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the head thereof (which is the thing of most importance) more low and short, and of lesse commodiousnesse. You must not gather or bind them vp in bundells, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a drie season, towards the moneth of October at the furthest, and not any 〈◊〉〈◊〉 earlier than the later end of September. Some gathering it doe leaue it at the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to drie in some place by itselfe, because it is subject vnto fleas or lice, and other 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vermine, which causeth the small ••oot that should hold vp the head to fall dow•••• others doe put ten or twelue of them in little faggots together, and so hang 〈◊〉〈◊〉 standing one a prettie deale from the other in the shade or wind, and not in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉,

or in any moist place. Some drie them in the South Sunne, turning them twice or thrice, and after hanging them by paires in order vpon poles.

The Tasell is to be commended in this point, for that in the middest of the head thereof, after it is well dried, there is found a little Worme, which being hung about the necke or applied vnto the wrests, doth heale the feauer quartaine: it assuageth likewise the great ach of impostumes which grow about the nailes, being applied ••••hereunto.

CHAP. LVIII.

Of Saffron.

AS for Saffron, the best Farmers, and such as are most cunning in the orde∣ring of plants, doe make verie much and highly esteeme of that which is called Bastard Saffron, and of the common people tearmed Parrot-seed, being the same that old writers call Carthamus: the plant is of no vse, the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 excepted, which purgeth flegmaticke humours, or else feeds Parrots, which are daintie and fine mouthed. This plant when it is growne vp being well husbanded 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ordered, beareth certaine little thicke heads, like the heads of Garleeke, and in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 middest of it a flower which one would say were Saffron. This good it doth, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that it enricheth and maketh fat the ground where it groweth: likewise it ••••••ueth no great food or maintenance, neither leaueth it any root in the earth after it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gathered that may put forth or take any acknowledgement of, or doe any harme ••••to the soile wherein it grew. There is euerie way as much profit in tilling of this ••earbe, as there is in Anise or Fennell: when all is said, a good Farmer will make profit of euerie thing, and there is not (as we say) so much as the Garleeke and Oni∣••on, which he will not raise gaine of, by selling them at faires, most fitting for their ••••me and season, and so helpe himselfe thereof and fill his purse with money.

The ordinarie Saffron, seruing for sauces, painting and making of colours, is a ••••hing of toyle and of profit, as may be learned and easily vnderstood by the inhabi∣••••nts of Tourain, Prouence, and Portugal, where the same growes exceeding aboun∣dantly: It is planted like cammomile in the Spring, vpon heads, foure fingers off one from another: but it must be in a free and well battilled ground, not verie far, nor verie leane, but open to the Sunne: it must be well troden downe with the feet, when it shall let fall his flower: but when it buddeth and putteth forth, it must be left ••lone to natures worke. At the time of the gathering of it, you must haue linnen ••loaths to draw it out of his bell euening and morning: and after drie it well in the ••hadow of the Sunne, and ••ouer it with cleane linnens, make it cleane, and taking a∣way his white, purge it, that so it may be free from all filth, and fit to be kept in a drie place well couered, or in some vessell close stopt: and leauing in the earth the Oni∣••••ns or heads of the Saffron, with a good quantitie of Grapes, or of the drosse thereof 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it commeth from the presse put vnto them, you shall take them vp in the moneth of March when they haue brought forth fruit three yeares, and drie them in the Sun, ••eeping them after in some place that is not moist, that so you may plant them againe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 some other place and ground that is well tilled, as hath already beene deliuered at ••••arge in the fiue and thirtieth Chapter.* 1.727 Some are of judgement that it is naught for a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to vse Saffron much, and that it is a speciall venime vnto the heart: but howsoe∣••••er this be true, the profit of it is great: and therefore commodious and requisite for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Farmer, which would not that his ground should be vnprofitable vnto him. See ••ore about in the place afor••named concerning Saffron.

CHAP. LIX.

A brie••e and short reniew concerning Pulse.

I Will say nothing of the Nau••t, nor of the two kinds of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of which, the great and round one is for them that dwell in Lymosin, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Prouence; and the long one (which they call 〈◊〉〈◊〉) for Fraunce and other places: as in like manner I will make no mention of Mustard-seed, Millet, Pannicke, and Cummine; neither yet of great wild 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Lupines, Lentils, and Fenugreeke: vvhich notwithstanding are all pulse and ••eed of profit and commoditie for the houshold, as hauing reserued them for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gar∣den, planted at the end of the kitchin-garden: I will content my selfe in this place 〈◊〉〈◊〉 admonish the good Farmer, that for the bringing of the ground into some kind of occupation during the time of his rest, and after that it hath been imployed in bring∣ing forth better corne, it will not be amisse to sow therein either 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fores••••ne that the ••eed, after the pulling vp of the plants, be so well and thoroughly gathered and carried away, as that the ground may be quite rid and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the same, for otherwise in time there would be nothing to be found amongst this seed but wild Coleworts, D••newort, and other noysome weeds: and in deed pulse 〈◊〉〈◊〉 make as much for good husbandrie, as the corne that is good for to make 〈…〉〈…〉 pottage is in continuall request for the houshold, in what house soeuer it be. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 make a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of making bread of Millet, as is to be seene in some places of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 but it is not but when great necessitie driueth them to it. But howso••••er 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 peason, fiches, and fetches, are not of lesse request or inferiour in tast unto great 〈…〉〈…〉 lupines, cummine, fenugreeke, and lentills: and for the proofe hereof, I will 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to witnesse the people of Aruernia, Lymosin, Sauoy, and Dauphine, for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 whereof (not to speake further in this place of any other thing whatsoeuer, that may be as it were superfluous) we will referre you to learne the whole 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of tilling of seeds and pulse in arable grounds.

CHAP. LX.

Of remedying of strange accidents that may happen vnto Hearbes.

THe Hearbes either sowne or planted in the gardens before spoken of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not hurt onely by haile,* 1.728 lightning, thunder, frosts, fogges, blash••••••, and other harmes hapning by the courses of seasons, but also they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 annoyed, by reason of wast and destruction brought vpon them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 little beasts, as Grashoppers, Weazles, Caterpillers, house and field Rats, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Moules, Pismires, Flies, Gnats, Bats, Wall-lice, Fleas, Greone-flies, Horse-〈◊〉〈◊〉, Frogges, Snailes, Adders, and such like, which mischiefes you must be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 full to meet withall, that so you may not loose your labour about your garden, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 frustrated both of the profit and pleasure that might rise and come thereby. And to speake generally of the preuenting of these inconueniences, it is good, ac••ording to the counsell of Columella, to steepe the seeds for a certaine time in the juice of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 madame, or to mingle with the said seed some ••oot, or else to water them with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wherein soot hath beene tempered: but it is better to speake of these things p••••∣ticularly.

Generally against all such beasts as doe hurt gardens, it is good to 〈…〉〈…〉

place of the Garden as where you thinke these beasts doe most abound and keepe, the paunch of a Sheepe, full of dung, as it commeth out of the Sheepes belly, and to couer it with a little earth, and within two daies you shall find all these beasts gathe∣red together into this place: before you haue done thus twice or thrice, you shall be prouided of the meanes to kill and root out all these 〈◊〉〈◊〉: know then, in a word, what be the necessarie remedies for the auoiding of such accidents.

Against Haile,* 1.729 ancient men were wont to set the whole compasse of their ground about with white wild Vine, or else to fasten vnto the top of a high post an Owle, hauing her wings spread.

The Lightnings and Thundring will doe no harme, if there be buried in the midst of the Garden a kind of Toad,* 1.730 called a Hedge-toad,* 1.731 closed vp in a pot of earth. O∣thers doe hang in the midst of the Garden, or at the soure corners thereof, the sea∣thers of an Eagle, or the skinne of a Seale. Others plant manie Bay-trees round a∣bout the Garden. It is true, that to breake or dissolue the Thunder, accompanied with a great thicke cloud, threatening haile, there is nothing better than to ring the belles, as is vsed to be done in hot Countries, and to send forth the roaring sounds of the Canons, as is wont to be done at Sea: or else to set on fire some heapes of Weeds, or stinking and rotten Seeds.

There is nothing more hurtfull or dangerous for hearbes than Frost,* 1.732 which com∣meth when Snow and Ice are thawing. And for to preserue your hearbes from this inconuenience of cold, you must spread all ouer the ground great store of straw, and ashes withall about that: for by this meanes the heat of the earth will be preserued, and the frost hindred that it cannot enter.

If you conceiue that your hearbs are like to be hurt by mists or fogs, you must get together in diuers places of your gardens diuers heapes of tender twigs and straw,* 1.733 or of weeds and shrubs pulled vp in the same place, and after to set them on fire: for the smoake thereof doth correct and cleare the duskish and cloudie ayre.

Against blasting,* 1.734 which is a corruption happening to hearbes and trees by some euill constellation, there is nothing better than to burne with the dung, the right horne of an oxe, in such sort, as that there may on euerie side be caused a verie great smoake: for this smoake will driue away and resolue the euill qualitie of the ayre which is the carrier of this maligne influence: or else it will be good to plant in di∣••er•• places of the gardens, diuers Bay-tree-boughes, for the blasting will fall all vp∣on them.

To preserue seeds from being eaten of birds, you must s••atter round about your gardens wheat or barly sod in wine,* 1.735 mingled with hellebor: or else, water and s••eepe the seed in the decoction of ••ray fishes, boyled in fresh water, assuring your selfe, that looke what groweth of such seeds, will be free from all danger of these fowles: or else water your seed with water and the l••••s of wine: or else ••ca••er throughout the gar∣dens, some boyled leekes, for so soone as they shall haue swallowed thew, they wil be easily taken vp with your hand. Some put ten cray fishes in a vessell full of vvater, which they couer and set out in the Sunne for the space of ten daies, afterward they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the seeds they would sow with this water twice; once before they be sowne, and the other eight daies after that they are sowne. By this meanes the seeds will not one∣ly be kept safe from birds, but also from all other manner of beasts.

To take away all harme which may come by little beasts,* 1.736 it will be good to drie, vpon the skinne of a Tortoise, all such seeds as you intend to sow in your Gardens: or else to plant in diuers places of your Gardens some Mints, especially amongst your Coleworts: or else to sow amongst your pot-hearbs some Cich-pease, or Rocket, or to fill the ground of your Kitchin Garden with Goose-dung, tempered with salt ••rine, or else to sow the seeds in the first quarter of the Moone.

New Oyle lees, or the foot of the Chimney sowne all about in your Gardens,* 1.737 is good against Snailes.

To keepe away Caterpillers, you must water your hearbes with water wherein haue beene steeped the ashes of the young shoots of Vines:* 1.738 or perfume your hearbes

and trees with quicke brimstone. Some steep•• the seeds in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of fig tree 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and to kill the caterpillers, doe cast vpon them the ashes themselues: others like it better to plant a great onion called Squilla, or else to burne ••oad-stooles that grow out of the nut-tree: or else some great store of garleeke without any head, to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that by the strong smell which sh••ll 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thereof, they may die.

Columella maketh mention of a certaine and approued remedie in this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ca∣terpillers, which is,* 1.739 that when they will not be driuen away by other mea••••, to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a woman ba••e footed, hauing her termes, her bosome open, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 about her eares, to walke three times about the quarters and alleys of the hedges, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the garden. This done, you shall see the Caterpillers fall vpon the earth, from the hearbs and trees bearing fruit, neither more nor lesle, than and if by shaking you beat 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the raine or water from a tree: but in the meane time there must be care bad that this be not done at 〈◊〉〈◊〉 rise, because that then euerie thing in the garden would 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and pine away.

If you water the fleas or lice with strong vinegar, mingled with the juice of ••en∣bane, wherein the water of hemlocke shall haue boyled,* 1.740 or with water 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ni∣gella hath bin steeped: or with the decoction of mustard-s••eed; they wil die shortly.

Gnats will be killed if you lay 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in sleepe,* 1.741 and sprinkle the water about the gar∣den: or if you make a perf••me of Galban••m, or of Brimstone, or of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or of ox-dung. If you would 〈◊〉〈◊〉 away flies, make a perfume of Colo 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or water the place with water wherein it hath steeped.

To gather together all the Pa••mar-wormes and other like beasts into one place to the end you may kill them,* 1.742 you must spread in the place, especially where they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bound, the g••ts and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of some sheepe newly killed, the same made 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cleane, but still full of filth and dung: then two daies after, you shall find them all come together vnto the entrailes.

For to kill Weazles, you must steepe Sal-ammoniack and Wheat together,* 1.743 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sow them neere the place where the Weazles haunt, for by this they will 〈…〉〈…〉 killed or caused to run away if they eat it: Some say, that if you catch a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cut off her taile and cods, and let her goe againe aliue, that afterward there will be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 moe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in that place.

Ants will she away if you burne those which you take, or if you annoint the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the tree which they vse,* 1.744 with oxe-gall; or with the de••••ction of Lupines: or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 if you burne in the garden wild cucumber: or if one clay ouer with white or red 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the tree where they are: or if there be put at the mouth of their hole, some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉-stone together.

You shall kill wormes,* 1.745 if you perfume their holes with the smoake of oxt-〈◊〉〈◊〉 if you water them with pure lee. You shall make them come out of the ground if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water the place with the decoction of the leaues and seed of hempe: or if you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the ground where you see great store of wormes: it is true also that you shall rid your ground of them, if you ••are your ground during the time of great heat, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 then you shall ••ind them in great numbers vpon the face and vppermost part of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 earth, and so you may gather them into bowles to giue them to your 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which thereby will become fat, and lay great store of egges.

You shall kill snailes,* 1.746 if you sprinkle them with the new l••••s of oyle, or with the foot of the chimney.

