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XXIII. The Boke of ENEYDOS, compyled by VYRGYLE; whiche hathe be translated oute of Latyne into Frenshe, and oute of Frenshe reduced into Englysshe, by me William Caxton, the 22 Daye of Juyn, the Yere of our Lorde 1490. Fol.

THIS Work contains not an entire Version of two or three Books only of Virgil's Aeneid, as some might imagine from the slender Bulk of the Book; nor is it here translated into Verse, as they might also expect, in imita∣tion of the Original, and as nothing appears to the contrary in the Title above, printed at the End: but it is rather a Reduction of that Epic Poem to an historical Narrative in Prose; which, tho' a commendable Undertaking at that time, to familiarize the Contents; yet, as it is but a Trans∣lation of a Translation; as the Original itself is familiar e∣nough now, and we have also many better Translations, even in Verse, directly from it; the very Table of Heads, no less than sixty-five, cannot be in this Place desirable Therefore, we shall only refer to a Note at Bottom, for

a few Remarks upon the Work itself; and here recite the Translator's Preface; which contains such observable Proofs of the fleeting Fashions in our English Tongue, as may mo∣derate the Conceits of those who depend upon a Style, or Manner of Expression, more than the Matter expressed, that will not, like most other things, become obsolete, but maintain its Perspicuity, and engage the Taste of all Ages.

This Preface, containing near two Leaves, is as follows:

"After dyverse Werkes made, translated and achieved, hav∣ing noo Werke in hande; I, sittyng in my Studye, where∣as laye many dyverse Paunflettis and Bookys, happened that to my Hande cam a lytyl Booke in Frenshe, which late was translated out of Latyn by some Noble Clerke of Fraunce; whiche Booke is named Eneydos, made in Latyn by that noble Poete and grete Clerke Vyrgyle. Which Booke I sawe over and redde therein; how after the generall Destruccyon of the grete Troye, Eneas departed, beryng his olde Fader Anchises upon his Sholdres, his lityl Son Yolus on his Honde; his Wyfe wyth moche other People followynge; and how he shypped and departed, wyth alle th Hystorye of his Adventures, that he had 'er he cam to the Achievement of his Conquest of Ytalye, as all a longe shall be shewed in this present Boke. In which Booke I had grete Playsyr, by cause of the fayr and honest Terms and Wordes in Frenshe; which I never sawe to fore lyke, ne none so playsaunt, ne so wel ordred. Which Booke, as me semed, sholde be moche requysite to Noble Men to see, as wel for the Eloquence, as the Hystoryes, how wel that many honderd Yerys passed was the sayd Booke of Eneydos with other Werkes made and learned dayly in Scolis, specyally in Ytalye and other Places. Whiche Historye the sayd Vyrgyle made in Metre. And whan I had advised me in this sayd Booke, I delybered and concluded to translate it into Englyshe, and forthwyth toke a Pen and Ynke and wrote a Leef or tweyne, which I oversawe agayn to corecte it: and whan I sawe the fayr and straunge Termes therein, I doubted that it sholde not please some Gentylmen, whiche

late blamed me, saying, that in my Translacyons I had over curyous Termes which coude not be understande of comyn Peple, and desired me to use olde and homely Termes in my Translacyons, and fayn wolde I satysfye every Man. And so to doo toke an olde Boke and redde therein, and certaynly the Englysshe was so rude and brood, that I coude not well understande it. And also my Lord Abbot of Westmynster ded do shewe to me of late certayn Evydences wryton in old Englisshe, for to reduce it into our Englysshe now usid; and certaynly it was wreton in such wyse, that it was more lyke to Dutche than Englysshe; I coude not reduce ne brynge it to be understonden. And certaynly our Langage now used varyeth ferre from that which was used and spoken whan I was born; for we Englyssh Men ben borne un∣der the Domynacyon of the Mone, which is never sted∣faste, but ever waverynge, wexyng one Season, and waneth and dyscreaseth another Season; and that comyne Englysshe that is spoken in one Shyre varyeth from another. In so muche, that in my dayes happened that certayn Merchauntes were in a Shipp in Tamyse, for to have sayled over the See into Zelande; and for lacke of Wynde they taryed atte Forlond, and went to lande for to refreshe them; and one of them named Sheffelde, a Mercer, came into an Hows, and axed for Mete, and specyally he axed for Eggs, and the goode Wyf answerde, that she coude speke no Frenshe; and the Marchaunt was angry, for he also coude speke no Frenshe, but wolde have hadde Egges, and she understode hym not. And thenne at laste another sayd, That he wolde have Eyren; then the good Wyf sayd, that she understod him wel. Loo what sholde a Man in thyse Days wryte, Egges or Eyren? Cer∣taynly it is harde to playse every Man, by cause of Dy∣versite and Chaunge of Langage. For in these Days every Man, that is in ony Reputacyon in his Countre, will utter his Communicacyon and Matters in such Man∣ners and Termes, that fewe Men shall understonde them; and som honest and grete Clerkes have ben wyth me, and desired me to wryte the moste curyous Termes that I coude fynde. And thus bytween playn, rude, and cu∣rious, I stand abasshed. But in my Judgemente, the comyn Termes that be dayli used ben lyghter to be un∣derstonde than the old auncyent Englysshe. And for as moche as this present Booke is not for a rude uplondyssh

Man to laboure therin, ne rede it, but only a Clerk and a noble Gentleman, that feleth and understondeth in Fayles of Armes, in Love, and in noble Chyvalry; ther∣for in meane bytwene bothe, I have reduced and transla∣ted this sayd Booke into our Englisshe, not over rude, ne curyous; but in such Termes as shall be understanden by Goddys Grace accordyng to my Copye. And yf ony Man wyll entermete in redyng of hit, and fyndeth suche Termes that he cannot understande, late hym goo rede and lerne Vyrgyll, or the Pystles of Ovyde, and ther he shall see and understande lightly all, yf he have a good Redar and Enformer; for this Booke is not for every rude and unconnynge Man to see, but Clerkys and very Gen∣tylmen that understands Gentylnes and Scyence. Then I praye alle theym that shall rede in this lytyl Treatys to holde me for excused for the translatynge of hit: For I knowleche myselfe ignorant of connynge to enpryse on me so hie and noble a Werke. But I praye Mayster John Skelton, late created Poete Laureate in the Unyversite of Oxenforde, to oversee and correcte this sayd Booke; and taddresse and expowne where as shall be founde faulte to theym that shall requyre it: For hym I knowe for suffy∣cyent to expowne and Englysshe every Dyfficulte that is therein: For he hath late translated the Epystles of Tulle, and the Booke of Dyodorus Syculus, and diverse other Werkes oute of Latyn into Englisshe, not in rude and olde Langage, but in polysshed and ornate Termes craftely; as he that hath redde Vyrgyle, Ovyde, Tullye, and all the other noble Poetes and Oratours, to me unknowen: And also he hath redde the IX Muses, and understands their musicalle Scyences, and to whom of them eche Scyence is appropred: I suppose he hath dronken of Elycon's Well. Then I praye hym, and such other, to correcte, adde, or mynysshe, whereas he, or they, shall fynde faulte; for I have but folowed my Copye in Frensshe, as nygh as me is possible. And yf ony Worde be sayd therin well, I am glad; and yf otherwyse, I sub∣mytte my said Boke to theyr Correctyon: which Boke I presente unto the hye born my tocomynge Naturell and Soverayne Lord Arthur, by the Grace of God Prynce of Walys Duc of Cornewayll and Erle of Chester, fyrst begoten Sone and Heyer unto our Most Dradde Naturall and Soverayn Lorde and most Crysten Kynge Henry the VII. by the Grace of God Lorde Kynge of

Englonde, and of Fraunce, and Lorde of Ireland; by∣seching his noble Grace to receyve it in Thanke of me his most humble Subget and Servaunt. And I shall praye unto Almighty God for his prosperous encreasyng in Vertue, Wysdom, and Humanyte, that he may be egal with the most renouned of alle his noble Progenytours; and so to lyve in this present Lyf; that after this transito∣rye Lyf, he, and we all, may come to everlastynge Lyf in Heven; Amen."

XXIV. The HISTORIE of Cambria, now called WALES; a Part of the most famous Yland of BRYTAINE; written in the British Language above Two Hundred Years past: Trans∣lated into English by H. LHOYD, Gent. Corrected, aug∣mented, and continued out of Records and best approved Authors, by DAVID POWEL, Doctor in Divinity. Quarto. 1584.

THO' there is no Date in the Title Page of this History, we have ventured to add the same that appears at the End of the Dedication, which is made thereof to the Right Worshipful Sir Philip Sidney, by the said Dr. Powel. Herein, this Editor, instead of extolling the noble Gifts and Vertues in his said Patron, which were conspicuous to all Men, exhorts him to the diligent Exercise of them; and particu∣larly, from those domestick Examples, his noble Father, constantly inclined more to benefit even Wales and Ireland, besides his own Country, than himself; and his honourable Father-in-Law, Sir Francis Walsingham, the Queen's Chief Secretary; whose Zeal for God's Glory, and Love of those who feared him unfeignedly, was well known to the World.

"Follow, says he, their Footsteps, with the Remembrance of that noble House out of which you are descended by your honourable Mother; and then you cannot do a∣miss. Labour, by the Example of your Father, to dis∣cover, and bring to light, the Acts of the famous Men of elder Times, who, with Conference of the State and Go∣vernment of all Ages, will bring you to the perfect Ex∣perience

of those things that you have learned out of Aris∣totle, Plato, and Cicero, by your Travel in Philosophy. Your Father, with his great Expences and Labour, hav∣ing procured and gotten to his hands the Histories of Wales and Ireland (which Countries for many Years with great Love and Commendation he govern'd) committed unto me this of Wales, to be set forth in Print, with Direction to proceed therein, and necessary Books for the doing thereof. And altho' I was unsufficient for doing of it, yet I have done mine Endeavour; and now do present the same unto your Worship, as by good Reason due to the Son and Heir of Him that was the Procurer and Bringer of it to light," &c.

From the Editor's Epistle to the Reader, his Notes on the History, and the Beginning thereof itself, we learn, That this Succession of the British Princes was the Work of Carodoc of Lancarvan, from the Reign of Cadwalader, the last British Monarch, over the whole Island, (who fled into Armorica, or Bretagne, Anno 680, and died at Rome eight Years after, with whose Departure to that Part of France, and a List of the British Kings ruling there, this History begins) down to some Years of Owen Gwyneth's Reign over that Part of the Island, now called Wales; that is to the Year 1157, or the 3d of Henry II. King of England, as may be seen, p. 206. The Continuation which follows for 113 Years, from that time, was yearly register'd in the Abbeys of Con∣way and Stratflur, down to the Year 1270; or the 54th of our Henry III. which was a little before the Death of the last Lhewelyn; and here ends this British Chronicle; as ap∣pears p. 327. Many Copies remained of it, at this time, in Wales; most of them 200 Years old; and one of them coming to the hands of Mr. Humphrey Lhoyd, a learned and skillful Antiquary, he translated it into clear smooth English, and continued it chiefly out of Matt. Paris, and Nicholas Trivet, to the Slaughter of the said Prince Lhew∣elyn, the last of British Blood who had the Dominion of Wales, in 1282; or the tenth of our Edward I. that is, to page 375 of this Volume. But before this Translation and Continuation were thoroughly polished by the said H. Lhoyd, he was taken away by Death, in the Flower of his Time. Yet the Copy of his Labour being procured, and preserved by Sir Henry Sidney, Lord President of Wales, he prefer'd our Editor, Dr. Powel, to the Care of its Publication; who, procuring all the printed Histories which treated of Wales,

and the Use of all John Stow's MS. Histories, and many Books of British Pedegrees from the Lord Burghley, with his Authority for searching all the Records; did not only correct the said Translation, but put marginal References in it to those Historians who treated of the particular Facts, and additional Notes, likewise throughout of Matters relating to Wales in those Historians, unmentioned in his Copy; also interspersed the same with many authentic In∣struments, Records and Pedigrees; and lastly made a fur∣ther Continuation Of the Princes of Wales of the Blood Royal of England, and the Lords President, down to his own Time; the whole ending with the aforesaid Sir Henry Sidney at page 401. So that Authors have been too indi∣stinct, when they have quoted every Part of this Book un∣der one Name. Thus much for the general View; now to be a little more particular.

After the Editor's Epistle before mentioned, follows a Description of Cambria, now called Wales: Drawn first by Sir John Prise, and afterwards augmented by H. Lhoyd; and here prefixed for the better understanding of this Hi∣story. Herein, upon the Name of Wallia, there is Occasion taken by the said Lhoyd, it seems, to make a liberal Cen∣sure of Polydore Virgil, being a Stranger, as well to many of our Histories, as the Tongues they are written in, and a Reference made to the Apology of Sir John Prise, and the British History he purposely writ against the envious Reports and slaunderous Taunts of the said Polydore; whose Errors in great number are there confuted. And it is fur∣ther shewn, that Wales is a new and strange Name, which the Britains do not understand; that they know no other than Cambry, nor of their Language than Cambraec, or the Cambers Tongue; That they know not what England or English means, but call the Country Lhoyger (from Locrine) the Englishmen, Sayson; and their Tongue Saysonaec; which is a Token this is the old British Language: For the Works of Merdhyn and of Taliessin, who wrote above 1000 Years past, are almost the same Words as they use at this Day, or at least understood by all who know the Welsh Tongue. Then he discourses of the Three Remnants of the Britains, in Wales, Cornwal, and little Britain, or Bre∣tagne in France. The Bounds of Wales, and the Division thereof, into Three Territories, that is, North-Wales, South-Wales, and Powys-Land; subdivided into their several

Candreds, and Comots; and all express'd in their old British Names.

Thus we come to the History, which has a little wooden Print at the Head of every Chapter or Prince's Reign, more for Ornament, we presume, than real Resemblance; because they are discontinued at the English Princes of Wales, of whom some true Representation was more likely to be recovered. The History is too short to be made shorter, by any thing that looks like an Epitomy; besides, it cannot prudently be desired, we should be so long confined from the Description of other Books, as to give an Abstract of every Prince's Reign in this. It may be therefore suffi∣cient, that we here draw out a Table of their Names, with a Chronology of their Deaths, and the Names of those Princes, who were their Contemporaries in England, which will be of general Use in Reading any other Piece of Welsh History.

In Wales.	Died.	In England.
Cadwalader	688	Saxons, Angles, Jutes, &c.
Juor	720	Kentwin, &c.
Roderik-Molwynoc	750	Ethelard, &c.
Conan Tindaethy	817	Offa, &c.
Mervyn Urych	843	Ethelwulph.
Roderike the Great	877	Alfred.
Anarawd	913	Edward.
Edwal Voel	940	Edmund.
Howel Dha	948	Eldred.
Jevaf & Jago depos'd	973	Edgar.
Howel ap Jevaf	984	Ethelred.
Cadwalhon ap Jevaf	985	Ibid.
Meredyth ap Owen, depos'd	992	Ibid.
Edwal ap Meyric about	998	Ibid.
Aedan ap Blegored	1015	Edm. Ironside.
Lhewelyn ap Sitsylht	1021	Cnute.
Jago ap Edwal	1037	Harold.
Gruffyth ap Lhewelyn about	1065	Edward Confess.
Blethyn	1073	William Conq.
Trahaern	1079	Ibid.
Gruffyth ap Conan	1137	Stephen.
Owen Gwyneth	1169	Henry II.
David ap Owen deposed	1194	Richard I.
Lhewelyn ap Jorwerth	1240	Henry III.
David ap Lhewelyn	1246	Ibid.
Lhewelyn ap Gruffyth	1282	Edward I.

This was the last of the British Princes: Then follows the History of the Princes of Wales of the Blood Royal of England, by our Editor, down to his own Time; who are so well or easily known, that they need not be here drawn out in like manner. All therefore we shall further men∣tion, will be of the Editor's Notes, with the most obser∣vable Instruments, Records, and Pedigrees, which he first published, to illustrate this History, in several Parts there∣of. Such are his Account of the two Merlins, from Girald Cambrensis; his Transcripts from John Castoreus his Chro∣nicle, concerning K. Ina, &c. Enlargements upon the Story of Alfred, and upon that of Elfled, Dutchess of Mercia; upon Howel Dha, his Laws and Form of his Court of Judicature. The Foundation of the Family of the Stewarts, from Wal∣ter the Bastard. The History of the Winning of Glamorgan, Anno 1091; with the Pedigrees of those who won it; viz. Sir Rob. Fitzhamon, Sir W. Londres, Sir Richard Greenfield, Sir Pain Turbervile, Sir Robert St. Quintin, Sir Richard de Syward, Sir Gilbert de Humfrevill, Sir Roger Berkerolles, Sir Reginald de Sully, Sir Peter le Soore, Sir John le Fle∣ming, Sir Oliver St. John, Sir W. Esterling, or Stradling. This History was drawn up by Sir Edward Stradling, and com∣municated to our Editor, by Mrs. Blanch Parry, one of the Maids of Honour. And as Robert Sitsylt came also to the said Conquest of Glamorgan; our said Editor here subjoins the Pedigree of the Cecylls, as he had it from the Lord Burghley. Several other of their Families, who made Ex∣peditions into Wales, are also here enlarged upon. Fur∣ther Particulars of the Lordship of Powys, the Castle of Chirke and Glyn••dowrdwy, with the several Lords of Powys. Of the Discovery of some Part of the Spanish West-Indies, by Madoc ap Owen Gwyneth, before Columbus. A Catalogue of the Descents of the Earls of Chester, from the Conquest to John Scot, 1237. Articles of Agreement between King Henry III. and the Wise of Gruffyth, Son of Prince Lhew∣elyn. Articles of Submission by David, Son of the said Prince. The Pedigree of the Mortimers; evidencing the frivolous Pretences of Owen Glyndoure to the Principality of Wales. Prince Lhewelyn's Letter to Robert Kilwarby, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1275, from the Collections of Dr. Tho. Yale. Articles sent by John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, to Prince Lhewelyn, as copied from the Records at Canterbury, by the said Dr. Yale, Chancellor to Archbishop Parker, who is here celebrated, for his charge∣able

Publication of the Antiquitys of this Land: With the Princes Answers and Complaints. And in the Editor's Part, of the English Princes of Wales, we have also several useful Lights to History, as the Donation of Welsh Lordships to the English Nobility. The Homage of the Welsh Nobi∣lity to Prince Edward, Son of King Edward I. the 29th of his Reign. The Story of Owen Glyndoure, and his Rebel∣lion. The clearing of Owen Tudor's Parentage from fo∣reign Aspersions; and Accounts of several Lords President of Wales, as was before observed.

