The epistle of Othea to Hector; or, The boke of knyghthode / translated from the French of Christine de Pisan ; with a dedication to Sir John Fastolf, K.G., by Stephen Scrope ; edited from a manuscript in the Library of the Marquis of Bath, by George F. Warner.

I.

OTHEA, of prudence named godesse, That setteth goode in worthynesse, To the, [Sc. thee, which is spelt "the" throughout.] Hector, noble prince myghty, That in armes is evere worthye, The sone of Mars, [This parentage is explained further on, pp. 22, 24.] the god of bateyle, In dedys of armes which wyll not fayle, And of myghty Minerve, the godes, [f. 5.] The whiche in armes is hy maystres, Sucessoure of the noble Troyens, Heyre [Sc. Heir; Feyre MS.; Hoir, H.] of Troye and of the ceteseyns, Salutacion afore sette plenere I sende, wyth love feyned in no manere. O good lorde, how am I desyryng Thi grete avayle, which I goo sekeyng, And that aumented and preseruyd It may be, and euer obseruede Thy worchipe and worthines in old age, That thow hast gretly hadde in thi fryst age. Now for to schewe the my pistile playnely, I wyll the enorte and telle verily Off thyngges that be ful necessarie To hye worthynesse and the contrarie, To the opposite off worthinesse, So that all goode hertys may theym dres [Affin que ton bon cuer sadrece, H. The translator no doubt read "tout bon coeur."] For to gete be goode besy lernynge The hors that in the eyre is flyynge (It is named the Pegasus truly),

That all louers loueth hyly. [Qui de tous vaillans est ame, H. Pegasus is explained below (p. 15) as meaning "a goode name, the which flyeth through the eyre."] And because of thi condycion I knowe be rygth inclynacion Able to take knythly dedys on hand More than is in othir .v. score thowsand (For as a godes I haue knovynge, Not by the assay but by kunnyng, Of thynges the which be on to kome), I owthe to thynkke on the, hole and some [Sc. thee, whole and sum; me doit il de toy souuenir, H.] ; For I knowe thowe shalte be euer duryng, Worthiest of all the worthy lyvyng, And schall afore all othir namyd be, So that I may be belouyd of the. Belovyd, why schuld not I be soo? I am that the which arayeth all thoo That loueth me and holdyth me dere; I rede theym lessons in chaiere, Which maketh theym clyme heuen onto. I pray the that thow be oon off tho That will here inne beleve me wele. [Et que tu me vueilles bien croire, H.] Now sete it well thane in thy mynd and fele The wordes that I wyll to the endyte, And yf thowe here me owght telle, sey or wryte Any thyng that for to come may be As that I seye, vmbethynke the As that they were past, so do thow oughte Knowe ryght wele that they be in my thought In the spyrite off profecie. Vndirstonde wele nowe and greve not the, For I shall no thyng sey but that schalle falle. Thynke wele the comyng is not yet at all.

Othea opon the Greke may be takyn for the wysedome off man and woman [Sagesse de femme, H.] , and as ancient pepyll of hold tyme, not havynge yit at that tyme lyght of feythe, wirchippyd many goddys, vndyr the which lawe be passed the hyest lordes that hathe ben in the world, as the reaume off Assire, of Perse, the Grekys, the Troyens, Alexandre, the Romaynes and many other, anamly the grettest philosophurs that [Thas, MS.] euer was—so as yet at that tyme God hade not oppenyd the ȝate off mercy, but we Crysten men and women now at this tyme by the grace of God enlumynid wyth very feyth may bryng ayene to morall mynde the oppinyons of ancient pepyll and thereopon many feyre allegories may be made—and as they hade [f. 6.] a costom to worchipe all thynge the which above the comon cours of thynges hade prerogatyue of some grace, many wyse ladyes in there tyme were called godesses. And trwe it ys, aftyr the storie, that in the tyme that grete [Greke, MS.; Troye la grant, H.] Troye fflorishede in his grete name a ful wyse ladie callede Othea, consyderyng the ffre thought [La belle ieunece, H.] of Hector of Troye, the which that tyme ffloryshed in vertues, and that it be a shewynge of fortunes to be in hym in tyme commynge, sche sent hyme many grete and notabil yiftys, and namly the fayre stede that men callyd Galathee, the which had no felawe in all the worlde. And becavse that all wordly grace[s] that a good man oughte for to have were in Hector, morally we may sey that he toke theyme by the cownsel of Othea, the which sent hyme this pystylle.

By Othea we schall vndirstond by the vertu of prudence and of wysedome, wherewyth he was arayed; and because the Cardinal Vertues ben necessarie to good pollicie, we schall speke of them, sewynge ich after othyr. And to þe fryst we have youen a name and takyn a maner of speche in some wyse poetykly, the bettyr to folewe owre matere acordyng to the very storie, and to owre purpoyse we schall take some auctoritees of ancient philosophres. Thus we schall sey that by the seyde lady this present was yovyn

or sente to goode Hector, the which in lech wyse may be to all other desirynge bounte and wysedome. And as the vertue of prudence ought gretely to be recomendede, Aristotle, the prynce off philosophurs, seyth, "Becavse that wysedome is þe most noble off all othir thynges, it schulde be shevyd by the best resone and the most behouely maner that myghte be."

Fore to bryng ayen to allegorie the purpos of owre matyr to owre wordes, we schall applique Holy Scrypture to edificacion of the soule, beyng in wrecheed worlde. As by the grete wysedome and hye myȝte of God all thynges that be resonabily made all scholde streche to the ende of hyme, and becawse that owre speryt, mad off God to hys lekenes, is made of thynges moste noble aftyr the aungelles, it is behouely and necessarie that it be arayed wyth vertues, whereby it may be conveyed to the ende for the which it was made. And becavse it was lettyd by the assautes os the wacches [Par les agais et assaulx, H.] os the enemy of helle, the which is his dedely enemye and aduersarie and oftyn distourbeth it to come to hys beaute, [Beatitude, H.] we may calle mankyndely lyfe very cheualrie, as the Scripture seyth in many partes, and standyng [Sc. considering that.] all erthyly thynges [Kynges, MS.; toutes choses terrestres, H.] be desceyvable, [Thesceyvable, MS., with "de" interlined.] we schulde haue in contynuell mynde the tyme [f. 7.] for to come, which is wythowte ende. And because this is the grete wysedome of perfite knygthhode and that all othir be of no comparison to regarde of the victorius peple the which be corounede in blys, we schal take a maner of speche of gostly knyhthode, that [is] to be done princypally to the preysynge of God and to the profyth of thoo þat wylle delyte theyme to here this present dittee.

