TOM. III. The FOSSIL KINGDOM.
We are now to accompany our author into the Fossil kingdom; in which, though he very early gave a specimen of his method of classing, he did not fully exemplify, as in vegetables, until the year 1768, when the third tome of the 12th edition of the Systema was published, containing the REGNUM LAPIDEUM. This volume makes 222 pages, and is concluded with a short appendix of some unno∣ticed, or not well described animals and vegetables; together with a general index of the author's own generical names throughout every part of the System, distinguishing by a different type the subjects of the three kingdoms, the whole amounting to 1820 genera.
In arranging Fossils, there have been various me∣thods invented; each of which have had their pa∣trons, and, for different purposes, each have their advantage. Some have founded the basis of their system on the figure, colour, structure, and other ex∣ternal and visible characters; yet, scarcely ever trusting solely to these, they called in the aid of chemistry, so far at least, as the mineral acids would assist them. Others, as the professed che∣mists and metallurgists, have established their ar∣rangement chiefly on chemical principles, as more immediately leading to the origin of fossil bodies in general; on which it must be acknowledged, the best basis for a system must be built, when we are happy enough to get sufficient light for this pur∣pose: and at present, mineralogists throughout the world seem more intent on this view than ever: Page 132 and probably the due consideration and extension of the volcanic system, will open new sources of information in this way.
This volume begins with LINNAEUS'S own theory of the origin of fossil bodies in general, and their several combinations into those forms in which we meet with them in the body of the earth. The methodical and abbreviated manner in which our author has here given his philosophy of fossil bodies, renders it incapable of an ab∣stract. He then proceeds to give a synoptical or classical view of the several systems of arranging those bodies, as they stand exhibited in the best authors on the subject, beginning with Bromelius, who published in 1730, and enumerates Wal∣lerius in 1747, Woltersdorf in 1748, Cartheuser in 1755, Justi 1757, Anomymus [Cronstedt] in 1758, and concludes with Vogel in 1762. To each of these he has subjoined short remarks relating to their methods, and theory of fossil bodies, and concludes this introductory part with an ex∣planation of the terms of art used in his own work.
In these termini artis, our author, with his usual precision, has defined a set of terms equally new and curious, which are principally adapted to, and used in, the ultimate and most difficult part of the System, the specific characters. They are happily framed to express all differences in the figures of fossil bodies; in their crust, or outward appear∣ance; their superficies; their component particles, or fibres; in their texture, whether plated, fissile, &c.; in their hardness; or in their colour: the alterations Page 133 they undergo by solution, whether by acids, or by fire.
It has been doubted by some of the most respectable mineralogists, whether we ought to descend below what are called generical distinctions in the fossil kingdom, so infinitely do the subjects thereof vary, and so imperceptible in general is that gradation by which they run into each other, in the various combined forms, in which they are found in the earth. In the mean time, some distinctions of this kind seem quite necessary in systems established principally on external cha∣racters. Those which have for their basis the elementary or constituent principles of bodies, as ana∣lyzed, may stand with propriety in the form of synoptical tables, as exemplified in Cronstedt's mi∣neralogy. LINNAEUS and Wallerius were among the first who attempted the arduous task of fixing the specific characters: whether future mineralo∣gists will adhere to, and improve this part of the scheme, time only must shew.
In all systems of the fossil kingdom, writers have been more particularly embarrassed by the earths and stones, especially when those have been more or less reduced to the state of ores, by the admixture of metallic principles. Salts, inflamma∣bles, and metals, generally falling more easily, and almost naturally, into their several classes, or or∣ders. The chemical systematics and metallur∣gists, begin usually with the earths, considering them as the basis of stones: LINNAEUS begins with the latter, professing to take a middle way between the mere metallurgist, and those who Page 134 characterize from external appearance only. He divides the whole REGNUM LAPIDEUM into three classes, under the names of Petrae, Minerae, and Fossilia, each being subdivided into several orders, the whole comprehending 54 genera. We must only give a general account of his classical cha∣racters, and those of the orders; and enumerate the genera under each, with some of the most dis∣tinguished species.
Class I. PETRAE. STONES.
Fossil bodies originating from a terrene princi∣ple by cohesion:
Simple, as being destitute of saline, inflammable and metallic principles, as component parts there∣of:
Fixed, as not being entirely and intimately so∣luble: and,
Similar, as consisting of homogenous component parts.
Order I. HUMOSAE. Originating from vegeta∣ble earth: combustible, and leaving gross light ashes.
Order II. CALCARIAE. Originating from cal∣careous marine animal bodies: becoming light and porous in the fire, and falling into an impal∣pable powder.
Order III. ARGILLACEAE. Originating from the viscid sediment, of the sea: somewhat unctuous to the touch, and hardening in the fire.
Order IV. ARENATAE. Originating from the precipitation of rain-water: extremely hard, strik∣ing Page 135 fire with steel, and by triture yielding a very rough powder.
Order V. AGGREGATAE. Originating from a mixture of the foregoing, the interstices usually filled up with quartz, spar, or glimmer.
GENERA of STONES.
I. HUMOSAE. Slaty Stones.
- 1. SCHISTUS, Slate.
- Base; vegetable mould: breaking into,
- Fragments; fissile, horizon∣tal, plane, opake, yield∣ing to the knife, and combustible.