Grashoppers will doe no great hurt vnto hearbes,* 1.747 if they be vvatered with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vvherein Wor••ewood or Le••kes, or Centaurie hath beene stamped: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 kill them, you must boyle bitter lupines, or wild cucumbers in salt brine, and 〈…〉〈…〉 therewith, or else burne a great sort of Grashoppers in the place from 〈◊〉〈◊〉 would driue them, for the smell of the smoke doth kill them: but and if you 〈…〉〈…〉 them altogether out of your gardens, you must hang vp some Bats vpon yo•••• highest trees.

You shall driue away field-Rats,* 1.748 if you cast in the canicular, or dogge-〈…〉〈…〉 of hemlocke into their holes, together with hellebor and barly meale: or 〈◊〉〈◊〉

you shut the mouthes of their holes with Bay-tree-leaues, to the end that when they would come forth, they may be forced to take those leaues in their teeth, and so by the onely touching of them they are killed. Or if you mingle amongst their meat such as you know them to be delighted in, quicke siluer, tinne, or burnt lead, blacke hellebor, or the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of yron: or if you make a perfume of the bodies of their kinds: or if you boyle beanes in any poysoned water, & so lay the said beanes at the mouthes of their holes, which vpon the smell thereof will quickly run vnto them.

You shall also kill Rats and Mice with paste made of honie, coperas,* 1.749 and stamped glasse mixt together, and layed in places where they haunt most.

Moules will neuer cast in those gardens where the hearbe called Palma Christi doth grow either of it owne accord,* 1.750 or purposely sowne: likewise you shall either kill them or driue them away, if you lay at their holes mouthes a Walnut filled with chaffe, brimstone, and perrosin, and there set it on fire; for by the smoake that will come of this nut, the Moules will be killed, or else run away: or if you lay in diuers furrows about the garden a small ball of hemp-seed, it will be a let to keepe that there come not any into those grounds out of other, and withall will driue away those which are there alreadie. There are three waies to take them: the first is to stand as it were vpon your watch about Sunne rise, neere vnto the place where they haue late∣ly cast vp the earth; for this is ordinarily the verie houre that they cast in according to their custome, and thus may you throw them verie easily out of their holes with a pic••axe or spade. The second way is, by causing water to run into the hole where they haue newly digged; for when as they once feele the water, they will not stay to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 forth and saue themselues vpon some greene turffe or other, and there you may ••••ther take them aliue or kill them. The third way, Take a liue one in March, when they are a bucking, and put the same into a verie deepe and hollow bason at night af∣••••er Sunne set: burie the said bason in the earth vp to the brims, that so the Moules 〈◊〉〈◊〉 easily tumble into it, when they heare the captiue crie in the night time; for all such as shall heare her (and this kind of cattell is of a verie light hearing) comming ••••eere to their food, they will into the bason one after another; and by how many moe goe in, by so much will they make the greater noyse (not being able to get out againe) ••••ecause the bason within is smooth, ••leeke, and slipperie. Some lay garleeke about ••heir holes, or onions, or leekes, and these make such a smell as that they either driue ••hem away, or kill them.

All maner of Serpents are driuen away with the perfume of Galbanum,* 1.751 or of harts∣••••rne, or of the root of lillies, or of the horne of a goats claw, or of hyssope, or brim∣••••••••, or pellitorie, or an old shooe-sole. It is good also to plant in some part of the ••ardens an Elder-tree, or an Ash-tree; for the flowres of the Elder-trees by their ••••inking smell doe driue away Serpents: and the shade of the ashe doth kill them: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 like sort it fareth with the pomegranat-tree, whose shade (as we haue said before) ••••riueth away Serpents. It is good likewise to plant some one or other bough of ferne 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the garden, because the onely smell thereof doth driue them away.

You shall driue away scorpions, if you burne some of them in the place whence 〈◊〉〈◊〉 would banish them: or if you make a perfume of verjuice mixt with Galbanum,* 1.752 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the fat of a goat: or if you plant in your garden some little Nut-tree.

The perfume of Iuie will cause the Reremouse to abstaine flying in your garden.* 1.753

Frogges will hold their peace and not crie any more,* 1.754 if you set a lanterne with a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 light, vpon the side of the water or riuer, which compasseth the garden. If you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in any corner of your garden the gall of a goat, all the frogges will gather 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and so you may easily kill them.

CHAP. LXI.

Of the Honie-Bee, the profit rising thereof, and of chusing a place to set them in.

BVt if the greatest part of the profit of a farme depend and hang of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 keeping of cattell, I dare be bold to affirme, that the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thing that can be kept about a Countrie-house is Bees. Indeed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pa••t••es and care to be taken in chusing, gathering together, holding, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 watching and keeping of them cleane in their hiues: but withall, 〈…〉〈…〉 great, rare, and singular a commoditie haue we as the vvaxe which we enjoy by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Bees: yea what say you to honie it selfe, that their admirable worke, and no 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pro∣fitable and pleasant for the vse of man? Let it not then seeme strange vnto you, if we aduise the housholder to giue care and be carefull to keepe Bees about his 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and therewithall teach him in a few words, what should be the ordering and go••••••∣ning of them and their hiues, and withall at what time and houre it is good ••••••••∣ther honie and vvaxe.

The housholder therefore shall first make choyce for the keeping of Be•••• of some fit and secret place in his Garden of Pleasure, in the bottome of some 〈…〉〈…〉 it be possible, to the end they may the more easily rise on high to flie abroad to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their food, as also for that when they be laden, they d••••cend the more easily dow••∣ward with their load. But let vs see to it especially, that the place be open to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 South Sunne, and yet notwithstanding, neither exceeding in heat not in cold, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 temperate: and that the same by hill, wall, or some other rampart be defended 〈◊〉〈◊〉 winds and tempests, and so also at that they may flie their sundrie and 〈…〉〈…〉 for to get diuer••••••ie of pastures, and so againe may returne to their little cottages la∣den with their composition of honie: and againe in such a place, as wherein 〈…〉〈…〉 great quantitie of Thyme, Organie, Sauorie, Iuie, Winter Sauorie, vvild 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Rosemarie, Sage, Corneflag or Gladdon, Gilloflowres, Violets, white 〈◊〉〈◊〉, ••••∣ses, flowre-gentill, Basill, Saffron, Beanes, Poppie, Melilot, Milfoile, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sweet hearbes and flowers, wherein there is no bitternesse: and in like 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••••••∣cient good ••••ore of trees of good smell; as Cypresse trees, Cedar-trees, 〈…〉〈…〉, Pine-trees, Turpentine-trees, Iuie-trees, Masticke-trees; and also, fruit-trees, as ••••∣mond-trees, Peach-trees, Peare-trees, Apple-trees, Cherrie-trees, and other 〈◊〉〈◊〉 besides all this, maruellous great store of hearbes, and those of the rarest and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 knowne, and withall such as grow in well tilled grounds and pastures, for these 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them to grow rich in good vvaxe, as the wild Radish, the wild Bell flowre, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Succorie, and blacke Pionie: and besides these, wild Parseneps, and garden ••••••••∣neps and Carots. Broome and the Strawberrie-tree are not altogether good 〈…〉〈…〉 make honie: the Elme-tree causeth them to haue the flux of the bellie, as also the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 males or spurges Box maketh honie of a bad smell, and which troubleth their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that eat it, and yet notwithstanding profitable for them which haue the Falling-〈◊〉〈◊〉. But if at any time you shall chaunce to haue any of your stockes to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or to dye, by what chaunce soeuer it shall be, you shall then by no meanes 〈…〉〈…〉 combe•• more than cleansing them from all manner of filth, and take of the 〈…〉〈…〉 honie you can get, dama••ke Rose-water, and the juice of Fenell, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ve••e well together, then with a bunch of Fennell dipt in the same, first 〈…〉〈…〉 combes verie well, and also rubbe the hiue within therewith, lastly rubbe the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 whereon the standeth, with the same that you did the hiue, and you shall be 〈…〉〈…〉 ••ured that the first swarme that riseth either in your own or in any other mans 〈◊〉〈◊〉 (if it be not aboue a mile or two from you) will knit (without any other 〈◊〉〈◊〉 king) in that stocke.

The place must be closed in with a verie strong hedge, or else with good 〈◊〉〈◊〉

for feare both of beasts and theeues: for kine and sheepe doe eat vp their flowres, and ••eat the dew off from the flowres, whereof the Bees should load them, and which is so well beloued of the little prettie birds, yea and that also, which falleth downe at the breake of the day in faire weather, and is purified on the leaues and flowers of the plants, hearbes, and wild trees: but of all tame beasts, there is none that doth so damnifie these little pretties vvretches, as Swine and Goats: for the Goats wast their food, and jumpe against their houses, yea and oftentimes beat them downe: the Swine besides the wasting and eating vp of their food, rubbing themselues against the hiues, doe ouerturne them and the seats whereon they be set: sheepe in like man∣••er loosing some of their lockes of Wooll vpon the hedges, are cause that the ••illie poore Bees now and then become intangled therein, when they labour to get their ••••od, and so leaue their carcases for a pledge: hennes likewise haue a gluttonous ap∣••••••tite towards them: Serpents also doe sometimes take vp their Innes in their hiues: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to take away this casualtie at once and for euer, you must plant Rue round about 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in good quantitie, in as much as venimous beasts cannot by any meanes abide ••••his hearbe.

Callamint also is verie good to be planted for the same purposes neere vnto the ••••ues, so is also the hea•• be •• Angelica or Gentiana, but aboue all things you must be ••••••••full to make your hiues exceeding warme, that is to say, of what stuffe soeuer ••••••ey be made, you shall on the out-side daube them better than two fingers thicke with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Cows dung mixt together, and ouer them a vvarme coat of long Rye∣••••aw, couering the hiue from the top to the bottome, and hanging some what below 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stone.

Their place also must be farre off from the dunghill, common draughts or issues, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, marshes, fennes, dropping, dirtie, and myrie places, which might hurt them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ill smells, and for that th••••e prettie beasts are deadly enemies to all filthinesse ••••d vncleannesse: but rather let their place of abode be neere some ••••all brooke of ••••ter naturall and of it selfe continually running, or by art in some chanell, that will 〈◊〉〈◊〉 along the water drawne out of some vvell or fountaine, and this rundle must 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by the edges stones or boughes of trees for the bees to light vpon.

But whatsoeuer the place is, whether in the garden of Pleasure or elsewhere (al∣••••it we haue assigned this to be one of the fruits of pleasure to be g••thered in the gar∣••••n of Pleasure) it must not be hemmed in with high walls on euerie side: and yet if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 feare of theeues, you were disposed to raise them the higher, then you must pearse 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wall some three feet from the ground, and worke it with small holes, for the bees 〈◊〉〈◊〉 through at, and some twentie or thirtie paces off to build some little house, if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be so disposed, for him to dwell in who hath the charge of looking to them, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 also to put his tooles.

CHAP. LXII.

Of the fashion of the Hiues, and the manner of setting them for Bees.

A Place and standing for Bees being thus appointed, the next thing is accor∣ding to that fashion which may be most conuenient for the Countrie to make hiues. Some thinke, the best are those which are made of quarters of sawne boards, vvide ynough, but not verie long: others you must haue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 long and narrow, that so you may haue two sorts of hiues, that is to say, great 〈◊〉〈◊〉 small ones: the great ones, for such as are to be imployed in the making of Ho∣•••• and the other, which are the little ones, for such as are to swarme and cast: the said 〈◊〉〈◊〉: being fitted together with nailes, but yet so as that one or two of the boards

may be lifted vp when the honie is to be taken, or the said hiues to be 〈…〉〈…〉 the hiues which are best and most conuenient next vnto these, are those which are made of Barke and of Corke: and next vnto them, those that are made of 〈…〉〈…〉 and Sallowes, such as we see in this countrie: the worst are those which are made 〈◊〉〈◊〉 baked earth, for they s••ald with heat in Sommer, and freeze with cold in 〈◊〉〈◊〉. I find those nothing conuenient which are made of dressed straw, or of 〈…〉〈…〉 the one is verie subiect to the fire, and the other cannot be translated or 〈…〉〈…〉 one place to another, if need should require. Yet those of straw may 〈…〉〈…〉 ind••••ed and imbraced if they be well lookt vnto, because the Bee-gard•••• 〈…〉〈…〉 within the danger of the fire; onely the worst fault they haue is this, that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 verie apt to breed within them, and to destroy the honie as it is gathered, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 withstanding in such places where wood is scarce, they are not to be 〈…〉〈…〉 in the cold countries, because of all ••••ues they are the wa••mest. There are also o∣ther hiues which are made of splinted wands of hassell or such like 〈…〉〈…〉 they are esteemed the best of all other, and are indeed the sweetest, safest, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to worke in; prouided, that they be tr••••med, daubed, and thatched as it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 said: Now againe in your hiues is a great care to be taken touching the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of them, for although the auncient allow but a cubit wide, and two in length, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a cub•••• and a halfe not amisse in the bottome, and two and a halfe in length, for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 largenesse of a haue (if it be not too vnreasonable) neuer doth hurt: and wh••••••s some vse to make two sorts of hiues, a greater and a lesser, if you make but one 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and those large ones, it will be ••••••rie way as good, for you shall many 〈…〉〈…〉 to inlarge your hiues, but verie seldome or neuer to straiten them, for all 〈◊〉〈◊〉 curios••••••e it selfe can speake against them that be great hiues, is but onely this, 〈…〉〈…〉 is long in casting, and casteth seldome, whereas, on the contrarie part, the 〈…〉〈…〉 small hiue casteth more soone, and farre o••ter, yet this is most 〈…〉〈…〉 swarme taken from the large hiue, is better than two swarmes taken from the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hiue, being both more strong a••d more able for their worke, and a great 〈…〉〈…〉 better able to endure Winter, nor is it the number of stockes which 〈…〉〈…〉 but the quantitie of the honie.