Howe prudence and wysedome is modyr and conditoures of all vertues, wythowte the which the tothire may not be well gouernede, it is necessarie to gostly knyththode to be arayed wyth prudence, as Seynte Austyn seyth in the book of Singularite off

Clerkes, [De Singularitate Clericorum, attributed to Cyprian and Origen as well as to St. Augustine (Migne, Patrologia Latina, iv. col. 835). The passage runs (col. 866): "Ubicumque fuerit providentia, frustrantur universa contraria; ubi autem providentia negligitur, omnia contraria dominantur."] that in what maner of place prudence be men may lyghtly cesse and amende [Cesser et anientir, H.] all contrarius thynges, but there w[h]ere prudence is despisyd all cont[r]arius thynges hath domynacyon. And to this purpoose Salamon seyth in his Proverbis, "Si [intraverit sapientia cor tuum et scientia animae tuae placuerit, consilium custodiet te et prudentia servabit te."] [Prov. ii. 10, 11. This and other quotations from the Vulgate are supplied from the French text, being omitted by the translator, possibly with the intention of filling them in from the Wycliffite English version.]

II.

AND to the entent that know may be What thou schuldeste do, drawe vnto þe The vertues that may the most restore, The bettir to come to that seyde afore Of the worshipful chevalroures. [De vaillance cheualereuse, H.] Allthoughe that it be aventerous, Yet schall I sey whi that I sey thus. A cosyn germayne [Seur germaine, H.] I haue, I wys. Fullefyllyd sche is beaute wyth all; But of all thynges in specyall Sche ys ful softe and temperede full wele; Of stroke of ire felyth sche no dele; [f. 8.] Sche thynkkyth no thynge but of rygth balance. It is the godesse of Temperance. I may not all only but by hyre face Haue the name of that by myghty grace; For yef the weghte ne were sche to the made,

The all were not worthe a leke blade. [Sc. the leaf of a leek; Car selle nen faisoit le pois, Tout ne te vauldroit pas vn pois, H.] Therefor I wyll that with me sche love the. Yf she wyll, lete hire note forgetyn be; For she is ryght a wele lerned godesse, Hyr witte I love and prays myche in distrese.

Othea seyth that Temperance is here cosyn germayne, [Serour, H.] the which he schuld loue; for the vertu of temperance may veryly be seyde cosyn germayne and lykennd [to] prudence, for temperans is schewer of prudence and of prudence folwyth temperance. Therefor it is seide that he shulde hold hyr for his love; and euery good knygth shulde do the same, that desiryth due prayse of goode peple. As the philosophre Demetricus [Democritus, H.] seyth, "Temperance moderath vices and perfyteth vertues."

The good spiryte shuld haue the vertue of temperance, the whiche [hath] the propirte to lemyte and to sede on syde super∣fluytes. [De limiter les choses, H.] For Seynt Austyn seyth in the book of the condycions [Ou liure des meurs de leglise, que loffice dattrempance est reffraindre et ap∣paisier les meurs de concupiscence, H. The repetition of "meurs" caused the translator to omit some words. The reference is to the treatise "De moribus ecclesiae catholicae," i. 19 (Migne, xxxii. 1326).] . . . . of concupyscence, the whiche be contrary to vs and lettyth vs from Godes lawe, and more also to dispite fleschely delytys and worldly praysynge. Seynt Petir spekyth to that purpose in hys fyrst Pystyl, ["Obsecro vos tanquam advenas et peregrinos abstinere vos a carnalibus desiderüs, quae militant adversus animam"]. [1 Pet. ii. 11.]

III.

AND wyth vs streygth be honesty þe yete. If that be gretter vertues thou sete, Thou moste the turne toward Hercules And behold wele his grete worthines, In whome there was full myche bounte. And to thi lenage all thoughe that he Was contrarie and a grete name hym gate, [f. 9.] For all that haue thou neuer the more hate To his vertue, streyngth and nobylnese, Which opynned the ȝates of worthinese. Yet, though that thowe wylt folwe hys weye And also hys worthines, I sey It nedyth no thyng to the to make Were [Sc. war, cf. next line; where, MS.] with theyme of hell ne no stryfe take, Ne for to were wyth the god Pluto For ony fauour Proserpyng onto, The godes dowter called Ceres, Whome he rauysched on the se of Gres. [Sur la mer de Grece, H.] Ne onto the it is no mystyr [Maystyr, MS.; mestier, H.] That thow be Serebrus, [Sc. by Cerberus.] the portar Of helle, besye the hys cheynes to breke, Ne of theyme of helle to take any wreke, The which to vntrewe wynnors be; [Qui trop sont desloyaulx gaignons, H.] Nor for his felaws as dede he, Pirotheus and Theseus, [See below, p. 41.] in fere, The which that nere hand desceyuyd were

[To] auenture theyme in that valy soo, W[h]ere many a sowle hath ful mych woo; For werre inougth in herthe [Sc. on earth.] þou schalt fynd felle, Thought thow goo not to sek yt in helle. It is no thinge necessarie to the So to purchase or do armes, parde, To go and fyghte with serpentes stynggyng, With boores wylde or beerys rampyng. [Aux lyons ne aux ours rampans, H.] Wheythir thou ymagen this I wote noghte, Or ell of wyldenes it commyth in thy thougth Of worthines for to have a name. In dystres, yf it be not for the same, As ffor thy body the ffor to defende, Yf that sych bestis wylde the offende, Than diffence, if assailled thou be, Withowte dowte it is worchip to the; Yf thow ouercome theym and the saue, Bothe grete lavde and worchip thou shalt haue.