XXV. The principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Disco∣veries of the ENGLISH NATION, made by Sea or over Land, to the remote and farthest distant Quarters of the Earth, within the Compass of these 1500 Years: Divided into Three several Volumes, according to the Positions of the Regions whereunto they were directed. The First Volume containeth the worthy Discoveries, &c. of the English toward the North and North-East by Sea, &c. with many Testimonies of the ancient foreign Trades, the warlike and other Shipping of this Realm; with a Com∣mentary of the true State of Iceland, the Defeat of the Spa∣nish Armada, and the Victory at Cadiz. By RICHARD HAKLUYT, M. A. sometime Student of Christ-Church in Oxford. Fol. 1598. To this is joined, The Second Volume, comprehending the principal Navigations, &c. of the ENGLISH NATION to the South and South-East Parts of the World, as well within as without the Streight of Gibraltar; within the Compass of 1600 Years: Divided into two several Parts. By R. HAKLUYT, &c. Folio 1599. Both Volumes are bound together; the for∣mer consisting of 620 Pages; the latter of 312 the first Part, and 204 the last; besides Dedications, Preface and Tables of Contents: And both printed by Geo. Bishop, Ralph Newberie, and Rob. Barker.

The Third and Last Volume of the Voyages, &c. of the ENGLISH NATION, &c. within and before these 100 Years, to all Parts of the Newfound World of America, or the West-Indies, from 73 Degrees of Northerly to 57

of Southerly Latitude, &c. Collected by RICHARD HAKLUYT, &c. Imprinted (as before) Folio 1600. Pages 868.

THE First Volume, after the Dedication to the Lord Admiral Howard, Epistle to the Reader, Verses to the Author, by Hugh Broughton, Richard Mulcaster, William Camden, and Marc. Ant. Pigafeta, begins with the Voyage of King Arthur to Norway, and the Conquests he made there, Anno 517. and with King Malgo's Conquest of the Northern Islands, in 580, from Geffrey of Monmouth. The Conquest of the Isles of Anglesey and Man by King Edwin in 624, from Bede. The Voyages of Bertus into Ireland 684; of Octher to the Northern Sea, in 890; and of Wolstan to Denmark. The Voyage of King Edgar, with 4000 Ships round his Kingdom, Anno 973, from Florence

of Worcester, Hoveden, Dr. Dee, &c. The Voyage of K. Edmund's Sons into Hungary. A Chronicle of the Kings of Man from Camden. The Marriage of K. Harold's Daugh∣ter with the Duke of Russia. The Antiquities of the Cinque Ports, and State of the Shipping there, from Edward the Confessor, to King Edward the First after the Conquest; gathered by W. Lambert in his Peramb of Kent. An Eng∣lish Voyage to Tartary, &c. from Mat. Paris. The Voyage of Frier John de Plano Carpini to Tartary, 1246. The Journal of Frier William de Rubruquis to the Eastern Parts, 1253, in Latin and English. Part of the Charter granted by King Edward I. to the Barons of the Cinque Ports. A List of King Edward III. his great Fleet before Calice. Frier Nicholas of Lynn, the Mathematician of Oxford, his Voyage to the Regions under the North Pole, Anno 1360, from Mercator, Dr. Dee, &c. Henry, Earl of Derby's Voyage, 1390, into Prussia, &c. against the Infidels: And of Tho∣ma; Duke of Gloucester, thither in 1391. Testimony from Chaucer, who was living in 1402, as appears in his Epistle of Cupid (tho' by all, who have written Accounts of him, laid in his Grave two Years before) that the English Knights after the Loss of Acon, were wont to travel into Prussia and Lettow. Of the ancient Traffic of Britain, from Nero to this Time, from the most authentick Histories, parti∣cularly the flourishing State of London, and its Trade, from Bede and Malmsbury; also of Bristol; Leagues and Privi∣leges of Commerce, by the Saxons and Danes, the Mer∣chants of the Empire, and those of England, with Charters for Merchandizing, by several of our Kings, and Ordinance of the Staple. A brief Account of the Great Masters of the Knights Hespitalers of Jerusalem, and their Exploits in Prussia, or against the Infidels The Ambassador's Ora∣tion from the Master General of Prussia to King Richard II. •…•…e Agreement of Traffic made thereupon; the Revocation and Renewal thereof by King Henry IV. The Grievances of the Merchants of the Hans-Towns in England. Letters to Sir William Sturmy; also between King Henry IV. and the Master of Prussia, about Agreement with the said Mer∣chants The said King's Charter to the English Merchants in Prussia. A Note of King Henry V. his mighty Ships, from a Chronicle in Trinity Church Winchester. Branches of Statutes in Henry VI. for the Northern Trade. The Libel of English Policy, an old Poem, written in Henry VI's Time, exhorting the English to keep the Sea, and especially the

Narrow Sea, with the Profits thereof: Treating more par∣ticularly of the Commodities of several Countries, with the Praise of Sir Richard Whittington; the Policy of keeping Ireland, Wales, and Calais; the Trade of Bristol and Scarborough; with many Arguments and Examples for our keeping the surrounding Seas: The whole being 21 Pages, concluding with the Lord Hungerford's Judgment of this Tract. This is followed with King Edward the Fourth's Charter to the English Merchants in the Nether∣lands, for chusing a Governor. Robert Thorne's Declara∣tion of discover'd Lands in the Indies, and Exhortation of King Henry VIII. to undertake the Discovery of other Parts thereof, Anno 1527. A Treatise of the Duke of Muscovy's Genealogy. Sebastian Cabota's Ordinances and Instructions for the Voyage to Cathay, 1553. The Names of the Counsellors appointed in this Voyage, being 12, be∣ginning with Sir Hugh Willoughby. The Letters of King Edward VI. to the Northern Princes upon this Expedition to Cathay. The Copy of the Names of Sir Hugh Willough∣by's Company, who wintered in Lapland, where he and they were all frozen to death in the River Arzina, 1553. Richard Chancellor, Pilot Major, his Voyage and first Dis∣covery by Sea, of Muscovy, with his Account thereof. An∣other Account of this new Navigation to Muscovy, by the North-East, undertaken by Sir H. Willoughby, and perfor∣med by R. Chancellor; translated from the Latin Copy written by Clement Adams, School-master to the Queen's Henshmen; with the Testimony of Richard Eden in his Decades concerning the said Treatise. The Emperor of Muscovy's Letter to King Edward VI. Of the Coins, Weights, and Measures in Russia, by John Hasse, 1554. The Letters of K. Philip and Q. Mary to the said Emperor John Vasilivich. Articles for the Merchants of this first Russian Company. A Letter from the Company's first Agent in Mosco, Mr. George Killingworth. The Emperor's Grant of the first Privileges to the English Merchants, 1555. Queen Mary's Charter to them. Instructions for the third Voyage to Russia, serviceable in other like Adventures. The Voyage of Stephen Burough towards the River Ob, for Dis∣covery of the North-East Passage, 1556. Richard John∣son's Account of the Waigats, Nova Zembla, and the strange religious Rites of the Samoeds. The Reception of the first Russian Ambassador in England; registered by John ••ncent. Presents from the King and Queen of England to

the Emperor of Russia; from him to them, and from them to the Ambassador. Ste. Burough's Voyage from Rus∣sia to Wardhouse in search of some English Ships; with a Catalogue of some Russian Words, and their Construction. Instructions to the Muscovy Company in 1577. Letters of the Muscovy Merchants to their Agent G. Killingworth, and between T. Hawtrey, H. Lane, Ric. Gray, T. Alcock, Ant. Jenkinson, Chr. Hudson, and T. Glover, other Agents. The Manner of Justice in Russia, by Combat or by Lots. Ant. Jenklnson's first Voyage to Russia, and from thence to Bac∣tria. Richard Johnson's Notes of the Way to Cathay. A Letter from Sigismond, King of Poland, to Queen Elizabeth 1559. Her Letter to the Emperor of Russia, for Ant. Jenkinson's safe Conduct, and to the Sophy of Persia, for the same purpose. A Remembrance of the Russian Com∣pany to the said Jenkinson upon his Departure. A Decla∣ration of his said Journey to Persia, 1561, to discover Lands, &c. for the said Society of Merchant Adventurers. The Privileges he obtained from the King of Hircania for the said Company. The second Voyage to Persia, by T. Alcock, &c. Written by Ric. Cheiny, 1563. The third Voyage thither by Ric. Johnson, Alex. Kitchen, and Arth. Edwards, with the said Edwards his Letters into England, concerning the same; with a Note of the Commodities to be carried thither and brought from thence. Distance of Places in Russia. Tho. Southam and John Spark's Discovery of Ways in Russia, 1566. An Act of the Corporation for Discovery of new Trades. Jenkinson's third Voyage to Russia; the Privileges he obtained for the English Merchants of the Emperor, 1567. Hen. Lane's Account of the first Russian Embassy to Queen Elizabeth, to Mr. Ric. Hakluit. The Queen's Letter to the Emperor of Russia, 1668. The Embassy of Thomas Randolph, Esq to the said Emperor, written by himself. Further Privileges granted by the Em∣peror, 1569. Randolph's Commission for Discoveries, from the River Pechora to the Eastward. Three Letters in Verse, by his Secretary George Turbervile, to his Friends Edward Dancie, Spencer, and Parker in London. Of the State of Russia, and Manners of the People. The fourth Voyage into Persia, by Arth. Edwards, &c. written by Laurence Chapman, 1569. Richard Willis his Notes upon that Voyage; more particularly of the Silk Trade; how the Christians be∣come Apostates; of the Cotton Tree and Writing of the Persians. The fifth Voyage into Persia, by Banister and

Ducket, to the Year 1574, with the Customs of the Per∣sians. The Letter of Christ. Hodsdon and W. Borough to the Emperor of Muscovy, 1570. And from Richard Uscomb to H. Lane of the burning that City. The Proceedings of A. Jenkinson in his Embassy to Russia, till his Departure in 1572. The Names of all the Countries he had travelled to for 26 Years past. James Alday's Letter to Mich. Lock of a Trade to Lappia. Enquiries about the Manner and Charge of Whale-killing, with an Answer thereto. W. Bu∣rough's Deposition concerning the Narve, Kegor, &c. An Epistle Dedicatory to the Queen, by the said W. Burough (late Comptroller of her Navy) annexed to his exact Map of Russia, containing his great Travels, Experience, &c. in those North-eastern Parts. The Queen's Letters to Shaugh Thamas, the Great Sophy of Persia, by the Agents sent on the sixth Voyage thither, 1579. Advertisements and Re∣ports of this sixth Voyage, to the Year 1581, out of Christo∣pher Burough's Letters; concluding with Observations of the Latitudes and meridian Altitudes in Russia. Directions given by Mr. Ric. Hakluyt of the Middle Temple, to Morgan Hubblethorn, Dyer, sent into Persia. The Commission of Sir Rowland Hayward, and Geo. Barne Alderman, to Arthur Pet and Charles Jackman, for the Discovery of Cathay, with the Instructions of W. Burough, Master Dee, and the foresaid Richard Hakluit, of Eiton, in the County of Here∣ford, Esq to them, 1580. Gerard Mercator's Letter to Mr. Richard Hakluit of Oxford, touching this intended Discovery of the North-east Passage. The Discovery made by the said Pet and Jackman thereof, written by Hugh Smith. The Opinion of W. Burough about the Departure of our Ships towards Russia. The Commission for Sir Jerom Bowes his Embassy to Russia, 1583, with the Queen's Let∣ter to the Emperor. A Discourse of Sir Jerom Bowes his Voyage to Russia. Henry Lane's Letter to Mr. W. Sander∣son, recounting the Occurrences in the North-east Disco∣very for 33 Years. The Coronation of Theodore Emperor of Russia, observed by Mr. Jerom Horsey; with the Course of his Journey by Land, from Mosco to Emden. Dr. Giles Fletcher's Embassy to the said Emperor, 1588; with a no∣table Description of Russia. John Baptista Ramusio's Note of the North-east Passage. Letters from the Emperor of Russia, and his Brother-in-Law, to the Lord Treasurer Burghley, and to the Queen, 1591, with their Answers. The Emperor's last Letters of Privilege to Sir John Hart and

Company. Edw. Garland's Commission to F. Simkinson, for bringing Mr. John Dee, the famous Mathematician, to the Emperor of Russia. Edw. Garland's Letter to the said Worshipful John Dee Esq 1586, to the same purpose, proffering him 2000 l. per Ann. besides 1000 Rubbles, &c. for his Council in maritime Discoveries, &c. all which he refused. John Merick's Account of the Death of the Em∣peror of Russia, 1597. John Balak's Epistle to Gerard Mer∣cator, about the Discovery of the North-east Passage. A Testimony of the North eastern Discoveries, by the Eng∣lish, from the Second Volume of Ramusio's Voyages, writ∣ten in Italian 1557; and from Mercator's large Map of Eu∣rope, and J. Metellus Sequanus's Preface to Osorius de Reb. Gest. Emanuelis R. Portugalliae. Here follows a brief Commentary of the true State of Iceland, written in Latin, 1592, by Arngrim Jonas of Iceland, to confute the Errors of several Writers: With a Translation of the same into English. And after this, we have the Victory of the English Fleet under the Lord Charles Howard, &c. over the huge Spanish Armada sent in 1588, to invade England; transla∣ted from Emanuel Van Meteran's History of the Low Coun∣tries: And lastly, A brief Report of the honourable Voyage to Cadiz, in 1596, describing the Overthrow of the Spanish Fleet there, with the Sacking and Burning of the City, un∣der the Conduct of the Earl of Essex, Lord Admiral Ho∣ward, Lord Thomas Howard, and Sir Walter Ralegh; which last, is here described to be

"a Man of marvellous great Worth and Regard, for many his exceeding singular great Vertues, right Fortitude, and great Resoluteness, in all Matters of Importance."

With these two Discourses our Author, through the Importunity of his Friends, and Un∣willingness to delay their Publication, closes this First Vo∣lume, though they rather belong to the Southern Voyages of our Nation.

The Second Volume is dedicated to Sir Robert Cecil, Secre∣tary of State, and, respecting the Voyages made to the South and South-east Quarters within the Straight of Gibral∣ter, begins with a Quotation from Camden, to prove that the Britains were in Italy and Greece with the Cimbrians and Gauls, before the Incarnation of Christ; so proceeds to the Voyage of Helena the Empress to Jerusalem, Anno 337. That of Constantine the Great to Greece, Aegypt, &c. Of Pelagius Cambrensis into Aegypt and Syria, Anno 390. Of certain Englishmen, sent to Justinian, Anno 500, out

of Procopius. Of Sighelmus, Bishop of Shirbourne, to St. Thomas of India, from W. of Malmsbury, Anno 883. Of John Erigena, under King Alfred, to Athens. Of Andrew Whiteman, under Canute, to Palestine. Of Swanus, Earl Godwin's Son, to Jerusalem. Of three Ambassadors in Edward the Confessor's time, to Constantinople. Of Alu∣red, Bishop of Worcester, to Jerusalem, 1058, from Hove∣den. Of Ingulphus, Abbot of Croyland, to Jerusalem (in 1064, according to Florentius Wigorniensis) from the Con∣clusion of his own History. Of the Beauchamps, with Ro∣bert Curtoys, to Jerusalem. Of the Lady Gutuere, or God∣wera, to Jerusalem. Of Edgar, Grandson of Edm. Ironside, to Jerusalem, 1102. Of Godericus to the Holy-Land. Of Hardine to Joppa, and other Englishmen thither. Of Athe∣lard to Aegypt, &c. Of William, Archbishop of Tyre, and Robert Ketenensis to Dalmatia, &c. Of other Englishmen to the Holy-Land, 1147. Of the Lord John Lacy, and William Mandevile, Earl of Essex, to Jerusalem. Of the English Guard at Constantinople. Of King Henry II. his Supplies to the Holy Land; and Manuel Emperor of Constantinople his Letter to him concerning the Eng∣lish in Battle with him against the Sultan. The Voyage of King Richard I. for the Recovery of Jerusalem from the Saracins, 1190. The Travels of Archbishop Bald∣win after the said King. Memorial of Sir Frederick Til∣ney, knighted at Acon in the Holy Land, for his Valour; and the Travels of Richard Canonicus with King Richard. King John's Contribution to the War in the Holy Land. The Travels of Hubert Walter, Bishop of Salisbury, and Robert Curson, made Cardinal at Rome. Voyage of Ranulph Glan∣vile, Earl of Chester, and other Nobles to the Holy Land; also of Petrus de Rupibus, Bishop of Winchester; of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and William Longespee, Earl of Salisbury. Of Prince Edward, Son of King Henry III. into Asia, 1270. The Travels of Frier Turnham, Anthony Beck Bishop of Durham, and the Journal of Frier Beatus Odoricus con∣cerning the strange Things he saw among the Eastern Tar∣tars, written 1330. The Expedition of Sir Mat. Gourney against the Moors of Algiers. The Arrival of Lyon, King of Armenia, in England, from Froissart. The Voyage of Henry, Earl of Derby, afterwards King of England, to Tunis, from Pol. Virgil, Froissart, and Hollinshed. The Victories, in Italy, of Sir John Hawkwood, as mentioned by Camden, William Thomas, &c. Voyages of John Lord Holland, Earl of Huntington, and Thomas Lord Mowbray, Duke of

Norfolk, to Jerusalem, 1399. The Arrival of the Emperor of Constantinople in England, 1400. Voyage of the Bishop of Winchester to Jerusalem, from T. Walsingham. King Henry the Fourth's Preparations to the Holy Land, in 1413. A Relation of the Siege and Conquest of Rhodes, by Sultan Solyman, 1522: translated from French into English, at the Motion of the Lord Thomas Dockwray, Grand Prior of the Order of Jerusalem in England. Here may be seen how many Thousands of the Turks were slain; how gallantly the English distinguished themselves, particularly Sir John Bourgh, Turcoplier of England, who was slain; and Sir Wm. Weston, Captain of the English Postern, wounded there. Next follows the Embassy of Don Ferdinando, from his Brother Charles the Emperor, to King Henry VIII. for Aid against Solyman. The Antiquity of Trading with English Ships into the Levant. The said King Henry's Letter to John King of Portugal, 1531, to restore some Merchan∣dize belonging to John Gresham and William Locke, which had been treacherously carried into Portugal. Of two Voyages to Candia and Chio, in 1534, and the Year after. The Epitaph of Sir Peter Read in Norwich, who was knigh∣ted by Charles V. at Tunis, 1538. The Voyage of Sir Tho. Chaloner to Algier, with the said Emperor, 1541, ta∣ken from his Book De Republica Anglorum instauranda. Ro∣ger Bodenham's Voyage to Candia and Chio. That of John Locke to Jerusalem, 1553. Anthony Jenkinson's Account of Solyman's entering Aleppo, in his March against the Sophy of Persia. Solyman's Privilege of Safe-Conduct to A. Jen∣kinson. Jasper Campion's Discourse of the Trade to Chio, directed to Mich. Locke and W. Winter. A Report of the Turks taking from the Venetians, the City of Famagusta, in Cyprus, 1571: translated from the Italian, by W. Malim, and dedicated to the Earl of Leicester. The notable De∣livery of 266 Christians from Turkish Slavery at Alexandria, by John Foxe of Woodbridge, in Suffolk, Gunner, Anno 1577; with the King of Spain's Letter, allowing him eight Ducats a Month, in the Quality of a Gunner, till he could otherwise provide for him. The Renewing of Trade in the Levant. The Letters of Zuldan Murad Can, the Great Turk, to Queen Elizabeth, granting the first Privileges of Trade, 1579. Her Majesty's Answer. The Charter of the Privileges granted to the English; and the League of the Great Turk with the Queen for Traffic, 1580. Her Ma∣jesty's Letter to the said Grand Signior, 1581, promising Redress of the Disorders of Peter Baker in the Levant.

