The Progress of Nations 2000

TH E PROCR' RE-1 SS 0 til NATIONS

Battles won, but FGMsrge
Thousands of tesidlents of IViotilssai has lproposedl laws against the Iltoceint eastetrt Guiniea last I )ecerent ('I wit- (liire, 1I1 indu striaized couintries
11s(5511a ioletio o(t'(1(X('iseP5 tutu in have ')suplportedI education8 and oulttiheirkivies andl rejec't the'a('t ice of reachltprogramnmes and 2 have issued
female genital tiottilatioti (ld;Xl). lo statemtents 'ondmniiing F'GMI
Senegal, 148B villages have issued oIhd- W HO estimates that 130 millioi
lie d(elaraliolls that they will (11( the womien andmiruls ranging in age from
proc)(edurte. ITiese are sigificanit vie- infants to mature adlutlts-have und(ertori) 5str gr'ass-ro ots 0 tgai at ills, gone t GMV, whieh invokves the parial
NG()s an1 intterntitonal ageniei(s ot eontplete removal of femal~e eniwoiking to end tihe piinful praet ice. tals. FGM is pt~i(tise I intneatr[y 30
In Af'riea, eflirts to elitintate IdM Afriean eountrlies and among a few
range fronm laws (''itniitalizittg thle minotityN'grioups in Asta1 Ini Aficia,
1)1(11it 1(1 1 itto enet ion amnI (lilt- thle p revaletle rate tranes ftoom
reachi progrmmms. Nie ('otities arotitd 5% in the Iiemroeiatie lRehave hatited toe proeedutre; o'ose- pouhlic of' Congo and Uganda to 98%
cttiotis have oe(.'('t'((lInthrtee,((atol in Dljihoutti and Somalia. Ahout 75(%(
three(''Gautrties hay'eltrolosedl laws (If all eases are foutndi in Eyt
against V"GN. I wertt v ('111 it r'5 ('COtt- 1t h opia, Kenya, N iget'ia, Somalia
reachi logr' itues. Ptenalt(e5 for 'Thotigh perceiv'eI as a ritual that
those conItvicted vatrv fiotmtttontetatry' iupholds the value of ehast ityv and
fities to lifelotig itea '('('at iott. ittilroves a girlls prospects for marLegislatijolt sjec'ih(allvyIprohtilit- riage. VGNI violates the human tights
ing 1K; XIhas also beentipass'eI int ofIgiri-s atnl womett heeause it
seentinttdlustrialized(l otittr'ies that ittvolves the removal of healthy sexual
have sigtiifieattpopulatiotis fromit otrgatns without medlical neeessitv
coutries whet') it is pr(act is)). I.;rati(e atndhis (letrimental sometinmes
has telied Iott existitig legislatiott Iban- (direl'o(I'eventfatal longe-term jhvttitg violetit aets resutltinin it tti ii' sial effeels atnd very serious psychos~tiott to lpt'osecu'tthtose wtoho I-fotr'tit logical contsequoenes. The jIIIoee1,M or~t parentwhoappr~tove'tie ae llt') o brIIeachtes the humatn right
The fight continues
Legislation /decree African countries Industrialized countries
against FGM* Burkina Faso (1996) Australia (state laws, 1994-97)
(ya nce)CnrlAfrican Rep. (1966) Canada (1997)
Cote d'ioire (1998) New Zealand (1995)
Djibouti (1994) Norway (1995)
Ghana (1994) Sweden (1982, 1998)
Guineea (1965) United Kingdom (1985)
Senegal (1999) United Stolen (ederal lao', 1996;
Tanzania (1998) stole lows, 1994-98)

Female genital mutilation.I UntdSae
* Acconding to latest information availahle to the Center for Repnoductive Tow and Policy (CRLP(.

Oblivious to health risAks, a t('entoger stpttA'ts in Rothe'rha, I i/ed l\11ingdomt.
Ther ao' re itore'teenage saiohs'rs in iti(Itstri ( / hzs'I ltittri e stow /utnint /994.
(11t(! tlte incresetis Itighter samongi,~'girls //1(85 1)511.

More teens smoking in
industrialized countries

Inereasitng tittithets of' 1 5-vear-olds
are trisk ing thteirt lives itt lit t'( e atnid
NothI Ametriea, whtere tie avet'age
p.ercetttagetf' teentaerts whot stito~e
every vlay inrteasedl frotti12(1 0Itt
1994 to I6~ oiii 1998 iii 20 eoutt ils
surtn'veed. Smokitig amiotng girls itnereased its all hut ttne 'ounttrv. Rates
moreitehlani doithled itt Lstottia.
luituattia, thle R{issiant 1e( I(-atioti
and~ Slovakia. Girls are niowvsttokittg
at Ihigher' tales ttait lI(evitt altost
half' of the coitutries SurtveedI~. 1otr
sears ago, this was the ease itt o(tly
fivre of thtese ectiintries.
IThe suiryvs show that Hottigarv
has the highest teen smo(kittg rates,
wills a steepI 29"~ of' botys and 20%
of' girls smtokiig (lai ly. Getrmatny Tind
Autstr'ia were thte seecontd Tatd tthitd
higehestxviths 23.5% atid 23"%, e
sp.ectiv(ely, of' Tll te(Itts sttokittg. In
Isr'ael, thte perceetatge(tf Till teetns
four yeats, insKcreasinsg frotti5.51(O Itt
1994 to 12% int 1998. The tots'ett -
Tuge (If boys Tlotte nearly ttilpled,. frtotm
(6'11 to 17%V.
FinlanldwthichlreplottedlI te lartgest tiumtber' of'teenis sttoking edai ly
its 1994, xvas 11e olykco(unttrvyxvithI
ant overal decrteagse fottrt'yeats later'.

I )eeIil i t Ttes Tatmg son's were
t-elolitelt iin Atst 'ia t Tilt1Noi'ttti'o
I teclaund.
Who's lighting up?
% of 1 5-year-olds who report smoking daily

Boys
1998 (1994)
Austria 20 (2])
Belgium 2] (19)
Canada 17 (16)
Czech Rep. 16 (1])
Denmark 15 (10)
Estonia 17 (16)
Finland 19 (25)
France 20 (18)
Germany 22 (16)
Hungary 29 (19)
Israel 1 7 (6)
Latvia 27 (22)
Lithuania 15 (9)
Norway 18 (16)
Poland 22 (17)
Russian Fed. 20 (13)
Slovakia 20 (13)
Sweden 10 (10)
United Kingdom
N. Ireland 16 (20)
Scotland 19 (17)
United States 13 (10)

Girls

1998
26
20
21
11
21
8
20
25
25
20
7
12
6
21
14
14
10
16
24
24
12

(1994)
(21)
(14)
(21)
(6)
(17)
(3)
(19)
(18)
(19)
(13)
(5)
(8)
(2)
(15)
(8)
(5)
(3)
(13)
(20)
(21)
(10)