The vertu of strength is not only to vndyrstonde bodely strength, but the stabilnes and stedefastenes that a goode knygth schulde haue in all hys dedis by deliberaciou of good wytte and strength to resyst ayens contrariousnes that may come onto hym, weythir it be infortunes or tribulacions, where strengh and myghti corage may be vaylable to the exaussyng of worthines. And alyche [Sc. allege, take example from; Et pour donner materiel exemple de force, allegue Hercules, H.] Hercules for to gif exampel of strengh, to the entent that it may be doble availe, that is to seye, in as myche as tocheth to his vertue and anamly in dedes of knygthhode, wherin he was ryghte excellent. And for the hynes of Hector, it is a behouely thynge to gyfe hyme hy [Sc. high; by, MS; hault exemple, H.] example. Hercules was a knyghte of Grece of meruelyous strengh and broute to ende many knyghtly worthines.

A grete iorneyer he was in the worlde, and, for the grete and meruelyous viagis and thinges of grete strenghe that he made and dede, the poietes, the wyche spak couertly and in maner of fable, seyde that he wente into helle to fygth wyth the prynces off helle and that [he] favth [Sc. fought.] wyth serpentes and fiers bestis, by the wyche is to vndirstonden the grete and stronge entreprises [A leaf is here missing from the MS.] * * *

IV.

* * * * * * * Elles arte thou note worthy an helme to were, [f. 10.] Ne for to gouerne a reaume nowhere. [The complete "texte" in H. runs:—

Encor se veulx estre des noz, Ressembler te couuient Minos, Tout soit il iusticier et maistres Denfer et de tous li estres. Car se tu te veulx auancier, Estre te couuient iusticier, Autrement de porter heaume Nes digne ne tenir royaume.

]

Prudence seith to the good knyghte that, yf he will be on of the goode mennes rowe, he most haue the vertue of iustice, that is to seye, ryghtwyse iustice. And Aristotle seith he that is a rytewyse iusticer fryst shulde iustifie hym selph, ffor he that iustifies not hym self is not worthi to iustifye anothir. This is to vndir∣stond that a man shulde correcte his owne defavtes, so þat thei be holy fordone, and than a man so correctid may wele, and schulde, be a corrector of othir men. And to speke morally, ve shall tell a fable to this purpoise vndir the couertvre of poyetis. Minos, as poyetis sey, is a iusticer off helle or a prouoste or a cheife bayle, and afore hym is broughte alle the sowles descendyng into

that vaylie; and afftir that they haue disseruede of penance as many degrees as he wille that thei be sette deipe, as ofte he turnyth his tayle abwte hym. And becawse that he is thee iustice ande the punyschment of God, lete vs take owre maner to speke oure speche veryly to that purpose. O trouth there was a kyng in Grece [En Crete, H.] called Mynos of mervelious fairnes, [Fierte, H.] and in hym was grete rigoure of iustice; and therefor the poietis seyde that aftir his deth he was commytted to be iusticer of helle. And Aristotile seyth, "Justice is a mesure that God hath sette in erthe for to limitte thereby thynges ryghtwysly."

And even as God is hede of iustice and of all orderes, it is necessarye to the cheualerous sperit that wille come to the victorius blysse for to have this vertue. And Seynt Bernard seith in a sermone [De adventu Domini Sermo iii. (Migne, clxxxiii. 45), but the passage is not literally translated.] that iustice is not ellis but to giffe euery man that his is. "Yife than," seith he, "to .iii. maner of peple that the whiche is theires, that is to say, to thi souereyne, to thi felawe and to thi soget: to thi souereyne reuerence and obeissance of body; to thi falawe thou schulde gyffe counsel and helpe, counsel in teschyng hym where he is ignorant and helpe hym in com∣fortynge his owyn power [Sa non puissance, H.] ; to thi soget, thow schuldest gyf hym chastissyng and kepyng hym frome euyl dedes, in chastisyng [Chastisyng in chastisyng, MS.; garde et discipline, garde en le gardant de mal faire et discipline en le chastiant se il a mal fait, H.] hym forgiffeyng hym that he hath doo amysse." And thus hereto seyth Salomon in his Proverbis, "Ex[cogitat iustus de domo impii ut detrahat impios a malo . . . Gaudium est iusto facere iusticiam"]. [Prov. xxi. 12, 15.]

V.

ALSO remenbre the of Percyvale, [Apres te mire en Perseus, H., and so below; cf. Ovid, Met. iv., 610 sq.] [f. 11.] Whos name is knowen ouer alle Throwghowte the worlde, both soft and hard, The swyffte hors Pegasus afterward. He roode hyme through the eyre flyyng, And Andromeda in hys goyng Fro the bellue [Belue, H.; monstre, Wyer.] he hyr delyueryd And wyth his streynght hir from hym revede, As a ryght good errant myghtty knyghte Brought hyr ageyne to hir kyne ful ryght. Thys dede in yowre mynde loke that it holde, For a good knyght shuld kepe that is bolde Thys wey, if that he will haue exprese Wyrchip, which is mych better than ryches. Hys shynnynge shelde than loke thou opon, The which haue euer ouercome many one. Wythe his fauchon loke that thou arme the, Both strong and stedefast than shalt thou be.

And because that it is acordyng thyng [Chose couuenable, H.] for a good knyght to haue wirchip and reuerence, we shalle make a fygure aftyr the maner of poietis. Percevale was a ful worthi knyght and whan [Sc. won; il acquist, H.] many reaumes, and the name off the grete lande of Perce come of hyme. And poyetis seide that he roode the hors that flawe in the eyre, the which was called Pegasus; and that is to vnderstonde a goode name, the which flyeth through the eyre. He bare in his honde a fauchon or a glayve; the whiche is seide for the grete multytude of peple that were discomfyte by hym in maney batayles. He delyueryd Andromeda from the bellue; this was a kynggys

doghter, the which he delyuered from a monstre of the see, the which by the sentence of the godes shulde a [Sc. should have; deuourer la deuoit, H.] deuoured hire. This is to vndirstonde that alle knyghtes shulde socovre women that hade nede of there socoure. This Percivale and the hors [f. 12.] the which fleeth [Sc. flyeth; qui vole, H.] may [Many,MS.] be notede for the good name that a goode knyghte shulde haue and gete by hys good desertes; and there shuld he ryde, that is to seye, that hys goode name shulde be borne in all contrees. And Aristotile seyth that a good name of a man maketh a name shynnyng to the worlde and agreable in presence of princes.