Her Letters Patent to Sir Edward Osborne, Ric. Staper, &c. for Trading in Turky, 1581. The first Voyage of Laurence Aldersey, Merchant, to Jerusalem and Tripoly. The great Master of Malta's Passport to the Englishmen. The Queen's Commission to W. Hareborne to be her Ambassador in Turkey. Her Letter in Commendation of him to the Great Turk, 1582. Her Letter to Alli Bassa, the Turkish Admi∣ral. A brief Remembrance of Things to be endeavoured at Constantinople, and other Places in Turkey, touching our Clothing, Dying, Vent of our natural Commodities, La∣bour of our Poor, and the general enriching of this Realm; drawn up by R. Hakluyt of the Middle Temple, and given to a Friend sent into Turkey, 1582. His Remembrances for Master S. to inform himself of some things in England, and of others in Turkey, to the great Profit of this Common∣wealth. The Voyage of W. Harborne, the first Ambassador to Turkey, where he continued almost six Years. Letters from Mustapha Chaus to the Queen; from the Ambassador to Harvey Millers, appointing him Consul in some Parts of Aegypt; and his Commission to Richard Forster, constitu∣ting him the first English Consul at Tripoly. Complaints to the Ambassador, and his Letter to Mustapha, challenging him for his dishonest Dealing. The King of Algier's Pass∣port to T. Shingleton. Sir Edw. Osborne's Letter in Spanish to the King of Algier, in behalf of some English Captives. Notes on the Trade of Algier and Alexandria. The Am∣bassador's Letter to Edw. Barton, with the Command∣ments of the Grand Signior for the quiet Passage of the Queen's Subjects. His Letter to Mr. Tipton, appointing him Consul. A Register of English Ships and Captives, taken by the Galleys of Algier. The Ambassador's Letter to Assan Aga thereupon. A Petition to the Viceroy of Turkey, for Reformation of Injuries offered our Nation in Morea, with the Turkish Mandates thereupon. Tho. Sanders his Report of the Voyage to, and Captivity in Tripoly, An∣no 1583. The Queen's Letters to the Turk for Restitution. The Turk's Letter to the King of Tripoly thereupon; and the English Ambassador's. Captain Henry Austell's Voyage to Constantinople. The Turk's Passport to him. The Earl of Leicester's Passport for T. Forster, travelling to Constanti∣nople. A Description of the Yearly Pilgrimage of the Ma∣humitans, &c. to Mecca. The Travels of Caesar Frederick in and beyond the East Indies, for eighteen Years; descri∣bing the Customs and Commodities of the Countries he passed

through; translated from the Italian by Thomas Hickocke. Letters, concerning the Voyage of Mr. John Newbery and Ralph Fitch, to the East Indies; by the Queen to the Kings of Cambaia and China; by Mr. Newbery to our Author Hakluyt, &c. and from Mr. Fitch to Leonard Poore. The said Mr. Fitch's particular Narrative of his Voyage to the East Indies, for the space of eight Years; with Linschoten's Report (in his Travels) of the Imprisonment and Escape of the said Newbery and Fitch. Mr. John Eldred's Account of his Voyage to Tripoly. Of the Weight, Measure, and Money current in Babylon, Ormus, Goa, Cochin, Malacca; Bill of Charges from Aleppo to Goa, and a Catalogue of Goods, Druggs, &c. with the Places whence they come; also of the Monson Winds; by Will. Barret. Mr. John Eve∣sham's Voyage by Sea to Aegypt, 1586. Mr. Laur. Alder∣sey's second Voyage to Alexandria and Cairo. Philip Jones his Report of the brave Fight between five London Ships and eleven Spanish Gallies at Pantalarea. The Return of Mr. Harborne from Constantinople over Land, 1588. Peter, Prince of Moldavia's Privilege to the English Merchants. The Grand Signior's daily Payments, out of his Treasury, to the Officers of his Seraglio or Court, and Annuities; Lists of his Officers and Soldiers; his Yearly Revenues, and Am∣bassadors Allowances. Letters from Sinan Bassa, the Grand Signior's Chief Counsellor, to Queen Elizabeth, shew∣ing how, for her sake, the Peace was made with Poland. The Queen's second Letters Patent to the Company of English Merchants for the Levant, 1592. Edward Bar∣ton's Embassy, with the second Present to the Sultan, 1593, described by Rich. Wrag. A Letter from the Grand Sultana to Queen Elizabeth, 1594: and here ends the First Part. The Second Part of this Second Volume begins with the Voyage of Macham, an Englishman, who first discovered the Island of Madera, 1344, from Antonio Galuano's Portugal History. A Note of the taking of Ceuta by the Portugueze, with the Assistance of the English, 1415; which was the first Occa∣sion of all the Portugueze Discoveries, from T. Walsingham. John King of Portugal's Embassy to King Edward IV. of England, wherein he prevailed upon the Restraint of John Tintam and W. Fabian, from an intended Voyage to Guinea, 1481. A Note of the English Trade to the Canaries, in 1526. A Description of the Canary or Fortunate Islands, by Tho. Nicols; beginning with a Censure of Andrew The∣vet's Account of them. Of the first Voyage, for Traffic,

into Barbary, 1551, under Capt. Tho. Windham; as observ'd by J m. Aldaie, the Inventor of that Trade. The 2d Voyage thither, set forth by Sir James York, and others, under Capt. Windham, related from the Account of James Thomas. The first Voyage to Guinea and Benin, at the Charge of the Mer∣chant Adventurers of London, under Capt. Windham, 1553, beginning with a Description of Africa, by Richard Eden. The second Voyage to Guinea, set out by Sir Geo. Barne, Sir John Yorke, &c. 1554, under Capt. John Lok. W. Towrson's first Voyage to Guinea, 1555. His second Voyage thither, 1556. His last Voyage, in 1577; with a List of Wares desired in Guinea. A Remembrance for Capt. Lok on his Arrival at Guinea, by Sir W. Gerard, &c. touching a Fortification, 1561. His Letter to the said Merchants Ad∣venturers on his not proceeding in the Voyage. W. Rutter's Relation of a Voyage set out to Guinea, 1562, by Sir W. Gerard, Sir W. Chester, Mr. Tho. Lodge, &c. which Voyage was also written in Verse, by Rob. Baker. The Meeting at Sir W. Gerard's House, for a seventh Voyage to Guinea, 1564, and the Success thereof, extracted from the second Voyage to the West Indies, by Sir John Hawkins. Mr. Geo. Fenner's Voyage to Guinea and the Islands of Cape Verde, 1566; written by Walter Wren. Mr. Edmund Hogan's Re∣lation of his Embassy from the Queen to Mully Abdelmelech Emperor of Morocco, &c. 1577. The Voyage of Thomas Stukeley, wrongfully called Marquese of Ireland, into Bar∣bary, 1578, written by Jo. Tho. Freigius, in Historia de caede Sebastiani Regis Lusitaniae. Reports of China, from the Ita∣lian, by Ric. Willis; and of Japan, with other Isles in the East Ocean, by the said Willis. A Dialogue of the King∣dom of China, State and Government thereof, from the Latin, printed at Macao, 1590. Tho. Stephens's Letter from Goa, 1579. Frey Peter of Lisbon, his Relation of Pegu, and the rich Traffic there. A Voyage to the East Indies, begun by Mr. Geo. Raymond, in 1591, performed by Capt. James Lancaster, and written from the Mouth of his Lieutenant Edm. Barker, by Mr. Richard Hakluyt. Remembrances of an intended Voyage to Brasil, and the River of Plate, by Edw. Cotton, 1583. The Escape of the Primrose from the Spaniards at Bilboa, with her bringing the Corrigidor Pri∣soner into England; and the King of Spain's Commission to arrest all English, Dutch, and Easterling Ships, 1585. The Queen's Patent for Trade to Barbary. The Embassy of Mr. Henry Roberts to Mully Hamet, Emperor of Morocco,

written by himself. That Emperor's Edict, obtained by the said Ambassador, That no Englishmen should be molested or made Slaves in any Part of his Dominions, 1587. His Letter to the Earl of Leicester. The Queen's Letter to the said Emperor. A Voyage to the Azores, by Sir Walter Ralegh's Pinnaces, which took the Governor of St. Michael's Island, and Pedro Sarmiento, Governor of the Straights of Magellan, besides other Prizes, 1586, written by Mr. John Evesham. Sir Francis Drake's notable Services upon the Spanish Fleet in the Road of Cadiz; and of his destroying 100 Barks, tak∣ing some Forts, and surprizing a great Carack called Sant Philip, 1587. Patent to Merchants of Exeter and London, for Trade to Guinea, 1588. James Walsh's Narrative of a Voyage to Benin beyond Guinea, set forth by Merchants Bird and Newton. Anthony Ingram's Account thereof, in a Letter to those Merchants. Their second Voyage to Benin, 1590, by James Walsh. Advertisement to King Philip of Spain, concerning the State of Angola. Colonel Anthony Winkfield's Discourse of the Portugal Voyage, 1589. The Voyage of George, E. of Cumberland, to the Azores, &c. written by that eminent Mathematician and Engineer Mr. Edward Wright. The valiant Fight performed by ten Merchant Ships of London, against twelve Spanish Gallies, in the Straights of Gibraltar, 1590. The valiant Fight in the said Straights by the Centurion of London, against five Spa∣nish Gallies, 1591. A Report of the desperate Fight near the Azores, between the Revenge, commanded by Sir Ri∣chard Grenvile, and a Spanish Fleet, in August 1591; pen∣ned by the Honourable Sir Walter Ralegh. A Note of the Spanish Indian Ships expected in Spain that Year, with the Number thereof which perished. Mr. Rob. Flick's Report of the Success of the London Supplies, sent to the Lord Tho. Howard at the Azores. Linschoten's Testimony of the wor∣thy Exploits atchieved by the Earl of Cumberland, Sir Mar∣tin Frobisher, Sir Richard Grenvile, and divers other English Captains, about the Azores and the Coasts of Spain and Portugal, in 1589, 1590, 1591, &c. recorded in his excel∣lent Voyages to the East and West Indies. A Relation of the State and flourishing Trade of Arguin, near Cape Blanco. The Voyage of Ric. Rainold, and T. Dassel, to the Rivers of Senagra and Gambra, near Guinea; with the Treasons of some of Don Antonio's Followers. Relation of the States of Tombuto and Gago, written 1594, from Morocco to Mr. Ant. Dassel in London, A further Relation of the late Con∣quest

and Riches of those Provinces. Extract of a Patent to Tho. Gregory, &c. for Traffic between the River of Nounia, and others on the Coast of Guinea, 1592. The taking of two Spanish Ships laden with Quicksilver and Popes Bulls; by Mr. Tho. White. Report of the Service of Sir John Burrough, Lieutenant-General of the Fleet prepared by the Honourable Sir Walter Ralegh, Lord Warden of the Stan∣naries; wherein the Santa Clara, of 600 Tun, was taken, the Santa Cruz burnt, and the huge rich Madre de Dios brought into England, Sept. 7, 1592. Of the Firing and Sinking that stout Spanish Carack, called the Five Wounds, by the Earl of Cumberland's Ships: written by Capt. Nich. Downton. The Loss of the Ship Toby on the Coast of Bar∣bary, 1593. The Queen's Letters by Laur. Aldersey to the Emperor of Aethiopia, 1597: which concludes this Second Volume.

The Third and Last Volume, containing the Voyages and Adventures of our Nation in the Western Parts, begins with the most ancient Discovery of the West Indies, by Madoc, Son of Owen Guyeth, Prince of North Wales, in the Year 1170, from the History of Wales, published by Dr. Powel. This is followed by Christopher Columbus his Offer of the Discovery of the West Indies to King Henry VII. in 1488, by his Brother Bartholomew Columbus, who presented the said King with a new Map of the World; in which was re∣presented the Burning Zone, lately discovered by the Portu∣gueze; but returning with the said King's Acceptation of the Offer, his Brother was in the mean time engaged to make that Discovery by and for the King of Castile, as we here have it from the Life of the said Christopher, written by his Son Don Ferdinand Columbus. After another Testimony, from the said Life, of that Engagement, we have the Letters Patents of King Henry VII. to John Cabot, and his three Sons, Lewis, Sebastian, and Sancius, for the Discovery of new and unknown Lands, 1495; with a Record from the Rolls of the Voyage of the said John and his Son Sebastian; also an Extract from Sebastian Cabot's Map, cut by Clement Adams, concerning the said Cabot's Discovery of the West Indies, 1497; which Map was to be seen in the Privy Gal∣lery at Westminster, and in many Merchants Houses. Next we have the said Sebastian's Discourse of that Discovery with the Pope's Legate in Spain, from the second Volume of Baptista Ramusius his Voyages; also further Testimonies of this Cabot from the Preface of Ramusio's Third Volume,

from the third Decade of Peter Martyr of Angleria, from Fra. Lopez de Gomera's General History of the West Indies, and from Robert Fabian's MS. Continuation of his Chronicle, in the Custody of John Stow; with an Account of the three Savages presented by Cabot to the said King in the 14th of his Reign. After this, we have a Note of the Discovery of Newfoundland from Robert Thorn's Book to Dr. Leigh, and the Grant made by King Edward VI. of a Pension of 166 l. 13 s. 4 d. yearly, with the Office of Grand Pilot of England, to Sebastian Cabot, 1549. And this is followed by Sir Humphrey Gilbert's learned and curious Discourse, to prove a Passage by the North-west to Cathaia and the East Indies; with other Reasons proving the same, by Mr. Richard Willis. The first Voyage of M. Martin Frobisher to the North-west, in search of the Passage to China, 1576, writ∣ten by Christ. Hall. The second Voyage of Frobisher for the said Discoveries, 1577, by Dionise Settle. Frobisher's third and last Voyage to Meta Incognita, 1578, by Tho. Ellis; with Tho. Wiar's Report of a great Island in their way home. The Notes of Richard Hakluyt, of the Middle Temple, Esq for the Direction of certain Gentlemen who went with Mr. Frobisher. Mr. Geo. Best's Discourse of these three Voyages, with a Preface, proving all Parts of the World to be habitable. The Queen's Letters Patents to Adrian Gylbert, and others, for the Discovery of the North∣west Passage to China. The first Voyage of Mr. John Da∣vis, in 1585, for the Discovery of the North-west Passage, written by John Janes. Davis's second Voyage for that Discovery, 1586. His Letter to Mr. W. Sanderson concer∣ning his Voyage. A Relation of the Course held by two of his Pinnaces, in discovering the Passage between Greenland and Iceland. Mr. Davis's third Voyage for discovery of the Isles of the Moluccas, or the Coast of China, 1587, writ∣ten by Mr. John Janes. Another Letter from Mr. Davis to Mr. Sanderson. A Traverse-Book made by Mr. John Davis, in his said third Voyage. His Report of these three Voyages, taken from his Treatise, intitled, The World's Hy∣drographical Description. Nicholas and Anthony Zani's Dis∣covery of Friesland, Iceland, &c. 1380, from Marcolino's Letters. Several Voyages towards and to Newfoundland; as by two Ships, in 1527, mentioned by our Chroniclers Hall and Grafton. Another Voyage thither by Mr. Hore and o∣thers, 1536. An Act against exacting any Money for Li∣cence to traffic to Iceland and Newfoundland, 2 Edw. VI.