Moreouer, they must be wide beneath, and narrow aboue, they 〈…〉〈…〉 wide, and two cub••••s high, drawne ouer and dre••t on the out-side with 〈…〉〈…〉 mingled together, that so they may continue the longer: Neither 〈…〉〈…〉 made as some are flat at the top, and shallow, but ascending pyramid wise, 〈…〉〈…〉 smaller till it come to the top, for thereby it both sheddeth off the raine, much 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and maketh the frames of the Bees a great deale stronger. These hiues 〈◊〉〈◊〉 crosse-barre within with clouen stickes verie well rubbed with sweet flowers, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the which the Bees must fasten their combes; and these crosse-barres must be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 places of the hiue, that is, ne••re to the top, and neere the bottome.* 1.755 They must be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vpon boards fitted for the purpose, and that neere vnto some vvall, but 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it, that so there may be space for one to goe about them and make them cleane•••••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 e••se you may set them vpon some vault of stone or of bricke, to the height of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 foot, and as mu••h in bredth, layed ouer with mortar on euerie side, and 〈…〉〈…〉 ••o the lizards and serpents, and other noysome cattell, may not get vp and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••∣ther for to hurt them.

But the best and safest manner of setting of hiues, is to driue three strong 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to the ground, so as they may stand of one euen and just height, and about 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and a halfe aboue the ground, then vpon these stakes you shall lay a faire 〈…〉〈…〉 using-stone that may reach euerie way halfe a foot or more beyond the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and vpon that stone you shall set your hiue, for by that meanes neither 〈…〉〈…〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vermine shall get to annoy the hiues.

Moreouer, the hiues shall be so set, as that there may be a distance 〈◊〉〈◊〉 one and the other, to the end that when need shall require, to looke 〈…〉〈…〉 for the making of it cleane, or any other thing, there may not any occasion 〈…〉〈…〉 to shake or rogge vpon the other, nor yet disturbe the adjoyning 〈…〉〈…〉

greatly feare when they are touched, least their workmanship of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 (which is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 weake and easie to be ••poyled) should be stirred or broken. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉-part, whe•••• they go in, must be hanging somwhat forward, that so there may not any 〈…〉〈…〉 fall into it: and when as anie, by hap, shall fall in, that then 〈◊〉〈◊〉 may not ••••ay, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 find that as a readie way out: And for this cause the Hiues must be couered with small co∣uerings and shelter, besides the shade of leaues and boughes made 〈…〉〈…〉 mortar of earth for a band; and this will ••exue against the cold, snow, 〈…〉〈…〉, although heat doe not so much hurt vnto Bees as cold. Also you shall 〈…〉〈…〉 binding mortar daube the Hiue as close as may be to the stone, that if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hap∣pen to fall thereupon, yet it may by no meanes sinke into the Hiue, but 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fall off, and shed vpon the earth. And therefore behind the Bees as they 〈…〉〈…〉 must be some building, or else at the least a wall, which may be vnto them in stead of a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 banke against the North wind, and withall, may keepe the Hiues in a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 warmth. And furthermore, Hiues, though they be thus defended and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from the cold by this building, yet they must be turned vpon the East in Winter, rather than vpon the South (because if they were turned toward the South, they would be layd fore vpon by excessiue heat in Summer.) to the end, that in the morning the Bees, for their earlier comming forth, may haue the Sunne hot vpon them, for their better wakening; whereas otherwise, the cold would make them heauie and slouth∣full: and therefore the holes by which they pa••••e and rep¦sse, must be 〈◊〉〈◊〉-little, that so they may not giue place for the entrance of much cold, and they will be suffi∣cient great, if to be there may but one Bee passe. Againe, by this meanes it will be prouided for, that neither the venimous Stellion, nor the villanous Beetill, neither yet the Butterflies, shall possibly enter to rob the Hiues and Honey-combes. And moreouer, according to the quantitie of Bees in the Hiue, you must make in the same hatch two or three holes, one somewhat distant from another, that they may passe in thereby, as also for the deceiuing of the Lizards, which would, by reason of their watch, kill them as they came forth, if they had but one hole in all. It is further meet, that the shelter vnder which the Hiues shall stand, be well appointed for little open windowes, which you shall, stop in Winter with Paper windowes, or Tyles, and that in such order, as that they may be easily opened when the Sunne shineth, and shut after that the Bees are returned home into their Hiues: and yet there must be holes in the said Paper lights, that so they may passe forth along at their pleasure whither they are disposed. Yet this is a curiositie seldome or neuer vsed amongst 〈◊〉〈◊〉 masters: and therfore, in mine opinion, if you keepe them close, without any more than their ordinarie dores to passe in & out at, it wil be best: and these do•••••• would be made of a fine thin board, or a piece of an old worne trencher, cut in this maner * 1.756 and so fixed into the bottome of the Hiue, on that side on which the Sunne most commonly riseth: and all these dores you shall keepe open from the la∣ter end of Aprill till September: but after, which is the dead time of Winter, you shall close them vp, and keepe but one open at the most, and that no bigger, then a Bee may well passe through the same.

CHAP. LXIII.

Of what qualities and conditions the Bees must be.

I Will say nothing in this place of the engendring of Bees, as whether it be by the coupling of males and females together,* 1.757 as wee see in other kind of creatures, or by the corruption and rotting of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the bodie of a young Bullocke (whereof Virgil speaketh) which are knowledges not greatly belonging to the Husbandman; because, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••red, he findeth them in his Hiue without anie further industrie: yet for 〈◊〉〈◊〉, it is

doubtlesse, that Bees are bred of Bees, either of their blowings, or some other 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of their generation: but the first is most likely, because the first combes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Bee frameth, she filleth with her young, before she labour for honey, and these 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are at first but little bigger than flye-blowes, white and long, and so 〈…〉〈…〉 produceth a shape, which taketh life in the combe, and then departeth thence▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 laboureth amongst the other Bees: yet being straitened in the Hiue, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 roome to lodge their honey in, as soone as the warmth of Summer commeth in, th••y with one consent depart the Hiue, and seeke out some other place wherein to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their labou••••s: and these are called the swarmes, or encrease of young store, which the elder stocks bringeth forth. But letting passe these digressions of the workes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••∣ture, I will describe them as they are alreadie engendred; as, what be the prop•••••••••• of such as are fit and like to make good honey. There are manie sorts of Bees: for some are of a golden colour, cleare, shining, and bright; others blackish, rough and hairie some great, some small; some thicke and round; and others spa••e and long; some wild, and some tame. But and if you would buy or gather together 〈◊〉〈◊〉 out of the Forest, to take their honey from them, looke and take good heed that they haue the markes following; as, that they be little ones, somewhat long, not hairie nea••, golden coloured, shining and sparkling as gold, spotted aboue, gentle and lo∣uing: for the greater and longer that Bees be, the worse they are; and if they be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they are nothing worth; notwithstanding, that their choler and malice is easily helped, if that otherwise they be well marked and fruitfull, by seeing themost: for in your oft going to them, they become tame. But because one cannot learnt to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and know if they haue all these marks aforesaid, if he see them not: if you buy them, before you cope for them,* 1.758 you must open the Hiues, and see whether they be well ••••∣plenished, or not: and if you cannot looke vp higher into them, then you must go•• by gesse and ayme, and consider if there be good store at the mouth, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 you heare a great noise and huzzing within; and further, if they be all 〈…〉〈…〉 at rest: in putting your mouth to the Hiues mouth, and blowing a good blast 〈…〉〈…〉, you may perceiue whether there be manie, or few, by the noise which they will ••••••∣sently make when they feele the breath. Or where you shall make doubt of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 these former signes, there you shall take the Hiue from the stone, and poise it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 your arme, and according vnto the weight so you shall chaffer for it: because if you see it is well reple••••shed with Bees, and also verie heauie, then you may assure 〈◊〉〈◊〉 selfe it is an excellent Stocke, rich both in Cattell, Wax, and Honey, and so co••••••∣quently worth your money: but if it be light, though it promise neuer so manie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 yet it is but casuall: for either the swarme fell late in the yeare, so that they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 time to get their prouisions; or else the yeare was vnnaturall, and too moist, whereby they could not worke; or else the Swarme was weake; anie of which will hardly 〈◊〉〈◊〉 out the Winter following: and in that respect the buyer ought to be verie ••••••••∣full of his purchase. Now it is an old receiued opinion amongst old 〈◊〉〈◊〉 (how true I leaue to your i••dgement) That those Bees prosper best, which are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 giuen, or come by chance: Truly I would not persuade anie friends of mine 〈…〉〈…〉 get Bees at this reckoning, to goe to higher rate, for sure the ••asinesse of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 makes the profit to much the greater, and in that respect the saying is true, but 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••••∣therwise, I am fully persuaded. Others are of opinion, that stolne Bees thriue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 but I would haue no man beleeue it: for I neuer knew profit in dishonestie; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is it possible that there can be anie blessing giuen vnto an act of so much wrong, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the taking away of another mans goods commeth to: yet this hath beene an old receiued opinion, and for knowledge, not for practise, I relate it. It is good to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them as neere vnto your abode as you can, and not in other Countries 〈…〉〈…〉 your dwelling place: for the change of their Pastures, Ayre, and Countrey, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 s••onish and amase them: besides also, the further they are carried, the more they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pained in their Hiues. But and if they cannot be got, but by seeking 〈…〉〈…〉 them, you must conuey them, betwixt place and place, some other way that by highwayes, and that the rather in the Spring than in Winter, as also verie 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

for feare of shaking them. It will be good to take them before day, and to carrie them away at night vpon his necke, or rather it is better that two men should beare them: for in the day time they must be let rest, and haue giuen vnto them some sweet liquor, that so they may haue to feed vpon, though they be kept within. And when they are brought to the place of their abode, you must not open them vntill the next day at night, to the end, that after they haue rested all night, they may be the fitter to come forth peaceably in the morning: although yet it were better not to alter or change anie thing about them for the space of three daies, but to stop vp the mouth with some thinne cloth, vntill the Sunne haue shone, and in the euening after to open them.

There is no such carefull heed taken in the chusing of those which are giuen,* 1.759 nor yet of those which haue beene taken or gathered in the Fields or Forests, although I could aduise men to the contrarie, seeing the charges and paines are as great about the bad as the good. Notwithstanding, when one gathereth them, it is not possible to make such choice as he would: and therefore he must be content with that which commeth next to hand; and yet not to be negligent to purchase and get the best that may be come by, and to take good heed not to mingle the good and the bad toge∣ther, for so the bad would dishonour the good, and there would be a great deale lesse honey, because of the bad and slouthfull ones which are mingled amongst them. The gathering of them shall be after this fashion: When you haue found anie place, by which great numbers of Bees doe passe (which is commonly in Woods and Forests where Hearbes doe abound, and Trees of sweet smell, neere vnto some small Riuer or Fountaine) you shall vse all diligence to find out the place of their rest and abode, which you may easily learne after their hauing beene at water, whether it be neere or 〈…〉〈…〉, by the place whither they torne: then afterward, in the beginning of the Spring, you must take Balme and Thyme bruised, with other such like hearbs which Bees loue, and therewith annoint your Hiue so throughly, as that the smell and iuice thereof may stay behind: after that, you shall make the Hiue cleane, and sprinkle it with a little honey: and hauing thus handled it, you shall set it downe in the Woods or Forests, neere vnto the Springs, and when it is full of Bees, you shall carrie it home. And thus much of gathering swarmes of Bees.

CHAP. LXIIII.

Of the manner of gouerning Garden Bees.

THe Lord of the Farme, or Farmer, hauing prouided Feeding, Grounds, Hiues, and fit places for Bees, as also hauing bought or gathered good store of Swarmes to replenish his Hiues, shall be carefull to affoord them a more diligent and attentiue kind of gouernment, and ordering, than anie ouer••eer or gouernour of other Cattell doth allow vnto the said Ca••••ell vn∣der his charge: the cause is, for that the Bee is more discreet and industrious than any other kind of liuing creature: yea, seeing she hath a kind of wisdome comming neere vnto the vnderstanding of man, therefore she looketh for a more carefull manner of vsage and carriage towards her from them that are her gouernours, and therefore cannot abide them to be mockers, ••••uttish, or negligent, for they cannot abide to be ••••ggardly or filthily entreated. It must therefore be his condition that shall haue the charge of them,* 1.760 to consider their manners, and manner of liuing, and accordingly to frame himselfe thereunto in the best sort that may be. They haue a King whom they obey as their Soueraigne in all things, accomplishing and fulfilling whatsoeuer hee shall giue them in charge, whether it be to goe forth, or to returne home, or to stay within: and they attend him alwaies in companies wheresoeuer he be: they comfort

him if at anie time he be sicke, and doe keepe about him if he cannot flie: not out of them is negligent and slouthfull, but euerie one readie and quicke to anie kind of worke. Some of them gather the Roses, and bring home what they get of flo•••••• and sweet smelling leaues, vnto those which stay within the Hiue making Honey: others are busie in making Combes, and building of little Cabbins; some make ho∣ney, and others attend other matters and vocations: some lay to their hands to the softening of Waxe, and temper it so well, as that making thinne leaues thereof, they therewith build vp and frame them Celles and Cloysters: others with great 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doe sunder the grosse and drossie substance, and make readie a place for 〈…〉〈…〉 of Honey. Some of them with their paine and diligence doe keepe cleane the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which notwithstanding are neuer defiled by anie of their owne dung, for 〈…〉〈…〉 flying abroad they auoid their excrements in flying. Some there are which ordi••••∣rily doe nothing but keepe watch and ward, to the end, that to the vttermost of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 power they may withstand whatsoeuer thing may annoy and hurt them. They 〈◊〉〈◊〉 out such as die within the Hiues: but when their King is dead, they stirre him not from his place, but crowding one vpon anothers backe about him, it seemeth that they lament and mourne, as they make shew by their noise and humming, and that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vehemently, as that if their keeper doe not looke vnto it, and take him from vnder them, they will suffer themselues rather to die for hunger, than they will forsake him. To be briefe, euerie one of them is so diligent at his worke, as that they cannot 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it, that anie one should be in their companie that should not be occupied in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 something: and this is the cause why they driue away the Drone, which will 〈◊〉〈◊〉 worke, neither is good to anie thing else, but to wast the honey, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it. They hate, aboue all things, euill sents: they neuer flie against the light, nor vnto 〈…〉〈…〉 or bloud, or fat, but content themselues with leaues and flowers onely, which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sweet smelling iuice. They take delight in pleasant and goodly Songs: wh•••••••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 commeth to passe, that if they be scattered abroad, they will be called together at this delightfull ringing of some Bason, or small Bells, or in hitting the hands in a soft and easie sort one against another. To be briefe, their fashion and manner of 〈…〉〈…〉 it were) wonderfull in nature: but giuing ouer all further describing of them, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 will content my selfe in deliuering the conditions and duties required about 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ordering and gouerning.