The cheualerours sperit shulde desyre a goode name among the felachipe of the seyntis of heuen gotten by his goode desertes. The good hors Pegasus that [beareth] [Omitted in MS.; le porte, H.] hyme shall be his good angel, the which shall make good reporte off hyme at the day of dome. Andromeda that shal be delyuered, it is his sowle, the which he delyueres fro the feend of hell by the ouercomyng off synne. And that a man on the same maner wyse shuld wylne to haue a good name in this worlde to the plesaunce of God and not for vayne glorie, Seynt Austin seyth in the Booke of Correccion [Sermo ccclv., de vita et moribus clericorum (Migne, xxxix. 1569).] that "ii. thyngges be necessarie to beleve wele, [A bien viure, H.] that is to sey, good conscience and good name, conscience for feyth, [Pour soy, H.; conscientia tibi, fama proximo tuo, S. Aug. The translator evidently read "foy."] good name for his neyburwe; and [w]ho so trostyth in conscience and dyspiteth a good name, he is cruel"; for it is a synge of a nobyll corage to loue the wele of a good name. And to this purpoise seyth the wyse man, "Curam habe [de bono nomine, magis enim perma∣nebit tibi quam mille thesauri preciosi"]. [Eccl. xli. 15.]

VI.

AND wyth thyne inclynacions Off Jouis [Sc. the planet Jupiter; Joyus, MS.; de iouis les condicions, H.] softe condiccions Loke thou haue; the better thou shalt be, Whene that thow kepes theme ryghtfulle.

As it is seyde, poyetis, the whiche worchipped many godes, they helde the planetis of heuen ffor speciall godes, and of the .vii. planetes they made the .vii. dayes of the weke. They worchypped and helde Jouis or Jubiter for there grettest god, because that he is sette in the hyest spere of the planetis vndyr Saturne. The day off Thurseday is named of Jouis. And anamely the philosophres yaf and compared the vertues of the .vii. metallis to the .vii. planetis and named the teremys of there sciences by the same planetis, as a man may se in Geber [Jābir ibn Aflah, an Arab astronomer of uncertain date, whose work on Astronomy was published in Latin, in nine books, at Nuremberg in 1534. A 15th century MS. of it is in the British Museum, Harley MS. 625.] and Nicholas [Perhaps Nicholas of Lynne, a Carmelite who lived in the latter part of the 14th century, and whose astronomical tables were used by Chaucer in his "Astrolabe." Among other works he wrote tracts "de natura Zodiaci" and "de Planetarum domi∣bus" (Tanner, Bibliotheca, p. 346).] and in othir auctoris of that science. To Jouys is youyne copyr or bras. Jouis or Jubiter is a planete of softe condicion, amiable and ful gladde and fygure [Et est figuree a la compleccion sanguine, H.] to sanguyne comp[l]eccion. Therefor Othea seyth, that is to sey, Prudence, that a good knyght shuld haue the condicion of Jubiter, and the same shulde euery nobyll man haue, pursewyng knyghtt∣hode. [f. 13.] To this purpose seythe Pictogoras [Sc. Pythagoras.] that a kyng shuld be gracyously conuersaunt wyth his peple and shew to them a glade visage; and on the same wyse it is to vnderstond off all wordly peple tendyng to wirchippe.

Now lete vs brynge to owre purpoyse in allegorie the properteis of the .vii. planetis. Jouis, the which is a softe and a mankyndly [Doulce et humaine, H.] planete, of the whyche the good knyght schulde haue condicions, may sygnifie to vs mercy and compassyon that the good knyght hade, Jhesu Cryste that is, the which the sperit schulde haue in hym selfe. For Seynte Gregorie seyth in the pistylle of Pontian, [A Nepocian, H. The passage does not appear to be among the works of St. Gregory, nor in St. Jerome's epistle to Nepotianus.] "I remembre not," seith he, "that euer I herde or redde that he dyed of heuy dethe that hathe wylle to fulfylle the dedes of mercy, ffor mercy hathe many prayeres and it is inpossyble but that many prayeres most nedes be exauced." To this purpose oure Lord seythe in the Gospell, "Beati [miseri∣cordes, quoniam ipsi misericordiam consequentur"]. [Matt. v. 7.]

VII.

OFF Venus in no wyse make thi godesse, And for no thynge sette store by here promysse. To folowe here it is rauenous, [Traueilleux, H.] Both vnworchippefull and peryllous.

Venus is a planete of heuen, aftyr whome the Fryday is named; and the metall that we call tynne or pewter is yovyn to the same. Venus yiffeth influence of loue and of ydylnes, and she was a lady called soo, the which was qwene of Cippre. And because that [she] excedyd all women in excellent beaute and jolynesse, and was ryght amerous and not stedefast in o loue, and becawse that she yevyth influence of lecheri, Othea seyth to the good knyght that he make here not his godes. This is to vndir∣stond, that in sech lyfe he shuld not abaundon his body ne his

entent. Armes [Sc. Hermes Trismegistus.] seyth that the vice of lecherye steynyth all vertues.

Venus, of whom the good knyght shuld not make hys godes, it is þat the good speryth in hym selphe shuld haue no vanyte. And Cassidore seyth vpon the Sawtyr, "Vanite made avoyde degre [An unintelligible corruption; fist lange deuenir deable, H. and other Fr. MSS.; doth [make] the aungell to become a devyll, Wyer; superbia est per quam angelus cecidit, per quam Adam de naturae suae dignitate dejectus est, Cass. Exp. in Psalterium (Migne, lxx. 843).] to becum a fende and yafe dethe [Tethe, MS.; la mort, H.] to the fryste man and voyeddid hyme frome the blyssidnesse that was grawntyd on to hyme." Vanite is modyr off all evelles, welle off all vices, and the weyne [Sc. vein; la veine, H.] of wykydnesse, the which puttyth a man oute of the grace of God and setti[t]h hym in his hate. To this purpose Dauid seyth in his Sauter, spekyng to God, "Odisti [observantes vanitates super∣vacue"]. [Ps. xxx. 7.]

VIII.

YF thou asemble the in jugement, [f. 14.] Be leke to Saturne in avisement; Or that thou gyf thy sentence, veryly Be ware that thou yif is not doutously.

