A tour in Scotland: MDCCLXIX.

APPENDIX.

NUMBER I. Concerning the Constitution of the Church of Scotland.

PResbyterian government in Scot|land took place after the refor|mation of popery, as being the form of ecclesiastical government most a|greeable to the genius and inclina|tions of the people of Scotland, When James VI. succeeded to the crown of England, it is well known, that du|ring his reign and that of his succes|sors of the family of Stewart, designs were formed of altering the constitu|tion of our civil government and ren|dering our kings more absolute. The establishment of episcopacy in Scot|land

was thought to be one point proper in order to facilitate the exe|cution of these designs. Episcopacy was accordingly established at length, and continued to be the government of the church till the revolution, when such designs subsisting no lon|ger, presebyterian government was re|stored to Scotland. It was established by act of parliament in 1690, and was afterwards secured by an express article in the treaty of union between the two kingdoms of England and Scotland. Among the ministers of Scotland, there subsists a perfect equality; that is, no minister, con|sidered as an individual, has an au|thoratative jurisdiction over another. Jurisdiction is competent for them only when they act in a collective body, or as a court of judicature: and then there is a subordination of

one court to another, or inferiour and superiour courts.

The courts established by law are the four following, viz. Church Ses|sions, Presbyteries, Provincial Synods, and above all a National or General Assembly.

A Church Session is composed of the Minister of the parish and certain discreet Laymen, who are chosen and ordained for the exercise of discipline, and are called Elders. The number of these Elders varies according to the extent of the parish. Two of them, together with the Minister, are necessary, in order to their holding a legal meeting. The Minister always presides in these meetings, and is called Moderator; but has no other authority but what belongs to the Praeses of any other court. The

Church Session is appointed for in|specting the morals of the parishioners, and managing the funds that are ap|propriated for the maintainance of the poor within their bounds. When a person is convided of any instance of immoral conduct, or of what is in|consistent with his christian profession, the Church Session inflicts some eccle|siastical censure, such as giving him an admonition or rebuke: or if the crime be of a gross and publick na|ture, they appoint him to profess his repentance in face of the whole con|gregation, in order to make satisfac|tion for the publick offence. The highest church censure is excommu|nication, which is seldom inflicted but for contumacy, or for some very atrocious crime obstinately persisted in. In former times there were cer|tain civil pains and penalties which followed upon a sentence of excom|munication,

but by a British statute these are happily abolished. The church of Scotland addresses its cen|sures only to the consciences of men; and if they cannot by the methods of persuasion reclaim offenders, they think it inconsistent with the spirit of true religion, to have recourse to compulsive methods, such as tempo|ral pains and penalties.

If the person thinks himself ag|grieved by the Church Session, it is competent for him to seek redress, by entering an appeal to the Presbytery, which is the next superiour court. In like manner he may appeal from the Presbytery to the Provincial Synod, and from the Synod to the Assembly, whose sentence is final in all ecele|siastical matters.

A Presbytery consists of the, Mini|sters within a certain district, and also of one ruling Elder from each Church Session within the district. In settling the boundaries of a Presbytery, a re|gard was paid to the situation of the country. Where the country is po|pulous and champaign, there are in|stances of thirty Ministers and as many Elders being joined in one Pres|bytery. In mountainous countries where travelling is more difficult, there are only seven or eight Ministers, in some places fewer, in a Presbytery. The number of Presbyteries is com|puted to he about seventy. Presby|teries review the procedure of Church Sessions, and judge in references and appeals that are brought before them. They take trials of candidates for the ministry: and if upon such trial they had them duly qualified, they license

them to preach, but not to dispense the sacraments. Such licentiates are called Probationers. It is not com|mon for the church of Scotland to or|dain or confer holy orders on such li|centiates till they be presented to some vacant kirk, and thereby acquire a right to a benefice.

It is the privilege of Presbyteries to judge their own members, at least in the first instance. They may be judged for herefy, that is, for preach|ing or publishing doctrines that are contrary to the publick standard im|posed by Act of Parliament and As|sembly; or for any instance of im|moral conduct, prosecutions for heresy were formerly more frequent than they are at present; but happily a more liberal spirit has gained ground among the Clergy of Scotland. They think more freely than they did of

old, and consequently a spirit of in|quiry and moderation seems to be on the growing hand; so that prosecu|tions for herefy are become more rare, and are generally looked upon as in|vidious. Some sensible men among the clergy of Scotland look upon sub|scriptions to certain articles and creeds of human composition as a grievance, from which they would willingly be delivered.

Presbyteries are more severe in their censures upon their own members for any instance of immoral conduct. If the person be convicted, they suspend him from the exercise of his ministe|rial office for a limited time: but if the crime be of a heinous nature, they depose or deprive him of his cle|rical character; so that he is no lon|ger a minister of the church of Scot|land, but forfeits his title to his bene|fice,

and other privileges of the esta|blished church. However, if the per|son thinks himself injured by the sentence of the Presbytery, it is law|ful for him to appeal to the Provin|cial Synod, within whose bounds his Presbytery lies: and from the Synod he may appeal to the National Assem|bly. Presbyteries hold their meetings generally every month, except in re|mote countries, and have a power of adjourning themselves to whatever time or place within their district they shall think proper. They chuse their own Praeses or Moderator, who must be a Minister of their own Presbytery. The ruling Elders who sit in Presbyteries must be changed every half-year, or else chosen again by their respective Church Sessions.

Provincial Synods are the next supe|riour courts to Presbyteries, and are

composed of the several Presbyteries within the province and of a ruling Elder from each Church Session. The ancient dioceses of the Bishops are for the most part the boundaries of a Synod. Most of the Synods in Scot|land meet twice every year, in the months of April and October, and at every meeting they chuse their Praeses or Moderator, who must be a clergy|man of their own number. They review the procedure of Presbyteries, and judge in appeals, references and complaints, that are brought before them from the inferiour courts. And if a Presbytery shall be found negli|gent in executing the ecclesiastical laws against any of their members, or any other person within their juris|diction, the Synod can call them to account, and censure them as they shall see cause.

The General Assembly is the su|preme court in ecclesiastical matters, and from which there lies no appeal. As they have a power of making Jaws and canons, concerning the discipline and government of the church, and the publick service of religion, the King sends always a commissioner to represent his royal person, that no|thing may be enacted inconsistent with the laws of the state. The person who represents the King is gene|rally some Scots nobleman, whom his Majesty nominates annually some time before the meeting of the assembly, and is allowed a suitable salary for de|fraying the expence of this honourable office. He is present at all the meet|ings of the assembly, and at all their debates and deliberations. After the assembly is constituted, he presents his commission and delivers a speech;

and when they have finished their bu|siness, which they commonly do in twelve days, he adjourns the assembly, and appoints the time and place of their next annual meeting, which is generally at Edinburgh in the month of May.

The Assembly is composed of Ministers and ruling Elders chosen an|nually from each Presbytery in Scot|land. As the number of Ministers and Elders in a Presbytery varies, so the number of their representatives must hold a proportion to the number of Ministers and Elders that are in the Presbytery. The proportion is fixed by laws and regulations for that pur|pose. Each Royal Burgh and Uni|versity in Scotland has likewise the privilege of chusing a ruling Elder to the Assembly. All elections must at least be made forty days before the

meeting of the Assembly. Their ju|risdiction is either constitutive or ju|dicial. By the first they have autho|rity to make laws in ecclesiastical matters: by the other they judge in references and appeals brought be|fore them from the subordinate courts, and their sentences are decisive and final. One point which greatly employs their attention is the settle|ment of vacant parishes. The com|mon people of Scotland are greatly prejudiced against the law of pa|tronage. Hence when a patron pre|sents a candidate to a vacant parish, the parishioners frequently make great opposition to the settlement of the presentee, and appeal from the infe|riour courts to the Assembly. The Assembly now-a-days are not disposed to indulge the parishioners in unrea|sonable opposition to presentees. On the other hand, they are unwilling to

settle the presentee in opposition to the whole people, who refuse to sub|mit to his ministry, because in this case his ministrations among them must be useless and without effect. The Assembly therefore for the most part delay giving sentence in such cases, till once they have used their endea|vours to reconcile the parishioners to the presentee. But if their attempts this way prove unsuccessful, they pro|ceed to settle the presentee in obe|dience to the act of parliament con|cerning patronages. Upon the whole it appears that in the indicatories of the church of Scotland, there is an equal representation of the Laity as of the Clergy, which is a great secu|rity to the Laity against the usurpa|tions of the Clergy.