CHAP. LXV.

The order of gouerning Bees all the yeare long.

WHosoeuer he be therefore that hath the charge and ouersight of the Bees, must be carefull first of their pastures (whereof we haue made mention before:) then he shall diligently looke vnto their Hiues twice or thrice a moneth, beginning at the Spring, and continuing till Nouember: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 there is not that time in the yeare wherein they stand not in need of something: and if they be well ordered, they will continue tenne yeares. They must be opened about the moneth of March, and the Honey-combes made cleane with a verie strong and solide feather, when as they cannot be come by with the hand, that so, wha•••••••••• filth is gathered there in the time of Winter, may be cast out, and the Spiders 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which spoyle all the Combes, may be taken away: afterward he shall smoake 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all with Oxe dung burnt; for this dung, by a certaine affinitie, is gratefull and well li∣ked of Bees. But in the meane time, before he handle the Hiues, he shall be well ••••∣uised, that the day before he haue not had to deale with his wife; that he haue not beene drunken; and that for the present he come not neere vnto them, without be∣ing washed, made cleane, and well apparrelled: in like manner hee must 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from all meats that are of a strong smell, as are all salt meats, and sowsed 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and

all things being strong of sent, as Garlicke, or Onions, or such like things: and con∣trariwise, let him carrie in his mouth something that hath a good smell, for by this meanes they will loue him so well, as that he may handle their Hiues at his pleasure, and the little pretie birds will neuer hurt or annoy him. At the same time (in as much as then they begin to multiplie and encrease, and to cast their swarmes, which so soone as they can flye, desire nothing more than to flye away, and not to abide with the old ones, and much lesse to become subiect vnto them) it will be meet to keepe watch verie diligently, and that from after the morning tide is past, till two houres after noone, that so they may not flye vnto some other place. Wherefore if you can discerne and spie out their Kings,* 1.761 it will be good to take their wings from them, if they make shew of themselues oftentimes, and seeme as though they would flye toge∣ther with their companie; as also to cast dust vpon them, or else water, for by these ••eanes they will be kept from going away: so that then they will not goe out of their owne yard, nor out of the limits of their owne kingdome; neither will they suffer their troupe to goe farre from them: or else it will be good, after that they are come forth, to astonish and occupie their minds with the sounding of Basons, or of the ••••ards of broken Pots, ringing forth softly, in as much as by how much you ••ound the stronglier, by so much they mount the higher into the ayre, and stray the further off: but and if it be a gentle and low sound, they in like manner doe stay and keepe themselues neere at hand and below. And if they proceed to fasten themselues vpon the next branch of the tree, as a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Grapes doe hang vpon their branch, you must gather them with your hand, or with a trowell, into a basket annointed with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of swee•• Balme, or some drops of Honey, and after set it on the row with the o∣ther baskets: or else, to make a shorter dispatch, he may cut the bough or branch of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tree, and put it verie softly into all these Bees, which are within the dressed Bas∣•••••• or Hiue, the mouth of the same hauing beene first sprinkled with Wine: Then, ••••ter this, it must be set vpon a board vpon the ground all an end, the vpper part be∣••••ng kept to close, as that the Bees may goe in no where but at the place which is open vnderneath. But and if this swarme of Bees, or little Birds, be got into anie hole or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the bole and bodie of a tree, then carrie thither a Hiue well annointed in e∣••••••rie place, as also at the hole or mouth, with verie sweet smelling hearbes, and draw 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ouer this hole and entrance of hollownesse, to the end you may inuite them to a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with the delightsomenesse of this smell, and with the better contentment to g••oe in to abide and dwell there. If they rest themselues in a place where you cannot ••••me to them with your hand, and such a one as is withall somewhat vn••••••••t to be ••ealt with, then take a pole, and tye to the end of it a Hiue sprinkled with good Wine, and hold it neere vnto this clew of Bees, and thus they will not faile to goe ••••to it: then carrie them neere vnto the Hiues, for no doubt but they will goe vp and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 themselues in a short time. Or else, which is the best, hee shall hold, all rea∣••••ie, a new Hiue to receiue them, when hee seeth that the young Kings shall be ••••me forth with their young traine, which within a day or two will all be come ••••gether at the mouth of the old stocke, and shew by sufficient signes and tokens, ••••at they are desirous of some place of their owne, and peculiar vnto themselues: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 then if he doe giue them one, they will rest contented therewith, and abide ••••erein.

It is to be knowne when this young hoast will come abroad, by the noise and hum∣••ing which they will make in the Hiue three daies before that they purpose to come ••broad, as if a campe of warlike men would rise vp and remoue: and for to know ••hen they make this noise, he must lay his ••are at euening to ••uerie Hiue, that so he ••ay heare the noise and humming, when they make any.

And yet indeed this noise and humming is sometimes a signe and token of some ••••ght or strife raised betwixt them and some other swarme:* 1.762 which must be well pre∣••••••ted; for otherwise by such ciuile warres and deadly fights all the whole troupe ••••d companie will quickly be ouerthrowne and brought to nothing. This intended ••••ombat is taken vp with a bowle of cute or boyled wine 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto them, or else some

honied wine, or other such liquor, which by his sweetnesse is familiar to Bees, 〈…〉〈…〉 will appease their furi••. But yet and if you perceiue that these ski••mishes are not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ended,* 1.763 you must make hast to kill the Kings of the Bees, which are the cause of such seditions and tu••••lts. The manner to kill th••m, is to ob••erue when the whole 〈◊〉〈◊〉 commeth out of the Hiue, and is alreadie ••••••led vpon some bough of some tree, and then to marke if the whole swa••e of Bees doe hang after the manner of a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Grapes vpon the branch; for and if they be ••o, it is a signe that there is but one Ki•••••• or and if that there be moe, that yet they agree amongst the••••selues, and there•••••• you shall let them alone till they be in their Hiues. But and if the whole troupe be di∣uided into manie clewes, or round bunches, you need not then doubt but 〈◊〉〈◊〉 there are manie Kings, and that they doe not agree together. And then where you shall ••ee them gathered most on a heape, and in greatest troupes, there you may search and looke for the King, annointing your hand with the iuice of sweet Balme, or with Honey, that so they may not she away when you shall touch them; and seeke thus a∣mongst them vntill you haue ••ound the King, which is the author of all this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 whom you must kill and cast out. And thus you may di••••••ne and find out the Kings from the commons: The Kings are somewhat greater and longer,* 1.764 their legges 〈◊〉〈◊〉 straight and high, their wings lesse, but of a faire colour, and neat, smooth, and po∣lished, without haire and stings, except perhaps you will say, that a certaine gro•••••• and thicke haire which they haue vpon their bellies is their sting, wherewith not∣withstanding they neuer sting to do•• anie harme. Some Kings are found to be blac•• and hairie, and ghalliy to behold, and these are of the worst sort of Kings, and must therefore be killed, notwithstanding that they moue no warre, nor stirre vp 〈◊〉〈◊〉 coales amongst the young swarmed brood. Thus you see there is no case-to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with maruelling, when you behold these small birds to be so be••••••ced and enraged with loue towards their King, that for to de••end him, they willingly cast and expose their own liues into open hazard against all his enemies which come to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 him, besides other incredible obey••ance, which they let not continually to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto him.

The Hiues that shall be made readie to receiue the new swarmes, must be rubbed with the hearbes before named, and sprinkled with drops of Honey, the more 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to cause them to keepe therein. At this time of the Spring it likewise som•••••• commeth to passe, that by reason of the hardnesse of the Winter past, or of 〈…〉〈…〉 ••ase and sicknesse, there is great wan•• and scarsitie of Bees in old stocks, and this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be remedied by putting a new swarme into that Hiue, and killing the young 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that so his subiects may content them••••••ies to liue peaceably vnder the old. But 〈◊〉〈◊〉 if you haue not a swarme, then the next way is to put the troupes of two or three 〈◊〉〈◊〉 diminished stocks into one, bedewing or sprinkling the same before with some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 liquor, and after to shut them vp in the same Hiue, and fet something within it for them to eat, vntill they be well wonted vnto it, and so to keepe them three daies 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vp, giuing them onely a little fresh ayre at some••••all and little holes. And if it come to passe, that the King of the old Hiue, which we shall haue le••t aliue, doe die, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 you must chuse them another King from out of the other Hiues (where there be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 nie) and giue them him to gouerne. And in case that meanes to doe this doe faile, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that there be not anie purpose or inclination to take new swarmes from other 〈◊〉〈◊〉, you must then breake downe all the little chambers and lodgings of their 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Kings, to the end that the young swarmes, which shall be together in the old 〈◊〉〈◊〉, may not betake themselues to their first haunt, and still abide and continue vnd•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 old, but their new King and Captaine: and this they must of necessitie dot, be•••••• compelled through want of their naturall and chiefe Gouernours, and by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 themselues with their Ancients.

In rainie weather, continuing, long, Bees not being able to goe out of their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to seeke pastures, and to bring home food vnto their young brood, you must not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to helpe them with some prouision of Honey, vntill such time as they shall be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to she abroad to get their owne liuing, and to worke their Honey-combe of: for

otherwise you shall quickly make an end of them, as it hath beene oftentimes seene to come to passe.

All the Summer they must gather Honey (whereof we will speake hereafter) and at the same time, euerie tenne daies, their Hiues must be opened and smoaked with Oxe dung, and afterward be cooled, by warring the emptie parts of the Hiue, and ••asting thereinto coole water: and likewise be made cleane, and all grubs taken out of them, if anie be therein: and after this, let them rowle and tumble themselues vp∣on the flowers: and then you must not take anie thing from them, that so you may 〈◊〉〈◊〉 annoy and become redious vnto them too o••t, and so cause them to flye away in despaire. In some faire day, about the end of Autumne, you must make cleane their Hiues, looking that it be ho•• also and calme: and if at this time there be found euer a Combe vngathered, and not pluck•• away, which sometime was leane and thinne, you must not therefore kill the Bees, as manie doe: but rather, to saue them, you must sprinkle it with a brush dipt in honied water, or in milke, hauing driuen them together on a heape with the smoake, keeping them close and shut vp after this in their Hiue: for all the Winter you may not open nor touch them, but keepe them close within, till the Sunne-beames breake forth againe for their comfort, and that well couered, stopping without, whatsoeuer clifts and holes, with Mortar and Neats ••ung mingled together, in such sort, that there be nothing left open, but onely a way for them to passe in and out thereat: And also this must be carefully looked vn∣to, tha•• although their Hiues doe alreadie stand vnder couert, yet that further, they be couered againe with stubble and boughes, and so much as possibly may be, kept▪ ••••om Cold and Winds, which they feare and abhorre more than anie other thing. You must fore••ee likewise, that neither Raine nor Snow may doe them hurt: and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 make prouision of store of the iuice of sweet Balme, honied water, ••ugred wa∣••••r, milke, or other liquor which may be ••it and conuenient for them; in which li∣quor you must steepe pure and cleane Wooll, whereupon the Bee sitting, may suck•• ••ut the iuice or liquor that is therein. And to the end that they may not endure hun∣••er in the Winter, and that they may not need to eat the Honey vp that they haue ••ade, and which is left vntaken from them, it wil be good to giue them, at the doores 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their Hiues, in little pipes or troughes made of Reedes, Elder, Iron, or Lead, so ••••repared, as that the Bees may not drowne themselues when they goe about to ••••rinke, some drie figges, stamped or te•••• pered in water or boyled Wine: It will be ••ood likewise to giue them some Rai••••ns out of the Frayle, stamped and sprinkled ••ith water: or else some Corans, stamped with verie good Wine, and boy led toge∣••••her: or else some drie Aprico••s, stamped with Honey, and mixed with boyled water: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Pancakes made of verie ripe Corans, of the best Figges and boy∣••••d Wine mixed together: or else to cast amongst them, in at the doore of the Hiue, some sweet liquors, with Siringes, as Milke, and especially Goats Milke, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the best of all the rest, to beare out the scarcitie and poorenesse of the time, vn∣••••ill the Spring approach.

In the Combes there are found Drones like vnto Bees, but greater, which (al∣••hough they be vnprofitable, because they gather no food or sustenance, but eat ••p that which others bring in) yet doe serue for some thing; for they hatch the ••oung brood, whereupon come the small Bees: and therefore you must not kill ••hem all, but keepe a certaine number of them, to the end that the Bees may not ••row ••••onthfull and idle.

CHAP. LXVI.

Of the remedies of the diseases that Bees are subiect vnto.

THe Bee is subject vnto the Plague,* 1.765 in which case there is no more ••••••••∣raigne a medicine for them, than to carrie them farre off. Againe, they are troubled with the flux of the bellie in the beginning of the Spring, when the spourges are in the flower, and the Elme-trees bring 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their seed, where they are giuen to feed greedily, and with great stomacks, as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fasted all Winter: and they be so desirous to eat of these new and young flowers, as some folke are to eat of new Apples; and thereupon they die quickly, if it be not speedily foreseene: in such sort, as that in some places of Itali••, where the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 do•• grow vpon plants, the Bees cannot continue or endure long. For this cause, you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 quickly helpe this flux of the bellie with the rindes or seedes of Pomegran•••••• pow∣ned and ••••arced, and afterward mixed with Honey, and sprinkled with good 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Wine: or else with Damaske or Languedo•• Raisins dried, powned, and mi••••ed with good sweet Wine, or with honied water, wherein hath beene boyled Rosem••••••: or else with figges of Marseilles, which haue beene boyled a long time in wat••••: all these gine them in pots or pipes of wood, to the end they may eat and drinke thereof.