Satyrday is named after Saturne, ande the metall lede is youen therto, and it is a planete of slow condicion, hevy and wyse. And there was a kyng in Grece hadde the same name, the [which] was full wyse, off whom poyetis spake vnder conuerteure of fable, and they seyde that his sone Jubiter kutte from hym his preuy men∣bres. The which is to vnderstond that he toke ffrom hym his myghte

and dysheryted him and drwe [Sc. drove; le desherita et chaca, H.] hym avay. And becawse that Saturne is hevy and wyse, Othea seyth that a good knyght shuld peyse a thynge grettely or [Sc. ere; peser la chose ains quil donne, H.] that he [Ye, MS.] shulde yefe his sentence, weythir that it be in pris of armes or of ony othir dede. And euery iuge may not [Sc. note; peuent notter tous sages, H.] the same that hathe offices longgynge to iugement. And to thys purpoise Hermes seith, "Thynkke wele on all thinges that thou hast for to do and in especyall of iugement of othyr."

As the good knyghte scholde be slowe in the iugement of othir, that is to sey, to peise wele the sentence or þat he gyf it, on the same wyse the goode spiryte shulde doo in that the which longyth to hyme; for to Gode longeth the iugement, the which can discerne cawses ryghtwysly. And Seynt Grigorye seyth in hys Moralles [Moralia, xxvii. 3 (Migne, lxxvi. 401).] that, whan owre frelnes cannot comprehende the iugementes of God, we oughte not to discute them in bolde wordes, but we ought to worchippe thyme wyth ferefull scilens and, how mervelyous that euer we thowght theyme, we shulde holde them iuste. And to this purpoose spekyth Dauid in the Sawter-booke, "Timor [Domini sanctus, permanet in seculum seculi. Judicia Domini vera iustificata in semet ipsa"]. [Ps. xviii. 10.]

IX.

LETE thi worde be clere and trwe in kynde. Appollo shall gif it the in mynde, For he by no mene may non ordure Suffir no wyse vndere couerture.

Appollo or Phebus, that is the sone, to whom the Sonday is yoven and allsoo the metall that is callyd golde. The sonne by

hys clerenes shewyth thynges that be hidde; and therefore trewth, the whiche is clere and shewith secrete thynges, may be yofe to hyme. The which vertue shulde be in the herte and in the mowthe of euery good knyghte. And to this purpose seyth Hermes, "Love Godde, trowthe euer, and gyffe good counsell."

Apollo, the whiche is to sey the sonne, by whom we notyfye trowthe, we may take that man shulde haue in hys mouth the trwthe of the very knyght Jhesu Cryst and flee all falsenes. As Cassiodyr seyth in the booke of Praysyng of Seynt Powle, [No such work appears under the name of Cassiodorus.] "The condicion of falsenes ys swche that, where as it hath no geyneseyyng, yit it falleth in hym selphe; butte the condycion of trowth is to the contrary, ffor it is so sete that the more geyneseynges of aduersytes that it hath, the more it encresyth and reysyth hym selphe. To this purpose seith Holy Scripture, "Super [omnia vincit veritas"]. [Esdras iii. 12.]

X.

VNTO Phebe resemble not. For why? He [The translator, not Christine de Pisan, is responsible for making Phoebe masculine.] is to chaungable and enemye To stedefastnes and to courage strong, Malencolius is and full of wronge.

Phebe is called the mone, off whom the Moneday hath his name; and to hyme is yoven the metall that we calle syluyr. The mone resteth non oure in a ryghte poynte and yiffeth influens of vnstefastenes and foly, and therefore it is seyde þat a goode knyght shulde kepe hym from which vicys. And to this purpose Hermes seith, "Vse wisedome and be stedefast."

Phebe the moone, that we not for vnstedefastnes, the whiche a

goode knyght shulde not haue; on the same wyse the good sperit. As Seynt Ambrose seith in the pistil of Simpliciain, [Ep. ad Simplicianum (Migne, xvi. 1085).] that a foole is schawnegeable as the moone, but a wyse man is euer stedefast in o state, where he neythir brekyth for fere ner schawngyth for no myght; he reyseth hym notte in prosperite ner plangeth not in heuynes. [Ne se plunge point, H.; non tristibus mergitur, St. Ambr.] There where wysedome is, there is vertue, strengh and stedefastnes. The wise man is euer of oon corage; it lessyth it notte, ne encressyth not, for [he] schawngyth notte in no maner wyse for no thyng; he flotereth not in dyuers opynions, but abydyth perfythe in Jhesu Cryst, gon growndid in charite and roted in feyth." And to this purpose seythe Holy Scripture, "Homo sanctus [in sapientia manet sicut sol, nam stultus sicut luna mutatur"]. [Eccl. xxvii. 12.]

XI.

I DOWTE notte in no wyse Mars thi fadyr. Thow shalt folowe hyme in heuery matyr; For thy hy and nobil condycion Draweth therto thyne inclynacion.

The Twysday is named after Mars; and that metalle that we [f. 16.] callen iren is youen to hym. Mars is a planete that yifeth influence of werris and batayles; therefore euery knyght that loveth and schewyth armes and dedes of knyghthod and hathe a grete name off worthines may be callyd the sone of Mars. And therfor Othea named Hector so, notwythstondyng he was sone to Knyng Pryant, and seyde he wolde well folowe hys fadir in as moche as a goode knyght ought to doo. And a wyse man seith that by the dedes of a man men may knowe his inclynacions.

Mars the god of bateyle may wele be called the Sone of God, the whiche bateilled victoriously in this worlde, by example; [and the

good sperit shulde] folow [Folowynge, MS. There is some confusion here in the translation, cf. en ce monde et que le bon esperit par son exemple [pot bien] ensuiuir son bon pere Ihesu Crist et batailler contre les vices, H.] his Fadere Jhesu Cryst and fyght ayens vicis. Seynte Ambrose seyth in the fryst booke off Offices that how so will be Godes frend, he must be the fendes enemy, whoo so will haue pees wyth Jhesu Cryst, he most haue werre withe vices. And even as in veyne men maketh werre in the felde wyth foreyne enemys there where the cete is full of homely spyes, on the same wyse non may ouercome the eveles outewarde that wyll not were strongly wyth the synnes of there sowlys; ffor it is the most gloryous victorie that may be, for a man to ouercome hyme selphe. And tho this purpose seyth Seynt Poule the postyle, ["Non est vobis colluctatio adversus carnem et sanguinem sed adversus principes et potestates," etc.]. [Ephes. vi. 12.]

XII.