Ant. Parkhurst's Letter to R. Hakluyt of the Middle Temple, concerning the true State, &c. of Newfoundland, 1578. The Queen's Letters Patent to Sir Humphry Gilbert. A Latin Poem, by Steph. Parmenius Budeius, upon Sir Hum∣phry's Voyage to Newfoundland, for the planting a Colony there; celebrating also several others of our Sea-Adven∣turers. A Report of Sir Humphry's said Voyage, and the Success thereof, 1583, by Mr. Edward Haies; concluding with an Account, how the Admiral was lost, and a Letter from the said Parmenius to our Author R. Hakluyt of Ox∣ford. Richard Clark's Relation of the said Voyage, excusing himself from casting away the Ship. Sir G. Peckham's Report of the late Discoveries and Possession taken in Newfoundland, by Sir H. Gilbert. Sir Fra. Walsingham's Letter to our Au∣thor Hakluyt, encouraging him to the Study of Cosmogra∣phy, &c. 1582. Another Letter from Sir Francis to Tho. Aldworth, Mayor of Bristol, concerning the Western Dis∣covery. Aldworth's Letter to Sir Francis, concerning an intended Western Voyage for Discovery to the South-west of Cape Briton. Capt. Christ. Carlile's Discourse upon the intended Voyage to the hindermost Part of America, 1583. Articles by the Committee appointed in behalf of the Mus∣covy Merchants, to confer with Capt. Carlile upon his in∣tended Discovery. Relation of the first Voyage, and Dis∣covery of the Isle of Ramea, to make Train Oil of the Morses, performed 1591. Tho. James's Letter to the Lord Burghly, about the Discovery of the Isle of Ramea. A brief Note of the Morses, and their Use. Richard Fisher's Relation of a Voyage to Cape Briton, 1593. The Voyage of Mr. Geo. Drake, of Apsham, to the Isle of Ramea. Syl∣vester Wyet's Voyage to the Isle of Assumption for Whale Fins and Train Oil, 1594. Charles Leigh's Voyage to Cape Briton, and the Isle of Ramea. The three Voyages of Jaques Cartier, discovering New France, between the Years 1534 and 1540, with John Alphonse's Course from Belle Isle, up the River Canada; and the Lord of Rober∣val's Voyage thither, in 1542. The several Voyages to Virginia, and Discoverys thereof, chiefly at the Charges of Sir Walter Ralegh; from 33 to 40 Degrees Latitude: As first, the Queen's Letters Patents to him, for new Disco∣veries, 1584. Whereupon ensued the first Voyage to Vir∣ginia, by Capt. Phil. Amadas, and Capt. Arth. Barlow, at Sir Walter's Charge and Direction. Sir Richard Grenvile's Voyage for Sir Walter thither, in 1585. The Names of

the English Colony left there under Governor Lane. Ex∣tract of the said Mr. Ralph Lane's Letter to Richard Hak∣luyt Esq &c. Account of the Employments of the Eng∣lish left in Virginia, by Sir Richard Grenvile, under Gover∣nor Lane, from August 1585 to June 1586, directed to Sir W. Ralegh. The third Voyage in 1586, for Relief of the Virginian Colony at the sole Charges of Sir W. Ralegh. A true Report of the New-found Land of Virginia, with the Commodities to be there found, or raised, by Mr. Tho. Hariot, Servant to Sir W. Ralegh. The fourth Voyage to Vir∣ginia, with three Ships, transporting the second Colony, 1587; with a List of their Names. The fifth Voyage to Virginia, under Mr. John White, 1590. Certain Voyages to Florida, with the more perfect Discoveries thereof; beginning with the Relation of John de Verrazzano to the French King, 1524. A notable History of four Voyages, made by cer∣tain French Captains into Florida, 1561, &c. mostly written by Mons. Laudonniere; translated from the French by our Author Richard Hakluyt, and by him dedicated to the Right Honourable Sir W. Ralegh, Knt. Captain of her Ma∣jesty's Guard, Lord Warden of the Stanneries, and Lieute∣nant General of the County of Cornwall, 1587. The Rela∣tions of P. Morales and Nic. Burgoignon, brought by Sir Fra. Drake from St. Augustines in Florida, touching the State of those Parts. Sundry Voyages from Nueva Galicia and Nueva Biscaia, in New Spain, to the 15 Provinces of New Mexico, and to Quivira and Cibola, as far as 37 De∣grees Northerly Latitude, beginning with Ramusio's Account of the three Voyages of Frier Marco de Niça, Fran. Vas∣quez de Coronado, and Ferdinand Alorchon. Letters of the said Vasquez to Don Antonio de Mendoça. The said Don Antonio's Letter to the Emperor Charles V. Then more particularly of Frier Marco's Discovery of Cevola or Cibola, 1539. And the said Vasquez his Voyage thither, 1540. With the Continua∣tion of this Voyage and Discovery, from Fra. Lopez de Go∣mara's General History of the West Indies, and the said Lopez his Description of the strange crook'd-back'd Oxen, great Sheep and Dogs in Quivira. The Voyages of Frier Au∣gustine Ruis, and Antonio de Espeio, to the 15 Provinces of Mexico, in 1581, 1582. Bartholomew Cano's Letter about the building of two strong Forts in St. John de Ullua, and in Vera Cruz; also touching the Discovery of Cibola or New Mexico, 400 Leagues North-west of Mexico. Fran∣cisco de Ulloa's Voyage, at the Charges of Ferdinando Cortez, into the Gulph of Calefornia, 1539, from Ramusio's third

Volume of Voyages. Ferdinando Alarchon's Discovery to the Bottom of the said Gulph, 1540. Sir Francis Drake's Course from the Haven of Guatulco, in the South Sea, to the North-west of Calefornia as far as 43 Degrees; where he landed, made many Discoveries, had Possession given him, and named the Country Nova Albion. The Voyage of Francisco de Gualle from Acapulco, in New Spain, to the Philippinas, the Haven of Manilla, and Macao in China, and back again, in 1584. The English Voyage to Mexico, and to most other principal Parts throughout the Kingdom of New Spain, to Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru; as the Voyage of Robert Tomson into Nova Hispania, 1555. Roger Bodenham's Voyage to St. John de Ullua, in the Bay of Mexico, 1564. John Chilton's notable Observations of the People, Cities, Riches, Mines, Forces, &c. of New Spain, and other West Indian Provinces, in the space of 17 Years, returning into England 1586. Henry Hawks his Re∣lation of the Commodities of Nova Hispania, and the Man∣ners of the Inhabitants, at the Request of R. Hakluyt, Esq of Eiton, 1572. A Discourse by Miles Philips, who was set ashore by Sir John Hawkins near Panuco, 1568, of the Spanish Government and their Cruelties in the West Indies; his several Imprisonments by them, his Escapes and Return to England, after 14 Years. The Travels of Job Hortop, set on land in the Bay of Mexico, by Sir John Hawkins, after his Departure from St. John de Ullua, the same Year. A Relation of the Haven of Tecuanapa, situate on the South Sea, describing the Rivers falling into that Haven, with the Towns, &c. adjoining, fit for building and victualling of Ships. The English Voyages to all the Isles called Las An∣tillas, and the greater Islands of Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, &c. with the taking, sacking, &c. most of the principal Spanish Towns there; since their traitorous burning of the Jesus of Lubec, murdering the English, and arresting their Ships and Goods, in 1585. Beginning with the Voyage of Sir Thomas Pert, Vice-Admiral of England, and Sebastian Cabota, in 1516, to Brasil, Santo Domingo, and Sant Juan de Puerto Rico, from a Work of that learned and painful Writer Richard Eden, called, A Treatise of New India, and the Account of Gonsalvo de Oviedo. The Voyage of Tho. Tison to the West Indies, before 1526, from an old Ligier Book of M. Nic. Thorn of Bristol. The first Voyage of the Right Worshipful and Valiant Mr. John Hawkins, since knighted, and sometime Treasurer of her Majesty's

Navy Royal, made to the West-Indies, 1562. The second Voyage of the said Sir John Hawkins, in the Jesus of Lubec, to the Coast of Guinea and Nova Hispania, 1564. His third perilous Voyage in the said Jesus of Lubec, with five other Ships, to the Parts aforesaid, in 1567, 1568. The first Voyage of that expert and valiant Captain M. Francis Drake, in the Dragon, with two other Ships, to Nombre de Dios and Dariene, about the Year 1572, written by Lopez Vaz; which Discourse with the Author were taken at the River of Plate, by the Earl of Cumberland's Ships in 1586. The Voyage of John Oxnam, of Plimouth, to the West In∣dies, and into the South Sea, 1575, by the said Lopez Vaz. The Voyage of Andrew Barker to Terra Firma, and the Bay of Honduras, 1576, collected by our Author Ric. Hakluyt. The Opinion of Don Alvaro Baçan, High Admiral of Spain, touching the Army of Sir Fra. Drake, at the Isles of Bayon in Galicia, written in Lisbon 1585. A summary and true Discourse of Sir Francis Drake's West Indian Voyage, began in 1585, wherein were taken several Cities and Towns, published by Tho. Cates. Baptista Antonio's Survey of the Ports, Harbours, Forts, and Cities in the West Indies, which have been edified, repaired, &c. by the King of Spain's Di∣rection. The Voyage of Capt. William Michelson, and Mas∣ter W. Mace, to the Bay of Mexico, 1589. Spanish Letters intercepted by Mr. John Wattes his Ships, containing many Secrets of the State of several West Indian Countries in 1590. The memorable Fight in June 1591, against the Spanish Ships in the West Indies, by three Ships of Sir Geo. Carey's, then Marshal of the Queen's Houshold, and Captain of the Isle of Wight, since Lord Hunsdon, &c. John Twitt's Report of Christ. Newport's Enterprize with three Ships and a Pinnace, set out in Jan. 1591, wherein were taken and burnt upon the Coast of Hispaniola, &c. 3 Towns, and 19 Cities, &c. The Voyage to Mexico, by Capt. Will. King, &c. 1592. Henry May's Note of a Voyage to the East Indies, begun in April 1591, with three tall Ships and a Pinnace, ending with a large Description of Bermudas. The Honourable Mr. Rob. Duddeley's Voyage to the Isle of Trinidad, and the Coast of Paria, in which he took and sunk 9 Spanish Ships, written at the Request of Mr. R. Hakluyt, concluding with some Words of the Trinidad Language. The victorious Voyage of Capt. Amias Preston and Capt. Geo. Sommers, to the West Indies, begun in March 1595, written by Robert Davie. The Voyage of Sir Francis

Drake and Sir John Hawkins, with six of the Queen's Ships, and 21 others, to the West Indies, Anno 1595; in which Voyage both those brave Knights died by Sickness. This is followed with a Detection of the Spanish General's Slan∣ders, which he published in a Letter relating to this Voyage, and the Generals therein, particularly that Sir F. Drake died of Grief, because he had lost so many Barks and Men; and that the English Fleet fled from the said Spaniard, which, with other Assertions, are contradicted by Capt. H. Savile, who was in the Expedition, and Sir Thomas Baskervile, who returned General thereof. A true Relation of Sir Anthony Shirley's Voyage to St. Jago, Dominica, Margarita, &c. and homeward by Newfoundland, with the memorable Ex∣ploits atchieved therein, 1596. The Voyage of Capt. Wil∣liam Parker to Margarita, &c. the same Year, in which he joined Sir A. Shirley, and they took Puerto de Cavallos, Campeche, &c. An excellent Ruttier for the Islands of the West Indies, and for Terra Firma and Nueva Espanna. An∣other principal Ruttier, containing most particular Direc∣tions for sailing to all the Western Islands, with the Marks of all the Capes, &c. and a Declaration of Longitudes and Latitudes. The Discovery of the large, rich and beautiful Empire of Guiana, and many Provinces therein, Anno 1595, by Sir Walter Ralegh, Captain of the Queen's Guard, Lord Warden of the Stanneries, and Lieutenant General of Corn∣wal: Dedicated to his Kinsman the Lord Charles Howard, Knight of the Garter, and Admiral of England; and to Sir Robert Cecyll, of the Queen's Privy Council. To which is annexed, An Abstract of certain Spanish Letters taken at Sea by Capt. Geo. Popham, concerning Guiana and the Coun∣tries upon the great River Orenoque. A Relation of the se∣cond Voyage to Guiana, performed and written in 1596, by Capt. Laurence Keymis; dedicated to the approved right valorous, and worthy Knight Sir Walter Ralegh; at whose Expence and Direction it was undertaken. After the Pre∣face, we have an Heroic Poem in English Verse, by G.C. up∣on this famous Enterprize. And some Latin Verses, by Captain Keymis, to Mr. T. Hariot the Mathematician, in praise of Guiana, and the Discoverer thereof; and at the end, a Table of the Rivers, Nations, Towns, and Casiques dis∣covered in this Voyage; with a List of all the famous Spa∣niards, who have attempted this Discovery and Conquest. The third Voyage set forth by Sir W. Ralegh to Guiana, in 1596, written by Mr. Tho. Masham. Testimonies concern∣ing

the River of Amazons, and the wonderful Cataract at the Head thereof, and of the stately Empire of Dorado or Guiana, &c. from Joseph Acosta, and Martin Fernandez de Ençiça. Several Voyages, ancient and modern, upon the Coast of Brazil, &c. beginning with the two Voyages of Mr. W. Hawkins (Father to Sir John) in the Years 1530 and 1532. The Voyages of Rob. Reniger and Tho. Borey to Brazil 1540, and of one Pudsey thither, in 1542. John Whithal's Letter from thence to Ric. Staper, 1578. A Letter of the Adventurers, sent to the said Whitehal there, 1580. Tho. Grig's Notes of Capt. Stephen Hare's Voyage to Brazil the same Year. Account of the rich Trade begun there, in a Letter from Fra. Suares to his Brother, 1596. The prosperous Voyage of Mr. James Lancaster with three Ships and a Galley, in 1594, in which he took 29 Ships, &c. surprised Fernambuc, and brought home 15 Ships full of Goods. Feliciano Cieça, Governor in Brazil, his Letter to the King of Spain, mentioning, among other important Communications, a rich Silver Mine at Copaoba. A spe∣cial Note of the Currents of the Sea between the Cape of Buena Esperança and the Coast of Brazil, given by an ex∣perienced French Pilot to Sir John Yorke before Sebastian Cabot. A Ruttier or Course for those who wou'd sail from Cabo Verde to Brazil, and along the Coast to the River Plate, and from hence to the Streights of Magellan. The Voyage of two Englishmen with Sebastian Cabota to the Ri∣ver Plate, in 1527, from Rob. Thorne's Information to Dr. Ley, Ambassador to the Emperor Charles, touching the Discovery of the Molucca's by the North. An Extract from Lopez Vaz, concerning the Fight of Capt. Fenton, with the Spanish Ships, with Capt. John Drake's Proceeding to the River of Plate. A Ruttier of the Coast of Brasil from Santa Catelina to the Mouth of the River of Plate, &c. The famous Voyage of Sir Fra. Drake, in the Pelican, to the South Sea, and thence about the whole Globe of the Earth, begun from Plimouth, 15 November, but driven back by Distress, and begun again 13 December 1577, with five Ships and Barks, and finished 3d of November, 1580, when he arrived safe in England; concluding with the Names of the Kings and Prince of Java then living, and certain Words of their Language. The Voyage of Nuno de Silva, a Por∣tugal Pilot, taken by Sir F. Drake at Cabo Verde, with his Confession to the Viceroy of Mexico, of the Course and Actions which passed in the Voyage of Sir Francis, during

the time he was his Prisoner, concluding with a Letter of Sir Fra. Drake to Mr. J. Winter. The said Mr. Winter's Voyage into the South Sea, by the Straight of Magellan, with Sir Fra. Drake in 1577, the first Englishman who ever repassed the said Streight: Written by Edward Cliffe. In∣structions by the Lords of the Council to Edward Fen∣ton Esq for his Voyage to the East Indies and Cathay, 1582. The intended Voyage towards China, wherein the said Edward Fenton was appointed General; written by Capt. Luke Ward his Vice Admiral, 1582. The Voyage set out by the Right Honourable the Earl of Cumberland, in 1586, for the South Sea, performed to 44 Degrees South of the Equinox, written by Mr. John Saracoll, Mer∣chant. A Discourse of the West Indies and South Sea, writ∣ten by Lopez Vaz, to the Year 1517; wherein, amongst some uncommon Things, is a true Report of certain Eng∣lish Voyages; which Discourse with its Author were taken at the River of Plate, by Capt. Witherington and Capt. Christ. Lister, in the Fleet set forth by the Earl of Cumber∣land. The admirable and prosperous Voyage of the Wor∣shipful Thomas Candish of Trimley in Suffolk, Esq into the South Sea, and thence round the whole Earth, begun with three Sail of Ships, 21 July 1586, and finished 9 Sept. 1588; written by Mr. Francis Pretty. Certain rare and special Notes, which properly belong to the said Voyage, concern∣ing the Heights, Soundings, Lyings of Land, Distances of Places, Variation of the Compass, Time in Sailing between Places; also Harbours, Anchorings and Depths, with the Winds of several Coasts; written by Mr. Thomas Fuller of Ipswich, Master in the Desire, of Mr. Candish, in his fore∣said Voyage. A Letter from the said Mr. Candish to the Lord Hunsdon, touching the Success of his Voyage, dated the Day he returned to Plimouth. Notes or References taken out of the large Map of China, brought home by Mr. Candish. W. Magoth's Relation of a Voyage to the Straights of Magellan, under John Chidley Esq and Capt. Paul Wheele, 1589. A Petition by some of the Company in the said Voyage, to the Master of their Ship. The last Voyage of the Worshipful Tho. Candish Esq intended for the South Sea, &c. and the Coast of China, with three Ships and two Barks: he set forth the 26th of August 1591, and on the 21st of May 1592, was lost near Port Desire. The Queen's Letters to the Emperor of China, by and in behalf of Ric. Allot and Tho. Bromefield, Merchants of London,

whose Voyage thither was set forth at the Charge of Sir Ro∣bert Duddeley. Testimonies concerning the mighty King∣dom of Coray, tributary to the Emperor of China. A Note of an extream Northern Province in Japan, called Zuegara, and of a Nation of Tartars, called Jezi, never heard of in these Parts before; as written from Japan in 1596, by Frier Luis Frois. Advertisements of the Ships that go from Sevil to the Spanish Indies; with some Notes of the Contractation-House in Seville. The Order of the Carena given to Ships that go from Spain to the Indies. The Examination of Mas∣ters and Pilots in the Spanish Fleets to the West Indies, by P. Dias, a Spanish Pilot; which, with his Account of the Table of Rates in the Contractation-House aforesaid, concludes this whole Work. And this Summary of it, may suffici∣ently intimate what a Treasury of maritime Knowledge it is; wherefore we shall here take our leave of it, with re∣ferring only to a needful Observation or two at the Bot∣tom.

XXVI. Enquiries touching the DIVERSITY of LANGUAGES and RELIGIONS, through the chief Parts of the World. Writ∣ten by EDW. BREREWOOD, lately Professor of Astronomy in GRESHAM COLLEGE in LONDON. Printed by John Bill, 4to. 1622. Pages 203, besides Dedication, Preface, &c.

THIS learned Treatise, being published after the Au∣thor's Death, is dedicated to the Archbishop of Can∣terbury, by Robert Brerewood, who, as it is thought, did also compose the Preface to the Reader, shewing the Oc∣casions the Author had to write the ensuing Discourse; and briefly describing the general State of Protestants in Europe, for a Supply to the said Work.