Bees are sometimes sicke, when as eu••rie yeare continually there is great s••ored flowers: for the Bees thereupon labour rather to make great store of Honey th••••••∣nie young Bees; and so it commeth to passe, that manie die of excessiue toile and tra∣uaile: and further, because those which remaine are not supplyed with young and new store, they likewise die all of them. Wherefore, when in the Spring time the medowes and fields are filled with flowers, it will be good euerie third day to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vp the places whereat they g••e in and out of their Hiues, leauing onely af•••••• lit∣tle holes, but such as the Bees cannot get out at, that so they may be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from making of Honey; and that so also, when they perceiue that they cannot fill vp 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their Waxen chambers with Honey, they may apply themselues to fill 〈…〉〈…〉 young Bees.

If Lice or Grubs,* 1.766 which are engendred of the filth in their Hiues, do 〈…〉〈…〉 you must smoake them with a bough of the Pomegranat or wild Figge-tree.

They fall into a Consumption,* 1.767 and become all dried away, after hauing endu•••••• verie great heat or cold. And it is euidently perceiued: for it is often seen••, that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beareth out of the Hiue the bodie of another that is dead, and that some of those 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are within, and aliue, become all pensiue and sad, after the manner of a gen•••••••• mo••••∣ning: which when it happeneth to them, they must haue meat made of Honey boiled and beaten with Galles, or drie Roses.

You shall stay the brawles betwixt swarmes,* 1.768 if you cast vpon them some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dust, or boyled wine, or honied wine, or other like liquor, which by his 〈◊〉〈◊〉 common and familiar vnto Bees.

The Bees that are cruell and rigorous,* 1.769 will become tame and gentle, if you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 goe amongst them oftentimes.

Sometimes there is such store of Honey-combs made,* 1.770 as that for want of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stand emptie: whereupon it commeth, that they rot and destroy the Honey by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 rottennesse; and the spoyle of the Honey causeth the Bees to die. For to rem••die•• this you must put two swarmes into one Hiue, or else cut away the put••ified Comb•••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a verie sharpe and well whe••••ed toole.

The Butter••••es,* 1.771 which vse sometimes to hide themselues in the Hiues, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Bees, will themselues be killed, if when Mallowes are in flower, and they ab••••∣ding in great quantitie, there be set amongst the Hiues, in the night season, a high and narrow mouthed Tinne-pot, with a burning Light in the bottome of 〈◊〉〈◊〉

for presently all the Butterflies will hasten and flie thither vnto the light, and flying about it, will burne themselues: for they cannot easily, from a narrow bottome, flye right vp, neither yet shunne and auoid the light, in getting themselues farre off from it, seeing they are forcibly kept within a narrow scantling, the pot it selfe being not wide, but narrow.

To kill Drones, which doing no good,* 1.772 deuoure the Honey: When it shall be neere night, water the couerings of some vessell, which you shall se•• neer••e vnto the Hiues, with water; the Drones will all of them flye vnto those couerings to coole themselues and quench their thirst, which they haue gotten by eating too much honey, and then it will be an easie thing to kill them: and as for ••••inging of you, you need not feare it, for they haue no sting at all.

CHAP. LXVII.

Of the manner of gathering Honey.

FOr the gathering of Honey, about which there is so much labour taken continually,* 1.773 it is chiefely effected at three seuerall times of the yeare, as shortly after the Spring, all the Summer, and in the beginning of Au∣tumne. But there cannot anie prefixed day or certaine time be appoin∣ted for the same, seeing it dependeth of the finishing of the Combes: for and if you draw-them out before they be throughly wrought, the Bees grow malecontented, and cease to worke anie more, by reason of the thirst which they endure. The time of gathering Honey is knowne, by the Bees their no more making of a great noyse, but ••••rning the same into a soft and low buzzing: as also, if the holes which are aboue in the vessels be stopped with Wax: if the Bees driue out the Drones, which are like vnto Bees, but a greater beast, and altogether vnprofitable, and without taking of any paine; for they gather no food, but eat vp that which others bring in. The houre of taking the Combes, is commonly in the morning, for it is not good to disquiet and trouble them in the heat of the day: and this must be done with two yron instruments or kniues; the one whereof must be long and narrow, for the cutting away of the Combes; and the other, for the scraping away and pulling out of the filth that shall be fallen into them. It will doe well to moisten these two tooles oftentimes in water, that so the Wax may not sticke vnto them, and that the Bees which shall be abiding within, may not be hurt. The vessels may not altogether be emptied, and so all the fruit taken out, but there must be left remaining (as it were) the tenth part, or (as others say) the fifth part, as well in the Spring, as in Summer; but in Autumne two parts must be left, and the third onely taken, for by this meanes you shall not much dis∣content them: and withall, you shall leaue aboundantly behind for them to eat and feed vpon. The gathering of Honey most commonly vsed, and most reasonable, is but to take the most ripe Combes, and those which are best perfected, and withall, of them but two thirds. If the Hiue be halfe full of Honey, then there is but the halfe of that to be taken away: and if it be vnder halfe full, then there must be taken from it with discretion proportionably. Furthermore, you must make them come forth with the smoake of Neats dung, or of a Wolfes bladder, or Galbanum or wild Mal∣lowes; and with the iuice of this hearbe must he be annointed which shall gather the Honey, to keepe him that he be not stung: or to make him bold, let him take a maske with a parte of Spectacles set in it to giue him light to see, and let him also ha••e a Linnen cloth, close wrythed about his necke and head, and gloues vp∣on his hands, for to geld and handle them to his good contentment: or, which is better, let him haue a Linnen hood to compasse and goe ouer his whole face, made of a most fine and close-wrought Kall, like vnto Net-worke, for by this meanes a man shall see at his pleasure that which he goeth about to doe, and yet be free from

the danger of the Bees stinging. But notwithstanding that you take from the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their worke of Honey and Wax, yet you must not kill them, nor driue them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 away, if it be possible, but to keepe them for to draw yet more profit out of them af∣terward: and when as yet there is no hope of good of them by reason of their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 euen then you must not vse anie vngratefull 〈◊〉〈◊〉, in stead of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and ••ur••he••ously massacre them. In the Countrey of Tuscanie, in remembrance of the bountifulnes••e of this poore cattell, it is forbidden vpon a great penal•••• to kill Bees, so long as possibly by anie meanes they may be kept aliue. It will be good therefore, for their safegard, at such times as their Combes are to be gelded, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them in such sort, as that they may withdraw themselues safely into some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to∣ward the middest of the couering of their Hiue, and not to come forth or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 you shall make them come forth, the couering of their Hiue taken away, and a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to the mouth of the Hiue, and after smoaking the Bees from vnderneath, for so they will betake themselues into the said sacke, which must be fast tied and layd vpon the ground, vntill that the Honey be taken away at leisure. After this, the Hiue or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 must be see to the mouth of the sacke, and the couering put vpon it againe, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so the Bees may returne and enter into their house againe, to begin their worke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or else see neere vnto the Hiue which you meane to geld, another emptie Hiue, which shall be per••umed and hung about with sweet smelling hearbes, and it shall haue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hole in the couer as bigge as ones hand made round, to the end that Bees may 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at it, hauing made an end of the building of their Combes, euen to the top, and downeward more than the halfe part of the Hiue: by this meanes you shall take a∣way, at ease, such Honey as is in the Hiue, and not loose anie part of it, seeting that it may be taken forth at anie houre that you are disposed, without hurting of the Combes, and without molesting or troubling of the Bees, in smoaking of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cause them to gather together vpon heapes into some corner, or else by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them to flye some whither else. The Combes being taken away, shall be carried to the place where you meane to make the Honey, and stopping the windowes of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 place, preutent the comming of Bees thereinto; for they will busily seeke the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that they haue lost, and, if they find it, wast and consume it. And ther••••••••, to cut off all meanes of entrance for them into this place, you must there raise 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which may driue away them that shall assay to come in. And this smoake would be made of greene Wood, wet Hay, Rosemarie, or such like, which sendeth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sharpe and piercing fume.

Now, though this be the opinion of the auncient Bee-masters, yet 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hath taught vs in these later times, that it is much better vtterly to kill and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 those stocks from whom you intend to take your Honey, than thus to robbe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for it is certaine, that these Bees, thus spoyled of their wealth, and wanting 〈◊〉〈◊〉 flowers, and other meanes whereby to renew their stores againe, doc forthwith be∣come robbers themselues, and spoyle all the neighbour-Hiues which are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them; as also they breed a ciuile warre and much slaughter amongst other 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and therefore it is better vtterly to destroy them in this sort; either at the closing of the night, when the Sunne is set, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Bee come home, you shall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Hiue from the stone, and sowse it into a sowe of water, and there let it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all the Bees are drowned, and then take out the Honey and the Wax: or else 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Fusse-ball, or some sharpe smoake, smoake them to death, and then take their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and dispose it at your pleasure.

CHAP. LXVIII.

Of the making of Honey and Wax.

YOu must make your Honey the same day that you haue taken out your Combes, although they be warme and somewhat hot.* 1.774 And for the do∣ing hereof, the Combes must be set one against another in a Willow or Ozier basket, wrought verie cleare, and fashioned like an Hypocras bagge, after that you haue once cleansed away from the Combes the feed of young brood, and all manner of other filth: and when the Honey shall be runne through the basket into a bason that shall be set vnder it, you must put it into an ear∣then vessell, which must for some small time be left open, till it haue done boyling and casting sorth of his froth by staying in the same: this done, the pieces and lumps of Combes shall be taken out of the basket, and pres••ed, and there will Honey come out of them, but not so good as the former, which must be put by it selfe, that so the pure, and that which is indeed verie excellent, may not be corrupted thereby. After that the remainder of the Combes is throughly pressed out, and washed in sweet water, they shall be cast into a Copper vessell with some water, and so set vp∣on a soft fire to melt. This Wax thus melted, shall be strained, letting it runne out into water, and then being melted againe, with water you shall make it vp into what forme you will.

CHAP. LXIX.

of the marks of good Honey.

THe good Farmer maketh gaine of euerie thing, and by whatsoeuer hee can perceiue necessarie for the inhaunsing of his house. Now I dare boldly affirme, That there are few things found about a Countrey house, which are of greater encrease and aduantage than Honey. A∣gaine, wee see what traffique the Spaniards make with it: who, through the barren∣nesse of their Countrey, hauing no other meanes to enrich themselues, doe keepe a great number of Bees, to make much Honey of them. In like manner doe the in∣••••abitants about Narbone; who send amongst vs great quantities of white Honey, which wee make serue for our vse. But I would aduise such as make a traffique ••••hereof, that they would not gather ani•• Honey but that which is good: for the ••abour and cost is no lesse to nourish and keepe bad Bees, than to keepe those which are good.

The markes therefore of good Honey are,* 1.775 that the Honey be of a yellow colour, pleasant smell, pure, neat, and shining in euerie part, sweet and verie pleasant to the tast: and yet notwithstanding this, hauing a certaine kind of acrimonie, or sharpe∣nes••e: of an indifferent consistence betwixt thicke and thinne, hanging together in it selfe, in such sort, as that being lifted vp with the fingers end, it keepeth together in ••aner of a direct line, without any breaking asunder; for it should argue it selfe to be either too thick or too thinne, if it should not hang together, but breake, or else to haue some other vnequall mixture: It must not be long in boyling, and yeelding but small store of scum when it doth boyle: aboue all it may not exceedingly smell of Thyme, though some (as I my selfe doe know) doe greatly esteeme of such. And that which is gathered in the Spring, or Summer, is much better than that which is gathered in Winter. White Honey is not of lesse goodnesse than that which is of a golden yel∣low, so that there accompanie it the other marks of goodnes,* 1.776 such as that is which the

Spaniards and men about Narbona do•• send vnto vs, being verie white, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 firme and hard, and therefore better, without all comparison, than anie other 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Honey.

Honey the newer it is,* 1.777 the better it is, cleane contrarie to Wine, which is more com∣mended when it is old than when it is new. This also is to be marked in Honey 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as Wine is best at the mid-Caske, and Oyle in the ••op, so Honey is best towards the bottome:* 1.778 for by how much Honey is more firme and heauie, so much it is the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as being the sweeter.

The vse of Honey serueth for manie things: it prolongeth life in old folk••s,* 1.779 and in them which are of cold complexion: that it is so, we see, that the Bee, which is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 little creature, ••eeble, and weake, liueth nine or tenne yeares by her••eeding vpon Ho∣ney. The nature of Honey is to resist corruption and pu••••ifaction:* 1.780 and this is the cause why Gargarismes, to cleanse and mundifie the vlcers of the mouth, are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 therewith.* 1.781 Some make a distilled water of Honey, which causeth the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is fallen away to grow againe, in what part of the bodie soeuer it be.

CHAP. LXX.

The manner of preparing diuers sorts and diuers com∣positions of Honey.

THere is such excellent vertue in Honey, as that is preserueth and defen∣deth things from pu••••ifaction and corruption: which is the cause, that when anie are disposed to keepe Rootes, Fruits, Hearbes, and especially Iuices, it is ordinarily accustomed to conserue them is Honey: whereupon it commeth, that wee vse these names, Honey of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Roses, Rosemarie-slowers, Damaske-Rai••••••••, Myrtles, Anacard••••, Buglosse, and such like, which are made with iuice and Honey; of which onely we will 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in this place.