The business of every Minister in a parish is to perform religious worship,

and to preach in the language of the country to his congregation every Sunday, and likewise on other extra|ordinary occasions appointed by the laws and regulations of the church. The tendency of their preaching is to instruct their hearers in the essential doctrines of natural and revealed re|ligion, and improve these instructions in order to promote the practice of piety and social virtue. Of old, it was customary to preach upon con|troverted and mysterious points of divinity, but it is now hoped that the generality of the Clergy confine the subject of their preaching to what has a tendency to promote virtue and good morals, and to make the people peaceable and useful members of so|ciety.

Ministers likewise examine their parishioners annually. They go to

the different towns and * 1.1 villages of the parish, and in an easy and fami|liar manner converse with them upon the essential doctrines of religion. They make trial of their knowledge by putting questions to them on these heads. The adult as well as children are catechised. They likewise visit their parishes and inquire into the be|haviour of their several parishioners, and admonish them for whatever they find blameable in their conduct. At

these visitations the Minister incul|cates the practice of the relative and social duties, and insists upon the ne|cessity of the practice of them. And if there happen to be any quarrels among neighbours, the Minister en|deavours by the power of persuasion to bring about a reconciliation. But in this part of their conduct, much depends upon the temper, prudence, and discretion of Ministers, who are cloathed with the same passions, pre|judices and infirmities, that other men are:

To this sensible account of the Church of North Britain, I beg leave to add another, which may be consi|dered as a sort of supplement, and may serve to sling light on some points untouched in the preceding: it is the extract from an answer to some que|ries I sent a worthy correspondent in

the Highlands, to whom I am in|debted for many sensible communi|cations:

To apprehend well the present state of our church patronage and mode of settlement, we must briefly view this matter from the Reformation. At that remarkable period the whole temporalities of the church were resumed by the Crown and Parliament; and soon after a new maintenance was settled for Ministers in about 960 parishes. The patrons of the old, splendid Popish livings, still claimed a pa|tronage in the new-modelled poor stipends for parish ministers. The Lords, or Gentlemen, who got from the Crown, grants of the superiorities and lands of old abbies, claimed also the patronage of all the churches which were in the gift of those

abbies during popery. The King too claimed the old patronage of the Crown, and those of any ec|clesiaslic corporations not granted away.

Lay-patronages were reckoned always a great grievance by the Church of Scotland, and accord|ingly from the beginning of the reformation the Church declared against lay-patronage and presen|tations. The ecclesiastic laws, of acts of assembly, confirmed at last by parliament, required, in order to the settlement of a Minister, some concurrence of the congre|gation, of the gentlemen who had property within the cure, and of the elders of the parish.

The Elders, or Kirk-Session, are a number of persons, who, for their

wisdom, piety and knowledge, are elected from the body of the people in every parish, and continue for life, sese bene gerentibus, to assist the parish Minister in suppressing immoralities and regulating the af|fairs of the parish. Three of these men and a Minister make a quo|rum, and form the lowest of our church courts.

Thus matters continued to the year 1649, when by act of parlia|ment patronages were abolished en|tirely, and the election or nomina|tion of Ministers was committed to the Kirk-Session or Elders; who, in those days of universal sobriety and outward appearance at least of religion among the Presbyteriaris, were generally the gentlemen of il best condition in the parish who were in communion with the

church. After the restoration of King Charles II. along with epis|copacy patronages returned, yet under the old laws; and all de|bates were finally determinate by the General Assembly, which even under episcopacy in Scotland was the supreme ecclesiastic court. Thus they continued till the Re|volution, when the Presbyterian model was restored by act of par|liament.

The people chose their own mi|nisters, and matters continued in this form till the year 1711, when Queen Anne's ministry intending to defeat the Hanover successon, took all methods to harass such as were firmly attached to it, which the Presbyterian Gentry and Clergy ever were, both from principle and inte|rest. An act therefore was obtained,

and which is still in force, restoring patrons to their power of electing ministers.

By this act the King is now in possession of the patronage of above 500 churches out of 950, having not only the old rights of the crown, but many patronages ac|quired at the reformation not yet alienated; all the patronages of the 14 Scots Bishops, and all the patronages of the Lords and Gen|tlemen forseited in the years 1715 and 1745. Lords, gentlemen and magistrates of burroughs, are the patrons of the remaining churches. A patron must present a qualified person to a charge within six months of the last incumbent's re|moval or death, otherwise his right falls to the Presbytery.

A Presbytery consists of several Ministers and Elders, All parishes are annexed to some Presbytery. The Presbytery is the second church court, and they revise the the acts of the Kirk-Session, which is the lowest. Above the Presby|tery is the Synod, which is a court consisting of several Presbyteries. And from all these there lies an appeal to the General Assembly, which is the supreme church court in Scotland. This supreme court consists of the King represented by his Commissioner, Ministers from the different Presbyteries, and ruling Elders. They meet an|nually at Edinburgh, enact laws for the good of the church, finally determine all controverted elections of Ministers. They can prevent a clergyman's transportation from one

charge to another. They can find a presentee qualified or unqualified, and consequently oblige the patron to present another. They can de|pose from the ministry, and every intrant into holy orders becomes bound to submit to the decisions of this court; which, from the days our reformer John Knox, has ap|propriated to itself the titles of The VERY VENERABLE and VERY REVEREND ASSEMBLY of the Church of Scotland.

All the clergymen of our com|munion are upon a par as to autho|rity. We can enjoy no pluralities. Non-residence is not known. We are bound to a regular discharge of the several duties of our office. The different cures are frequently visited by the Presbytery of the bounds; and at these visitations strict: en|quiry

is made into the life, doc|trine and diligence of the incum|bent. And for default in any of these, he may be suspended from preaching: or if any gross immo|rality is proved against him, he can be immediately deposed and ren|dered incapable of officiating as a Minister of the gospel. Appeal indeed lies, as I said before, from the decision of the inferior to the supreme court.

Great care is taken in preparing young men for the ministry. After going through a course of philo|sophy in one of our four Universi|ties, they must attend at least for four years the Divinity-Hall, where they hear the prelections of the professors, and perform the dif|ferent exercises prescribed them: they must attend the Greek, the

Hebrew, and Rhetoric classes; and before ever they are admitted to tryals for the ministry before a Pres|bytery, they must lay testimonials from the different professors of their mortis, their attendance, their pro|gress, before them: and if upon tryal they are found unqualified, they are either set aside as unfit for the office, or enjoined to apply to their studies a year or two more.

Our livings are in general from 60 to 120l. sterling. Some few livings are richer, and a few poorer. Every minister besides is entitled to a mansion-house, barn and stable; to four acres of arable and three of pasturage land. Our livings are exempted from all public duties; as are also our persons from all public statute-works. As schools are erected in all our parishes, and

that education is cheap, our young generation is beginning to imbibe some degree of taste and liberal sentiment unknown to their illite|rate rude forefathers. The English language is cultivated even here amongst these bleak and dreary mountains. Your Divines, your Philosophers, your Historians, your Poets, have found their way to our sequestred vales, and are perused with pleasure even by our lowly swains; and the names of Tittotson, of Atterbury, of Clerk, of Secker, of Newton, of Locke, of Bacon, of Lyttelton, of Dryden, of Pope, of Gay, and of Gray, are not unknown in our distant land.

NUMBER II. Account of the fading Woman of Rosshire.

Dunrobin, Aug. 24, 1769.

The Information of Mr. Rainy, Mis|sionary—Minister in Kincardine, anent Katharine M'Leod.