It is divided into Twenty-seven Chapters; and treats, first, Of the antient Largeness or Extent of the Greek Tongue, and the Causes thereof, with its Declension, upon the Inundation of the Saracens, about 640 Years after our Saviour, in the Time of Heraclius the Emperor. 2. More particularly of the Decay of the antient pure Greek, and of the present vulgar Greek; nevertheless that the present Language does not so much decline from the ancient Greek, as the Italian departs from the Latin, according to Bello∣nius: for that there were Corruptions, even in the ancient Greek; however, it is concluded, that the Skilful in the learned Greek cannot understand the vulgar. 3. Of the Extent of the Roman Tongue in the time of the Roman Empire, with the Causes of its spreading, and in what Parts of the Em∣pire it was most spoken: That it was little respected in the Eastern Parts thereof, and why. 4. That the Roman Tongue abolished not the vulgar Languages in the foreign Provinces of the Roman Empire, but that near fourteen Tongues here mention'd (in which Number the English, Italian, Spanish,

and French, are not reckoned, our Author instancing only Original or Mother Languages) were in Europe in the Time of the Roman Empire, and six or seven of them within the Limits of it. From hence it is observed, how hard it is to sup∣plant vulgar Languages in populous Countries: That neither the Punic, nor the Gallic, the Spanish, or Pannonian Tongue was abolished by the Romans; and that the Latin was nei∣ther generally nor perfectly spoken in the Provinces. 5. Of the beginning of the Italian, French, and Spanish Languages; with the Ruin of the Roman Empire, when, and by whom; and that Barbarous Nations were not the first Authors of those degenerate Languages, but rather Promoters of their Corruptions. 6. Objections touching the Extent of the Latin Tongue answered; That it was never purely spoken in the foreign Provinces; that there were great Changes in it; whereof, he concludes with a pregnant Example from the Inscription upon that naval Column (they call it Columnam Rostratam, being deck'd with the Beaks of Ships) in the Capitol at Rome; which Inscription, tho' composed not above 150 Years before the Tongue shone in its full Lustre under Cicero, has not one Word in it spell'd like the later Latin that is subjoined: An Example which may give the English Tongue some Countenance, tho' our Author does men∣tion an Instance or two also of its Mutability, since it is in a far larger Compass of Years. 7. Of the Ancient Languages of Italy, Spain, France, and Africa: That the Punics of Afri∣ca were originally Canaanites or Phoenicians, and that the Punic Language was the old Hebrew Tongue; and tho' that Punic Speech in Plautus, which is the only Specimen of it extant, hath no great Affinity with the Hebrew, yet 'tis im∣puted to the Corruptions of Transcription. 8. Of the great Extent of the Slavonic, Turkish, and Arabic Tongues. 9. Of the Syriac and Hebrew Tongues; the Beginning and Change of the Syriac; the Difference of Hebrew from Chal∣dee and Syriac; the Greek and Chaldee Translations read in the Synagogues. 10. Of the sundry Parts of the World in∣habited by Christians; that Christians were mingled with Mahometans in Europe; the weak State of Christianity in A∣frica; the Dimensions of the Kingdom of Abessia; the State of Christianity in Asia, its Regions and Islands; and its Declension in the East Parts thereof; with the Condi∣tion of Christianity in America. 11. Of the Parts of the World possessed by Mahumetans; the large Extent of Mahumetism in Africa and in Asia; and why so mightily en∣creased.

12. Of the sundry Regions in the World inhabited by Idolaters; what Part of Africa possessed by them, and what Parts of Asia; their vast Extent in America. 13. Of the Jews dispersed in several Parts of the World; the State of them in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Tartars suspected to be of the Israelites Race: That Americans are the Progeny of the Tartars: That many Nations are circumcised besides the Israelites, and therefore that Circumcision is no sure Token of Descent from them: That the Tartarians are not the Offspring of the Israelites: That the second Book of Es∣dras contradicts the Scripture: That the Israelites departed not out of the Dominion of Assyria: that Arsareth was a feigned Mansion of the Israelites; and that their Voyage and remote Retirement favours of the same Talmudisal Spirit with that other Tale of the reason why God ap∣pointed the Sea for the Whale, and the Land for the Ele∣phant, because they were too big to be Inhabitants together in either of those Elements; whereupon we have a Digres∣sion upon the Dimensions of those two Animals; the Deep∣ness of the Sea, and Height of Mountains; that the Sea is not higher than the Land, and the Depth of the Sea more than the Height of the Mountains; the great Declivity of the Face of the Land, and great Deepness of the Sea. 14. Of the Quantity and Proportion of the Parts of the Earth possessed by the several Sorts of the above-mentioned Religions; as, the Proportion of Christians to Mahometans and Idolaters; the vast greatness of the South Continent, and of the Antartic Continent. 15. Of the divers Sorts or Sects of Christians in the World, and of their several Regions: And first of the Grecians: The large Jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople, and by what Means encreased; the Properties of the Grecian Religion. 16. Of the Assy∣rians or Melchites; their Religion differs not from the Gre∣cians; the Patriarch of Antioch's Jurisdiction distracted. 17. Of the Georgians, Circassians and Mengrellians, with their Religion. 18. Of the Muscovites, and the Properties or Principles of their Religion. 19. Of the Nestorians, and how far spread in the Orient; their Patriarch seated in Musal; the Properties or Principles of their Religion. 20. Of the Indians or Christians of St. Thomas, and their Habitation; that they were Nestorians, and became of the Roman Reli∣gion; Properties of the ancient Indian Religion; and that the New Testament in Syriac is no ancient Translation. 21. Of the Jacobites; the Antiquity and Seat of their Pa∣triarch;

Properties of their Religion. 22. Of the Cophti, or Christians of Egypt; infected by the Heresies of Eutyches, and how much •…•…ooted there: The great Jurisdiction of the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Jerusalem. 23. Of the Abassines; and the Dependance of their Church on Alex∣andria: Properties of their Religion, and that Circumcision is a national Property among them. 24. Of the Armenians; and that their Church is governed by two Patriarchs; their Jurisdiction, and the Properties of their Religion. 25. Of the Maronites, and their Habitation in Libanus; the Resi∣dence and Jurisdiction of their Patriarch; the Articles of their present and ancient Religion; the beginning and spreading of Eutychianism; the pestilent Train of Eutyches his Heresy, the Oriental Sects reclaimed from their Errors touching Christ. 26. Of the several Languages wherein the Liturgies of Christians, in several Parts of the World, are celebrated: The Jews Prayers in Hebrew; Mahumetans in Arabic; the Christian Liturgy anciently in Syriac; Arme∣nian Liturgy in the Armenian Tongue; the Abassines and Muscovites Liturgy in their own Language; the Slavonian Liturgies in the Slavonic; that the Scriptures were translated into vulgar Tongues by the Fathers; the original Litur∣gies in the Syriac; also those of the Nestorians, the Indians, Jacobites, Aegyptians, and Maronites; the Grecian and Syrian Liturgies in Greek; also those of the Georgians and Circassians. Lastly, Of the Languages of the People of Eu∣rope; collected out of Jos. Scaliger: And with this ends the whole Work.

XXVII. FINETTI PHILOXENIS: Some choice Observations of Sir JOHN FINETT Knight, and Master of the Ceremonies to the two last Kings, touching the Reception and Precedence, the Treatment and Audience, the Puntillios and Contests of Forren AMBASSADORS in ENGLAND. With this Motto, Legati ligant Mundum. 8vo. London 1656. Pages 250, besides the Dedication and Table.

THIS curious Book, containing the Author's Observa∣tions on the Treatment and Contests of foreign Ambas∣sadors in England, from the Year 1612, to the Year 1627, inclusive, was published after the Author's Death, from the Manuscript by his intimate Acquaintance, Mr. James Howell.

The Editor, in his Dedication to Philip Lord Viscount Lisle, gives this Account of the Author:

"Among other Parts of Industry, which were known to be in that worthy Knight, one was, to couch in Writing and keep an ex∣act Diary of what things had passed in his Province, as Master of the Ceremonies."

And he observes, that

"No∣thing is taken here upon Trust, but all upon the Author's own Knowledge, being still upon the Place himself, and an Actor in everything."

The Work itself consists of two Parts, and is continued in a chronological Method.

Part I. Containing the Author's Services under K. James, begins with the Arrival of the Count Palatine of the Rhine to marry the Princess Elizabeth on the 16th of Octob. 1612, attended by Count Henry of Nassau, and eight other Counts. Then shews the Discontent of Mons. Boiscot, the Arch-Duke's Ambassador, on Precedence given to the Ve∣netian Ambassador at the Marriage; with the King's Apo∣logy in Writing, sent by the Earl of Suffolk, Lord Cham∣berlain. The Viscountess Effingham's Dispute with the French Ambassador's Wife for Precedence. Afterwards we have an Account of the Marriage in Feb. following, of which he extols the Bravery and Riches; adding, that the King's, Queen's, and Prince's Jewels only, were valued by his Majesty at 900000 l. Sterling. He then shews the Oc∣currences at the Invitation of Ambassadors to the Marriage of the Earl of Somerset in December 1613. Next follows a Clash between the Agents of Savoy and Florence. Mons. de Buisseaux, the French Ambassador, has the Honour of

sitting in a Chair with the Prince, at the Marriage of Lady Jane Drummond, on the 20th of Feb. following. The Spa∣nish Ambassador Don Diego Sarmiento (afterwards Count Gondomar) excepts against Sir Noel Caron, the Ambassador of the States, (whom he calls his Master's Vassals and Re∣bels) sitting with him in the King's Presence, and refuses to be at a Mask in January 1614; with the King's Reason∣ings thereupon. An Ambassador from Russia 26 of Octob. following. The Arrival in July, 1615, of Zomoiski, a young Nobleman of Poland, Son of the famous Chancellor of that Kingdom, and his Audience of the King. The Reception of Monsieur de Mareth, the French Ambassador; a Ques∣tion thereupon between Secretary Winwood and the Master of the Ceremonies. Foscarini, the Venetian Ambassador, dissatisfied with his Present; with the King's Answer for sa∣tisfying him. Segnior Barbarigo succeeds in his stead. Sir Dudley Carleton returns from his Embassy thither. Sir H. Wotton nominated in his room. Mons. de Mareth, Segnior Barbarigo, and the Savoyard Ambassador at a Mask at Twelf-tide. Those three Ambassadors, and Sir Noel Caron, at a Reader's Feast in the Temple. A Messenger from Russia received. Mons. de Mareth at St. George's Feast, in 1617, without Notice. The King and he invited by the Earl of Exeter to hunt at Wimbleton. Don Diego Sarmiento invited to hunt with the King at Theobalds. The Creation of the Prince of Wales the 1st of November. The Arrival of two Ambassadors from Russia; one whereof being the Chancellor of that Kingdom, brought a Present of Furs, &c. to the King, esteem'd worth 4000l. The Ambassa∣dor of Sweden's Arrival, and Audience; dines with the King at Newmarket, sees the Earl of Suffolk's rare Building at Newport, and is knighted. A Clash between Don Diego Sarmiento and Mons. de Mareth, about going to a Mask at Twelf-tide; the latter makes Remonstrances to his Court, and departs. The King's Recommendation of Capt. Man∣waring to Seignior Contareni, the Venetian Ambassador, come for the King's Leave to raise certain Companies here for their War. Several ceremonious Audiences of the Russian Ambassadors, and their Departure in May 1618, having obtained only Part of a Loan of 100000 Marks, with Sir Dudley Digges Ambassador to Russia. The Lords Examination in Sept. following of Mons. le Clerc, the French Agent, touching the employing Mons. de la Chenay, one of his Domesticks, for conveying Sir Walter Ralegh to

France. A Messenger from Turkey, whose Son is touch'd for the King's Evil. Seignior Donati succeeds Contareni, who is recalled to Venice. The Sitting of Ambassadors at a Mask with the King reformed. The Arrival and Audience, in 1619, of Count de Tillieurs, the French Ambassador; also of a young Duke of Holstein; of Count Guido, Extraordi∣nary from the Duke of Savoy, to condole the Death of Queen Anne; of Baron Denow, from Prince Palatine, to notify his Master's Accession to the Crown of Bohe∣mia; of Monsieur Beninch Hauson from the Princes of the Union in Germany; and of Count de Gondomar, Am∣bassador from Spain. A Difference between the Counts de Gondomar and de Tillieurs, for Precedence at a Mask the 24th of March, and between other Ambassadors. The Venetian Axiom; That the first Place of inferior De∣gree is worse than the last of a superior. The pompous Arrival, in December 1620, of the Marquess de Cadenet, Extraordinary from France, attended by above 50 Per∣sons of Title, and their Treatment: He is allowed 200l. per Diem. Six Commissioners from the States are knighted, but pay no Fees. Osalinskie, Count Palatine of Sindomer∣skie, Ambassador Extraordinary from Poland, arrives in March, and departs with a Loan of 10,000 l. Sterling, ob∣tained by the cunning Assistance of Count de Gondomar. Three Ambassadors from the States the 23d of December 1621. The Russian Ambassador Thomas Simonwitz, with his Puntillio for Precedence. The Reception of the Emperor's Ambas∣sador Suartzenberg, in April 1622. His Question with the Venetian and French Ambassadors concerning Titles and Visits. The Reception of the young Landgrave of Hesse; and his Departure in three Months. Don Carlos de Colonna, Ambassador from Spain. The States Ambassador's Dis∣taste. The Russian Ambassador's Dissatisfaction at his Pre∣sent. Audience of Duke of Soubize, Refugee from France. Seignior Valeresso, Ambassador from Venice. The States Ambassadors Exceptions on their not being invited to a Mask. Mons. de Boiscot, Ambassador Extraordinary from the Arch-Duke. The Marquess de la Inoiosa, Extraordinary from Spain. The Prince's Return from Spain, in May 1623, attended by Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, Am∣bassador Extraordinary from Spain. The French Ambas∣sador gets ground of the Spanish. Differences about Pre∣cedence between the Spanish Ambassadors. Don Diego de Mexia, from the Arch-Dutchess. Reasons why the Master

of the Ceremonies should sit in the same Coach with the Ambassadors, whom he is sent to receive. The Duke of Buckingham entertains the King and several Ambassadors at a Supper and Mask. A Clash between the French and Spanish Ambassadors. Sir Robert Sherley, Ambassador from Persia. Two Ambassadors from the States. The Spanish Ambassadors depart in June 1624, without Success in their Treaty of Marriage between the Prince and Infanta. Mar∣quis de Fiat, Ambassador Extraordinary from France to treat of Marriage: Monsieur de Villiaveler from France, about the same Business. Then the Author concludes Part I. in this manner.

"Here end the Services of my Place of Assistant Master of the Ceremonies under King James, who died the 27th of March following."

Part II. Containing the Author's Services under King Char. I. begins with the first Audience of the Persian Am∣bassador Sir Robert Sherley, and an Account of the Solem∣nization of King James's Funeral, 7 May 1625. The Com∣plaint of the Venetian Ambassador against Sir Lewis Lewk∣ner, for neglecting to invite him to the Funeral: His Rea∣son for claiming Parity with Ambassadors of crown'd Heads. The King goes to Canterbury to meet Maria Henrietta of France, affianced to him: News brought from Dover to Can∣terbury of her Arrival, in half an Hour, by R. Tirwhit: Their first Interview: Ratification of the King's Marriage. Three Ambassadors from the States. A Messenger from Turkey. The Marquess de Bleinvill, the French Ambassador's Re∣monstrances with regard to his Lodging and Diet at Court: His Reason for not assisting at the Coronation: His Dis∣content and Departure. The remarkable Outrage of the new Persian Ambassador against Sir Robert Sherley. The Reception of Seignior Coraro, and Seignior Contareni, Ve∣netian Ambassadors, in 1626. Two Commissioners from Hamborough. Paul Rozencrantz, Ambassador from Den∣mark. The French removed from the Person of the Queen. Monsieur Quadt, Ambassador from Bethlem Gabor, Prince of Transylvania, his Reasons why he covered at his first, but not at his last Audience of the Queen. The Recep∣tion of Monsieur de Bassompierre, Ambassador from France, about the Removal of the French from the Queen's Person: He is present at several Masks. A Difference between the Master of the Ceremonies, and Sir H. Mildmay, Master of the Jewel-house, about carrying Presents to Ambassadors. The Reformation of Ambassadors sitting next the King,

under the State, and eating with him. A Deputy from the States, who at his Departure was knighted. The Danish Ambassador returns from his Negotiation in France, 29 Mar. 1627: His Complaint against Philip Weisman, a German, whose Trade was to defray Ambassadors. The Venetian Ambassador declines being at St. George's Feast, on a Punc∣tillio of Precedence to the Danish. A Particular of the Gratuities given by the Danish Ambassador to all the Kings Servants. The insolent Treatment of the Duke of Soubize (the French Refugee) his Followers, by some drunken Ma∣riners. Two Commissioners from Saliy in Barbary. Count Emden (Brother to the Chief of that Title) his Arrival. A new Ordinance touching the Diet, Lodging, and Presents of Ambassadors. The Reception of the Marquess Pompeio Strozzi, Ambassador from the Duke of Mantua: his Ex∣postulations upon the New Ordinance. Two Ambassa∣dors from Denmark. The Order established that no Am∣bassador should be defrayed but at Conclusion of Peace, Marriages, and Baptisms. Distinctions in the Reception of Regal and Ducal Ambassadors. The Abbot de la Seaglia, Ambassador from the Duke of Savoy: The too nice Punc∣tillios of the Danish and Venetian Ambassadors about visi∣ting him. The Lord-Mayor of London's Refusal to give place to the King of Denmark's Ambassador, within the City. The Duke of Buckingham's Displeasure at the Am∣bassador of Savoy, for procuring the Lady Purbeck's Escape. The Venetian Ambassador's Complaint, on account of inter∣cepting his Letters. Two Ambassadors from the States: Their Exceptions and Punctillios satisfied. The Author then steps backward to the Year 1624, and gives an Account of a Remonstrance made by Sir Walter Aston the King's Ambassador in Spain to that Court, on the notable Plot traced by the Spanish Ambassadors (the Marquess de Ino∣nosa, and Don Carlos Colonia) in that Year, to destroy the Duke of Buckingham. And with this ends the Work.

XXVIII. ORIGINES JURIDICIALES: or Historical Memorials of the English Laws, Courts of Justice, Forms of Tryal, Punish∣ment in Cases Criminal, Law-Writers, Law-Books, Grants and Settlements of Estates, Degree of Serjeant, Inns of Court and Chancery. Also a CHRONOLOGIE of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal, Lord Treasurers, Justices Itinerant, Justices of the King's Bench and Common Pleas, Barons of the Exchequer, Masters of the Rolls, King's Attorneys and Sollicitors, and Serjeants at Law. By Sir WILLIAM DUGDALE, now Garter, Principal King of Arms. The Third Edition with Addi∣tions, and Sculptures. Folio. Pages 336, the Historical Part, and the Chronological, 122. Printed, 1680.