The Honey of Violets,* 1.782 Roses, Buglosse, Mercurie, and Rosemari••••flowers, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all prepared after one sort: Take of the iuice of new Roses a pound, of pure 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Honey, first boyled and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, tenne pounds, boyle them all together in a Cal∣dron vpon a cleere fire: when these boyle, adde vnto them of new Roses, yet 〈◊〉〈◊〉, cut in sunder with Scizars of Sheares, foure pound; boyle them all vntill the iuice be wasted, stirring them often with a sticke: this being done, straine them and put 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in an earthen vessell for to be kept, for it is better and better after some time. Other∣wise, and better, and ofter vsed: Stampe in a Mortar new Roses, adde like 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Honey, and set them in the Sunne the space of three moneths, afterward straine them, and boyle the liquor strained out to the thicknesse of Honey. Otherwise, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 equall parts of Honey, and of the manifold infusion of new Roses, boyle them all 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the consistence of a Syrrup; looke how manie times the more double the in••usion of the Roses is, by so much the Honey of Roses will be the better: and this same is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 most fit to be taken at the mouth, as the first and second are for Clysters. Or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 take new raw Honey before it euer boyle, or hauing but lightly boyled, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thereto some quantiti•• of sweet water, red Roses that are new, and newly 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the shadow, their white taken away, and a third part of Honey, put them all toge∣ther in a glasse-vessell, or earthen one, well glassed, which being close stopped, shall be set in the Sunne, and stirred euerie third day: and thus you may fitly prepare Honey of Roses and Rosemarie-flowers a great deale better than after anie of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 waies.

Honey of Myrtles is made with a pound of the iuice of Myrtle-tree,* 1.783 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pound of Honey, all boyled together vpon a small fire.

The honie of damaskes raisons is thus made: Take damaske raisons cleansed from their stones,* 1.784 steepe them foure and twentie houres in warme water, and after boyle them to perfection: when they haue thus boyled, straine them through a strainer ve∣rie strongly, and after that, boyle them againe to the thicknesse of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

Mel Anacardinum is thus made; Stampe a certaine number of the fruit Anacar∣dia,* 1.785 and after let them lye to steepe for the space of seuen daies in vinegar, but on the eight boile them to the consumption of the one halfe; afterward straine them through a linnen cloth: the juice that is strained out, must be boyled with like quantitie of honie.

The manner of making honied water: Take one part of honie, and sixe parts of raine water,* 1.786 put all together in a little barrell, well pitcht and s••opt aboue, that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 no 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at all may enter in at it: afterward, set it out in the hottest weather that is, as in Iulie, but out of all raine, and leaue it so about 〈◊〉〈◊〉 daies, but with such prou••••o as that you turne the barrell euerie eight daies, to the end that the Sunne may worke on all sides of it. To make it more effectuall, and of greater vertue, it will be good in quincetime, to mixe therewith the juice of quinces, in such quantitie as that there may be for e••erie pound of honie, a quarter of a pound of juice of quinces. Some before they put the honie and water together into the barrell, boyle them together vpon a cleare fire, or vpon coales without smoake, they scum the hon••e, and boyle it to perfection, which they gather by casting an egge into it, which if it swim aboue, then the honie is sufficiently boyled, but and if it sinke, then it is not boyled ynough.

The Polonians, Musco••••es, and Englishmen,* 1.787 doe make a drinke hauing the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of a honied water, which is farre more pleasant, and more wholesome than ma∣ny mightie wines, and it is called Mede. They take one part of honie, and six parts of raine, riuer, or fountaine water, they boyle them together, and in boyling them, take off the seum very diligently, and continue the boyling till the halfe of the whole be consumed: being cooled, they put it vp in a wine vessell, and after adde vnto it ••ix ounces of the barme of ale or beere, to make it purge and boyle vp, and withall they hang in the vessell a nodule or knot full of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pepper, ginger, graines of para∣dise and cloues: also they cast into the vessell a handfull of Elder-tree-flowres: they set the vessell in the Sunne in Summer time, for the space of fortie daies, or in Win∣ter they set it in some caue vnder the ground. This kind of honied water is verie so∣••••••aigne against 〈◊〉〈◊〉 agues, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dispositions of the bodie, diseases of the braine, as the falling sicknesse, apoplexie, and palsie, in which cases wine is forbidden.

The countrie men of Prouence,* 1.788 and the Italians, do•• make marchpaines of honie and almonds after this manner: Take white honie three pound, and three whites of egges, beat all together with a woodden pestill in a bason, till it grow vnto the colour of milke: afterward see the bason vpon a fire of coales, stirring all together very care∣fully with the pestill, till such time as it become somewhat thicke: then put thereto sweet almonds stamped and fried, such quantitie as shall be needfull for the making of it of some good consistence: being yet hot, powre it our vpon some marble or po∣lished table: make vp your marchpaine thereof, and it will be singular good for them to eat which are in a consumption, as also to procure spitting.

CHAP. LXXI.

Of the markes of good Waxe, and the manner of preparing di∣uers sorts of Waxe.

GOod Waxe must be of a verie yellow colour,* 1.789 smelling sweet, far, light, pure, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 close, neat, and purified from all filth. It is the ground of other Waxes, called artificiall, as being by art made into diuers colours, as blacke, red, greene, and white Waxe.

Blacke Waxe* 1.790 is made with ashes of burnt paper; greene,* 1.791 by putting 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto it; red,* 1.792 by putting the root of Alkanet vnto common Wax, or the powder of Cinnabrium; but white Waxe* 1.793 is made many waies, but for the most part, after this sort and manner: Melt Waxe in some vessell ••it for the purpose, afterward 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it from all manner of superfluities through a strainer; being thus strained, 〈…〉〈…〉 a soft coale fire, in a great skellet or vessell of copper, to keepe it liquid and in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 close thereby you shall haue one or two great barrells, made after the manner of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••ubs, full of water newly drawne out of the well, in which you shall wet 〈…〉〈…〉 that are round, flat, and halfe finger thicke, fashioned like round coue•• or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of pots, and in the middest they shall be made fast to a little sticke or woodden 〈◊〉〈◊〉 manner of a graspe, by which one may handle them: you shall dip the same (〈◊〉〈◊〉 well wet in water) in the vessell where the Waxe shall be melted, and p••e••••••ly after you shall pull them out full of Waxe; and put them in the water ••ubs, where the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 will abide, that shall haue cleaued vnto them: you shall gather this wax together, and spread euerie peece by it selfe vpon hurdles couered with linnen cloth, in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 heat of the Sunne, in the moneth of Iulie, and vpon these you shall leaue it till it be∣come white. In the meane time, while it shall thus lie in the Sunne, if it happen 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the heat of the Sunne be so vehement, that it melte••h the wax so sp••ed vpon the hurdles, you must water and sprinkle it often with coole water, & by the same mea•••• also defend it from the Bees, which will flie thither from all corners to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 out the ho∣nie. Otherwise, boyle the wax in water so o••t, as vntill that you see it 〈…〉〈…〉 it this manner of whitening wax is not so sure, nor of so easie charges as the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, for the often melting of the Wax, doth wast it verie much: but the drying of it in the Sunne, bringeth no great losse, as you shall best find after proofe and triall made.

To make ••earing candle: Take two pound of new Wax, a pound of good 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and a quarter of a pound of turpentine; mixe them, and make searing Wax.

The end of the second Booke.

Notes

• * 1.1

  A Quick-set Hedge.
• * 1.2

  The Garden doore.
• * 1.3

  The paths in the Garden.
• * 1.4

  The Inclosure.
• * 1.5

  Grounds.
• * 1.6

  Hedges.
• * 1.7

  The fashion of an Arbor.
• * 1.8

  The binding of the Arbor.
• * 1.9

  The worke of the Arbor and of the Vine is alike.
• * 1.10

  All man••••r of ground, by being long 〈◊〉〈◊〉, doth grow lea••t.
• * 1.11

  Little Turneps or Nauest.
• * 1.12

  Coleworts.
• * 1.13

  Great Turneps of both sorts.
• * 1.14

  Spinach.
• * 1.15

  Leekes and Cyues.
• * 1.16

  Onions.
• * 1.17

  Chiboles.
• * 1.18

  Carrets.
• * 1.19

  Sage and Hy∣sope.
• * 1.20

  A Labyrinth.
• * 1.21

  Lettuce seed.
• * 1.22

  To chuse seeds▪
• * 1.23

  Fine hearbs.
• * 1.24

  Seeds that will hardly grow.
• * 1.25

  Cucumbers and Citruls.
• * 1.26

  The power of the encrease of the Moone.
• * 1.27

  To ••••w seeds in the Spring.
• * 1.28

  To sow seeds in Summer.
• * 1.29

  At what time seed must be sowne is cold and hot places.
• * 1.30

  The age of seeds.
• * 1.31

  Watring.
• * 1.32

  What water is good for Seeds.
• * 1.33

  What time is good to water.
• * 1.34

  Weeding and raking.
• * 1.35

  Clipping or cut∣ting of hearbes.
• * 1.36

  Slips.
• * 1.37

  Gathering••
• * 1.38

  The time to ga∣ther Seeds.
• * 1.39

  The way to keepe hearbes.
• * 1.40

  The way to keepe flowers.
• * 1.41

  To keepe Pro∣uence Roses.
• * 1.42

  To keepe seeds.
• * 1.43

  To keepe roots.
• * 1.44

  Common Cole∣worts.
• * 1.45

  The seed too old.
• * 1.46

  Prouerbe.
• * 1.47

  Cabage-cole.
• * 1.48

  The curled cole.
• * 1.49

  Coleworts of a good tast.
• * 1.50

  Red Coleworts.
• * 1.51

  The planting of Coleworts.
• * 1.52

  The watering of Cole••••••ts.
• * 1.53

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 betwixt 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the vine, and the Colewort.
• * 1.54

  Coleworts doe keepe one from be••ng 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.55

  Coleworts ene∣m••e vnto Orga∣nic and Rue.
• * 1.56

  Rotten Cole∣worts.
• * 1.57

  The vertues of Coleworts.
• * 1.58

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.59

  The curled and cabbaged Let∣tuce.
• * 1.60

  The Romane Lettuce.
• * 1.61

  White Lettuce.
• * 1.62

  Cabbaged let∣tuce.
• * 1.63

  White and fair•• Lettuc••••.
• * 1.64

  To cause Let∣tuce to small well.
• * 1.65

  Salad hearb•• mixt together.
• * 1.66

  The vertues of the Lettuce.
• * 1.67

  ••ndiue.
• * 1.68

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.69

  Succori••.
• * 1.70

  The vertues of Succorie.
• * 1.71

  Spitting of bl••ud.
• * 1.72

  To sow Arti∣ch••kes vpon beds.
• * 1.73

  Choice of Ar••i∣chokes.
• * 1.74

  Artichokes of a good smell.
• * 1.75

  Artichokes smelling like Baye••.
• * 1.76

  Sweet Arti∣chokes.
• * 1.77

  The vertues of the Artichoke.
• * 1.78

  The vertues of Sorrell.
• * 1.79

  The bloudie flux.
• * 1.80

  The plague▪
• * 1.81

  The vertues of Burnet.
• * 1.82

  Harts-horne.
• * 1.83

  To cause harts-horne to thriue.
• * 1.84

  The vertues of harts-horne.
• * 1.85

  The vertues of Trickmadame.
• * 1.86

  Pearce••••one or Sampier.
• * 1.87

  The preseruing of Sampier.
• * 1.88

  Iaundise.
• * 1.89

  Stone.
• * 1.90

  Marigolds.
• * 1.91

  Tu••ied and wel thriuing Mari∣golds.
• * 1.92

  The vertues of Marigolds.
• * 1.93

  Beets.
• * 1.94

  A spe••iall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.95

  Red beets.
• * 1.96

  The vertues of the beets.
• * 1.97

  For ••o make 〈◊〉〈◊〉 quickly.
• * 1.98

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.99

  Spinage.
• * 1.100

  The virtues of Spinage.
• * 1.101

  The vertue of Buglosse.
• * 1.102

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.103

  The vertues of L••••kes.
• * 1.104

  Poyson.
• * 1.105

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 at the 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.106

  Difficultie•• of making water.
• * 1.107

  For 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉〈◊〉-birth.
• * 1.108

  Spitting of bloud.
• * 1.109

  Small Leeks.
• * 1.110

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.111

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.112

  D••ought.
• * 1.113

  Burning agues.
• * 1.114

  Chaps in the lips.
• * 1.115

  To preser•••• Purcelane.
• * 1.116

  To keepe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from r••tting.
• * 1.117

  To make cho••ce of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.118

  The vertues of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.119

  Dropsie.
• * 1.120

  Kibed heeles.
• * 1.121

  The biting of a ••ad dogge.
• * 1.122

  Red spots.
• * 1.123

  Garlicke.
• * 1.124

  Sweet Garli••••.
• * 1.125

  How to keepe Garlick••.
• * 1.126

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Garlicke.
• * 1.127

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Garlicke.
• * 1.128

  The Plague.
• * 1.129

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of a mad Dogg••.
• * 1.130

  Nits.
• * 1.131

  Li••e.
• * 1.132

  Colicke.
• * 1.133

  Cough.
• * 1.134

  〈◊〉〈◊〉-ach.
• * 1.135

  Wormes.
• * 1.136

  Difficultie of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.137

  Birds.
• * 1.138

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.139

  The vertues of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.140

  Parsley.
• * 1.141

  The vertues of Parsley.
• * 1.142

  Deliuerie of women in their trauell.
• * 1.143

  A stinking breath.
• * 1.144

  To make water.
• * 1.145

  The Colicke.
• * 1.146

  Paine of the reines.
• * 1.147

  Rocket.
• * 1.148

  The force of Rocket.
• * 1.149

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 and hardnesse of the spleene.
• * 1.150