II. CALCAREAE. Calcareous Stones.
- 2. MARMOR. Marble.
- Base; animal earth.
- Fragments; indeterminate, irregular, yielding to the knife.
- Effervescing with acids, though not completely soluble therein; but easily falling into lime.
- 3. GYPSUM. Plaister.
- Base; calcareous earth, sa∣turated with acid.
- Fragments; indeterminate, irregular, yielding to the knife, component particles impalpable. Page 136
- Fixed; not effervescing with nor soluble in acids.
- 4. STIRIUM. Fibrous alabaster.
- Base; gypseous earth.
- Fragments; close, parallel, yielding to the knife.
- 5. SPATUM. Spar.
- Base; calcareous earth, from a dissolved state, form∣ed into,
- Fragments; rhombeous, plane, and polished.
III. ARGILLACEAE. Argillaceous Stones.
- 6.TALCUM. Soap-earth.
- Base; indurated clay:
- Particles; impalpable, yield∣ing to the knife, and somewhat unctuous to the touch; hardening in the fire.
- 7. AMIANTUS. Asbest, earth-flax.
- Base; clayey: Fragments; thready.
- 8. MICA. Talc.
- Base; clay from a dissolved state, formed into,
- Particles; membranaceous shining, tough, sepa∣rable.
IV. ARENATAE. Sand Stones. Free Stone.
- 9. Cos. Whetstone.
- Base; sand conglutinated:
- Fragments; irregular, sub∣opake, striking fire with steel: breaking into, Page 137
- Particles; granulated.
- 10. QUARTZUM. Quartz.
- Originating from wa∣ter:
- Fragments; indeterminately angular and acute:
- Particles; uniform, and pellucid.
- 11. SILEX. Flint.
- Base; chalk or animal earth conglutinated into an uniform substance.
- Fragments; indeterminate, but convex on one side, and concave on the other:
- Particles; uniform.
V. AGGREGATAE. Compound Stones.
- 12.SAXUM. Rock-stone.
- Base; heterogeneous; compounded of par∣ticles of the foregoing orders, variously con∣glutinated.
SPECIES OF STONES.
The PETRAE are divided into five orders.
I. HUMOSAE. Slaty Stones.
- 1. SCHISTUS. Slate. 13 species; among which are,
- 2. Tabularis; Table Slate.
- 3. Atratus; Black Shale.
- 5. Ardesia; Blue House Slate.
- 9. Nigrica; Black Crayon.
II. CALCARIAE. Calcareous Stones.
- 2. MARMOR. Marble. 15 species.
- 1. Schistosum; Black stay Marble.
- 2. Nobile; Parian Marble, and all its varieties in colour and va∣riegation.
- 3. Florentinum; Floren∣tine Marble.
- 6. Rude; White-grain Limestone.
- 7. Micans; Scaly Lime∣stone.
- 3. GYPSUM. Plaister Stone. 3 species.
- 2. Usuale; Common Plai∣ster.
- 3. Alabastrum; Ala∣baster.
- 4. STIRIUM. Fibrous Alabaster. 4 species.
- 1. Gypseum; Fibrous Gypsum, or English Talc.
- 5. SPATUM. Spar. 14 species.
- a. Soluble in aqua fortis.
- 1. Speculare; Soft Spar; of different colours.
- 2. Duplicans; Refracting Spar.
- 5. Compactum; Sub-dia∣phanous compact Spar, of different colours.
- Page 139 6. Tinctum; Pellucid co∣loured Spar, as spu∣rious Topaz, Emerald, Sapphire.
- b. Not soluble in aqua fortis.
- 12. Campestre; Felt-Spat.
III. ARGILLACEAE. Argillaceous Stones.
- 6. TALCUM. Soap-earth, 12 species.
- 3. Rubrica; Ruddle.
- 4. Smectis; French Chalk; Soap-earth.
- 6. Serpentinus; Serpent Stone.
- 7. Nephriticus; Nephri∣tic Stone.
- 9. Corneus; Horn-blend.
- 7. AMIANTUS. Earth Flax. 10 species.
- 1. Asbestus; Asbestos.
- 2. Plumosus; Plumose Asbest.
- 7. Suber; Mountain Cork.
- 9. Aluta; Mountain Lea∣ther.
- 8. MICA. Talc. 10 species.
- 1. Membranacea; Mus∣covy Glass.
- 4. Aurata; Gold Glimmer.
- 7. Talcosa; Green Talc.
IV. ARENATAE. Sand Stones.
- 9. Cos. Whetstone. 16 species.
- 1. Cotaria; Grind-stone.
- 10. Filtrum; Filtring Stone.
- 15. Molaris; Mill Stone.
- 16. Fundamentalis; Build∣ing Stone.
- 10. QUARTZUM. Quartz. 8 species.
- 1. Hyalinum; Pellucid Rock Quartz.
- 2. Coloratum; Coloured Rock Quartz, yel∣low, red, blue, &c.
- 3. Lacteum; Milky Quartz.
- 6. Cotaceum; Granulated Quartz.
- 8. Nobile; Pebble Quartz.
- Page 14011. SILEX. Flint. 16 species.
- a. Vague or loose Flints.
- 1. Cretaceus; Common Flint.
- 2. Pyromachus; Gun Flint.
- 4. Haemachates; Aegyp∣tian Pebble, Mocha Stone.