THE historical Part of this Work, which that elaborate and accomplished Antiquary, its Author, designed as an Introduction to the chronological Tables, is divided into seventy-eight Chapters, beginning with the Original of Go∣vernment, which our Author thinks he cannot better express, or account for, than in the Words of Sir Walter Ralegh, which are here quoted at length, from his History of the World. Then he proceeds to treat, all in distinct Chapters; Of the beginning of Laws; The Antiquity of ours in Eng∣land; our ancient Laws and Law-makers; Parliaments, Judges; Chief Justices of England; Lawyers; Courts of Jus∣tice; Court Baron; the Hundred Court; the Trihing, or Lathe; the Shireeves Turn, the Country Court, Court Leet; the Chancery, and Antiquity of the Lord Chancellor's Jurisdiction for hearing of Civil Causes; the King's Bench Court; the Common Pleas, with a Table of the Justices of the Common Pleas, before whom Fines are levied, from the 7th of King Richard I. to the 16th of King Charles II. Of the Exchequer, Justices Itinerant, Justices of Assize and Gaol Delivery, a Table of our ancient Laws, British, Saxon, West Saxon, and, since the Normans, down to K. Henry III. By whom they were composed, and in what MSS. or Hi∣stories, the Collections are extant. A Catalogue of our Law-Writers and Law-Books, beginning with the Mirror

of Justices, wherein is seen how the Kingdom was govern'd eleven hundred Years since, and ending with T. Blount's Law-Dictionary; with the Times when printed, or Places where they remain in MS. taking up above nine Pages, and ending with Law-Books and Treatises of uncertain Times. Of Trial by twelve Men. Trial by Combat in Cases civil. Trial by great Assize. Trial by Combat in Cases criminal. Trial by Fire and Water Ordale. Wager of Law, or per∣sonal Oath. Punishment in Cases criminal. Of the four Terms, Hilary, Easter, Trinity and Michaelmas, from a MS. of Sir H. Spelman's. Fines, how ancient; in what man∣ner, before whom, and where levied. Pleadings in the French Tongue. Limitation of Time for pleading in some special Cases. Outlaries, how ancient. Justices of the King's Courts in Westminster-Hall, how created: Their Vestments. Here we have a Sculpture of some Judges in their Habits, from Sir Robert Grimbald's Seal, and some monumental Effigies, with the Judges Decree in 1635. and a Remark at the End about the Collar of SS. That Justices of the King's Courts at Westminster, were anciently dignified with Knighthood. Their ancient yearly Fees, or Salaries. Of Serjeants at Law: The ancient Form and Or∣der used in making them, from Sir John Fortescue's Book De Laud. Legum Angliae. The Manner of making three Ser∣jeants at Law, of the Middle Temple, 19th Henry VII. Others 13 Henry VIII. Others 1 Edw. VI. And others 19 and 20 Eliz. Of the Serjeants Feasts. The Order of a Serjeant's Feast the 2 and 3 of Phil. & Mar. Their Writs of Sum∣mons; and their Robes. When they were first knighted: The Form of Creating them at this day. A Memorial of the said Ceremony by the Judges, Anno 1635. A Dis∣charge of the said State and Degree, to Ralph Rokeby; an∣other Discharge to Tho. Fleming, made Sollicitor-General. Of settled Places for Students, call'd Inns of Court and Chancery. Of the Inns of Chancery. Of the Inner Temple, the Buildings, Orders for Government and Learning there; several Accounts of their Feasts at Christmas; Orders and Exercises: The Officers of this House: A Catalogue of the Readers of the Inner Temple, another of the Treasurers, and a third of the Governors. Of the Temple Church; with the monumental Inscriptions, and at that of Mr. Selden, here is (in this last Edition) a Copper Print of him inserted, graved by Rob. White. Next, we have three Pages of Sculpture, representing all the Arms painted in the Win∣dows

of the said Temple Hall. After this, an Account of three Inns of Chancery, belonging to the Inner Temple; which are Clifford's Inn, Clement's Inn, and Lion's Inn. So we come to the Middle Temple, and its Buildings; Orders for Government and Learning, with the Legacy of Mr. Robert Ashley's Books towards a Library. Other Orders for Government, Charge of Diet, Stipend of Officers, &c. as in the Time of King Henry VIII. from a MS. in the Cot∣tonian Library. The State of the House at present, con∣taining the Offices of Servants, the Admission and Degrees, Exercises, and Fines or Penalties of Students; with the an∣nual Wages of all Masters or Members of the Society, and Under-Officers. A Catalogue of the Readers in the Middle Temple, from 17 Henry VII. and of the Treasurers there. Then follow the Representations in Sculpture, for 6 Pages and a half, of all the Arms in the great Hall of this House, and a short Account of the two Inns of Chancery belong∣ing thereto, which were New-Inn and Strand-Inn. Then we come to Lincoln's-Inn, and its Buildings; namely, the Square, Library and Gatehouse; the Gardens, and the Terras raised there, in 1663. An Account of the Portraits of the Prophets and Apostles, in the Window of the Chapel, and the Coats of Arms under them; with a Representation also in Sculpture of those Arms, in 4 Pages and a half. Next, of their Orders for Government in this House; Expences at their Solemnities, Revels, Grand Christmas; and of their Readers; with a Catalogue of them from 4 Edw. IV. and another of their Governors, from 3 of Henry VI. ending with an Account of four famous Persons of this House, not mentioned in those Catalogues, who were Sir John Fortescue, Sir Arthur Plantagenet, William Lambard, and Sir Henry Spelman. This is followed with a Letter, by the Privy Council, to restrain building in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields. So after some Account of the Orders of the Society, their Rules of Exercise, and the two Inns of Chancery belonging to this Inn, which were Furnival's Inn, and Thavye's Inn; we pass to Gray's Inn, and the Account of its Buildings, with the planting of its Walks, Orders for Government, Exercise for Learning, Readers, and double Readers, Com∣mons, Barresters and Apparel: Of the Chappel: Their Sports and Pastimes; Copy of the ancient standing Orders of this Society, as to their Commons, Chappel, Exercises, Degrees, and Chambers. After which, we have a Cata∣logue of the Readers of this House, from the 5th of

Henry VIII. and of the Treasurers, from the 22d of the same Reign, and ten Pages of the Arms in Sculpture, which are in the Windows of the Hall and Chappel of the said Inn, ending with the proper Arms of the twelve several Inns of Court and Chancery, also in Sculpture. Then we have an Account of the Inns of Chancery belonging to Gray's-Inn, which are Staple Inn, and Barnard's Inn; and this is followed with the Judges Orders to be observed in all the four Houses or Inns of Court, made the 3d and 4th of Phil. & Mar. others made 1 Eliz. and others the 16th. Others for better regulating the Readings in all the Inns of Court; others by the general Consent of the Judges and Bench of Gray's-Inn; others to be observed by the Inns of Court and Chancery, 36 Eliz. An Answer to the for∣mer Orders by the Society of Lincoln's-Inn. Other Orders at Serjeants-Inn, 38 Eliz. others, 1 Jac. others agreed on by the Readers and Benchers of the four Houses of Court, 12 Jac. Orders for establishing the Company of the Inns of Court and Chancery in their Exercises and military Discipline, tempore Regis Jacobi. Orders to be observed in the Houses of Court, subscribed by all the Judges 1627. Orders by the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, all the Judges of both Benches, and Barons of the Exchequer, by Command of the Privy Council, for the Government of the Inns of Court and Chancery, 6 Caroli primi. Orders at the Coun∣cil Table, 19 Mar. 1636. And further, in the last Editions, one Copy more of Orders, by the Lord Chancellor, and all the Judges and Barons of the Exchequer, by Command of the King, for the Government of the Inns of Court and Chancery, 16 of Charles II. Next, as in the former Edi∣tions, a Table of the mootable Days, in the Reading times, for the Inns of Chancery. Of the two Serjeants Inns; first of that in Fleet-street, with three Pages in Sculpture of the Arms in the Hall, as they were observed there, in 1599, by Mr. W. Burton; and another Page of the Arms there, as they were, before the Fire of London, in 1664. And lastly, in the next Page, the Arms (and Names also, as all the other Coats have over them) of those Heads of this House, who were Contributors to the new Building. This is followed with an Account of Serjeants-Inn in Chancery-lane; at the Conclusion of which, it appears, how a Lease thereof was granted to Sir Anthony Ashley, for three Lives; that of Philippa his Wife, afterwards married to Carew Ra∣legh, Esq and two of his Servants; under whom the

Judges and Serjeants then held it. Next, after a short Ac∣count of Scroop's Inn, which was an Inn for Serjeants, we have a Print, in one Page, of the Arms in the Hall Win∣dows of Serjeants Inn, in Chancery-lane, as they were in 1664. The next Chapter gives us the Inscriptions on three Monuments in the Chappel of the Rolls. And the last Chapter is a Copy of a Letter from the Lords of the Privy Council, Anno 1573, to the Shireeves of the several Coun∣ties in England, for easing them in their Entertainment of the Justices of Assize and Goal-Delivery, with Diet, in their respective Circuits. Thus, after a short Index to this first Part of the Book, we arrive at the last, by our Author, entitled,

CHRONICA SERIES Cancellariorum, &c. In which useful Tables of the said Lord Chancellors, Lord Treasurers, Judges, Barons of the Exchequer, Masters of the Rolls, King's Attorneys and Sollicitors, and Serjeants at Law, from the beginning of William the Conqueror, Anno 1067, in distinct Columns, parallel with each other, down (in this last Edition) to the Year 1680, may be seen, in one View, as our Author observes,

"how the famous Men for Know∣ledge in our Laws stood Contemporary thro' all Ages since the Conquest; also, what great and noble Families have sprung from those Roots: and lastly, rectify the common Mistakes among young Students, in reading the ancient Year-Books, where they are apt to mistake the Judge for the Pleader, and the Abbreviations of Judges Names for their proper and perfect Appellations."

Our Author was at the Expence of Engraving the Heads or Effigies of some of the Chancellors and Judges, men∣tioned in these Tables; but they are differently bound up, sometimes before, sometimes after them, and sometimes interspersed in the Chronology, against the Pages where their Creations are mentioned. These Heads are those of Sir John Clench, etch'd by Hollar; Sir Edward Coke, graved by D. Loggan; Sir Randolph Crew, and Sir Robert Heath, by Hollar; the Earl of Clarendon, by Loggan; to which Chan∣cellor, the first Edition of this Book being inscrib'd, his Print is often bound therein, at the beginning thereof; and fur∣ther, which are not in the first Edition, Sir Orlando Bridg∣man, graved by Faithorne, which is in the second and last Editions; and Sir John Vaughan, by White, which is only in this last. So that the last Edition has, with Mr. Selden's Head before mentioned, three Cuts more than the first:

But those in that, are, as must be expected, of more lively and perfect Impression. At the End of these Tables, we have, in one Page, a Continuation of the Catalogues of the Readers and Treasurers of the Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln's-Inn, and Gray's-Inn; which should have followed at the end of those Catalogues, in their respective Places, had what passes for this last Edition been entirely reprinted, but except the Title-Page at the beginning of the Book, and three Leaves at the end, continuing the Chro∣nology, and Catalogues aforesaid, 'tis the same with the second Impression, and they are so much worse than the first, by how much the Errata of the Press in them are more numerous; however, this last Edition sells in the Shops, sometimes, for as much again as the first. And this is all we have here to remark of this Book, from our pre∣sent Review of it, and the Opportunity we have had of collating the several Editions: What others have observed, we refer to below.

XXIX. The NATURAL HISTORY of STAFFORDSHIRE: By ROB. PLOT, LL. D. Keeper of the Ashmolean Musaeum, and Professor of Chymistry in the University of Oxford. Fol. Oxford 1686. Pages 450.

THIS Work, by the Title, seemingly confined to the remarkable Productions of Nature, only in one Coun∣ty; therefore, under that Consideration alone, particularly engaging to all ingenious Natives thereof, is nevertheless such an extensive Field of curious and instructive Matter, so various in its kinds, yet connected by such easy Transi∣tions, and supported by such pertinent Parallels, as have rendered it of a more general or comprehensive Nature; so as to become a Pattern, tho' scarcely equal'd, to several Writers, who have attempted the Illustration of other Coun∣ties in the like manner, and may indeed be coveted by all Readers, who delight in natural Knowledge.

It is dedicated by the Author to King James, because of the Approbation his Majesty had shewn to his History of Oxford; and after his short Preface, we have the Verses of T. Lane to the said King James II. upon occasion of the Author's presenting him this Work: Also others to the Author himself, by Mr. J. Norris, in English, and S. Wel∣sted, in Latin. After this, the Work is faced with a most ac∣curate Map of the County; inscrib'd by the Author to the Lord Lieutenant thereof, Charles Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury. It is graved on a large Sheet, folding in, by Joseph Brown, having the Arms of all the Gentry in the County display'd about the Margins, and such mutual References, that any Stranger, seeing a Seat in the Map, may most readily find the Arms and Name that belong to it; or knowing only the

Name, shall as quickly find his Arms and Seat. Yet we have the further Convenience, for the less apprehensive Reader, of an Explanation prefixed, and an alphabetical List of all the Parishes, Villages, and Houses delineated therein.

As to his Method; that which he formerly prescribed himself in his Natural History of Oxfordshire, being approv'd of, he follows the same here; whereby the whole Work is divided into Ten Chapters; which are interspersed with thirty-seven Copper Prints of the chief Seats and Views, Curiosities of Nature, and Antiquities found in the County; each Print inscribed to the Owners of those Seats, or other eminent Natives of the said Shire. Chapter I. treats of what has been observable among them in the Heavens and Air; as, particularly, the Remark of the Moorland Inhabitants upon the Sun-set, in the Summer Solstice; also the Mock-Suns frequent in this County. Remarkable Rainbows, as, of the Moon, and Halo's of the Sun. Strange Effects of Thunder and Lightning; with an elaborate Digression upon Fairy Circles; which tho' he indulges so far the Accounts of Remigius and others, who impute the same to Wizards and Witches, as to recite them; yet, at last, more pro∣bably imputes them to Lightning. Then we come to his Re∣marks on Animals, especially on the mortal Effects of Thun∣der upon Crevices and Lobsters. Several strange Meteors. Noises in the Air. Extraordinary Hail Storms, and prodi∣gious Showers, particularly of Frogs, Maggots, &c. Prog∣nosticks of Showers and Winds; of the Tornado Wind; and uncommon Echoes; which, with an Experiment upon Sounds, and some short Observations on the Comet in 1681, ends this Chapter.

Chap. II. Of the Waters. This is introduced with a Discourse of nine Pages upon the Effects of Air on human Bodies. And, among many other Observations, some on Unction and Painting of the Body, to prevent the Depre∣dations thereof, from Roger Bacon. The Choice of healthy Situations, with many Examples; which brings him to the Consideration of Waters, by which the Air is so much af∣fected. Several Remarks on the pure Streams and Waters of common Use in this County, and particularly the refresh∣ing Pool of Madely, mentioned by Gervase of Tilbury. In∣stances of Health in the Moorlands, from the Age of twelve Tenants who made up 1000 Years, and four, who made 360 Years. Then speaks of the more unusual Waters; their Discolourations, Prognostications of Rain and Dearth,

Noisiness, Inconstancy of Flowing, and Intermissions; in Examples from Hobbes and Cotton, Alex. Neckham, Will. of Newberry, Sylvester the Poet, &c. Here we have a Di∣gression upon the Question, Whether Springs are supply'd from the Rains, &c. or from the Sea. Observations on the Quantity of Water thrown out by perennial Springs. Sir Chr. Wren's Invention of the Rain-Bucket, to measure the Quantity that falls. Computations of what the greatest Ri∣vers throw forth in an Hour, Day, Year. The many Ex∣amples favouring the Origin or Supply of Springs from subtertaneous Communications. Then proceeds to the Rivers and Fountains of this County, which have yielded any unusual Remarks; some running under ground, and rising again; some throwing up little Bones; some never freez∣ing; some warmest in the coldest Weather; some salt, as the Brine-Pits, with the manner of Salt-work; some again are Vitrioline; some Petrifying, and some Sulphureous. Here we are led to the Medicinal Waters; among these, such as are of a milky Nature, and others aluminous. Some of Re∣pute for curing the King's-Evil; some good for the Eyes; and some of noxious Quality, as the Coal-pit Waters which kill the Fish of those Rivers into which they fall.

Chap. III. Of the Earths. This begins with the Situa∣tion of the County, Nature, and Fertility of the Soil. K. James his saying of it for the Firmness of the Highways. A Remark upon some Pastures, which tinged the Teeth of Cattle, of a Golden Colour; and upon others, which changed the Colour of their Hides. A Pit that never held any Water when it filled all others. Deductions from Re∣marks upon some Buildings, tending to prove the Earth will be quite level. Of Earths that vegetate or grow up, and Floating Islands. Of turfing their moorish Grounds, and the rotten Shining Earth. Here we have many curious Instances of luciferous Bodies, animate, and inanimate. Their different Kinds of Earths and Clays; and how the Potters work the same. Of their Earths used by Painters in Colours, Sulphurs, Bitumen, and Pit-Coal, with the Ex∣tent of its Mines. Remarks on their Damps, and firing of Mines: Of Earthquakes there, thought to be caused there∣by. Signs for finding of Coal: Of working it, and keeping it dry.

Chap. IV. Of Stones. The Causes of their Production; Observations on Salt in Stones, and such as best endure the Fire. Of Limestone, and the Pyrites; and the Bishops Stones

near Weeford, why so called. Then we come to the Iron Ore, with the melting and working it; also the Copper Ores, and their Works; then to the Lead Ores, where we have an Account of a Leaden Coffin that swam in nine In∣ches Water, with the hydrostatical Reason for it. Hence we come to the Quarries and their Stones for Building, Grinding, and the Mills; with an Experiment giving rea∣son to believe the Loadstone is to be found at Rowley Re∣gis. Next of the Rocks, Cliffs, and Caves, which have any thing remarkable; their Alabaster, and the kind of Marble, whereof their Chimney-pieces, Tombstones, Emery, &c. are made. Also of their Crowstones, and transparent Pebbles.