  Tarragon.
• * 1.151

  Smallage.
• * 1.152

  Cheruile.
• * 1.153

  The vertues of Cher••ile.
• * 1.154

  Costmarie and 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.155

  The way to haue good ••••ore of Asparag••••.
• * 1.156

  Asparag•••• may grow of a Sheepes horne.
• * 1.157

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.158

  Garden Water-Cresse••.
• * 1.159

  The vertues of Wate•• and Gar∣den-Cresses.
• * 1.160

  T••••th-ach.
• * 1.161

  Palsie.
• * 1.162

  Co••••cke.
• * 1.163

  Good Saffron.
• * 1.164

  The g••thering and keeping of Napes.
• * 1.165

  The vertues of Napes.
• * 1.166

  T••••neps.
• * 1.167

  Turneps are the ••rdinarie ••eat of them of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Sa∣uoy.
• * 1.168

  Turnep seed is veri•• small. Faire turneps.
• * 1.169

  The keeping of turneps.
• * 1.170

  The vertues of turneps.
• * 1.171

  Radishes.
• * 1.172

  Radishes 〈…〉〈…〉▪ Sweet radishes.
• * 1.173

  Good radishes.
• * 1.174

  Tr••••ell of child b••••th.
• * 1.175

  N••ise of the ••ares.
• * 1.176

  The ill 〈…〉〈…〉 wine.
• * 1.177

  Spots.
• * 1.178

  Grauell and 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.179

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.180

  Parsneps.
• * 1.181

  Mypes.
• * 1.182

  Carrets.
• * 1.183

  Skirworts.
• * 1.184

  The vert••••s.
• * 1.185

  The goodnesse of Mustard.
• * 1.186

  The ••ertues of Mustard.
• * 1.187

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.188

  The vertues of the cucumber.
• * 1.189

  Gourdes.
• * 1.190

  The goodnesse of the seed.
• * 1.191

  The vertues of Gourd••s.
• * 1.192

  Melons and P••••pions.
• * 1.193

  The gathering of Melons.
• * 1.194

  The goodnesse of Melons.
• * 1.195

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.196

  The ••ertues of Melons.
• * 1.197

  Melons cause 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.198

  Pompions, Gourd••, and Cucumber▪ without seed.
• * 1.199

  For the helping forward of their growth.
• * 1.200

  A Cucumber without water.
• * 1.201

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.202

  Sweet Pom∣pions.
• * 1.203

  Suger-Mel••••s.
• * 1.204

  Lasting Po••∣pions.
• * 1.205

  A woman in her t••rmes maketh Pompi∣ons drie and di•• To keepe Cu∣cumbers fresh a long time.
• * 1.206

  Pompions smel∣ing like Roses▪
• * 1.207

  Strawberries▪
• * 1.208

  The ••ertues of Strawberries.
• * 1.209

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.210

  Mallowes.
• * 1.211

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.212

  The 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.213

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.214

  Arsmart.
• * 1.215

  Eye-bright.
• * 1.216

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.217

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.218

  The vertues of Elicampane.
• * 1.219

  Dittander.
• * 1.220

  The vertues of Dittander.
• * 1.221

  Celandine great and small.
• * 1.222

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.223

  Little Celan∣d••••e.
• * 1.224

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.225

  Valerian.
• * 1.226

  Angelica.
• * 1.227

  The virtues of Angelica.
• * 1.228

  Th•• Plague.
• * 1.229

  Against the biting of a ••ad dogge.
• * 1.230

  Blessed Thistle.
• * 1.231

  The vertues of Blessed thistle.
• * 1.232

  Mother-wort.
• * 1.233

  Golden-rod.
• * 1.234

  The vertues of Golden-rod.
• * 1.235

  Saxifrage.
• * 1.236

  The great and small Burre.
• * 1.237

  Star-thistle.
• * 1.238

  L••die-thistle.
• * 1.239

  Siluer-grasse.
• * 1.240

  Patience, or Monkes 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.241

  Scabi••••••:
• * 1.242

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.243

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.244

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.245

  The properties of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.246

  〈◊〉〈◊〉, or Bugle.
• * 1.247

  Lyons-paw.
• * 1.248

  Great Comfrey.
• * 1.249

  Gout.
• * 1.250

  Ruptur••.
• * 1.251

  Self-heale.
• * 1.252

  Water Ger∣mander.
• * 1.253

  The vertues of Germander.
• * 1.254

  Fole-foot.
• * 1.255

  Carline thistle..
• * 1.256

  Hundred hea∣ded thistle.
• * 1.257

  Eringium.
• * 1.258

  Sea-Holly
• * 1.259

  Beares-breech.
• * 1.260

  Diuels bit.
• * 1.261

  Cinquefoile.
• * 1.262

  Tormentill.
• * 1.263

  Perwincle.
• * 1.264

  Bistort.
• * 1.265

  Pionie.
• * 1.266

  Paules Betonie.
• * 1.267

  Gromell.
• * 1.268

  Saint Iohns wort.
• * 1.269

  The Balme.
• * 1.270

  Ground-pine.
• * 1.271

  Agri••••••ie.
• * 1.272

  White 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.273

  Mercurie.
• * 1.274

  The vertues of Mercurie.
• * 1.275

  Milfoile.
• * 1.276

  Danewort.
• * 1.277

  Orpin.
• * 1.278

  Goats-beard.
• * 1.279

  Ground-Iuie.
• * 1.280

  Hounds-tongue.
• * 1.281

  Adders-tongue.
• * 1.282

  Goose-grasse.
• * 1.283

  Of Corne-rose, or wild Poppie.
• * 1.284

  Bastard Dit∣tanie.
• * 1.285

  Knot-grasse.
• * 1.286

  Salomons-seale.
• * 1.287

  Great and small Dragons.
• * 1.288

  Stinging and dead Nettle.
• * 1.289

  Dead Nettle.
• * 1.290

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 in boyling of flesh.
• * 1.291

  Stauesacre.
• * 1.292

  Plantaine.
• * 1.293

  Horse-taile.
• * 1.294

  Pellitorie of the wall.
• * 1.295

  Shepheards powch.
• * 1.296

  Sow-bread.
• * 1.297

  The vertues.
• * 1.298

  Crowfoot.
• * 1.299

  Pettie-whin.
• * 1.300

  Dittanie.
• * 1.301

  Germander.
• * 1.302

  Rupture••wort.
• * 1.303

  Mouse-••are.
• * 1.304

  Dogs-grasse.
• * 1.305

  Water betonie.
• * 1.306

  Palma christi.
• * 1.307

  Fern••.
• * 1.308

  The vertues.
• * 1.309

  Hearbe Two-pence.
• * 1.310

  Fleawort or Flea••ane.
• * 1.311

  I••••itorie.
• * 1.312

  Ground-swell.
• * 1.313

  Arist••l••chie or birth-wort.
• * 1.314

  Centaurie.
• * 1.315

  Woodbind or ••••nie-suckles.
• * 1.316

  Pimpernell.
• * 1.317

  Backwheat or binacorne.
• * 1.318

  The vertues of Buckwheat.
• * 1.319

  The compoun∣ding of the wa∣ter of Burck∣wheat.
• * 1.320

  An ointment of Bucke-wheat.
• * 1.321

  Nicotiana the chief•• of Phy∣sicke hearbes.
• * 1.322

  Why it was cal∣led Nicotiana.
• * 1.323

  The hearbe of Queene-mo∣ther.
• * 1.324

  The hearbe of the Great Priour.
• * 1.325

  Tabacco.
• * 1.326

  The Holie hearbe.
• * 1.327

  Mans••eur Ni∣cot Embassador for the King in Portugall.
• * 1.328

  A matter of ex∣perience in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of a Noli me tangere.
• * 1.329

  Proo••e of it in wounds.
• * 1.330

  The Embassa∣dors hearbe.
• * 1.331

  Proofe for Ring wormes.
• * 1.332

  Proofe for the Kings euill.
• * 1.333

  Madame of Montigny dead of a Noli me tangere in her breasts.
• * 1.334

  How Nicotiana was 〈◊〉〈◊〉 brought into France.
• * 1.335

  The distilled wate•• o•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •• good for a short breath.
• * 1.336

  The figure of Nicotiana.
• * 1.337

  The stalke.
• * 1.338

  Leaues.
• * 1.339

  Branches.
• * 1.340

  Flower.
• * 1.341

  Seed.
• * 1.342

  Roots.
• * 1.343

  Smell.
• * 1.344

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 or t••st.
• * 1.345

  Temperatiue.
• * 1.346

  How to refresh and cheer•• vp Nicotiana.
• * 1.347

  To wa••er Ni∣cotiana.
• * 1.348

  How to handle Nic••tiana in Winter.
• * 1.349

  To s••w Nicotia∣na.
• * 1.350

  The way to re∣moue Nicotia∣na.
• * 1.351

  At what time Nicoti••ana must 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.352

  The l••aues of Nicotiana are the best part of the same.
• * 1.353

  Ache of the head, armes, and l••gg••••.
• * 1.354

  A weake sto∣mach not able to digest.
• * 1.355

  Difficultie of breathing.
• * 1.356

  An old cough: and causeth to spit out grosse and slimie humours,
• * 1.357

  The spleene ••••opt and hard.
• * 1.358

  Paine of the stomach.
• * 1.359

  Colicke.
• * 1.360

  Paime of the matrix.
• * 1.361

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.362

  To kill the 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.363

  Swellings.
• * 1.364

  Rheumes▪
• * 1.365

  Cold impo∣••••umes.
• * 1.366

  V••ers of the nose.
• * 1.367

  Greene wounds
• * 1.368

  Wherefore the dried 〈…〉〈…〉 Nicotiana are good
• * 1.369

  To drie Nicoti∣ana.
• * 1.370

  The dro••sie.
• * 1.371

  The suffocation of the mother.
• * 1.372

  Head-ach.
• * 1.373

  Sw••uning.
• * 1.374

  The fume of Nicotiana asswageth hun∣ger and thirst.
• * 1.375

  That Nicotia∣na doth not make drunke.
• * 1.376

  Diuination by Nicotiana.
• * 1.377

  Mad night-shade.
• * 1.378

  Anise-seed.
• * 1.379

  Turneps.
• * 1.380

  What is meant by Maries-bath.
• * 1.381

  The second oyntment.
• * 1.382

  An excellent Balme made of Nicotiana.
• * 1.383

  Female Petum growth of the seed of the male
• * 1.384

  Female Petum as not Priapeia.
• * 1.385

  The vertues of female Petum.
• * 1.386

  The leaues of female Petum for the bloudie flux.
• * 1.387

  The reason why it is so called.
• * 1.388

  Rhamindicke.
• * 1.389

  The markes of Mechoacan.
• * 1.390

  To chuse the best Mechoa∣can.
• * 1.391

  The vertues of M••choacan.
• * 1.392

  Mechoacan is not fit for chole∣ricke diseases.
• * 1.393

  The preparing of Mechoacan for to vse.
• * 1.394

  The infusion of Mechoacan.
• * 1.395

  Marchpanes of Mechoacan.
• * 1.396

  Pilles of Me∣choacan.
• * 1.397

  The commodi∣ties of the vse of Mechoacan.
• * 1.398

  That the bodie and humours must be prepa∣red before the taking of Me∣choacan.
• * 1.399

  The day of the taking of it.
• * 1.400

  The day after the taking of it.
• * 1.401

  Costiuenesse.
• * 1.402

  Symptomes hap∣pening vpon the vse of Mechoa∣can.
• * 1.403

  Hearbes of the East.
• * 1.404

  Hearbes of the West.
• * 1.405

  Hearbes of the North.
• * 1.406

  Hearbes of the South.
• * 1.407

  The Flower Garden.
• * 1.408

  The alleys of the Garden.
• * 1.409

  March Violets.
• * 1.410

  The vertues of Violets.
• * 1.411

  A blow on the head.
• * 1.412

  White, yellow, and red Gillo-flowres.
• * 1.413

  Daisies.
• * 1.414

  Kings-••uill
• * 1.415

  Palsey.
• * 1.416

  ••owt.
• * 1.417

  Purple Veluet flower.
• * 1.418

  The white flowers of wo∣men.
• * 1.419

  Canterburi••-bells.
• * 1.420

  The vertues.
• * 1.421

  Prouence, pur∣ple and Indian Gillo-flowers.
• * 1.422

  To make Gillo-flowers to smell like Cloues.
• * 1.423

  Gillo-flowers of Prouence.
• * 1.424

  Purple Gillo-flowres.
• * 1.425

  Indian Gillo-flowres.
• * 1.426

  The Indian gil∣lo-flower doth cause the head∣eth and an ill & vnwholesome ayre.
• * 1.427

  Wild Gill••-flowers.
• * 1.428

  Dame Violets▪
• * 1.429

  Goats-beard.
• * 1.430

  Marians Violets.
• * 1.431

  Lillie-〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.432

  Water lillie.
• * 1.433

  Hyacynth.
• * 1.434

  Nar••yssus.
• * 1.435

  carneflag or 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.436

  The vertues of Corneflag.
• * 1.437

  Sci••tica.
• * 1.438

  Vlcers.
• * 1.439

  Dropsie.
• * 1.440

  Lillies
• * 1.441

  Lillies of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 colours.
• * 1.442

  Purple colou∣red Lillies.
• * 1.443

  Lillies in flower at divers and s••uerall times.
• * 1.444

  The vertues of Lillies.
• * 1.445

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.446

  Water of Lillie.
• * 1.447

  Burning of s••aldings.
• * 1.448

  Asmooth and glistering ••ew.
• * 1.449

  Small Paunces.
• * 1.450

  Flower of the night.
• * 1.451

  Tulipan.
• * 1.452

  The Mortagon of Constanti∣nople.
• * 1.453

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.454

  Crowne Em∣periall.
• * 1.455

  Basill.
• * 1.456

  Basill neuer 〈◊〉〈◊〉 better t••hen it is cursed Hat••ed be∣twixt Amber and Basill.
• * 1.457

  The smelling of basill doth cause great paine and Scorpions in the head.
• * 1.458