KAtharine M'Leod, daughter to Do|nald M'Leod, farmer in Croig, in the parish of Kincardine, Rosshire, an unmarried woman, aged about thirty|five years, sixteen years ago contracted a fever, after which she became blind. Her father carried her to several phy|sicians and surgeons to cure her blind|ness. Their prescriptions proved of no effect. He carried her also to a lady skilled in physic, in the neigh|borhood,

who, doubtfull whether her blindness was occasioned by the weak|ness of her eye-lids, or a defect in her eyes, found by the use of some medi|cines that the blindness was occasioned by a weakness in her eye-lids, which being strengthened she recovered her fight in some measure, and discharged as usual every kind of work about her father's farm; but tyed a garter tight round her forehead to keep up her eye-lids. In this condition she con|tinued for four or five years, enjoying a good state of health, and working as usual. She contracted another lin|gering fever, of which she never re|covered perfectly.

Some time after her fever her jaws fell, her eye-lids closed, and she lost her appetite. Her parents declare that for the space of a year and three-quarters they could not say that any meat or liquid went down her throat.

throat. Being interrogated on this point, they own'd they very fre|quently put something into her mouth. But they concluded that nothing went down her throat, because she had no evacuation; and when they forced open her jaws at one time, and kept them open for some time by putting in a stick between her teeth, and pulled forward her tongue, and forced something down her throat, me coughed and strained, as if in danger to be choaked. One thing during the time she eat and drank nothing is remarkable, that her jaws were unlocked, and she recovered her speech, and retained it for several days, without any apparent cause for the same; she was quite sensible, re|peated several questions of the shorter catechisms; told them that it was to no purpose to put any thing into her mouth, for that nothing went down

her throat; as also that sometimes she understood them when they spoke to her. By degrees her jaws thereafter fell, and she lost her speech.

Some time before I few her she re|ceived some sustenance, whey, water|gruel, &c. but threw it up, at least for the most part, immediately. When they put the stick between her teeth, mentioned above, two or three of her teeth were broken. It was at this breach they put in any thing into her mouth. I caused them to bring her out of bed, and give her something to drink. They gave her whey. Her neck was contraded, her chin fixed on her breast, nor could by any force be pulled back: she put her chin and mouth into the dish with the whey, and I perceived she sucked it at the above-mentioned breach as a child would suck the breast, and imme|diately

threw it up again, as her pa|rents told me she used to do, and she endeavoured with her hand to dry her mouth and chin. Her forehead was contracted and wrinkled; her cheeks full, red, and blooming. Her parents told me that she slept a great deal and soundly, perspired sometimes, and now and then emitted pretty large quantities of blood at her mouth.

For about two years past they have been wont to carry her to the door once every day, and she would shew signs of uneasiness when they neg|lected it at the usual time. Last sum-summer, after giving her to drink of the water of the weil of Strathconnen, she crawled to the door on her hands and feet without any help. She is at present in a very languid way, and still throws up what she drinks.

NUMBER III. Parallel Roads in Glen-Roy.

ALL the description that can be given of the Parallel Roads, or Terrasses, is, that the Glen of itself is extremely narrow, and the hills on each side very high, and generally not rocky. In the face of these hills, both sides of the glen, there are three roads at small distances from each other, and directly opposite on each side. These roads have been mea|sured in the compleatest parts of them, and found to be 26 paces of a man five feet ten inches high. The two highest are pretty near each other, about 50 yards, and the lowest double that distance from the nearest to it. They are carried along the sides of the glen with the utmost regularity,

nearly as exact as drawn with a line of rule and compass.

Where deep burns or gullies of wa|ter cross these roads, they avoid both the descent and ascent in a very cu|rious manner; so that on the side where the road enters those hollows, they rather ascend along the slope, and descend the opposite side until they come to the level, without the traveller being sensible of ascent or descent. There are other smaller glens falling into this Glen-Roy. The parallel roads surround all these smaller ones; but where Glen-Roy ends in the open country there are not the smallest vestiges of them to be seen. The length of these roads in Glen-Roy are about seven miles. There are other two glens in that neighbour|hood where these roads are equally visible, called Glen-Gluy and Glen-Spean,

the former running north-west and the latter south from Glen-Roy, Both these roads are much about the same length as Glen-Roy.

It is to be observed that these roads are not causeway, but levelled out of the earth. There are some small rocks, though few, in the course of these roads. People have examined in what manner they made this passage through the rocks, and find no vestige of roads in the rock; but they begin on each side, and keep the regular line as formerly. So far I am indebted to Mr. Trapaud, Governor of Fort Au|gustus.

I cannot learn to what nation the inhabitants of the country attribute these roads: I was informed that they were inaccessible at the east end, open at the west, or that nearest to the sea,

and that there were no traces of build|ings, or druidical remains, in any part, that could lead us to suspect that they were designed for oeconomi|cal or religious purposes. The coun|try people think they were designed for the chace, and that these terrasses were made after the spots were cleared in lines from wood, in order to tempt the animals into the open paths after they were rouzed, in order that they might come within reach of the bow|men, who might conceal themselves in the woods above and below. Ridings for the sportsmen are still common in all great forests in France, and other countries on the continent, either that they might pursue the game without interruption of trees, or shoot at it in its passage.

Mr. Gordon, p. 114, of his Itine|rary, mentions such terrasses, to the

number of seventeen or eighteen, raised one above the other in the most regu|lar manner, for the space of a mile, on the side of a hill, in the county of Tweedale, near a village called Romana, and also near two small Roman camps. They are from fifteen to twenty feet broad, and appear at four or five miles distance not unlike a great am|phitheatre. The same gentleman also has observed similar terrasses near other camps of the same nation, from whence he suspects them to be works of the Romans, and to have been thrown up by their armies for itinerary en|campments. Such may have been their use in those places: but what could have been the object of the contrivers of the terrasses of Glen-Roy, where it is more than probable those conquerors never came, remains a mystery, except the conjecture above given should prove satisfactory.

NUMBER IV. GALIC PROVERBS.

1. LEAGHAIDH a Chòir am bèul an Anmbuinn.

Justice itself melts away in the mouth of the feeble.

2. 'S làidir a thèid, 's anmbunn a thig.

The strong shall fall, and oft the weak escape unhurt.

3. 'S fàda Làmb an Fhèumanaich.

Long is the hand of the needy.

4. 'S làidir an t' Anmbunn ann Uchd Treòir.

Strong is the feeble in the bosom of might.

5. 'S maith an Sgàthan Sùil Càrraid.

The eye of a friend is an unerring mirror.

6. Cha hhi 'm Bochd sogh-ar Saihhir.

The luxurious poor shall ne'er be rich.

7. Fer an tain' an Ahhuin, 's àm at mùgha a fùaim.

Most shallow—most noisy.

8. Cha neil Clèith air an Olc, ach gun a dhèanamh.

There is no concealment of evil, but not to commit it.

9. Gihht na Cloinne-hìge, hhi 'ga tòirt 's ga gràd|iarraidh.

The gift of a child, oft granted—oft recalled.

10. Cha neil Saoi gun a choi-meas.

None so brave without his equal.

11. 'S mìnic a thainig Combairle ghlic a Bèul Ama|dain.

Oft has the wisest advice proceeded from the mouth of Folly.

12. Tuishlichidh an t' Each ceithir-chasach.

The four-footed horse doth often stumble; so may the strong and mighty fall.

13. Mer a chaim••eas Duin' a Bheatha, hheir a Brèith air a Chhòimhear snach.

As is a man's own life, so is his judgment of the lives of others.

14. Fànaidh Duine sona' re Sìth, 's bheir Duine dòna duì-heum.

The fortunate man awaits, and he shall arrive in peace: the unlucky bastons, and evil shall be his fate.

15. Che do chùir a Ghuala ris, nach do chuir Tuar haris.

Success must attend the man who bravely struggles.

16. Cha Ghlòir a dhear abhas ach Gnìomh.

Triumph never gain'd the sounding words of boast.

17. 'S tric a dh' shàs am Fuigheal-fochaid, 's a mheith am Fuigheal-faramaid.

Oft has the object of canseless scorn arriv'd at honour, and the once mighty scorner fallen down to contempt.

18. Cha do deìohair FEAMM Righ nan Làoch riamh Fear a làimhe-deise.

The friend of his right-hand was never de|serted by FINGAL the king of heroes.