Chap. V. Of Formed Stones. And first of those resembling heavenly Bodies, as the Selenites or Moon-stones, more ra∣tionally called Lapis Specularis, found in this County; and the Asteriae, or Star-Stones, of different kind from any yet described, whose unaccountable Quality of moving towards one another in Vinegar is here observed to have been known 400 Years since, by the learned Roger Bacon. He speaks next of the Thunder Stones, as they are commonly called, found in those Parts, and others representing the Parts of Birds; Crystalline Stones; a kind of Honeycomb Stones, full of sweetish Liquor; many Stones resembling Sea Fishes, especially of the testaceous Kind. Of Gold and Silver grow∣ing like Trees, and other Ores also, into odd Figures. Stones also form'd like particular Vegetables, as the Fun∣gites, likewise Mineral Corals, like Stumps of Trees, and the Vertebrae of Fishes; like Fruits and the Stones of them; Animals and their several Parts; Buttons, Barrels, Saddles, and some Plants found with Rings of Stone, Iron, and Cop∣per naturally growing about them.

Chap. VI. Of Plants. Among which, none so remarkable for resembling certain Parts of the human Body, as the Fungus Phalloides, or Phallus Hollandicus of Hadr. Junius. After several uncommon Observations among the herba∣ccous Kind, he advances to some undescribed Shrubs; as the White-Berried Elder, Standard Honey-Suckles, and Ivy. A Vine changing its Fruit from Red to White, St. Bertram's Ash, with a narrower Leaf than usual, a yellow-leav'd Yew Tree, a blood-spotted Birch, yellow-leav'd Thorn; and among the Trees unnoted to be of English Growth, the Sorbus Pyriformis, and one kind of Firr: And among the Accidents of Trees, some of extraordinary speedy Growth.

Oaks of vast Bulk and extensive Shade; more particularly Sir Harvey Bagot's Witch-Elm, growing at Field, within Me∣mory; which was 120 Foot long, 17 Yards round at the Bottom, had 14 Load of Fire-Wood broke off in the Fall, 47 Load more of Fire-Wood cut from the Top, 8000 Foot of Plank, 80 Pair of Naves, &c. in short computed to contain 96 Tons of Timber, after their Country way of reckoning; but, according to our Author, at least 100 Ton of neat Timber. With this is mentioned, as what might equal it in Height, the Oak which yielded a Plank above 25 Yards long, and near one Yard broad, of which was made the Table at Dudley Castle. From this we are led to the tall Firrs at Norbury; one of which was 47 Yards high; and thence, to what is observable in the Roots of Trees, as their embracing and lifting up great Stones; Trees of dif∣ferent Species uniting at the Roots, or in the Trunks, and some Trees growing out of the Bodies and Heads of others; but above all, those found buried under Ground in all Countries, are reckoned most unaccountable. Here we have an elaborate Dissertation upon those subterraneous Trees, by some call'd Moss-wood, with the Cause of Mosses, sink∣ing of Hills, and raising of Valleys. Hence we pass to the in∣ternal Notice of what was most uncommon in Trees; as the Cylindraceous Cavities in an old Crab Tree here described, with the Cause; leading us to the strange Discovery of Ani∣mals in the Bodies of Trees, as Field Mice, which are su∣perstitiously pegg'd up by the Country People here, to make Nursrow Trees, as they call them, to cure Swellings in their Cattle; and other Instances of their Superstition, in the Wood of the Quicken Tree, for walking Staves. Here end∣ing his Remarks on Whole Trees, and their Trunks, with an Observation, that the Timber of this County is gene∣rally large and good, particularly the Woods in the Park of John Offley, Esq whereof 1000 Trees might be chosen worth 8000 Pounds, and of these 100 worth 1500 Pounds; he proceeds to unusual Accidents in the Branches, Fruits, and Leaves of Trees; upon which last he accounts for the Excrescences by Insects, and the Variegations or Stripings in Hollys, Maples, Ashes, and Oaks he met with. From thence passes to Fruit Trees, as the large spreading Apple Tree at Leigh, having borne 50 Strike of Apples in a Year; Pear Trees blossoming at Christmas; another that blossom'd and bore twice a Year. The Orange and Lemon growing on one Tree, and in one Fruit; the Quantity of Cyder

that might be made in one Parish; large Cherry Gardens, and great Variety of Fruits in the Gardens of Rowland Oke∣over, Esq as 60 Sorts of Apples, 35 Sorts of Apricots, and other Plums, &c. with which Enumeration this Chap∣ter ends.

Chap. VII. Of Brutes. Under which is comprehended Birds, Insects, Fishes, Reptiles and Quadrupeds, and of these only such as are undescribed by others, unnoted by Wil∣lughby and Ray to be indaginae of this County, or have had extraordinary Accidents attending them. And first he be∣gins with Birds; among these he reckons a kind of Goose∣legg'd Swans, and the black-bill'd Goose, with a Voice like a Bittern; an undescribed Loon or Ducker, crested, horned, and bearded; the Eagle, the Shriek, Heathcock, or Black Game, Gorcock, or Red Game, the Martlet, Ground Mar∣tin, Brambling, Gross-beak, Heron, and great Loon: but most remarkable is his History of the Pewits, and their breeding only upon the Estate of Sir Charles Skrymsher, at the old Pewit-Pool in the Parish of Norbury, and Shebben-Pool in the Parish of High-Offley; where they encreased in such abundance, that 50 Dozen has been taken at a Dri∣ving; which, at five Shillings a Dozen, the ancient Price, comes to twelve Pounds ten Shillings; but some Years the Profit of them has amounted to fifty or threescore Pounds: and we have here a Representation, in Sculpture, of Shebben-Pool, with the manner of driving and taking these Birds. Next he observes what has been extraordinary in the Co∣lours, Limbs, Eggs, and Time of Production among Birds; as Popinjays, Crows, and Sparrows that were white; Cross-bill'd Ravens; a four-legg'd Pewit, and three-legg'd Goose; with the Opinions of Fabricius and Dr. Harvey, that such Deformities arise from double yolked Eggs, &c. Next we have Observations upon white yolked Eggs, and Eggs all Yolk. Of Hens and Ducks, that laid at the rate of three Eggs a Day, and of Birds hatching in the Winter. Then we come to flying Insects, as the winged Glow-worm, or Lanthorn-Fly; the white Ear-wigg. Of viviparous Insects, Spiders, and their Webs, with some aquatic Insects, unde∣scribed; which leads to Fishes, and his Account of the Burbot or Bird-bolt, not before, or not well described. Of Fishes found in unusual Places. Of the uncommon Nature of Eels, that they are viviparous, travel from one Water to another, and the Account of their equivocal Ge∣neration. How various the Food or Prey of Fishes; how

voracious some of them, and others restor'd to their Element after they had been swallowed up. The unusual Magnitude of Fishes, particularly a Carp weighing 15 Pounds, with Scales as broad as a Half-Crown: Jacks a Yard and half long. Thus passing from the Water to the Land Animals, he begins with the Toad, and how strangely some have been found excluded from both Elements in the midst of solid Blocks of Stone, and in the Bodies of sound Trees. Then we have an Account of an undescribed Land Lizard, a strange toothed Rabbit, uncommon Accidents in a Hare, and other Animals breeding their Young; and an odd Mix∣ture in the Breed of Dogs. Of large Boars; the Reason discuss'd why Castration prevents Horns in some Animals, and enlarges them in others. Of uncommon Accidents in Sheep, Deer, Cows, Oxen, Horses, as to Heading, Breeding, Superfoetation, &c. Of Hair Balls found in the Stomachs of such Animals; and Shining Tallow: Concluding with a Description of the true Hippomanes, or Forehead Flesh of a new foaled Colt, so famous among the Ancients in Philtres or Love-Potions; and an Account of the Jaw∣bone of an Elephant, found in this County.

Chap. VIII. Of Men and Women. Beginning with an Ac∣count of one who was neither. Of Men getting Children at 104 Years of Age. Of Longing in Women, and dismem∣dering the Foetus like the Object which gave the Fright. Some who had all the Signs of Pregnancy, without being with Child; others having a Child without the Signs. Of Children born with Teeth. Monstrous and imperfect Births. Of the Persons born in this County, who were e∣minent Churchmen, Lawyers, and Authors, or for their Valour by Land and Sea, and for numerous Offsprings. Re∣markable Customs relating to Births, as Borow-English, or Descent of Lands to the Youngest before the Eldest born, with the Reason presumed to be, that where this Custom remains, the Places were anciently liable to the Privilege granted also in Scotland, by King Evenus or Eugenius, to the Lords of Mannors, that they should have the first Night's Lodging with their Tenants Brides; so that eldest Sons being supposed all Bastards, and of the Lord's beget∣ting, they settled their Lands on the Youngest, as more likely to be their own: But how common this Custom was all over England, may be seen by the Tax afterwards gathered instead thereof, called Marcheta Mulierum, in Bracton. Nor was the Privilege of Lotherwits or Lierwit, expounded

in Fleta, to import the same as Mulcta Adulteriorum, and remaining here to this day, much less lewd or immoral, being a Liberty of taking a Compensation for Bastards, got or born in the Lordship, nay also out of the Lordship for 1 l. 19. s. 11 d. paid to the Lords; and further, here was an Oak in Knoll-Wood, which had such a superior Privilege of Fornication, that if a Bastard was sworn to be begot under its Shade, neither the Bishop nor Lords of the Mannor them∣selves could take any Cognizance of it. After these Births, we have some Remarks upon Christnings, or Christian Names, how they ran much upon Ralph and Walter, from two famous Earls who lived in the County; and how some Families christned their eldest Sons of the same Name for many Generations. Having done with the Births of In∣fants, he proceeds to remarkable Passages in Childhood and Youth, as the Impostures of William Perry, the Boy of Bil∣son, who counterfeited himself bewitched or possessed; whereof there is a Pamphlet printed in 1622. And this Story brings in other Instances of imitating Sounds and Motions, whereof the involuntary Imitations of Donald Monro, are most strange. Next we advance to uncom∣mon Accidents and Qualities in adult Persons, and first of Women. Some who yielded great Quantities of Milk, and the medicinal Virtues of Women's Milk. One who slept 14 Days and Nights; and another 7 Days. A Man who fasted 14 Days; and another in Scotland 30 or 40 Days to∣gether. And here is a Copy from a Record in the Tower, of a Pardon granted 31 Edward III. to Cicely de Rygeway (who was condemned at Nottingham, for killing her Hus∣band) because she had fasted forty Days without Meat or Drink, &c. Of deaf Persons understanding People by the Motion of their Lips. Of a Lady who had a Pin squeezed out of her Arm, which she never could account for, yet parallel'd with like Instances. Of strange Deliverances from Murder and Hanging; particularly of Judith de Balsham, who having been hang'd from nine a-Clock on Monday Morning, till Sun-rising on Tuesday, according to the Sen∣tence passed, yet lived after it, and had a Pardon thereupon granted, 48th Hen. III. which is here recited. And of a Swiss, who was hanged 13 times, yet could not by that kind of Execution be put to death. Next we come to Men eminent for their extraordinary Strength, excessive Stature, and Pious Works; others who had their want of Sight wonderfully supply'd by the Perfection of their other

Senses; strange Instances of Longing in Men, as well as Women; and other uncommon Distempers. Of Men that never spit. The strange Force of Custom in some Fools, especially one, who being removed from a Place where he had heard a Clock constantly strike, would repeat the Strokes punctually every Hour when he heard it not; and of the Artificial, learn'd to become a Natural Clock, as Dr. Willis has related. Here is another Instance of a Fool, whose strange Sagacity exceeded the other telling not only the Changes of the Moon, Times of Eclipses, and when Easter and Whitsuntide fell, or any other moveable Feast, but at what time they had, or should fall, at any dis∣tance of Years, which could receive no Help from the Force of Custom: From the Imperfections of Men, we have a Transition to their Vices, which brings in the dread∣ful Judgment upon John Duncalf, who having stole a Bible, had his Hands rotted off, according to his Wish, if that Theft were true; from the Narrative of this Judgment pub∣lished by Mr. Ja. Illingworth and Mr. Newey. This is followed with some wonderful Escapes from Death in this County, particularly that of King Charles II. after the Bat∣tle of Worcester, who found an Asylum at Bentley, and afterwards conferred several Honours on Col. John Lane, as the Letters Patent here exemplified, concerning the same, do testify. Here is likewise an Account of the Preservation of his Followers; and by whose means his Majesty's George came safe again to his Hands. From Men solitarily con∣sidered, we proceed to some Remarks upon them jointly, in Examples of Men extremely alike, or resembling each other, particularly Dr. Hen. Fairfax and his Brother. Of Bishops twice married. Remarks on many Families of one Name, and marrying among themselves. Of some odd Customs; as at Guosall; where the Civil Law Judge deter∣mines according to a Jury; Moseley's Dole-penny at Wal∣shall. The Society of Free-Masons in the Moorlands of this County; with some curious Remarks thereon; par∣ticularly on a fabulous MS. History of the said Craft; their Lodges and Rules, with the Notice of an Act 3 Henry VI. abolishing this Society, and adjudging the holding of their Congregations to be Felony. The Custom at Brewood, &c. of adorning their Walls with Boughs and Flowers. Many Examples of extream old Age; many aged Persons living together, five and six Generations at a time. Exam∣ples of several unaccountable Warnings of Death in some

Families, by divers kinds of Noise. Remarks on the frontal Sutures in some Skulls, and of some large human Bones: which, with an Omission or two in the Articles of valiant Men, and those famous in the Law, finishes this Chapter.

Chap. IX. Of Arts. These are treated of after his former Method; first, of such as relate to the Heavens and Air; next, of Fire and Water-works; thirdly, tending to the Im∣provement of Earths, Stones, or Plants, and lastly, re∣specting Men or Women. To this purpose he begins with an Account of a new Sort of Dyals, and a Dyal Quadrant; with an Experiment proving the Force of the Rarefaction of Air. The Arts relating to Fire are, those of burning Turf, Earth, &c. for the fertilizing of Lands, and for cer∣tain Iron-works, at the Anvil and Forge; particularly of the Difficulty and Ingenuity of making Frying-pans and that there were but two Masters of this Craft in the Kingdom. An improved Way of burning Tiles. Prince Rupert's Dex∣terity in shooting with Fire-Arms, exemplified in the two famous Shots he made successively, thro' the Weather-cock of St. Mary's Church-Steeple, at Stafford, with a screw'd Horseman's Pistol, at threescore Yards distance, before King Charles I. Among the Water-works, we have some Account of remarkable Mills, and Mill-dams; of Brewing and Fining of Ale; and in the Pleasure-Gardens, of Foun∣tains, Canals, &c. Of Arts relating to the Earth, we have here those of the Agriculture used in this County: and of those concerning Stones, what is most observable in Ar∣chitecture, both publick and private; with some copious Remarks upon the Building of Churches, especially East and West. Next of the Bridge at Burton upon Trent; and after that, of the Hardening and Softning of Iron, for the mak∣ing of several kinds of the said Hard Ware, with many In∣stances of curious Improvements therein, and the ways used to keep them from Rust. Then follow some Arts relating to Plants, as the improving of Ropes, made with Hemp and Rushes; preserving of Beer with Heath instead of Hops; and making Malt of Oats. After these, the Arts re∣lating to Shrubs and Trees; as to the sowing of Acorns, making Furze Hedges, planting of Vines, forming of Topiary Works, Arbors, and other like Curiosities in Gardens, Parks and Groves; with the managing of their Woods, as to Brushing, Fencing, Barking, Felling, &c. and the Excellency of some Joyners and Turners Work thereon: also their Ma∣nagement of Fruit-Trees. Thus we come to their Arts

concerning Animals; beginning with Bees and Bee-hives An Instrument to match Game Cocks: Device to prevent Hogs from rooting; and to cure some Distempers in Cattle; a new invented Bridle, or Gag for scolding Women; and a Sledge for Smiths. Improved Barrels for Drink; in Cookery potted Otters tasting like Venison; and to punish Misde∣meanors, a Pair of Finger-Stocks. Lastly, some odd kind of Pictures upon an indented Board, which beheld directly, appear confused, but obliquely, the Pictures of a King and Queen: also some curious Cut-work, in Paper, with Scis∣sars, of Col. J. Lane's Tomb, Trophies, Inscription, &c. And Part of a Greek Chapter which, laid on a black Ground, was as legible as the same in a printed Testament.

Chap. X. Of Antiquities. And these, not so much of Persons or Actions, as of Things; such as are remote from the present Age, whether found under Ground, or whereof there yet remain any Footsteps above it; as ancient Me∣dals, Ways, Lows, Pavements, Urns, Monuments of Stone, Fortifications, &c. whether of the ancient Britains, Ro∣mans, Saxons, Danes, or Normans. Beginning with the Au∣thor's Reasons, why the original Inhabitants of this County might be Iceni, and the notable Remains of some ancient British City near Wrottesley, of great Extant, being about three or four Miles round; with some Ruins of Fortifi∣cations presumed also to be theirs. Of their Arrow Heads made of Flints, found here. Other Antiquities also of Bri∣tish Origin; and particularly the Place where Litchfield now is, so called from the dead Bodies of St. Amphabale's Com∣panions, who were martyr'd there. Of Roman Antiqui∣ties, the most considerable in these Parts are, their publick Ways; which here, with some other of their Antiquities also, are copiously treated of. The Saxon and Danish Antiqui∣ties are still more largely discuss'd, in relation to the build∣ing or destroying of several Towns, Fortifications, &c. in the County. Here speaking of the Customs and Utensils of the Danes, which obtained among these People, we have a large Account and Sculpture of the Staffordshire Cloggs, or little square Logs of Wood, which by the Notches and Incisions upon them, supplied the Use of Almanacks; with many Remarks upon the Symbols thereon, and the Com∣putations relating thereto; ending, as to this Danish Part, with the Account of the famous Lady Godiva, who rode through Coventry naked, to obtain many Privileges, for the Inhabitants, of her Husband Leofric, Earl of Mercia; she dying at his Village of Bromleyg in this County, accord∣ing

to Knyghton, tho' buried at Coventry. To these are added, some old Customs, whose Originals being obscure, might commence as high as those Times: such as the Ser∣vice of the Lord of Essington to the Lord of Hilton, round whose Hall-Fire, he was to drive a Goose every New-Year's-Day three times, &c. while Jack of Hilton, a whim∣sical kind of Aeolipile, being a little brazen Image, in an im∣pudent Posture, filled with Water, is blowing the Coals. Their merry Custom of the Hobbey-Horse Dance, &c. at Abbots Bromley had a good useful End in it; but the Cus∣tom at Tutbury for the King of the Minstrells to arrest all the Musicians in the said Franchise, who refused to do the yearly Services, according to the Charter of John of Gaunt, for which they had a Bull, given by the Prior of Tutbury, amidst all the Harmony thereof, seems to have been at∣tended with much Discord, which produced an Alteration according to the modern Ceremonies used in these their musical Meetings, which yet are not void of Tumult and Mischief. That other Custom at Tutbury, of finding a Flitch of Bacon for every married Man, who took the Oath a Year and a Day after his Marriage, That he had never wished to change his Wife, but would have taken her be∣fore all other Women had she been single; whereby Sir Philip de Somervile held Whichnovre, and other Manors; had a good Encouragement in it to the making of mature Elections, and being contented with those they made; and was parallel'd by that Custom also instituted at the Priory of Dunmow in Essex, by the Lord Robert Fitzwalter, temp. Hen III. which Ceremony is also here recited, from the History of that Baron, printed 1616 Then follows an Ac∣count of some other Antiquities, as the Donation of Heyley Castle to Hen. de Aldithleg, and the Advowson of Penck∣ridge Church to the Archbishops of Dublin, by King John; which, with the founding of some other old Structures, also the Account of an Entrenchment, anciently the Seat of the Cockains, a monumental Stone in Memory of the Death of James Lord Audley, and the mention of a few more emi∣nent Persons, omitted in their proper Place, concludes this elaborate and curious History of Staffordshire; and how grateful soever our Au••hor's Acknowledgments throughout the same appear, for his Encouragement therein, he yet ends with informing us, he is

"pretty fully resolved never to publish any more of these Histories, tho' I think, says he, I was never so fit as now, unless commanded by a Power that I must not resist."