- 6. Opalus; Opal.
- 7. Onyx; Cameyeu.
- 8. Chalcedonius; Chal∣cedony.
- 9. Carneolus; Carne∣lian.
- b. Rock Flints.
- 10. Achates; Agate.
- 11. Petrofilex; Chert.
- 13. Jaspis; Jasper.
V. AGGREGATAE. Rock Stones. Compound Stones.
- 12. SAXUM. Rock Stone. 39 species.
- 1. Porphyrius; Porphyry, of different co∣lours.
- 2. Trapezum; Trap Stone.
- 19. Granite; Granite.
- 20. Fusorium; Founder's Granite.
- 39. Silicinum; Pudding Stone.
These stones are composed of heterogeneous particles from the foregoing orders, conglutinated in a various manner.
Class II. MINERAE. MINERALS.
Fossil bodies originating from a saline principle by chrystallization,
Compound, as consisting of a base, united with saline, inflammable, or metallic principles,
Soluble, perfectly, in the appropriate menstruum.
Page 141 Order I. SALIA. Sapid bodies soluble in water: distinguished from each other by their different effects on the organs of taste.
Under this order are arranged, to the great of∣fence of most mineralogists, all the Gems or pre∣cious stones, notwithstanding their texture and in∣solubility, as also many other lapidose chrystallized bodies. To this our author tells us he was led, by considering that all regular polyedrous figures or bodies in the mineral kingdom, are the result of chrystallization, which can only take place under re∣quisite and certain degrees of fluidity; and therefore, whether they are saline or lapidose chrystals, they must owe their figure to the same uniform prin∣ciple operating on them in either case, while in the fluid state; hence, from the similarity of the figure, with the chrystals of nitre, Mountain Chrystal hath a place in the same genus: the Topaz with the Borax: the Diamond and Ruby with Alum. LINNAEUS hath given his reasons more at large in a paper published in the first volume of the Amoenitates Academicae: and hath since added
Order II. SULPHURA. Inflammable bodies; flaming and odorous while burning: soluble in oil: distinguished from each other by their different effect on the organs of smell.
Order III. METALLA. Metals; shining heavy bodies, fusible in the fire, and soluble in appro∣priated acid menstrua: distinguished from each other by inspection.
GENERA of MINERALS.
I. SALIA. Salts or Chrystals.
- 13. NITRUM. Nitre.
- Salt: atmospherical, pungent. A peculiar acid.
- Chrystal: an hexaedral prism, with hexaedral pyramids.
- Taste: cold and pungent.
- In the fire: fusible and de∣tonating.
- 14. NATRUM. Natron.
- Salt: calcareous, sub-al∣kaline.
- Chrystal: peculiar; a te∣traedal prism, of penta∣gonal planes, two broad and two narrow, alter∣nately vertical: each pyramid or extremity forming two plane pa∣rallelograms.
- Taste: bitter.
- In the fire: liquefying.
- 15. BORAX. Borax.
- Salt: alkaline (doubtful whe∣ther it is a natural salt.)
- Chrystal: octaedral, pris∣matic; both pyramids truncated.
- (Chrystal sometimes dif∣ferent.)
- Taste: mild.
- In the fire: bubbling: vi∣trescent.
- Page 143
- 16. MURIA. Sea Salt.
- Salt: muriatic, neutral:
- Chrystal: hexaedral; or cubic.
- Taste: austere.
- In the fire: crackling.
- 17. ALUMEN. Alum.
- Salt: earthy, acid.
- Chrystal: octaedral, com∣posed of trigonal planes.
- Taste: styptic.
- In the fire: frothing.
- 18. VITRIOLUM. Vitriol.
- Salt: metallic, acid, earthy.
- Chrystal: a polyedrous, rhombic tessera; but subject to variation.
- Taste: styptic.
- In the fire: calcinable.
II. SULPHURA. Inflammables.
- 19. AMBRA. Ambergrease.
- The Sulphur: inert.
- Fume: In smell; ambrosiac.
- In colour; grey.
- 20. SUCCINUM. Amber.
- The Sulphur: inert.
- Fume: In smell; sweet.
- In colour; brown.
- 21. BITUMEN. Bitumen.
- The Sulphur: inert.
- Fume: In smell; unpleasant.
- In colour; black.
- 22. PYRITES. Sulphur.
- The Sulphur: charged with vitriol.
- Fume: In smell; pungent and acid.
- In taste; salt.
- In colour; yellow.
- Flame: blue.
- Soluble; in oil.
- 23. ARSENICUM. Arsenic.
- The Sulphur: metallic.
- Fume: In smell; like garlic.
- In taste; sweet:
- In colour; white.
- Soluble; in heated water, and other liquors.
III. METALLA. Metals.
- a. Semi-metals, not malleable.
- 24. HYDRARGYRUM. Mercury.
- Metal: fluid, dry, white.
- In the fire: volatilizing before ignition.
- Solution: in aqua fortis, white.
- 25. MOLYBDAENUM. Wadd.
- Metal: not fusible, grey, colouring the fingers. (scarcely a metal.)
- In the fire: not fusible.
- Solution:
- Glass: sub-ferruginous co∣loured.
- 26. STIBIUM. Antimony.
- Metal: friable, white, fibrose.
- In the fire: volatilizing after ignition.