19. Thìg Dia re h' Airc, 's cha 'n Aire nar thig.

GOD cometh in the time of distress, and it is no longer distress when he comes.

EPITAPH.

By BEN JOHNSON.

UNderneath this marble hearse Lies the subject of all verse; Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother: Death, ere thou hast kill'd another, Fair and learn'd, and good as she, Time shall throw a dart at thee.

Translated into Galic.

AN sho na luighe so Lìc-lìghe Ha adh-bheann nan uille-bhuadh, Mathair Phembroke, Piuthar Philip: Ans gach Daan bith' orra luadh. A Bhais man gearr thu sios a coi-meas, Beann a dreach, sa h' Juil, sa Fiach, Bristidh do Bhogh, gun Fhave do shaighid: Bithi'—mar nach bith' tu riamh.

A Sailor's Epitaph in the Church-yard of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk.

THO' Boreas' blow and Neptune's waves Have tost me to and fro, By GOD'S decree, you plainly see, I'm harbour'd here below: Where I must at anchor lye With many of our fleet; But once again we must set sail, Our Admiral CHRIST to meet.

Translated into Galic.

LE Uddal-cuain, 's le sheide Gaoidh 'S lionmhor Amhra thuair mi riamh; Gam luasga a nùl agus a nàl, Gu tric gun Fhois, gun Deoch, gun Bhiadh. Ach thanig mi gu Calla taimh, 'S leg mi m' Achdair ans an Uir, Far an caidil mi mo Phramh, Gus arisd an tog na Sùill. Le Guth na Troimp' as airde fuaim Dus gidh mì, 's na bheil am choir Coinnich' shin ARD-ADMHIRAL a Chuain Bhon faith shin Fois, is Duais, is Lònn.

SAPPHO's ODE.

BLEST as the immortal Gods is he, The youth who fondly sits by thee, &c.

Translated into Galic.

1.

'ADhmhur mar Dhia neo bhasmhor 'ta 'N t' Oglach gu caidreach a shuis re d' sqa: Sa chluin, sa chìth re faad na hùin Do Bhriara droigheal, 's do fhrea gradh cùin.

2.

Och!'s turr a d' fhogair thu mo Chloss 'Sa dhuisg thu 'm Chroidh' gach Buaireas bo••cd: 'N tra dhearc mi ort, 's mi goint le 't Aadh Bhuail reachd am uchd, ghrad mheath mo Chail:

3.

Theogh 'm Aigne aris, is shruth gu dian Teasghradh air feadh gach Baal am Bhiann: Ghrad chaoch mo shuil le Ceodhan Uain 'S tac aoidh mo Chluas le bothar-fhuaim.

4.

Chuer Fallas 'tlàth mo Bhuil gun Lùth Rith Eal-ghris chuin tre m' fhuil gu diu. Ghrad thug am Plofg a bheannachd lcom Is shnìomh mi sheach gun' Diog am Chòmm.

EPITAPH on a LADY, in the Parish-Church of Glenorchay, in North-Britain.

1.

AN sho na luigh ta san INNIS Bean bu duilich leom bhi ann Beul a cheuil, is Lamh a Ghrinnis, Ha iad 'nioshe sho nan tamh.

2.

Tuill' cha toir am Bochd dhuit beannachd: An lom-nochd cha chluthaich thu nis mo' Cha tiormaich Dèur bho shùil na h' Ainnis: Co tuill' O LAGG! a bheir dhuit treoir?

3.

Chan fhaic shin tuille thu sa choinni: Cha suidh shin tuille air do Bhòrd: D'fhàlabh uain s7ugrave;airceas, sèirc is mòdhan Ha Bròn 's bì-mhulad air teachd oiru.

In English.

1. LOW she lies here in the dust, and her me|mory fills me with grief: silent is the tongue of melody, and the hand of elegance is now at rest.

2. No more shall the poor give thee his blessing: nor shall the naked be warmed with the fleece of thy flock. The tear shalt thou not wipe away from the eye of the wretched. Where, now O Feeble, is thy wonted help!

3. No more, my fair, shall we meet thee in the social hall: no more shall we sit at thy hospitable board. Gone for ever is the found of mirth: the kind, the candid, the meek is now no more. Who can express our grief! Flow ye tears of Woe!

A young LADY'S Lamentation on the Death of her LOVER. Translated from the Galic.

GLoomy indeed is the night and dark, and heavy also is my troubled soul: around me all is silent and still; but deep has forsaken my eyes, and my bosom knoweth not the balm of peace. I mourn for the loss of the dead—the young, the beauteous, the brave, alas! lies low.—Lovely was thy form, O youth! lovely and fair was thy open soul—Why did I know thy worth—Oh! why must I now that worth deplore?

Length of years seemed to be the lot of my Love, yet few and fleeting were his days of joy—Strong he flood as the tree of the vale, but untimely he fell into the silent house. The morning Sun saw thee flourish as the lovely rose—before the noon|tide heat low thou droop'st as the withered plant.

What then availed thy bloom of youth, and what thy arm of strength? Ghastly is she face of Love—dim and dark the soul-expressing eye—The mighty fell to arise no more!

Whom now shall I call my friend? or from whom can I hear the sound of joy? In thee the friend has fallen—in thy grave my joy is laid.—We lived—we grew together. O why together did we nor also fall!

Death—thou cruer spoiler! how oft hast thou caused the tear to flow! many are the miserable thou hast made, and who can escape thy dart of woe?

Kind Fate, come lay me low, and bring me to my house of rest. In yonder grave, beneath the leafy plane, my Love and I shall dwell in peace. Sacred be the place of our repose.

O seek not to disturb the ashes of the dead!

NUMBER V. Of the Columns in Penrith Church-Yard.

SINCE the printing of p. 218, I have been favored with two beautifull drawings of the pillars* 1.2 in Penrith Church-Yard. One was com|municated to me by the Rev. Mr. Farish of Carlisle, and represents them in their present state; the other by the Rev. Mr. Monkhouse, Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, which is a view of them before they were muti|lated. The first is certainly a most authentic representation of them; the last varies in many particulars from the form they now appear in: in that

the columns are drawn entirely square from top to bottom, whereas the lower part of the pillars now extant are rounded. There is no fret-work on the old drawing of these columns, but instead are two small rude figures of human heads. The thin semicircular stones are deeply and regularly in|dented on their edges, which appear of an equal thickness throughout; whereas the others are very sharp, or ridged at one extremity, and dilate gradually till they arrive at a consi|derable thickness at the other. The figures in the old sketch are of a boar, and perhaps a bear. The upper ends of these pillars seem faithfully to sup|ply what has been destroyed, a cross and a capital.

How this great variation in the drawings of the same columns hap|pened, is not easy to say; for it does

not appear that there ever were any others in the place. Time has obli|terated the figures of the animals but whether any workman had chiz|zled the whole shafts of the pillars to their present form, is, I think, scarcely to be conjectured; they bear all the appearance of antiquity. The old drawings are done with much ele|gance, and are copied from some col|lections in the custody of Mr. Monk|house, formed by Hugh Todd, D. D. Prebendary of Carlisle and Vicar of Penrith, as materials for the antiqui|ties of the diocese he belonged to. Notwithstanding my doubts about the entire fidelity of the old drawing, (which was done about the year 1690) I cause it to be engraven as a com|panion to the other, in hopes that some antiquarian of the country will oblige the Publick by clearing up the point.