OF thi faucon [Soyes aourne de faconde, H. The translator seems to have misinterpreted "faconde," eloquence, speech, as "falchion."] be thou bolde and pleyne, And of thi worde bothe clene and certeyne. Mercurye schall teche the that, holde [Sc. old; ce tapprendra Mercurius, H.] and sounde, The which of good spech knowyth wele the grounde.

The Wednysday is named after Mercurye, [the which] ys a planete that yevyth influence off pontificall behavynge and of fayre langage arayed wyth retorique. Therefor it is seide to the good knyte that he shulde be arayed therewyth, for wirchipfull behavynge and faire langage ys full behovely to all nobill pepyll desyryng the hy pris of worchipe, so that they kepe them fro to myche langage; ffor Dyogeneys seyth that off all vertues the more the bettir, saue of speche.

Be Mercurie, the whiche is called god of langage, we may vndirstonde that the knyghte of Jhesu Cryste shulde be armed wyth good prechynges and wordes of techynges, and all so thei shulde loue and worchyppe the schewers thereof. And Seynte Gregory seithe in his Omelyis þat men shulde haue the prechores [f. 17.] of Holy Scripture in grete reuerence, for they be the masseyngeres that gone to[fore] [Qui vont deuant H.] owre Lord God and owre Lorde followyth them. Holy prechyng maketh the way, and than owre Lord commeth into the dwellyng place of owre hert; the wordes of exortacion maketh the coorse, and so trwthe is reseyuyd intoo owre vndirstondyng. And to this purpose owre Lorde seyth to his aposteles, ["Qui vos audit me audit, et qui vos spernit me spernit"]. [Luke x. 16.]

XIII.

OF all maner sortes of armure For to arme the wyth, bothe wele and sure, Be thi moder inough sygned shall be, [Sc. By thy mother enough shall be assigned to thee; te liurera assez ta mere, H. The MS. reads "modus," and in the next line "bater" (amere, H.).] Mynerve, the which is not bitter to the.

Mynerve was a lady of grete connyng and fonde the craft to make armure; for afore the pe[p]yl armed theyme but wyth cuirboyle. [Cuir-bouilli, leather boiled and moulded, while soft, into the required shape.] And for the grete wysdom that was in this lady thei called hyr a godes; and because that Hector cowde sette armure welle on werke and that it was hys ryght craft, Othea called hym the sone of Mynerve, notwythstondyng that he was sone to qwen Ecuba of Troye. And in the same wyse all that loueth armes may be named. And to this purpose an auctoure seith that knyghtes youen to armes be soggettes to the same.

Where it is seide that good armurs and strong inewgh shall be delyuered to the good knygh by his modir, wee may vndirstond the vertu of feyth, the whiche is a devyne vertue and is modir to the good spyrite. And that she delyuerith armoures inow, Cassiodir seythe in the Exposicion of the Crede [No exposition of the Creed appears among the works of Cassiodorus.] that feyth is the lyth [Sc. light; lumiere, H.] of the sowle, the yate off paradyse, the wynddowe of lyve, and the gronde of the euerlastyng helthe, for wythowte feythe non may plese God. And to this purpose seyth Seynt Poule in the pystyll, ["Sine fide impossibile est placere Deo"]. [Hebr. xi. 6.]

XIV.

JOYNE thou to the Pallas the godesse, And sette hir ryght wyth thi worthinesse. Yf thow haue hir, good fortune thou shalt fele; Pallas wyth Mynerve is fittyng [Sittyng, MS., and so also below.] full wele.

All so where it is seyde that Pallas sholde be ioyned wyth Mynerve, the which is wele fyttyng, men shall vndirstonde that Pallas and Mynerve ys all o thyng, but the names be diueres and be takyn to .ii. vndirstondynges. For the lady that is callyd [f. 18.] Mynerve was so surnamed Pallas of an yle that is called Pallance [There seems to be some confusion here between Pallas the goddess and Pallas son of Lycaon and reputed founder of Pallantium, in Arcadia.] of the whiche she was borne; and because that she generally in all thynges was wyse and foonde many nwe craftes, fayre and sotle, thei called hyr goodes of kunnyng. Mynerve is called thus in that which longeth too knyghthode, and Pallas in all thynges that longeth to wysdom; and therefore it is seyde that he sholde yeuen [? join; il doit aiouster sagece a cheualerie, H.] wysdom and knythhode, the which is ful wele acordyng therto,

and that armes shulde be keptte may be vndirstonde be feyth. To this purpose seythe Hermes, "Joyne the loue of feithe wyth wisedom."

And as that Pallas, the whiche is notyd for wysedom, shulde be ioyned with knyghthode, the vertue [The whiche vertue, MS.] of hope shuld be ioyned with good vertues of the knyghtly speryte, wyhtowte the which he may not avayle. For Orygene seyth in the Omelies opon Exode that the hoope of the goodes that be for to come is the solase of theyme that trauellyth in this bodely lyffe, leche as to laboreres the hoope of there payment softeth there laboures off there besynes, and as [to] champyons that be in bateyle the hoope of the corowne of victorie esyth the woo of there wondes. And to this purpose seyth Seynt Poule the apostyll, ["Fortissimum solatium habemus, qui confugimus ad tenendam propositam spem," etc.]. [Hebrews vi. 18.]

XV.

PANTASSELE [Sc. Penthesileia, queen of the Amazons.] haue thou fauour vnto, That ffor thi deth shall haue moch woo; Syth a woman shuld be loued and knowe, Off whom so noble a voys is sowe. [Dont si noble voix est semee, H.]

Pantasselle was a ful fayre mayden and qwen of Domazonie [Sic, the first letter being of course the Fr. "d'."] and off mervelyous worthines in armes and in hardines; and for the grete goodnes that the hy name witnessed through the worlde of Hector the worthy she loved hyme ryght hertyly, and fro the parties of the est she come to Troye in the tyme of the grete segge for to se Hector. But qwen she fond hym dede, she was owte off mesure hevy and wyth a grete oste [of] ful cheualrous gentilwomen

vigerously she vengyd his dethe, where she dide mervelyous worthynesses. And many grete greuaunces she dide to the Grekes. And because she was vertuouse, it is seide to the good knyght that he shuld love hyr, and that is to vndirstonde that euery good knyght shulde loue and prayse euer[y] vertuous persone, anamely a woman in strong vertue of wytte and off concyens. And this woman that is woofull for the dethe of Hector is vndirstonde by worthines and valure, when it is dull and deded in knyghthode. And a wyse man seyth, "Bounte shulde be alowyd where that it is perceyued."