  M. I. Hou••ier.
• * 1.459

  To be deliuered of child-birth without paine.
• * 1.460

  Rue.
• * 1.461

  The bewraier of women.
• * 1.462

  Rue thriuing best when it i•• most curs••d.
• * 1.463

  Rue and Hem∣locke are ene∣mies.
• * 1.464

  Mithridates 〈◊〉〈◊〉 opiate for the Plague.
• * 1.465

  R••e ••n enemie to v••nimes and poysons.
• * 1.466

  Rne ••n enemie to cats and fulmers.
• * 1.467

  That rue should not come neer•• to the nose.
• * 1.468

  For a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Plague 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.469

  Mints.
• * 1.470

  The vertues of Mi••ts.
• * 1.471

  Wormes.
• * 1.472

  The curding of Milke.
• * 1.473

  To keepe chees••.
• * 1.474

  Calamint.
• * 1.475

  Thy••••.
• * 1.476

  Goodly Thyme.
• * 1.477

  The vertues of Thyme.
• * 1.478

  Winter Sau••rie.
• * 1.479

  Organie.
• * 1.480

  The vertues of Organie.
• * 1.481

  Hyssope.
• * 1.482

  The vertues of Hyssope.
• * 1.483

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.484

  The vertues of S••••••rie.
• * 1.485

  The drow•••••• disease.
• * 1.486

  Coriander.
• * 1.487

  The vertues of C••riander.
• * 1.488

  Digestion.
• * 1.489

  Windinesse.
• * 1.490

  To keepe flesh.
• * 1.491

  It prouoketh the termes.
• * 1.492

  Wormes.
• * 1.493

  Wild fire.
• * 1.494

  Sage.
• * 1.495

  The vertues of Sage.
• * 1.496

  Weakenesse of the sinewes.
• * 1.497

  The trembling of the parts.
• * 1.498

  To cleanse the stomacke.
• * 1.499

  Oake of Ierusa∣le••.
• * 1.500

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.501

  Horehound.
• * 1.502

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.503

  The vertues of Wormewood.
• * 1.504

  A weake sto∣macke.
• * 1.505

  Iaundise.
• * 1.506

  Dropsie.
• * 1.507

  Wormes.
• * 1.508

  To make the haire blacke.
• * 1.509

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 and his vertu••••.
• * 1.510

  The Plague.
• * 1.511

  Poyson.
• * 1.512

  Shiuerings of Agues.
• * 1.513

  Wormes.
• * 1.514

  Rosemarie.
• * 1.515

  The vert••es of Rosem••ri••.
• * 1.516

  An euill ayre.
• * 1.517

  He••da••h.
• * 1.518

  Iaundise.
• * 1.519

  Weake sinewes.
• * 1.520

  Iesamine.
• * 1.521

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.522

  Mountaine Thyme.
• * 1.523

  Headach.
• * 1.524

  To kill Serpents▪ 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.525

  D••fficultie or painfull making of water.
• * 1.526

  Penyryall.
• * 1.527

  To prouoke wo∣mens termes.
• * 1.528

  To kill 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.529

  The Sciatica.
• * 1.530

  Dill.
• * 1.531

  Belchings.
• * 1.532

  Gripes.
• * 1.533

  Difficultie of making water.
• * 1.534

  Annise.
• * 1.535

  A stinking breath.
• * 1.536

  A faire face.
• * 1.537

  Bishops-weed.
• * 1.538

  Caraway.
• * 1.539

  Cummin.
• * 1.540

  Windinesse.
• * 1.541

  Gripes.
• * 1.542

  Difficultie in making water.
• * 1.543

  Drie blowes.
• * 1.544

  Fennell.
• * 1.545

  Sweet F••••nell.
• * 1.546

  Cleare sight.
• * 1.547

  w••••dinesse.
• * 1.548

  Ab••undance of milke.
• * 1.549

  Marierome.
• * 1.550

  To p••rge the bra••e.
• * 1.551

  Dropsie.
• * 1.552

  Mugwort.
• * 1.553

  The vertues.
• * 1.554

  The Matrix out of order, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.555

  After-birth.
• * 1.556

  Paines of the Matrix.
• * 1.557

  Tansie.
• * 1.558

  Wormes.
• * 1.559

  Stone.
• * 1.560

  Grauell.
• * 1.561

  Fetherfew.
• * 1.562

  Nept, or Cats-mint.
• * 1.563

  Conception.
• * 1.564

  French Lauan∣der.
• * 1.565

  Lauander.
• * 1.566

  Weake sinewes.
• * 1.567

  Palsies.
• * 1.568

  Conuulsions.
• * 1.569

  Apoplexies.
• * 1.570

  All-good, other∣wise Cla••y.
• * 1.571

  Cheerefulnesse.
• * 1.572

  To cleare the sight.
• * 1.573

  Nigella.
• * 1.574

  Balme.
• * 1.575

  Cheerefulnesse.
• * 1.576

  To keepe be••s from flying from their hiues.
• * 1.577

  To d••iue them from them.
• * 1.578

  Camomile.
• * 1.579

  To mollifie, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 re∣solue, ••erifie.
• * 1.580

  Me••••••ot.
• * 1.581

  Apples of lo••e.
• * 1.582

  Mandrakes.
• * 1.583

  The vertues.
• * 1.584

  Golden-apples.
• * 1.585

  The preseruing of the root of Elecampane.
• * 1.586

  Conserue of Elecampane roots.
• * 1.587

  Preser••••s and conserues of Gentian, Pio∣ni••, Corne-flag, wild Vine, Pars••••ps, Tur∣neps, & 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.588

  The difference betwixt 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and con∣seruing.
• * 1.589

  The preseruing of Purslaine.
• * 1.590

  The preserue of Asparagus, Harts-horne, Trick-madame, &c.
• * 1.591

  The pre••••••uing of Lettuces.
• * 1.592

  What is meant by the word preserue.
• * 1.593

  The preseruing of hearbes and flowers.
• * 1.594

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.595

  Conserue of Ro∣se••.
• * 1.596

  Conserue of drie Roses.
• * 1.597

  Conserue of Violets.
• * 1.598

  Conserue of drie 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.599

  The making of Mustard.
• * 1.600

  Mustard of Anion.
• * 1.601

  Mustard of Dijon.
• * 1.602

  Preseruing of Cucumbers.
• * 1.603

  The preseruing of Gourds.
• * 1.604

  How to keepe Onions.
• * 1.605

  The Cypresse tree.
• * 1.606

  The vertues.
• * 1.607

  The Rose-tree planted and remoued.
• * 1.608

  The Rose-tree sowne.
• * 1.609

  Seeds of Roses.
• * 1.610

  V••rie sweet smelling Roses.
• * 1.611

  Early, hastie, and timely Ro∣ses.
• * 1.612

  Fresh Roses.
• * 1.613

  To make carna∣tion Roses white.
• * 1.614

  Box-tree.
• * 1.615

  Bees-bane.
• * 1.616

  A corrupt aire.
• * 1.617

  Broome.
• * 1.618

  To make water.
• * 1.619

  The stone.
• * 1.620

  To vomite.
• * 1.621

  Spanish broom••▪
• * 1.622

  Furz••▪
• * 1.623

  The Cedar tree▪
• * 1.624

  Sa••in.
• * 1.625

  Iuniper.
• * 1.626

  Elder-tree.
• * 1.627

  Head-ach.
• * 1.628

  Rosemarie and Iesamin.
• * 1.629

  Iuie.
• * 1.630

  Priuet.
• * 1.631

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.632

  Cucumbers and Gourds.
• * 1.633

  Hops.
• * 1.634

  Maruailous apples.
• * 1.635

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.636

  The f••lling downe of the fundament.
• * 1.637

  To make wo∣men fruitfull.
• * 1.638

  The maruailous peas••••.
• * 1.639

  Winter Cher∣ries.
• * 1.640

  The Bay-tree.
• * 1.641

  The Bay-tree cannot endure cold.
• * 1.642

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.643

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tree.
• * 1.644

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.645

  The Myrt-tree.
• * 1.646

  Butcher-broome.
• * 1.647

  〈◊〉〈◊〉▪
• * 1.648

  Basterd Sene.
• * 1.649

  The Caper-tree.
• * 1.650

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.651

  Chastitie.
• * 1.652

  Heat of Vrine.
• * 1.653

  The burning beat of the se∣cret parts.
• * 1.654

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.655

  To ••eed swine.
• * 1.656

  The Dat••-tr••e.
• * 1.657

  The Pine-tree.
• * 1.658

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.659

  The vertue of the Pin••••pple.
• * 1.660

  The Figge-tree.
• * 1.661

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.662

  A fruitfull figge-tree.
• * 1.663

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 and timely figges.
• * 1.664

  Figges of di∣uers colours.
• * 1.665

  To make a good figge of a wild.
• * 1.666

  Greene figges.
• * 1.667

  Soluble figges.
• * 1.668

  To ••ame a wild Bull.
• * 1.669

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.670

  The Plague.
• * 1.671

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.672

  The Oliue tree.
• * 1.673

  A maruellous thing about the Oliue tree.
• * 1.674

  Virginitie. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.675

  The gathering of Oliues.
• * 1.676

  Oliues serue to make Oyle of, and to serue as Table.
• * 1.677

  The gathering of Oliues to serue in Ban∣quets.
• * 1.678

  The gathering of Oliues to make Oyle of.
• * 1.679

  Flux of the bellie.
• * 1.680

  Flux of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Itch.
• * 1.681

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.682

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.683

  Citron-trees.
• * 1.684

  Orange-trees.
• * 1.685

  Limon-trees.
• * 1.686

  Citron-trees of Assyria.
• * 1.687

  The manner of transporting Citron-trees, &c.
• * 1.688

  Taken 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the remembrances of Monsieur Nicot, sert from Portugall vnto 〈◊〉〈◊〉 mother, and to the C••rdinall of Lorraine.
• * 1.689

  Ground fit for these Trees.
• * 1.690

  Holes, or Pits.
• * 1.691

  The ••itting of Citron and Orange trees of Plants.
• * 1.692

  To sow Orange trees.
• * 1.693

  To graft Orange grafts.
• * 1.694

  Gourds a friend vnto the Citron.
• * 1.695

  To keepe Citrons &c. long.
• * 1.696

  Oranges of a mixt nature.
• * 1.697

  Citrons.
• * 1.698

  Citrons of 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.699

  The difference betwixt O∣range, Citron, and Limon trees.
• * 1.700

  The leaues of the Citron tree. The iuice, seed, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Ci∣tron trees.
• * 1.701

  A sweet breath.
• * 1.702

  Rednesse of the face.
• * 1.703

  Warts.
• * 1.704

  To soften pearls.
• * 1.705

  To diminish Gold.
• * 1.706

  The water of Nafe.
• * 1.707

  To graft Pome∣granat••.
• * 1.708

  Pomegranate trees loosing their flowers.
• * 1.709

  Sweet Pome∣granats.
• * 1.710

  White Pomegra∣nate seeds.
• * 1.711

  A fruitfull Pomegranate tree.
• * 1.712

  Red Pomegra∣nat••.
• * 1.713

  Thick Pome∣granat••.
• * 1.714

  Pomegranat•• without anie kernels.
• * 1.715

  Open Pome∣granats.
• * 1.716

  Pomegra•••••••• flowers.
• * 1.717

  The way to keepe Pome∣granats.
• * 1.718

  The Pla•••• tree.
• * 1.719

  The Lot•• or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tree.
• * 1.720

  The Masticke tree.
• * 1.721

  The Iui••be tree.
• * 1.722

  Madder.
• * 1.723

  The difference betwixt the vine and the Madder.
• * 1.724

  To colour the 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.725

  To procure the 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.726

  To make wood.
• * 1.727

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.728

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.729

  Against Haile.
• * 1.730

  Against Light∣ning▪
• * 1.731

  A Hedge-toad
• * 1.732

  Frost.
• * 1.733

  Against Mists and Fogs.
• * 1.734

  Blasting.
• * 1.735

  Against Birds.
• * 1.736

  Against little 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.737

  Against Snailes.
• * 1.738

  Against Cater∣pillers
• * 1.739

  Womens 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.740

  Against 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.741

  Against 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.742

  Against the 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.743

  Against 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.744

  Against 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.745

  Against 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.746

  Against 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.747

  Against Gras∣••oppers.
• * 1.748

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.749

  Against Rats and Mice.
• * 1.750

  Against 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.751

  Against 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.752

  Against 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.753

  Against 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.754

  Against 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.755

  The setting of hiues.
• * 1.756

  [illustration]
• * 1.757

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.758

  〈…〉〈…〉 that is to be 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.759

  Choice of Bees which are ga∣thered in the Forests.
• * 1.760

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.761

  Kings of Bees.
• * 1.762

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.763

  To kill the Kings of the Be••••.
• * 1.764

  The marks and signes of the Kings of the Bees.
• * 1.765

  The diseases of Bees.
• * 1.766

  Lice and Grubs.
• * 1.767

  Heat, or Cold.
• * 1.768

  Fighting 〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.769

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Bees.
• * 1.770

  Corrupted Comb••s.
• * 1.771

  A••ain? Butter∣flie••.
• * 1.772

  Against Dr••••es.
• * 1.773

  The gathering of Honey.
• * 1.774

  To make Honey and 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.775

  The mark•• of good 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.776

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.777

  New Honey▪ Old Wint.
• * 1.778

  Honey is best at the bottome.
• * 1.779

  The vertues of ••oney.
• * 1.780

  The tearme of the Bees life.
• * 1.781

  The dis••••lled water of Honey.
• * 1.782

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.783

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.784

  Honie of 〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.785

  Honie of the fruit Ana∣cardia.
• * 1.786

  Honied water.
• * 1.787

  A wine made of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and water.
• * 1.788

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 of honie.
• * 1.789

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of good Wax••.
• * 1.790

  Blacke wax▪
• * 1.791

  Greene wax.
• * 1.792

  Red wax.
• * 1.793

  White wax.