By Mr. Monkhouse's permission I annex Doctor Todd's account of these antiquities:

At the north door of the church are erected two large stone pillars of a pyramidical form, cruciated towards the top, each of them fif|teen feet high, and plac'd at the distance of seventeen feet from each other. The space between them is surrounded with the rude figures of four boars, or wild hogs. What this monument denotes, and for what reason it was first erected, may be somewhat uncertain. The common vulgar report is, That one Ewen or Owen Coesarius, a very ex|traordinary person, famous in these parts for hunting and fighting, about 1400 years ago, whom no hand but the hand of Death could

overcome, lyes buried in this place. His stature, as the story lays, was prodigious, beyond that of the Patagons in South America, viz. fifteen feet. That the two pillars denote his height, and the four ough unpolish'd stones betwixt re|present so many wild boars which had the honour to be kill'd by this wonderful giant. That there might be, in remote times, in these re|gions, men of large gi gantick fi|gures, as there are now near the Magellanic Streights, and that they might affect Roman sirnames and distinctions as the Americans about Darieen do Spanish, needs not either be discussed or denied. But those persons give the best account of the original, nature, and design of these stones, who look upon them as of a much later date, and for a very different intention. That they were

erected long after the introduction of christianity at the north (or Death's) door of the church in the form of a cross, in order to rest the bodies of the dead upon them, and to pray for their souls (as the man|ner was): And that the four figures of Boars are the cognizance* 1.3 of the Earls of Warwick, some of whom held the seigniory of Penrith and lived in the castle, and might be at the expence of the work.

[figure]

PILLARS IN PENRITH CHURCH YARD

A Recapitulation of the ANIMALS mentioned in the TOUR, with some additional Remarks in Natural History.

* 1.4 THE offspring of them now domesticated are said to be found in Hamilton Park. Vide p. 206.

* 1.5 Inhabits the forests on the south of Lough-Raynach, those in the neigh|borhood of Invercauld, the woods near Tarnaway and Calder castles, and about Lough-Moy and Lough-Ness; and its most northerly haunts are the woods of Langwall, at the entrance into Cathness.

A full-grown Roe weighs 60lb. the hair in summer is short, smooth, and glossy, red at the tips, cinereous beneath. At approach of winter the hair grows very long and hoary, and proves an excellent defence against the rigor of the highland air. The rump and underside of the tail white. The tail very short. Below the first joint of the outside of the hind leg is a long tuft of hair, such as is found on the legs of certain Antelopes. The

horns of a Roebuck of the second year are strait, slender, and without any branch: in the third become bi|furcated: in the fourth, trifurcated, and grow more scabrous and stronger, in proportion to their longevity. It feeds during summer on grass, and is remarkably fond of the Rubas Saxatilis, called in the Highlands on that ac|count the Roebuck Berry. When the ground is covered with snow it feeds on the extreme branches of the pine and juniper. It brings two young at a time. The Fawns are elegantly spotted with white. It is extremely difficult to rear them; commonly eight out of ten dying in the attempt. The flesh of the Roe is by some accounted a delicacy: to me it seemed very dry. They keep in small families of five or six.

* 1.6 Notwithstanding it is not quite pe|culiar to Scotland in a wild state, yet is mentioned here on account of some singularities relating to its natural history, which I collected in my jour|ney. Stags abound all over the High|lands and in the Isle of Skie. In the last are so numerous as to oblige the farmer to watch his corn: are very

[figure]

I. Roebuck.

[figure]

II. White Hare.

fond of crowsfoot, and, like the Rein, will eat lichens. I have been assured that they are greatly delighted with the found of musick, and that they will be tempted to remain in the deepest attention: that they are fre|quently shot, allured to their destruc|tion by the melody of the pipe. Fal|low Deer are very scarce in North-Britain, and wholly confined in parks.

* 1.7 Is the kind which Boethius takes no|tice of, and says is one of the three that are not to be found any where else. He calls it, Genus venaticum cum celerrimum turn audacissimum: net modo in feras Jsd in hostes etiam La|tronesque; praesertim si dominum duc|toremve injuriam affici cernat aut in eas concitetur.

This sort of dog is become very rare. Vide p. 127.

* 1.8 I saw at Gordon castle a dog the off|spring of a Wolf and Pomeranian bitch. It had much the appearance of the first, was very good-natured and sportive; but being slipped at a weak Deer it instantly brought the animal down and tore out its throat. This dog was bred by Mr. Brook,

animal-merchant, in London, who told me that the congress between the wolf and the bitch was immediate, and the produce at the litter was ten.

* 1.9 Peculiar to the summits of the highest mountains of the Highlands: is less than the common Hare; its limbs more slender; its flesh more delicate: it never descends into the values, or mixes with the common kind: is very agile and full of frolick when kept tame: is fond of honey and carraway comfits, and prognosticates a storm by eating its own dung: in a wild state, does not run an end, but seeks shelter under stones as soon as pos|sible.

During summer its predominant color is grey: about September it be|gins to allume a snowy whiteness; the alteration of color appearing about the neck and rump, and becomes en|tirely white, except the edges and tips of the ears: in April it again resumes its grey coat.

A small animal,* 1.10 mentioned by Sir Robert Sibbald, as being common in Cathness, living in the water, and whose breath is noxious to cattle. I

suspect from the description that I had given me, that it is the same with the Water Shrewmouse, Br. Zool. ittustr. p. 83.

I could get no account of Sir Ro|bert's mouse with a black back, which he says kills moles.

* 1.11 The Seals on the coasts of North-Britain are the common and the great. Syn. Quad. Nris. 265. 266. But I could not learn that the Walrus was ever seen in any of the SCOTTISH Seas; notwithstanding it was found about the Orkney Isles in the days of Boethins. Vide Desc. Regn. Scotiae, xvi.

BIRDS.

* 1.12 The Sea Eagle breeds in ruined towers, and leaves its summer haunts before winter. The Ring-tail Eagle, Br. Zool. breeds in rocks, and con|tinues in North-Britain the whole year.

* 1.13 The Peregrine and the Gentil Falcons breed in Glenmore, and other lofty rocks of the Highlands. The Gyr-Falcon has been shot in Aberdeenshire. A large white Hawk, I suppose an un|spotted

bird of the last species, has bred for these last twelve years at Hil|leigh-Green, near Hackness, four miles from Scarborough.

* 1.14 Breed in trees in the highland part of Aberdeenshire.

* 1.15 The great-horned or Eagle Owl has been shot in the shire of Fife.

* 1.16 The common species is very rare in the Highlands, there being scarce any other sort found there than the Roy|ston or Hooded Crow, which resides there the whole year. Whence those that visit us annually during winter migrate from is uncertain.

* 1.17 Visits the neighborhood of Edinburgh annually, appearing in flocks during winter, and feeds on the berries of the mountain ash.

* 1.18 Is found in the farthest parts of Glen|lion, and near Achmore.

* 1.19 This bird is found in a few woods north of Lough-Ness; perhaps in those near Castle-Grant? Formerly, was common throughout the High|lands, and was called Caperealze, and

[figure]

Cock of the Wood.

[figure]

I. Ptarmigan.

[figure]

II. Hen of the Wood.

Auercalze; and in the old law-books, Capercally. The variety of the black game, mentioned by M. Brisson under the name of Coq de Bruyere piquetè, was a mixed breed between these two birds; but I could not hear that any at present were to be found in North Britain. Linnaeus has met with them in Sweden, and describes them under the title of Tetrao cauda bifurca subtus alho punctata.

* 1.20 Another of the grous kind, common on the summits of the highest high|land hills. Vide p. 79. and Br. Zool. illustr. p. 21. If I mistake not, I have heard that a few are still found on the Cumberland mountains.

* 1.21 Now extinct in Scotland. Boethius says that in his days it was found in Merch.

* 1.22 I found in the Journal of Mr. James Robertson an ingenious eleve of Doctor Hope, that these two birds are found in great abundance during summer in the Isle of Aryan. Ring-Ouzels are very common in the Highlands.

* 1.23 Not found in North-Britain.

* 1.24 This bird is seen near Edinburgh du|ring winter; so does not migrate.

* 1.25 Br. Zool. illustr. p. 59. Found during summer in the pine-forests of Aber|deenshire, and probably breeds there.

* 1.26 I have had lately an opportunity of comparing this bird with the greater Brambling, and find them to be dif|ferent, and not as I once thought, varieties of the fame kind. The size of this is less, and the claw of the hind toe much shorter. A few of these birds breed with the Ptarmigans on the summits of the highest moun|tains; but the greatest numbers mi|grate from the most distant north, even from Greenland and Spitzbergen. Vide Br. Zoel illustr. p. 17.

WATER FOWL.

* 1.27 Breeds in the hills about Invercauld.