Be Pantasselle, that was socourable, we may vndirstonde the [f. 19.] vertue off cherite, the whiche is the .iii^e. devyne vertue that the good speryte shuld perfytely haue in hym self. Cassyodir [Expos. in Ps. xii. (Migne, lxx. 100).] seith that charyte is as the reyne, the which fallyth in the prime temps, for it distillyth the dropes of vertues, vndir the whiche greine [of] good wille groweth [Soubz la quelle [pluye] germe la bonne voulente, H.] and good hoope fructifyeth, that is to be pacient in aduersite, tempered in prosperyte, pacient in mekenesse, ioyeus in afflicciones, wellwyllyng to his enemyes and frendes, anamely to his enemyes to be comuniall of his goodis. [Inimicis benevola, bonis suis superans malos, Cass.] To this purpose seyth Poule the postel, ["Caritas patiens est, benigna est, caritas non emulatur, non agit perperam," etc.]. [1 Corinth. xiii. 4.]

XVI.

NARCISUS [Narcissus, whose story is in Ovid, Met. iii. 341 sq.] looke ye resemble not, Nor into mych pride knyt your knot; For to ouerwenyng hawteyn knyght Off many a grace is voide full ryght.

Narcisus [was] a yonge bachelere that ffor his grete beaute seysyd hym in so grete pride [Se esleua en si grant orgueil, H.] that he hadde all other in disprayes. And because that he praysed noon but hym selphe, it is seyde that he was so amerous and assottede of hym selfe that he dyede after that he hade beholden hym selfe in the welle. This is to vndir∣stonde by the ouerwenyng or ouctrecuidez man of hym selfe, wherein he beholdyth hym. [Cest a entendre loultrecuidance de lui meisme ou il se mira, H.] Therefor it is diffendyth the good knyght to beholde hym selfe in hys good dedes, where throwe he myght be ouerwenyng. And to this purpose seith Socrates, "Sone, be ware thou be not disseyvyd in thi beaute of thi youthe, ffor that is no durable thyng."

Now lete vs sette an allegorie applyyng to owre purpose to the .vii. dedely synnys. Be Narcisus we shall vndirstond the synne of pride, fro the wyche the goode speryte shulde kepe hym. And Orygene seyth in the Omelees, "Whereof it is that erth and asshes prydeth hyme, or how derre a man rayse hym in arogance, when he thynketh whereof he is comyn and what he shall become, and in how frele a vessel his [Thi, MS. ; est sa vie contenue, H. The translator seems to have read "toute nue."] lyff is all naked and in what harlot∣rees he is plongeden and what onclene maters he sesseth neuer to cast from hys flesch be all the condittes off hys body?" And to this purpose seith Holy Scripture, ["Si ascenderit ad coelum superbia ejus et caput ejus nubes tetigerit, quasi sterquilinium in fine perdetur"]. [Job xx. 6, 7.]

XVII.

ATHAMAS full of ryght grete madnes, [f. 20.] The goodes verily of woodnes, She feirsly strangled hir childern tweyne. [Wrongly translated. H. reads:

Athamas plain de grant rage La deesse de forcennage Fist estrangler ces (sc. ses) .ii. enfans. Pour ce grant yre te deffens.

The story (Ovid, Met. iv. 420 sq.), which is introduced again further on (p. 112), is much confused here. It is briefly as follows. Athamas by command of Hera married the divine Nephele, and had by her Phrixus and Helle. He was, however, more enamoured of Ino, who bore to him Learchus and Melicertes. Nephele in her anger having returned to heaven, Ino tried to get rid of her rival's childres. For this pur∣pose she caused a famine by roasting the seed-corn before it was sown, and then bribed the messengers whom Athamas sent to Delphi for an oracle to bring back word that Phrixus must be sacrificed. Nephele, however, carried off Phrixus and his sister on the ram with the golden fleece, while Athamas, driven mad by Hera, killed his son Learchus, and Ino threw herself into the sea with Melicertes.] Therefor ire I thefende the pleyne.

Athamas was a kyng maried to qwene Yno, the which made sothyn [Sc. sodden; semer le ble cuit, H.] corne to be sowne for to disheryte hyr [Hys, MS.] stepe childire, for she [He, MS.] with mony coromped the prestes of the lawe, the which reported the answeres of the godes, thus seyyng to the kyng or to theyme of the cuntre that the corne that the men hadden sowene profyted not, where it plesyd the godes that .ii.^o fayre and ientyl childir the whiche the kyng hade were dreven away and exiled. And becawse that the kyng consentyd [to] the exillyng of the .ii.^o childyrne, all though that he dyde [it] ayens hys wylle and wyth grete sorowe, the fabyl seyth that the godes Iuno [Yno, MS.; la deesse iuno, H.] wolde take vengance therefor and went into helle to compleyne to the godesse

of woodnes that sche myght come to the kyng Athamas. Than the orrible and the fereful goodes come with all hir serpently herres and sette hyr on the fumerelle [A hole in the roof for the escape of smoke, here perhaps used for the hearth; le sueil, H.] of the palais and streged hir armes to bothe sydys of the yate, and than there began sych stryfe betwene the kyng and the qwene that werrant [Sic, meaning apparently "warring"; but from the reading in H., "a pou ne se entretuoyent," it is perhaps a mistake for "near-hand," sc. nearly, almost.] yche of them hade slayne othir. And whan they wend a hade rune oute of the palais, than þe woode goodes drwe out of hyr ryght foule herres .ii^o. horrible serpentis and kest in there lappes; and qwen that the goodes saw theyme so ferefull, [Quant la deesse virent tant espouentable, H.] than they wexe both madde. Athamas slewe the qwene for woodnes and than his .ii.^o childerne, and hym selfe leep into the see of frome a h[i]ght roche. The exposycion of this fable may wele be that a qwen myght be so dyuers to stepe chyldirne that for some malice she myght disheryte hem, for the which after pes myght notte be hadde betwene the fadir and the steppe modir. And it myght be soo that at the last he slewe theyme. And because that ire is a dedly vice and soo evyle that he that is sore teynt therewyth hath no knowyng of reson, it is seide to the goode knyght that he shuld kepe hym from ire, for it is too grete defaute in a goode knyght to be angry. And there[fore] Arystotile seithe "Kepe the from ire, for it trobelyth the vndyrstondyng and destroubeth reson."