- Solution: in aqua regia, white.
- Glass: red with a yellow tinge.
- 27. ZINCUM. Zinc, Tutenag.
- Metal: somewhat malleable, but easily breaking; blueish, white; dull sound.
- In the fire: melting before ignition, and burning with a yellowish green flame into a white light calx.
- Solution: in aqua fortis, white.
- 28. VISMUTUM. Bismuth.
- Metal: somewhat mal∣leable, but very fra∣gile, laminose, yellow∣ish white.
- In the fire: fusible before ignition.
- Solution: in aqua fortis, water coloured: in aqua regia, yellow.
- Glass: yellowish brown.
- 29. COBALTUM. Cobalt.
- Metal: fragile, light grey.
- In the fire: not fusible.
- Solution: in aqua fortis and aqua regia, red.
- Glass: blue.
- b. Metals. Malleable.
- 30. STANNUM. Tin.
- Metal: easily malleable, white, crackling on flexure, not sonorous. Page 146
- In the fire: fusible be∣fore ignition.
- Solution: in aqua regia, yellow; (in aqua fortis it dissolves, and pre∣cipitates into a white powder.)
- Glass: white and opaline, difficultly produced.
- 31. PLUMBUM. Lead.
- Metal: easily malleable, blueish-white: not so∣norous.
- In the fire: fusible before ignition.
- Solution: in aqua fortis, clear water colour.
- Precipitate: white.
- Glass: yellow.
- 32. FERRUM. Iron.
- Metal: very hard, and dif∣ficultly malleable; ob∣scure blueish grey co∣lour: sonorous.
- In the fire: not fusible till after ignition, and throwing off sparks in a stronger fire.
- Solution: in aqua fortis, brown.
- Glass: brown, with a slight greenish tinge.
- 33. CUPRUM. Copper.
- Metal: hard, malleable, red, sonorous. Page 147
- In the fire: fusing after ignition, with a green flame.
- Solution: in aqua fortis, blue: in aqua regia, or the vegetable acids, green.
- Glass: unmixed ferrugi∣nous coloured, other∣wise of a bright blue.
- 34.ARGENTUM. Silver.
- Metal: very malleable, bright white, sonorous, perfect, and indestruc∣tible.
- In the fire: fusing after ignition.
- Solution: in aqua fortis, white.
- Glass: opaline.
- 35.AURUM. Gold.
- Metal: extremely malleable, yellow, not sonorous, perfect, and indestruc∣tible.
- In the fire: fusing after ignition, with a blueish hue.
- Solution: in aqua regia, yellow.
- Glass: purple.
SPECIES of MINERALS.
The MINERAE are divided into three Orders.
I. SALIA. Salts or Chrystals.
- 13. NITRUM. Nitre. 9 species.
- a. Saline.
- 1. Nativum; Native Salt Petre.
- b. Quartzose.
- 2. Chrystallus montana; Mountain Chrystal.
- 3. Fluor; Coloured Chry∣stal: from the va∣rieties of which are the true Hyacinth, the false Topaz, Ruby, Amethyst, Sapphire, Beryl, E∣merald.
- c. Calcareous.
- 5. Truncatum; Hexago∣nal, truncated Spar.
- 8. Suillum; Sparry Swine Stone.
- 14. NATRUM. Natron. 14 species.
- a. Saline.
- 1. Antiquorum; Native, mineral Alkali.
- 2. Murorum; Aphronitrum.
- 3. Fontanum; Epsom Salt.
- b. Lapidose.
- 6. Cristatum; Spatose, decaedrous Natron.
- 8. Glaciale; Gypseous, pel∣lucid, fusiform Na∣tron.
- 9. Selenites; Selenite; rhombic Natron.
- 13. Hyodon; Pyramidal, or Dog-tooth Spar.
- 15. BORAX. Borax. 6 species.
- a. Saline.
- 1. Tincal. Native Borax.
- b. Lapidose.
- 2. Gemma Nobilis; La∣pidose, prismatic, pellucid Borax, with truncated pyramids: yellow, Topaz: pale green, Chryso∣lite: sea green, Beryl: deep green, Emerald.
- 3. Basaltes; Cockle, or Shirl.
- 4. Electricus; the Tour∣malin.
- 5. Granatus; the Garnet.
- 16. MURIA. Sea Salt. 9 species.
- a. Saline.
- 1. Marina; Sea Salt.
- 3. Montana; Fossil Salt.
- b. Lapidose.
- 6. Phosphorea; Bononian Stone.
- 7. Chrysolampis; Sparry Fluor, or Derbyshire Spar.
- 17. ALUMEN. Alum. 6 species.
- a. Native.
- 1. Nativum; Native Alum, Plumose, &c.
- b. Soluble.
- 2. Commune; Alum Slate.
- 3. Romanum; Stone Alum, or calcareous Alum Stone.
- Page 150c. Lapidose.
- 5. Spatosum; Spatose Alum, or false Amethyst.
- 6. Gemma pretiosa; Dia∣mond, Ruby, Sap∣phire.
- 18. VITRIOLUM. Vitriol. 8 species.
- a. Simple.
- 1. Martis; of Iron.
- 2. Cyprinum; of Copper.
- 3. Album; of Zinc.
- b. Compound.
- 5. Triplum; Vitriol of Iron, Zinc, and Copper.