* 1.28 Breeds in Lincolnshire. For the list of other fen birds, vide p. 9, 10.

* 1.29 The black-billed Auk and lesser Guil|lemot appear during winter in flocks

innumerable in the Firth of Forth, and are called there Marrots. Their summer retreat is not yet traced. The little Auk is sometimes shot near Aber|deen.

* 1.30 Is called in North Britain the Dirty Aulin. I saw one flying over the Firth of Forth near the Queen's Ferry.

* 1.31 Doctor Walker of Moffat shewed me one killed during summer in the western isles; also some other birds which were supposed to have migrated out of Great-Britain. He also disco|vered in the Isle of Tirey the Tringa interpres.

REPTILES.

* 1.32 A new British Snake was discovered in Aberdeenshire by the late Doctor David Skene, a gentleman whose loss will be deplored by every lover of natural history; for to great know|lege was added the most liberal and communicative disposition. The ac|count he favored me with of this rep|tile was this: Its length was fifteen inches: it had no scuta abdom. or caudalia, but was entirely covered with small scales, which on the upper

part of the held were larger than the rest: the tongue was broad and fork|ed: the nostrils small and round, and placed near the tip of the nose: the eyes lodged in oblong fissures above the angle of the mouth: the belly was of a bluish lead-color with small white spots irregularly dispersed: the rest of the body of a greyish brown with three longitudinal blackish brown lines, one extending from the back of the head to the point of the tail, the two others were broader and extended the whole length of the sides. Doctor Skene informed me that it was the same with the Anguis Eryx of Linnaeus, p. 392.

FISH.

* 1.33 This species frequents the Firth of Clyde and the seas of the western isles: the Trustees for the forfeited estates encourage the fishery, and furnish the adventurers with money to purchase the proper materials.

* 1.34 Swarms on the eastern coast of Scot|land, and is taken and cured for the use of the common people. Mr. James Robertson observed near the

Isle of Skie a species called there the Blind-hive, which is reckoned a great restorative.

* 1.35 Draco major seu araneus Salvian. 70. This species was taken near Scar|borough, and communicated to me by Mr. Travis.

Its length eleven inches; greatest depth one inch and three-quarters: head flat: eyes large: edges of the jaws rough with minute teeth; the lower jaw the longest, and slopes less than that of the common species: the head covered with minute tubercles; cheeks and gills covered with small scales; on the last is a sharp spine.

First dorsal fin is black, and con|sists of five spines; the second reaches within a small distance of the tail: the pectoral has thirteen branched rays; the ventral six; the anal ex|tends as far as the second dorsal: tail large, triangular, and even at the end.

The scales run in oblique lines from the back to the belly, with a division between each row.

* 1.36 One was taken at Scarborough in 1755, which measured five feet eight inches, and its girth round the shoulders five feet: its weight 781b. and was sold for a shilling.

* 1.37 Saurus Rondel. 232. After a violent storm from the N. E. in November last, a great num|ber of these fish were flung on shore in the Firth of Forth on the sands of Leith. An account and an accurate figure of one of them was commu|nicated to me by Mr. George Paton of Edinburgh, a gentleman who is a zealous promoter of natural know|lege.

Its length is eleven inches: the nose slender: the jaws produced like those of the Sea Needle, but of equal lengths, and the upper mandible slightly recurvated; their length one inch: eyes large: body slender and anguilliform, but towards the tail grows suddenly smaller, and tapers to a very inconsiderable girth: on the lower part of the back is a small fin, with six spurious between that and the tail, like those of the Mackrel: correspondent to these are the anal

[figure]

I. Greater Weever.

[figure]

II. Saury.

and six spurious: the pectoral and ventral fins very small: the tail much forked: the back when fresh was of a dark color, the belly bright and silvery.

Rondeletius describes this fish among those of the Mediterranean; but speaks of it as very rare even there.

CRUSTACEA.

* 1.38 Cancer spinosus, maximus, orientalis Seb. Mus. 56. tab. xxii. fig. 1. Can|cer spinosus amboinensis—44. tab. xviii. fig. 10. C. Horridus Lin. syst. 1047. C. spinosus, thorace cordato, mucro|nato: pedibus tantum tribus cursoriis: chelis inoeq, ped. minoribus, Gronov. Zooph. No. 976. Body of a heart-shape: length from the snout to the end of the back five inches one-tenth: snout projecting and bifurcated: the upper crust co|vered with thick spines; those on the margins very long, sharp and strong: the claws covered on all sides with great spines; the right claw twice as large as the left: the fangs beset with small tufts of hair: on each side only three legs echinated like the claws,

and nine inches long. No British crustaceous animal is so well guarded as this.

I have seen this species almost wholly incrusted with the Lepas ba|lanus, and Anomia squammula. Doctor Skene favored me with a fine speci|men, it being taken on the coast of Aberdeen.

INSECTS.

Oniscus.

• Oestrum, Sea on the Torkshire coast.
• Psora, ibid.
• Marinus, ibid.
• Oceanicus, ibid.
• Trifurcatus novus, ibid.
• Quadratus novus, ibid.

Phalangium.

• Grossipes, Sea near Aberdeen. Dr. Skene.
• Balaenarum, ibid.

[figure]

I Thorney Crab.

[figure]

II. Cordated Crab.

QUERIES, Addressed to the Gentlemen and Clergy of North-Britain, respecting the Antiquities and Natural History of their respective Parishes * 1.39, with a View of exciting them to favor the World with a fuller and more satisfactory Account of their Country, than it is in the Power of a Stranger and transient Visitant to give.

I. WHAT is the ancient and modern name of the parish, and its etymology?

II. What number of hamlets or villages are in it, their names and situation?

III. What are the number of its houses and in|habitants?

IV. What number of people have been married, christened and buried, for the space of 20 years last

past, compared with the first 20 years of the re|gister? When did the register begin? If there are any curious remarks made therein, please to give an account thereof.

V. Are there any vaults or burial places peculiar to any ancient or other families? What are they, and to whom do they belong?

VI. Are there any ancient or modern remarkable monuments or grave-stones in the church or chan|cel, &c. Please to give the inscriptions and arms, if any, on the same, if worthy notice, especially if before the 16th century.

VII. Are there any remarkable ones in the church-yard? Please to give an account what they are. Are there any paintings in the windows either of figures or arms? Add a copy or description.

VIII. Are there any tables of benefactions or other inscriptions which are worthy notice, on any of the walls of the church, either within or with|out? Please to insert them at full length.

IX. Are there any particular customs or privi|leges or remarkable tenures in any of the manors in the parish?

X. What ancient manor or mansion-house, feats or villas, are in the parish?

XI. Are there any annual or other processions, perambulations, or any hospital, alms or school|house; by whom and when founded, and who has the right of putting people into them?

XII. Have you any wake, whitson ale, or other customs of that sort used in the parish?

XIII. Is there any great road leading thro' the parish, and from what noted places?

XIV. Are there any crosses or obelisks or any things of that nature erected in the parish?

XV. Are there any remains or ruins of mo|nasteries or religious houses? Give the best account thereof you can.

XVI. Are there any Roman, Pictish, or Danish castles, camps, altars, roads, forts, or other pieces of antiquity remaining in your parish; what are they, and what traditions are there, or historical accounts of them?

XVII. Have there been any medals, coins, or other pieces of antiquity dug up in your parish; when and by whom, and in whose custody are they?

XVIII. Have there been any remarkable battles fought, on what spot, by whom, when, and what traditions are there relating thereto?

XIX. Has the parish given either birth or bu|rial to any man eminent for learning or other re|markable or valuable qualifications?

XX. Are there any parks or warrens, the num|ber of deer, and extent of the park, &c. any he|ronries, decoys, or fisheries?

XXI. Do any rivers rise in or run thro' the pa|rish, which are they; if navigable, what sort of boats are used on them, and what is the price of carriage per hundred or ton, to your parish?

XXII. Are there any, and what bridges, how are they supported, by private or public cost, of what materials, what number of piers or arches, the length and breadth of the bridge and width of the arches?