To the Work he has joined

a useful Index, also his Proposals for Subscription; which are very reasonable, no more than a Penny per Sheet, a Penny each Plate, and the Map Sixpence; which for each Copy, he guesses will amount to about ten or twelve Shillings: and the whole ends with a List of the said Subscribers.

XXX. A Collection of ROYAL GRANTS from the beginning of King HENRY VIII. to the latter end of King WILLIAM III. Extracted from the Patent Rolls, and other authentic In∣struments in the Offices of Record. MS. Large Folio. Pages 260.

THIS Collection, made about the Beginning of the Reign of our late Queen Anne, by a Gentleman lately dead, as we have some Reason to believe, who was well acquainted with the Records of this Kingdom, and the Pe∣digrees of the most eminent Families in it, begins with Ab∣stracts from the Patent Rolls of Grants, which were made by King Henry VIII. from the first to the thirtieth Year of his Reign, extending to Page 32: which is followed with a long Recital in Latin, of many other Grants, in the same Period, of Abbey Lands, &c. to whom, and where also demised, as far as Page 68; concluding with the said King's Grants to the Lord Chancellor Audley, of Duke's Place, &c. copied from the Exchequer, to Page 76. So we come to the Grants of the Reversions of Mildenhall, Marlborough, &c. made by King Edward VI. in the first Year of his Reign, to his Uncle, Edward, Duke of Somerset; whereof we have here two large Copies in Latin, to Page 135. Next we come to an Abstract from some Patents of several Grants, made by Queen Elizabeth in the 38th Year of her Reign, as far as Page 152. Hence we descend to a Copy from the Hanaper Books, of the Entries of all Perpetuities, Charters, Licences, Grants, and Confirmations which passed the Great Seal, from the Restoration of King Charles II. Anno 1660, down to Michaelmas 1696, to Page 224. Whereunto is joined the like Copy or Abstract of all the Leases, which passed the Great Seal, during the same space of Time: The whole ending at Page 260, with one to Tho∣mas Lord Raby of the Post Fines for 48 Years; and another

to Thomas Harley, Esq of certain Mines, Lands, &c. in the County of Radnor for 42 Years.

XXXI. A Collection of curious Discourses, written by Eminent AN∣TIQUARIES, upon several Heads in our ENGLISH ANTI∣QUITIES, and now first publish'd by THOMAS HEARNE, M. A. Oxford. 1720. 8vo. Pages 327; besides a long Preface.

THE Publisher of these Discourses shews us in his Pre∣face, that Experience and Practice are better helps in the Study of Antiquities than General Rules; yet that these are to be regarded, and better Accounts of our Antiquities to be given. Next he commends the Baroccian Collection of Greek MSS. and Dr. Langbain's noble Design of publish∣ing divers Volumes of Fragments, which requir'd Assist∣ance; and that the Clergy ought to have better Provision to enable them for such Public Services. That the Polyglott Bible is a noble Instance of what shou'd be expected from Joint Labours; requisite also in our own History and Anti∣quities. That such Societies ought to have stated Meetings, and write upon intricate Subjects, as these Antiquaries did. Further of the said Society, and this Collection; and how they were summon'd to give their Opinions; with a List of

the Members at one of their Meetings, 41 Eliz. Remarks upon some Roman Coins and Antiquities. The Neglect of our Historians herein, and Praises of Dr. And. Pern. Some Obscurities in these Discourses observed, and why our An∣cestors hid their MSS. under Ground, and in old Walls; with an Example from Sir Thomas Elliot's Dictionary, in the Word Britannia, and the Etymology thereof. That the Antients were more exact than the Moderns in noting the Bounds of Places. That the Saxons imitated the Romans herein. Whence the Division of Shires is ascribed to Al∣fred; and why he is called the Founder of Oxford Univer∣sity. Of King Edward the Confessor's Chappel at Islip; with a Sculpture thereof. Also concerning the Minister of Ashdon in Essex. Of other Ancient Structures in Oxford∣shire. Of King Offa's Buildings there. Remarks upon Castles in Coats of Arms; upon other Military Buildings, and upon the Efficacy of Bells, with the Names of those of Osney. The difficulty of procuring a perfect List of the Society of Antiquaries, and their Dissertations. An Account of some MS. Collections made by Francis Tate the Anti∣quary, in the Hands of John Anstis, Esq the Heads of which are here recited. Praises of the said Mr. Tate, by Mr. Selden; how well he was vers'd in Domesday Book. His Explanation of the abbreviated Words therein, with a Copy thereof here represented, from a Copper Plate in one Page. A complete Edition of Domesday Book much de∣sired. Remarks upon our ancient Tournaments. Further Praises of Mr. Tate's Skill in the British as well as English Antiquities, and of his Acquaintance with the learned Mr. Jones. The Publisher's Acknowledgment to John Bridges, Esq for his Communications. And his Addition of two Discourses in this Work, from his own Collections; which, with his Observation to us how careful he has been, not to vary from his MSS, finishes this Preface of 134 Pages.

After the Table of Subscribers, the first Discourse in this Collection is entitled, The Antiquity of the Laws of this Island, written by W. Hakewill (of Lincoln's-Inn, Esq) which is followed by another anonymous Discourse on the same Subject. Next we have four Discourses upon Sterling Money, by Sir Tho. Lake, 1590, Francis Thynne, (Lancaster Herald) Mr. James Ley, (afterwards Earl of Marlborough) and Anonymous. Five Discourses upon the Antiquity of Shires in England, and the Reason of such Division; written by the Deputy-Chamberlain of the Exchequer, Mr. Arthur Agard, 1591, Mr. Thynne, Mr. Tho. Talbot, (Clerk of the

Records in the Tower) Mr. Richard Broughton, and Mr, James Ley. Two Discourses of the Antiquity of Terms, for the Administration of Justice in England, by Mr. Joseph Holland, and Fra. Thynne. Of the Antiquity of Cities in England, by Jos. Holland. Three Discourses on the Di∣mensions of the Land of England, by the said Mr. J. Hol∣land, Sir John Dodderidge, and Mr. Agard, 1599. Six Discourses on the Antiquity, Office, and Privilege of He∣ralds in England, by Mr. Leigh, Mr. Camden, Mr. Whitlock, 1601, Mr. Jos. Holland, Mr. Agard, and Anonymous. Four Discourses on the Antiquity and Privileges of the Houses or Inns of Court and Chancery, by Mr. Agard, Mr. Thynne, Mr. Holland, and Mr. Whitlock. Two Discourses upon the Knights who were made by Abbots, by Sir Francis Leigh, (Knight of the Bath) and Mr. Francis Tate (afterwards one of the Welsh Judges.) Four Discourses of the Diversity of the Names of this Island, by Mr. Camden, Mr. Holland, Mr. Agard, and Mr. Oldsworth, 1604. The Etymology, Anti∣quity and Privileges of Castles, by Sir Rob. Cotton; and of Towns, by the same Hand, (42 Eliz.) Of Dimension of Land, by the same. The Antiquity of Motts and Words, with the Arms of Noblemen and Gentlemen of England, by the same. Of the Antiquity of Arms in England, by Mr. James Ley. Foresta, by the same. The Antiquity of the Chan∣cellor of England, by Mr. Ley. Of Epitaphs, by the same. Of Motts, by the same. The Etymology and Original of Barons, by Mr. Camden. Mr. Tate's Questions about the ancient Britons. Mr. Jones's Answers. Two Discourses of the Office and Duty of an Herald of Arms in England, by Francis Thynne, 1605, and Sir John Dodderidge, 1600. After which follows an Ap∣pendix by the Publisher, of eleven Papers, which are Sir James Whitlock's Epitaph; Mr. Camden's Will; A Letter of Degory Whear to Mic. Oldsworth; A Greek Fragment about the Places assigned for the Souls of the Just and Unjust; Dr. T. Smith's last Letter to the Publisher; Archbishop Laud's Letter to Mr. J. Greaves concerning the Gift of his Grace's Coins to Oxford; Mr. Tim. Nourse's Donation to Oxford; A Note of the Divinity-School and Ancient Library in Oxford; Dr. Langbain's Collections thereupon; A Let∣ter about the Forfeiture of Bristol Bells; Lastly, A Note about the Bells of Osney, and their Names. Then follows the Index; and the whole Book is concluded with a Cata∣logue of the Publisher's Works hitherto printed, in which is inserted an Account of John Morwen, with a Recital of his long Latin Epitaph on Steph. Gardiner, Bishop of Win∣ton; which was first printed in 1555.

The End of Number III.

Notes

• And first, of the French Author; who as he begins his Work so high as the Building of Troy by Priamus, so he con∣tinues it beyond the Slaughter of Turnus by Aeneas, to the Suc∣cession of his Son Ascanius, and two or three Sucessions beyond. Moreover, towards the beginning of his Work, that is, in Chapter 6, he has a Digression upon Bocace, for relating the Story of Dido in his Fall of Princes, differently from Virgil, and recites his Account as well as that of his Author. And in Cap. 33. he passes over Aeneas his Descent into Hell, because 'tis feign'd, and not to be believed; as if several other Parts of this Story, which he has repeated, were not as incredible as that. But to pass to the Translator and Printer, we observe his Style to be more ornate (as he calls it) or dress'd up in superfine Words, especially of the French Extract, than we believe it would have been, had he not submitted it to the Correction. It is more regularly printed than that former of his, described in our last Number; as not running out, but having the Lines all even at the Ends; and large Initials at the beginning of every Chapter: It has also Signatures at the Bottom of the Pages, and besides Commas and Periods, Colons and Semicolons, or what might be designed as such, tho' not always placed perhaps to an∣swer the Purpose of them.
• This elaborate and excellent Collection, which redounds as much to the Glory of the English Nation, as any Book that ever was published in it; having already had sufficient Complaints made in its behalf, against our suffering it to become so scarce and ob∣scure, by neglecting to translate it into the Universal Language, or at least to republish it in a fair Impression, with proper Illus∣trations, and especially an Index, wherewith the Author him∣self supply'd the first Edition, printed in one Volume, Folio, 1589; we shall not here repeat those Complaints; because we must necessarily wait for the Return of that Spirit, which ani∣mated the gallant Adventurers recorded therein to so many heroic Exploits, before we can expect such a true Taste of Delight will prevail to do them so much Justice; or that Envy of tran∣scendent Worth, will permit a noble Emulation of it so far to per∣petuate the Renown of our said Ancestors, as to render, by this means, their Memory no less durable and extensive, than their Merits have demanded. For it may, perhaps, be thought im∣politic, thus to display the most hazardous and the most generous Enterprises which appear in this Book, for the Honour and Advantage of our Country, till the Vertues of our Predecessors will not reflect disadvantageous Comparisons upon the Posterity who shall revive them. But there may be still room left for a more favourable Construction of such Neglect, and to hope that no∣thing but the casual Scarcity or Obscurity of a Work, so long since out of Print, may have prevented its falling into those able and happy Hands, as might, by such an Edition, reward the eminent Examples preserved therein, the Collector thereof, and Themselves, according to all their Deserts.
• And first, As it has been so useful to many of our Authors, not only in Cosmography and Navigation, but in History, especi∣ally that of the glorious Reign in which so many brave Exploits were atchieved: As it has been such a leading Star to the Naval Histories since compiled; and saved from the Wreck of Oblivion many exemplary Incidents in the Lives of our most renowned Navigators; it has therefore been unworthily omitted in the Eng∣lish Historical Library. And lastly, Tho' the first Volume of this Collection does frequently appear, by the Date, in the Title Page, to be printed in 1599. the Reader is not thence to conclude the said Volume was then reprinted, but only the Title Page, as upon collating the Books we have observed; and fur∣ther, that in the said last printed Title Page, there is no men∣tion made of the Cadiz Voyage; to omit which, might be one Reason of reprinting that Page: For it being one of the most prosperous and honourable Enterprizes that ever the Earl of Essex was ingaged in, and he falling into the Queen's unpar∣donable Displeasure at this time, our Author, Mr. Hakluyt, might probably receive Command or Direction, even from one of the Patrons to whom these Voyages are dedicated, who was of the contrary Faction, not only to suppress all Memorial of that Action in the Front of this Book, but even cancel the whole Narrative thereof at the End of it, in all the Copies (far the greatest Part of the Impression) which remained unpub∣lished. And in that castrated Manner the Volume has descended to Posterity; not but if the Castration was intended to have been concealed from us, the last Leaf of the Preface would have been reprinted also, with the like Omission of what is there mentioned concerning the Insertion of this Voyage. But at last, about the middle of the late King's Reign, an uncastrated Copy did arise, and the said Voyage was reprinted from it; whereby many imperfect Books have been made complete.
• We may further add, The Author was, by King James I. a∣bout the Middle of his Reign, made Assistant to Sir Lewis Lewkner, Master of the Ceremonies, in which Service he acquitted himself with great Honour and Fidelity: whereupon King Charles, after his Father's Death, not only continued him in hi•• Place, but gave him a reversionary Grant of the Office of Master of the Ceremo∣nies; which came to his Possession by the Death of Sir Lewis, 10th of March 1626. During his whole Service, he applied himself with great Assiduity; retiring only when Occasion would serve, to his Country-house at Twittenham. It was his constant Maxim to give the least Occasion to, and avoid as much as possi∣ble, the too nice Punctillios of Procedence between Ambassadors; which seldom fail to breed Animosities in their Sovereigns: And, by this means, he was not only much esteemed by the Ambassadors, which turned greatly to his Advantage, with regard to their usual Presents; but he likewise prevented the Trouble that wou'd have ensued to his Majesty, of hearing their frivolous Complaints. As to this Work, it was the Au∣thor's Method, as appears by the Editor's Dedication, to couch in Writing, what things passed in his Province, not only for his own, but for the Information of others; and his Notes were more than once, as appears by his own Words, produced to the Lord Chamberlain to regulate by Precedents the Differences which happened between Ambassadors: And in one of his Ob∣servations, page 129. he says he does it,

  "for future Occasions and Use to the Master of the Ceremonies;"

  which plainly shews his Intention, that these Observations shou'd be made publick; and to every one in that Province, they may, no doubt, be of great Use and Instruction. And they may be of further and still greater Use, as well in illustrating some Parts of Mons. Wiquefort, as the English History in that Period, well known to have so much abounded in Embassies, and in the Particulars whereof our Hi∣storians of those Times are very deficient, not having had the Light of these Observations. Anthony Wood, who informs us, that he lived to the Age of 70 Years, and died in 1641, yet gives us no Account how long he remained in his Office, nor why he so abruptly discontinued his Observations. But we have heard there now is an original or authentick MS. of them in being, which might give further Intelligence in this Particular.
• Of these Editions we shall only add, That the first was published in 1666, that the historical Part consists of 332 Pages, and the Chronology of 117, when the Figures of the Pages are rightly corrected, ending at the Year 1665. The second Edi∣tion was printed 1671, has in the historical Part, like this last, 336 Pages; and in the chronological, 117, ending at the Year 1671. Ant. Wood says,

  "That of the first Impression, many Co∣pies were burnt by the Fire of London:"

  And that,

  "in the Chronica Series are many Faults;"

  which will not so much be wondered at, by those who have read how much of it was now first calculated, and in a manner guessed at, thro' the Defect of Registers, as that, for such a Space of Time, the Author should be able to settle so many Persons in their respective Places. Bishop Nicholson is of Opinion,

  "That our first Enquiries after the History of the Laws of this Kingdom, ought to begin with the careful reading of this Book; which we shall find so ac∣curately penn'd, and with so good a Mixture of Learning and Judgment, that it will almost do the Work alone: That he cannot give a better View of this most elaborate Treatise, than by telling the Reader, it fully answers its Title-Page; giving as compleat a History, as it was possible for one Man to furnish us with, of the Particulars therein mentioned: That under all these Heads, the Collections are many, and the Method exact; so that we have abundance without Super∣fluity; and all we can wish for, without the hazard of being cloy'd: That in the Chronology, if any thing hath escaped the Search of so diligent and curious a Writer, the Tables are so ordered, that every Reader's additional Discoveries are quickly marshall'd and tribed under their proper Columns: And lastly, That out of these, and Rastal's Table of Years, were stoln the Chronica Juridicialia;"

  which is printed in 8^o. 1685.
• The whole, tho' two or three Leaves may be wanting at the end of some of the Reigns, is a very useful Collection; giving great Intelligence in a little Compass; as it respects the Properties and Privileges of so many hundred Persons, to whom the said Grants of Lands, Tenements, Leases, &c. were made, with the particular Times when, and the Places where they lay; to what Abbeys, Priories, &c. they belonged; for what Con∣sideration, and by what Rents, or Rights they were held; and into what Court those Rents were payable. All which Particulars, must render the Collection most readily instructive, as in divers other Enquiries, so in the Pedigrees of many Families of Di∣stinction, and the Aera of many Tenures: the Authority of Titles, Right of Conveyances, Valuation of Estates; and to all Writers of particular History in the said Periods, as well Personal as Topographical, or the Antiquities of the several Counties of Eng∣land. It is preserved in the same Hands with that MS. which we described in our last Number.