- 8. Atramentarium; Vi∣triols mineralized with friable Stone; such are, red Chal∣citis; grey Sory; black Melanteria; yellow Misy.
- c. Lapidose.
- Tetraedrum; Spatose Vitriol of Zinc.
II. SULPHURA. Inflammables.
- 19. AMBRA. Ambergrease. 2 species.
- 1. Ambrosiaca; Grey.
- 2. Vulgatior; Brown.
- 20. SUCCINUM. Amber.
- 1. Electricum; Amber, diaphanous, o∣pake, white, yel∣low, brown.
- Page 15121. BITUMEN. Bitumen. 10 species.
- 1. Naptha; Naphta.
- 2. Petroleum; Rock Oil.
- 3. Maltha; Jews Pitch.
- 5. Asphaltum; Fossil Pitch.
- 6. Ampelites; Peat.
- 7. Lithanthrax; Common Coal, or Schistose Bitumen.
- 8. Gagas; Jet.
- 9. Suillum; Calcareousfoe∣tid Bitumen, com∣pact, granulated, squamose, spati∣form, chrystalline.
- 22. PYRITES. Sulphurs. 7 species.
- 1. Nativum; Native Sul∣phur.
- 2. Auripigmentum; Or∣piment.
- 3. Chrystallinus; Chrys∣tallised Pyrites, Marcasite.
- 4. Figuratus; Figured Py∣rites.
- 5. Ferri; Iron Pyrites.
- 6. Cupri; Copper Pyrites.
- 7. Aquosus; Liver-co∣loured.
- 23. ARSENICUM. Arsenic. 8 species.
- 1. Testaceum; Solid tes∣taceous Arsenic.
- 4. Sandaraca; Red Arse∣nic, mineralized with Sulphur.
- 5. Sulphuratum; Arse∣nical Marcasite.
- 6. Albicans; Mineralized with Iron.
III. METALLA. Metals.
- 24. HYDRARGYRUM. Quicksilver. 5 species.
- 1. Virgineum; Native Quicksilver.
- 2. Chrystallinum; Cubic, chrystallized Quick∣silver.
- 3. Cinnabaris; Cinnabar, lamellated, granu∣lated, chrystalli∣zed.
- 5. Crepitans; pyritical, cupreous, Stone Mercury.
- 25. MOLYBDAENUM. Black Lead. 3 species.
- 1. Plumbago; Black Lead, or Wad, sulphur saturated with iron and tin.
- 2. Magnesia; Black Man∣ganese.
- 3. Spuma Lupi; Red Manganese, or Wol∣fram.
- 25. STIBIUM. Antimony. 4 species.
- 1. Nativum; Native Re∣gulus of Antimo∣ny.
- 2. Chrystallinum; Chrys∣tallized Stibium.
- 3. Striatum; Fibrous or common Antimo∣ny.
- 4. Rubrum; Red Anti∣mony, mineralized with Sulphur and Arsenic.
- 26. ZINCUM. Zinc. 8 species.
- 1. Chrystallinum; Chrys∣tallized Zinc.
- 2. Mineralisatum; Mi∣neralized, with Sul∣phur and Lead, or Iron.
- 3. Swabii; Mineralized with sulphurated Iron.
- 4. Stibiatum; Fibrose Zinc.
- 5. Calaminaris; Cala∣mine;Page 153Stone Zinc, or Zinc mixed with martial Ochre.
- 6. Sterilum; Blend; Mock-lead, black Jack, or semi-tes∣selated black Zinc.
- 8. Rapax; Red Zinc, or micaceous, liver∣coloured Zinc.
- 27. VISMUTUM. Bismuth. 4 species.
- 1. Nativum; Native Bismuth.
- 2. Commune; Common Bismuth, minera∣lized with Sul∣phur and Arsenic.
- 3. Martiale; Martial Bis∣muth.
- 4. Iners; Bismuth, mine∣ralized with Sul∣phur only.
- 28. COBALTUM. Cobalt. 4 species.
- 1. Chrystallinum; Chrys∣tallized Cobalt, with Sulphur, Arse∣nic, and Iron.
- 2. Arsenicale; Minera∣lized with Ansenic and Iron.
- 3. Pyriticosum; Pyriti∣cose Cobalt.
- 4. Scoriatum; Slag-Co∣balt.
- 30. STANNUM. Tin. 4 species.
- 1. Chrystallinum; Chrys∣tallized Tin, or Tin-Grains.
- 3. Amorphum; Tin Stone.
- 4. Spatosum; Spatose Tin.
- 31. PLUMBUM. Lead. 10 species.
- 1. Nativum; Native Lead.
- 2. Chrystallinum; Cubic Lead, chrystallized.
- 3. Galena; Cubic Lead, mineralized, with sulphurated Sil∣ver, Galena.
- Page 1545. Stibiatum; Stibiated Lead Ore.
- 7. Virens; Greenish, Arse∣nical Lead Ore.
- 9. Spatosum; Sparry, Arsenical Lead Ore.
- 32. FERRUM. Iron. 27 species.
- A. 1. Nativum. Native Iron, in grains.
- B. Chrystallized.
- 2. Tesselare. Chrystallized Iron.
- C. Such as obey the magnet.
- 4. Chalybeatum; Steel∣grained Iron Ore.