XXIII. Are there any barrows or tumuli, and have any been opened, and what has been found therein?

XXIV. Are there any manufactures carried on in the parish, and what number of hands are em|ployed?

XXV. What markets or fairs are kept in the parish, what commodities are chiefly brought for sale; if any of the manufactures or produce of the country, live cattle, or other things, that toll is paid and to whom, and where are they kept?

XXVI. Is there any statute fair for hiring of servants, and how long has it been established; what are the usual wages for men and maids, &c. for each branch of husbandry?

XXVII. Are there in any of the gentlemen's houses, or on their estates, any pictures which give insight into any historical facts, or any portraits of men eminent for any art, science, or literature; any statues, busto's, or other memorial which will give any light to past transactions?

QUERIES Relating to the Natural History of the PARISH.

I. WHAT is the appearance of the country in the parish; is it flat or hilly, rocky or mountainous?

II. Do the lands consist of woods, arable, pasture, meadow, heath, or what?

III. Are they fenny or moorish, boggy or firm?

IV. Is there sand, clay, chalk, stone, gravel, loam, or what is the nature of the soil?

V. Are there any lakes, meers or waters, what are they, their depth, where do they rise, and whi|ther do they run?

VI. Are there any subterraneous rivers, which appear in one place, then sink into the earth, and rise again?

VII. Are there any mineral springs, frequented for the drinking the waters; what are they; at what seasons of the year reckoned best, and what distempers are they frequented for?

VIII. Are there any periodical springs, which rise and fall, ebb and flow, at what seasons, give the best account you can?

IX. Are there any mills on the rivers, to what uses are they employed?

X. Are there any and what mines; what are they; to whom do they belong; what do they produce?

XI. Have you any marble, moorstone, or other stone of any sort, how is it got out, and how worked?

XII. What sorts of manure or amendment do they chiefly use for their land, and what is the price of it on the spot?

XIII. What are the chief produce of the lands, wheat, rye, oats, barley, peas, beans, or what?

XIV. What sorts of fish. do the rivers produce, what quantities, and what prices on the spot, and in what seasons are they best?

*XIV. What quadrupeds and birds are there in your parish? What migratory birds, and at what times do they appear and disappear?

XV. Are there any remarkable caves, or grot|toes, natural or artificial? give the best description and account thereof you can.

XVI. Are there any and what quantities of saf|fron, woad, teazels, or other vegetables of that sort, growing in the parish, and the prices they sell for on the spot?

XVII. Is the parish remarkable for breeding any cattle of remarkable qualities, size, or value, and what?

XVIII. Are there any chalk-pits, sand or gravel|pits, or other openings in the parish, and what?

XIX. On digging wells or other openings, what strata's of soil do they meet with, and how thick is each?

XX. How low do the springs lye, and what sort of water do you meet with in the several parts of the parish?

XXI. Is there any marl, Fuller's earth, potters earth, or loam, or any other remarkable soils, as ochre, &c.

XXII. Are there any bitumen, naptha, or other substances of that nature found in the earth?

XXIII. Does the parish produce any quantities of timber, of what sort, and what are the prices on the spot, per load or ton? Are there any very large trees, and their size?

XXIV. Are any quantities of sheep raised or fed in the parish, and on what do they chiefly feed?

XXV. Are the people of the country remarkable for strength, size, complexion, or any bodily or natural qualities?

XXVI. What are the diversions chiefly used by the gentry, as well as the country people, on par|ticular occasions?

XXVII. What is the nature of the air; is it moist or dry, healthy or subject to agues and fevers, and at what time of the year is it reckoned most so? and, if you can, account for the causes.

XXVIII. Are there any petrifying springs or waters that incrust bodies, what are they?

XXIX. Any hot waters or wells for bathing, and for what distempers frequented?

XXX. Are there any figured stones, such as echinitae, belemnitae, &c. Any having the impres|sion of plants or fishes on them, or any fossil ma|rine

bodies, such as shells, corals, &c. or any petrified parts of animals: where are they found, and what are they?

XXXI. Is any part of the parish subject to inun|dations or land floods, give the best account, if any things of that nature have happened, and when?

XXXII. Hath there been any remarkable mis|chief done by thunder and lightning, storms or whirlwinds, when and what?

XXXIII. Are there any remarkable echoes, where and what are they?

XXXIV. Have any remarkable phaenomena been observed in the air, and what?

If the Parish is on the SEA COAST,

XXXV. What sort of a shore, flat, sandy, high, or rocky?

XXXVI. What sorts of fish are caught there, in what quantity, at what prices sold, when most in season, how taken, and to what market sent?

XXXVII. What other Sea animals, plants, sponges, corals, shells, &c. are found on or near the coasts?

XXXVIII. Are there any remarkable Sea weeds used for manure of land, or curious on any other account?

XXXIX. What are the courses of the tides on the shore, or off at Sea, the currents at a mile's distance, and other things worthy remark?

XL. What number of fishing vessels, of what sort, how navigated, and what number of hands are there in the parish?

XLI. How many ships and of what burthen belong to the parish?

XLII. Are there any and what light-houses, bea|cons, or land-marks?

XLIII. What are the names of the creeks, bays, harbours, headlands, sands, or islands near the coasts?

XLIV. Have there been any remarkable battles or sea-fights near the coasts, and when did any re|markable wrecks or accidents happen, which can give light to any historical facts?

XLV. If you are in a city, give the best account you can procure of the history and antiquity of the place; if remarkable for its buildings, age, walls, sieges,

sieges, charters, privileges, immunities, gates, streets, markets, fairs, the number of churches, wards, and guilds, or companies, or fraternities, or clubs that are remarkable; how is it governed? if it sends members to parliament, in whom does the choice lye, and what number of voters may there have been at the last poll?

ITINERARY.

DOWNING,

• 21 Miles Chester, Deonna, Devana PTOL. Deva ANTON. RAV. CHOROG. Deva, colonia legio cretica vicessima valeria victrix R. C.
• 18 Miles Northwich, Condate R. C.
• 8 Miles Knutsford,
• 12 Miles Macclesfield,
• 10 Miles Buxton,
• 13 Miles Middelton,
• 11 Miles Chesterfield,
• 16 Miles Worksop,
• 12 Miles Tuxford,
• 8 Miles Dunham Ferry, on the Trent, Trivona fl. R. C.
• 10 Miles Lincoln, Lindum PTOL. ANTON. RAV. CHOROC. R.C.
• 6 Miles Washenbrough and back to Lincoln,
• 12 Miles Spittle,
• 12 Miles Glanford Bridge,
• 12 Miles Barton, Humber River, Abus PTOL. R. C.
• 5 Miles Hull,
• 8 Miles Burton Constable,
• 22 Miles Burlington Quay, Its bay, Gabrantuicorum portuosus sinus PTOL. Portus faelix R. C.
• 5 Miles Flamborough Head, Brigantum extrema R. C.
• 10 Miles Hunmanby,
• ...

• 10 Miles Scarborough,
• 13 ½ Miles Robin Hood's Bay,
• 6 ½ Miles Whitby,
• 13 Miles Skellin Dam,
• 9 Miles Guisborough,
• 12 Miles Stockton, Tees River, Tisis fl. R. C. its mouth, Dunum sinus PTOL.
• 20 Miles Durham, Were River, Vedra fl. R. C.
• 6 Miles Chester le Street, Epiacum R. C.
• 9 Miles Newcastle, Pons Aelii NOTIT. IMP.
• Tyne River, Vedra fl. TTOL. Tina fl. R. C.
• 14 Miles Morpeth,
• 9 Miles Felton,
• 10 Miles Alnwick, Alauna RAV. CHOROG.
• 16 Miles Belford,
• 16 Miles Berwick, Tuessis RAV. CHOROG.
• Tweed River, Alaunus PTOL. Tueda R. C.

SCOTLAND.

• 16 Miles Old Cambus,
• 10 Miles Dunbar, Ledone RAV. CHOROG.
• 6 Miles North Berwick,
• 14 Miles Preston Pans,
• 8 Miles EDINBURGH,
• 9 Miles South Ferry,
• Fifth of Forth, Boderia PTOL. Bodotria TACITI. R.C.
• ...