- 8. Selectum; Fine grain∣ed Iron Ore.
- 10. Commune; Common Iron Ore.
- 11. Molle; Pyriticose Iron Ore.
- 12. Talcosum; Talky Iron Ore.
- 13. Calcarium; Calcare∣ous Iron Ore.
- 17. Smiris; Emery.
- D. Such as do not obey the magnet.
- 18. Micaceum; Red mi∣caceous Iron Ore.
- 22. Haematites; Blood∣stone.
- 23. Rubricosum; Red Blood-stone.
- 26. Spatosum; Spar-like Iron Ore.
- E. Magnetical.
- 27. Magnes; the Magnet.
- 33. CUPRUM. Copper. 16 species.
- 1. Praecipitatum; Cop∣per precipitated up∣on Iron.
- 2. Nativum; Native Cop∣per.
- 3. Chrystallinum; Chrys∣tallized, Page 155 octaedral Copper.
- 4. Fulvum; Pyriticose, yellowish-green Cop∣per Ore.
- 5. Purpureum; Pyriti∣cose, purple Copper Ore.
- 6. Vitratum; Soft, pyri∣ticose, grey Copper Ore.
- 7. Cinereum; Sooty, pyri∣ticose, arsenical Cop∣per Ore.
- 8. Albidum; White, arse∣nical, pyriticose Cop∣per Ore.
- 9. Rubrum; Indurated, ochraceous, red Cop∣per Ore; sometimes liver-coloured.
- 10. Cotaceum; Sandy, ochraceous Copper Stone.
- 11. Schistosum; green, and blue Copper Slate.
- 12. Lazuli; Lapis La∣zuli; doubtful, mixed with Silver and Iron.
- 14. Armenus; Lapis Ar∣menus; blue calcare∣ous Copper Stone.
- 15. Malachites; Mala∣chites, green gypse∣ous Copper Stone.
- 16. Nickelum; Nickel, or Copper minera∣lized with Sulphur, Arsenic, and Iron.
- 34. ARGENTUM. Silver. 9. Species.
- 1. Nativum; Native Sil∣ver, in various forms.
- 2. Corneum; Horn Silver Ore, shining, sub∣malleable, and somewhat diapha∣nous, mineralized with Sulphur and Arsenic.
- 3. Vitreum; Glass Silver Ore, lead-coloured malleable Silver Ore, mineralized with Sulphur.
- 4. Rubrum; Red Silver Ore, mineralized with Sulphur and Arsenic.
- 5. Album; White SilverPage 156Ore, mineralized with Arsenic, Cop∣per, and Sulphur.
- 6. Cinereum; Grey Sil∣ver Ore, minera∣lized with Sul∣phur, Antimony, Copper, and Iron.
- 7. Arsenicale; Silver Ore, mineralized with Arsenic and Iron.
- 8. Zincosum; Silver Ore, mineralized with Sulphur and Zinc.
- 9. Nigrum; Sooty Silver Ore, mineralized with Arsenic and Copper.
- 35. AURUM. Gold.
- 1. Nativum; Native Gold; found in various forms.
- a. In thin plates or leaves.
- b. Solid, or in thick pieces.
- c. In a chrystalline form.
Gold is also found inbedded in Quartz, in Talc, and Cinnabar; and in Rivers, in loose grains and lumps, called Gold Dust.
- 2. Mineralisatum; Mi∣neralized pyritical Gold Ore.
Class III. FOSSILIA. FOSSILS.
Fossil bodies, originated from different modifi∣cations of the subjects, comprehended in the fore∣going classes.
Order I. PETRIFICATA. Such fossil bodies as represent in figure certain animals or vegetables, or parts thereof.
What are called Petrifactions are of various kinds:
Page 157 1. The true petrifactions are such as have the texture and organic parts of the bodies en∣tirely filled up with stony particles, either of a calcareous nature, as is commonly the case: or flinty▪ and not unfrequently it is marcasitical.
2. Preserved only and unaltered, as seeming to have lost little except the animal gluten.
3. Others are only bodies incrustated with sta∣lactite or calcareous matter. And,
4. Frequently they are only impressions received in their soft state.
Order II. CONCRETA. Slight conglutinations of different kinds of earths.
The specific differences of these bodies arise from the nature principally of the component parts, whether ochraceous, calcareous, gypseous, spatose, argillaceous, arenaceous, &c.
Order III. TERRAE. Fossil substances not conglutinated, but usually in a slightly cohering or pulverized state.
GENERA of FOSSILS.
I. PETRIFICATA. II. CONCRETA.
The generical characters of these two orders are very brief, and they occur in the subsequent ar∣rangement of the species.
III. TERRAE.
- 50. OCHRA. Ochres.
- Earth: precipitated calx or earth of metals.
- Particles: coloured, and extremely minute.
- 51. ARENA. Sand.
- Earth: originated from wa∣ter.
- Particles: distinct, granu∣lated, hard, and sca∣brous: neither pene∣trable nor congluti∣nable by water. (Not soluble in acids.)
- 52. ARGILLA. Clay.
- Earth: originated from the viscid sediment, or mud, of the sea.
- Particles: irregular, im∣palpable, soft, tough, and lubricous.
- In water: becoming soft, unctuous, and plastic.
- In the fire: hardening.
- 53. CALX. Chalks.
- Earth: of animal origin.
- Particles: dry, farinace∣ous, friable, colouring the fingers: tinging water: mostly soluble in acids, and efferves∣cing therein, especially when calcined or burn∣ed.
- Page 159
- 54. HUMUS. Mould.
- Earth: of vegetable ori∣gin.
- Particles: dry, light, in the form of fine powder.
- In water: swelling.
- In fire: combustible, and leaving ashes.
SPECIES of FOSSILS.
The FOSSILIA are divided into three Orders.
- I. PETRIFICATA. Figured or extraneous Fossils.
- 36. ZOOLITHUS. Petrifactions of Mammalia.
- 1. Hominis; Bones of Men; and in one instance of the whole body.
- 2. Cervi; remains of the Cervus Tarandus, or Rein Deer, dug up in Ireland.—Vide Lowthorp's Abridgment, vol. ii. p. 432.
- 3. Ebur Fossile; Fossil Ivory.
- 4. Turcosa; Turquoise, teeth tinctured by Copper.
- 37. ORNITHOLITHUS. Petrifactions of Birds, and their Nests.
These are scarce, and are usually stalactitical incrustations only. Page 160- 38. AMPHIBIOLITHUS. Petrifactions of Am∣phibia.
- 1. Testudinis; of an en∣tire Tortoise.
- 2. Ranae; of a Toad.
- 3. Lacertae; Skeleton of a Crocodile.
- 4. Serpentis; of an entire Serpent.
- 5. Nantis; of various Nantes, as of the Raja, Balistes, &c.
- 6. Glossopetra; Sharks Teeth, very com∣mon.
- 39. ICTHYOLITHUS. Petrifactions of Fishes.
- 1. Schisti; Entire Skele∣tons, with the Fins, in Slate, of several genera.
- 2. Marmoris; in Marble, of various genera.
- 3. Bufonites; Grinding Teeth of the Anar∣chichas, or Wolf∣fish.
- 40. ENTOMOLITHUS. Petrifactions of Insects.
- 1. Cancri; Petrified Crab, Lobster, &c.
- 2. Paradoxus; of an un∣known Insect; per∣haps a Monocu∣lus.
- 3. Succineus; Insects in∣closed in Amber, not proper petrifac∣tions.
- 41. HELMINTHOLITHUS. Petrifactions of Vermes.
- 1. Hammonites; Cornu Ammonis, various kinds.
- 2. Orthocerotes; Straight Nautilus; both these unknown in the recent state.
- 3. Conchidium; of an unknown bilocular shell; perhaps a Patella.
- 4. Anomites; of various Anomiae, unknown in a recent state.
- Page 161 5. Hysterolithus.
- 6. Craniolaris.
- 7. Gryphites. Crow∣stone.
- 9. Judaicus; Jews Stone, thought to be spines of Echini.
- 10. Echinites.
- 14. Madreporus; Ma∣drepores, of various kinds.
- 17. Entrochus.
- 18. Asteria Columnaris; Star Stones; parts of an Encrinus, late∣ly discovered in the recent state.—See Phil. Trans. vol. lii. p. 357.
- 23. Belemnites.
- 42. PHYTOLITHUS. Petrifactions of Plants.
- 1. Plantae; of the entire Plant, in Coal Slate.
- 2. Filicis; of Ferns, in Slate.
- 3. Rhizolithus; of Roots, in Marble.
- 4. Lithoxylon; of Wood, in various states; as, of Limestone, of Agate, of Flint, of Sand-stone, and of Slate.
- 5. Folii; of Leaves, in Slate and Marble.
- 6. Antholithus; of Flow∣ers, in Slate, re∣sembling the spike of a Phalaris, or Canary Grass.
- 7. Carpolithus; of Fruits, in Coal strata; commonly cones of the Pine, Nuts, Acorns, &c.
- 43. GRAPTOLITHUS. Stones resembling Pictures. 8 species. Among which are,
- 2. Ruderalis; Florentine Marble or Slate, representing ruins.
- 3. Dendrites; represent∣ing woods, land∣scapes, &c. arising from vitriolic solu∣tions, insinuated between the plates of fissile stones, or in Marble. This process is now well imitated by art.
- II. CONCRETA. Concretes of various kinds.
- 44. CALCULUS. Animal Concretions. 8 species.
- 1. Urinarius; Stone in the Kidney or Blad∣der.
- 2. Salivalis; Tartar of the Teeth.
- 3. Tracheae; of the Lungs.
- 4. Bezoar; Bezoar Stones, formed in the Abo∣masus, or fourth stomach of the Pe∣cora, or ruminat∣ing animals.
- 5. Aegagropila; Hair Balls, formed in the first stomach.
- 6. Felleus; Bile Stones.
- 7. Margarita; Pearls.
- 8. Oculus♋; Crabs Eyes.
- 45. TARTARUS. Vegetable Concretes.
- 1. Faex; Yeast.
- 2. Vini; White and Red Tartar.
- 46. AETITES. Concretions within the Cavity of Stones.
- a. True Etites, having a loose Nucleus.
- 1. Geodes; with an earthy Nucleus.
- 2. Aquilinus; with a stony Nucleus.
- b. Spurious Etites.
- 3. Haemachates; Flinty Aetites, with a fixed chrystalline Nucleus, of quartzose nitre; or Melon of Mount Carmel.