• 2 Miles. North Ferry,
• Fife County, Horestii R. C. Caledonia TACITI.
• 15 Miles Kinross,
• 20 Miles Rumbling Brig, Castle Campbell, and back to Kinross.
• 13 Miles Castle Duplin, Duablisis RAV. CHOROG.
• 8 Miles Perth, Orrea R. C.
• Tay River and its mouth, Taus TACITI. Tava AEst. PTOL. R. C.
• 1 Miles Scone,
• 1 Miles Lunkerty,
• 13 Miles Dunkeld,
• 20 Miles Taymouth,
• 15 Miles Carrie on Lough Raynach,
• 20 Miles Blair,
• 35 Miles Through Glen-Tilt to Invercauld,
• 18 Miles Tulloch,
• 15 Miles Kincairn,
• 9 Miles Banchorie,
• 18 Miles Aberdeen,
• Dee River, Diva fl. PTOL. R.C.
• Ythen River, Ituna fl. R. C.
• 25 Miles Bowness,
• 27 Miles Craigston Castle,
• 9 Miles Bamff,
• Devron River, Celnius ft. R.C.
• 8 Miles Cullen,
• 12 Miles Castle Gordon,
• Spey River, Celnius fl. PTOL. Tuessis R. C.
• 8 Miles Elgin, Alitacenon RAV. CHOROG.
• ...

• 10 Miles Forres,
• 17 Miles Tarnaway Castle, Calder, Fort George.
• Firth of Murray, Tua. AEst. PTOL. Varar AEst. R.C.
• 12 Miles Inverness, Pteroton, castra alata R. C.
• 10 Miles Castle Dunie,
• 18 Miles Dingwall Foules.
• Eirth of Cromartie, Loxa fl. R. C.
• Rossshire, Creones R. C. the same writer places at Channery in this county, Ara finium Imp. Rom.
• 15 Miles Ballinagouan,
• 6 Miles Tain, Castra alata PTOL.
• 9 Miles Dornoch. Its Firth, Vara ast. TTOL. Abona fl. R.C.
• Sutherland County, Logi R. C.
• 9 Miles Dunrobin Castle,
• 18 Miles Hemsdale,
• Ord of Cathness, Ripa alta PTOL.
• Cathness County, Carnabii, Cattini R. C.
• Virubium promontorium R. C.
• 8 Miles Langwall,
• 15 Miles Clythe; Clytheness, Vervedrum prom. R. C.
• 8 Miles Thrumster,
• 3 Miles Wick,
• Wick River, Ilea fl. TTOL.
• 16 Miles Duncan's or Dungby Bay, and John a Grout's house.
• Dungsby Head, Berubium promontorium PTOL. Caledonia extrema R. C.
• ...

• Stroma lsle, Ocetis Insula R. C.
• 2 Miles Canesby, and back the same road to
• 137 Miles Inverness,
• Inverness County, Caledonii R. C.
• 17 Miles General's Hut,
• 15 Miles Fort Augustus,
• Lough Lochy, Longus fl. R. C.
• 28 Miles Fort William. R. C. places Banatia near it.
• 14 Miles Kinloch-Leven,
• 9 Miles King's House,
• 19 Miles Tyendrum,
• 12 Miles Dalmalie,
• 16 Miles Inveraray,
• 22 Miles Tarbut,
• Loch-Lomond, Lincalidor Lacus R. C.
• 8 Miles Luss,
• 12 Miles Dunbarton, Theodosia R. C.
• Firth of Clyde, Glota TACITI. Clotta est. R.C.
• 15 Miles Glasgow, Clidum RAV. CHOROG.
• 24 Miles Hamilton, and back to Glasgow,
• 13 Miles Kylsithe,
• 18 Miles Sterling,
• 8 Miles Falkirk,
• Calendar, Celerion RAV. CHOROG.
• 15 Miles Hopeton House,
• 11 Miles EDINBURGH,
• 18 Miles Lenton,
• 18 Miles Bild,
• 18 Miles Moffat,
• 18 Miles Lockerby.

ENGLAND.

• 21 Miles Longtown in Cumberland, Netherby, Castra exploratorum ANTON. Aesica RAV. CHOROG.
• 9 Miles Carlisle, Lugavallium ANTON.
• 18 Miles Penrith, Bereda RAV. CHOROG.
• 11 Miles Shap in Westmorland,
• 15 Miles Kendal, Concangium NOTIT. IMP.
• 11 Miles Burton in Lancashire, Coccium R. C.
• 11 Miles Lancaster, Lengovicus NOTIT. IMP.
• Lune River, Alanna fl. R. C.
• 11 Miles Garstang,
• 11 Miles Preston,
• 18 Miles Wiggan,
• 13 Miles Warrington,
• 21 Miles Chester,
• 21 Miles Downing in Flintshire.

The antient names of places marked R. C. are bor|rowed from the late Dr. Stukeley's account of Richard of Cirencester, with his antient map of Roman Brittain and the Itinerary thereof, published in 1757. The rest from Mr. Horsly's remarks on Ptolemy, Antonine's Itinerary, Ne|••i••i•• imperii, and Ravennatis Britannia Chorographia.

Notes

• * 1.1

  I must observe, that Bishop Burnet (by birth a Scotch|man) adopted in his diocese the zeal of the church of his native country, and its attention to the morals and good conduct of the clergy and their flocks. Not content with the usual triennial visitations, he every summer, during six weeks, made a progre's through some district of his dio|cese, preaching and confirming from church to church, so that before the return of the triennial visitation he became well acquainted with the behaviour of every in|cumbent. He preached every Sunday in some church of the city of Salisbury; catechised, and instrncted its youth for confirmation; was most vigilant, and strict in his examination of candidates for holy orders; was an in|vincible enemy to pluralities, and of course to non|residents; filled his office with worth and dignity, and by his espiscopal merits, it is to be hoped, may have atoned for the acknowledged blemishes in his biographical cha|racter.
• * 1.2

  The lesser pillar engraven with these is by tradition of the country thought to belong to these; but Mr. Farish thinks it is at too great a distance from them to admit of that supposition: its height is six feet.
• * 1.3

  The Bear and ragged-staff was; but I do not recollect that the Boars had any thing to do with the Earls of War|wick: But as Boars and Bears are represented on the stones, it seems as if this Mr. Caesarius was a knight|errant, who cleared the country of monsters; so in me|morial of his exploits these figures were engraven. The heads too might have been cut on the columns in memory of some petty tyrants of the neighborhood whom he had demolished; for such bloody trophies were in former days very common; witness, among the Welsh, the Tripen Sais, or three Englishmen's heads, borne in the arms of many of our families, as a token of the prowess of their an|cesters.
• * 1.4

  Wild Cattle.
• * 1.5

  Roebuck.
• * 1.6

  Stag
• * 1.7

  Highland Grehound.
• * 1.8

  Wolfish breed.
• * 1.9

  White Hare.
• * 1.10

  Lavellan.
• * 1.11

  Seals.
• * 1.12

  Eagles.
• * 1.13

  Falcons.
• * 1.14

  Goshawks.
• * 1.15

  Owl
• * 1.16

  Crow.
• * 1.17

  Chatterer.
• * 1.18

  Chough.
• * 1.19

  Cock of the Wood.
• * 1.20

  Ptarmigan.
• * 1.21

  Bustard.
• * 1.22

  Ring-dove Stare.
• * 1.23

  Nightingale.
• * 1.24

  Stone-Chatter.
• * 1.25

  Pine-Bulfinch.
• * 1.26

  Snow-flake.
• * 1.27

  Whimbrel.
• * 1.28

  Red Godwit.
• * 1.29

  Auks.
• * 1.30

  Arctic Gull.
• * 1.31

  Goosander.
• * 1.32

  Snake.
• * 1.33

  Basking Shark.
• * 1.34

  Picked Dog.
• * 1.35

  Greater Weever.
• * 1.36

  Codfish.
• * 1.37

  Saury.
• * 1.38

  Thorney Crab.
• * 1.39

  Many of the parishes in North Britain are of such extent as to supply ample materials for a history of each alone; so it is to be hoped some parochial Geniuses will arise and favor the Publick with what is much wanted, LOCAL HISTORIES.