- 4. Marmoreus; Marble Aetites, including Dog-tooth Spar.
- 5. Cretaceus; echinited Aetites, including Fluor Chrystals.
- Page 163
- 47. PUMEX. Concretions by Means of Fire.
- 1. Vulcani; Black Slate Pumice.
- 2. Ferri; White Pumice, of Iron Furnaces.
- 3. Cupri; Red Copper Pumice.
- 4. Fuligo; Soot.
- 5. Cinerarius; Ashes of Volcanos.
- 5. Molaris; Rhenish Mill∣stone.
- 7. Vitreus; Vitreous Pu∣mice, or black and green Iceland Agate.
- 48. STALACTITES. Concretions by Means of Air.
- 1. Incrustatum; Vege∣table Incrustations.
- 2. Stillatitius; Drop∣stone.
- 3. Solidus; Solid marmo∣reous Stalactite.
- 4. Flos Ferri; Branched marmoreous Stalac∣tite.
- 7. Spatosus; Solidspatose Stalactite.
- 9. Quartzosus.
- 10. Pyriticosus.
- 11. Plumbiferus.
- 12. Zeolithus; Red spa∣tose Stalactite or Zeolite.
- 49. TOPHUS. Concretions in Water. 22 species.
- a. Metallic Tophs.
- 1. Ludus; Marly Toph-stone.
- 2. Pertusus; Tubular, marly, ochraceous Toph-stone.
- 3. Marinus; Sandy ochra∣ceous Sea Toph-stone.
- 5. Tubalcaini; Bog Iron Ore, in various forms.
- b. Simple Tophs.
- 10. Aluminaris; Alum Toph.
- 12. Lebetinus; Concre∣tions of Tea Kettles.
- Page 164 14. Oolithus; Pea-stone, of Hot Springs.
- 16. Osteocolla; Bone∣binder. Vide Phil. Trans. 1745, p. 378.
- 21. Lenticularis; Solid black schistose Toph.
- III. TERRAE. Earths.
- 50. OCHRA. Ochres. Earths of Metals. 15 species.
- a. In the form of Powder.
- 1. Ferri; Ochre of Iron.
- 3. Aeris; Green Ochre of Copper.
- 4. Cupri; Blue Ochre of Copper.
- 7. Plumbi; Native Ce∣russ.
- 8. Cobalti; Ochre of Co∣balt.
- b. Plumose, or germinating Ochres.
- 12. Cuprigo; Copper Blue, Plumose Copper.
- 13. Stibigo; Flowers of Antimony.
- 14. Argentigo; Plumose Silver Ore, with sulphurated Anti∣mony and Arse∣nic.
- 51. ARENA. Sands. 14 species.
- 1. Mobilis; Sea Sand.
- 2. Colorata; Coloured Sands.
- 6. Glarea; Sand of Heaths.
- 9. Sabulum; Common Sand.
- 11. Micacea; Micaceous or Glittering Sand, writing Sand.
- 12. Aurea; Gold Sand.
- 13. Ferrea; Iron Sand.
- 14. Silicea; Flint Sand.
- Page 165
- 52. ARGILLA. Clays, Boles, Marles. 21 species.
- a. Simple.
- 1. Apyra; Porcellain Clay.
- 2. Leucargilla; Tobacco∣pipe Clay.
- 3. Porcellana; China Por∣cellain Earth.
- 6. Lemnia; Lemnian Earth.
- 7. Fullonica; Stone Mar∣row, Fullers Earth.
- 8. Tripolitana; Tripoli, or Rotten Stone.
- 9. Communis; Brick Clay.
- 10. Figulina; Potters Clay.
- 13. Bolus; Boles of diffe∣rent colours.
- b. Mixed.
- 15. Tumescens; Fer∣menting Clay.
- 17. Marga; Marle.
- 18. Umbra; Umbre.
- 19. Nilotica; Marle of the Nile.
- 53. CALX. Chalks. 9 species.
- a. Soluble in acids.
- 1. Creta; Chalk.
- 2. Marmorea; Mineral Agaric.
- 3. Conchacea; Shell Chalk, or moulder∣ed Shells.
- b. Not soluble in acids.
- 5. Palustris; True Mi∣neral Agaric.
- 6. Gur; Gypseous Gur, or Lac Lunae.
- Page 166c. Granulated, or sandy.
- 7. Alabastrina; Alabaster Chalk.
- 8. Testudinea; Soluble Arenaceous Calx of the Isle of Ascen∣sion.
- 9. Lenticularis; Lenticu∣lar granulated Calx.
- 54. HUMUS. Moulds. 14 species.
- 1. Daedalea; Impalpable Vegetable Mould.
- 2. Ruralis; Common Black Mould.
- 3. Pauperata; Depaupe∣rated Mould of Heaths.
- 4. Effervescens; Spongy Mould of Marshes.
- 5. Alpina; Alpine Earth.
- 6. Turfa; Turf.
- 7. Lutum; Mould of Lakes, Mud-mould.
- 10. Damascena; Red Mould.
- 14. Animalis; Animal Mould.
Three very instructive tables, exhibiting diffe∣rent views of the several saline and other chrystal∣lized bodies, are subjoined, accompanied by copious and methodical descriptions of the figures of each; and references to these bodies, as they occur in the work itself.