Be Athamas, the which was soo full of ire, we shall propirly vnderstond the synne of ire, the whiche the goode spyryte shuld woyde from hyme. And Seynte Austyn seith in a pistyll, "Lech as venegre, where it is poote, corrompeth the vessell that it is in, yf it abyde longe therinne, so ire corrumpyth the hert wherein it is sette, yf that it abyde long thereinne, that is to seye fro day to day. [Sic ira corrumpit cor, si in alium diem duraverit, S. Aug. Epist. ccx. (Migne, xxxiii. 958).] [f. 21.]

Therfor seyth Seynt Poule the postell, ["Sol non occidat super iracundiam vestram"]. [Ephes. iv. 26.]

XVIII.

OFF all thyng that thou may se with ey Fle euer the fals godes envie, That made Aglaros [Aglauros or Agraulos, daughter of Cecrops. Hermes changed her into a stone for barring his access to her sister Herse (Ovid, Met. ii. 737 sq.).] grennere than ivie, The which to a ston chaunged was þerby.

A ffable seyth that Aglaros was systyr to Herce, the which was soo feire that for hir beaute Mercurius the god of langage wedded hyr, and thei weyre Cycropos doghters, kyng off Athenes. But Aglaros hade so mych envie to hir syster Herce, the which for beaute was so avaunced as to be maried to a god, that sche become throw here ensorgyng in envye dry [Dey, MS.; seche, H.] and discolourd and grene as ivy leffe for the envie that she hade to hyr systyr. On a day Aglaros was sette on the thresshefolde of the dore and lettyd Mercurius the entre into the hous, ne for no prayowr that he prayed hyre she woolde not suffre hym to hentre. Then the gode wexe wroothe and seide that euer myght she abide there stylle, as harde as hyr corage was; and than Aglaros becomme as hard as a stone. Thys fable may be lekend in leche case to fall to some personys. Mercurius may be a myghty man, weele spekynge, the which made his sistir to be presound or to dye for some displesure that she hade doon to hyme, and therefor it is seide that she was chaunged to a stone. And becawse it is to folow a aspotte [Sic, probably for "too feloun a spotte"; trop est villeine tache et contre gentillece, H.] ayens ientylnes to be envyous, it is seide to the goode knyght that of all thynges he kepte hym therfro.

And Socrates seyth, "He that beryth the fardell of envie hathe perpetuell peyne."

Lyche as this auctorite dyffendyth the good knyghte envie the vice, Holy Scripture defendyth the good spyryte. And Seynt Austyn seyth [De Genesi ad litteram, xi. 13 (Migne, xxxiv. 436).] that envie ys hate of othir felycite, for the dedes of the envyos man strecheth ayens tho that be gretter than he by cawse that he is not so grete as they, ayens tho that be evenly to hyme because that he is notte gretter than they, and ayens tho that be lesse than he for fere that they shold wexe as grete as he. To this purpose Holy Scripture seyth, ["Nequam est oculus invidi et avertens faciem suam"]. [Eccl. xiv. 8, but the Vulg. has "lividi."]

XIX.

FERRE ne [No, MS. ; ne soyes pas lone ne prolice, H.] slowe be ware that thou not be ; Fro [For, MS.] the malyce loke that thou kepe the Off Vlyxes, that the geauntes ye [Sc. the eye of Polyphemus.] Stale, though he looke neuer so clerely.

A ffable seyth that, when Vlixes retorned into Grece aftir the [f. 22.] destruccion off Troye, grete rages of tempestes brought hys chip into an ile where a geaunt was that hade but on eye in the myddes of his forred, the whiche was of an hooges gretnes. Vlixes by hy sutylte stale it and toke it fro hym, that ys to saye he putte it owte. This is to vndyrstond that the good knyght shulde be ware that slowthe ouercome hym not with disseytes and willes of malycyous peple, so that his eye be not takyn away, that is to seye, the eye of his vndirstondynge in his worchip, in his gettyng or in that the which is derrer to hym, as many inconu[en]iencies falleth ofte throwe slowthe and lachesse. And to this purpose Hermes seythe, "Blyssyd is he that vsyth hys dayes in dwe occupacions."

Where it is seide that the good knygh shulde not be ferre ne slowe, we may vndyrstond the synne of slewthe, the which the good spiryte shuld not haue. For, as Bede [Bedeisus, MS. ; no doubt a corruption of "Bede sur les Prouerbes," H. The reference is apparently to Bede's Expositio super Parabolas, ii. 20 (Migne, xci. 995).] seith in Salomones Prouerbes, the slowe man is not worthi to rengne with God, the which wil not laboure for the lowe of God, and he is not worthi to receyve the coronne promysyd to knyghtes that is a coward to vndyrtake feldes of baytaile. Therefor the Scripture seyth, ["Cogitationes robusti semper in abundantia, omnis autem piger semper in egestate est"]. [Prov. xxi. 5.]

XX.

IN no wyse stryve wyth no frosses, [Sc. frogs. This story of Latona is from Ovid, Met. vi. 313 sq.] Ne defoule the not in there brothes. Ayens Lathonna thei assembled sore, And trobled the clere water hir afore.

The fable seith that the godesse Lathonna was modyr to Phebus and to Phebe, the which is the sone and the moone, and she bare theyme both in her wombe. Juno chased hir in euery contre becawse she was conseyvyd wyth Jubiter hir housbond. On a day the godesse Lathonna was trauelled gretly, and she arivede on a wassh and than she aboode opon the watter for to stawnsh hyr grete thyrste there where a grete feleshyp of carles were ffor to bathe them in the watyr ffor the hete of the sone. And [they] began to chide Lathonna and trobylyd hyr watyr that she [thought] [Cuidoit, H.] to haue dronkyn of, and for no prayer that she made they wolde not suffyr hir drynke ne had no pete of hyre myschefe. Than she coursyd theyme and seyde that euer aftyr mote they abyde stylle

in the broththe [Palu, H ; maresse, Wyer.] ; than were they fowle and abominable and cesyd neuer of brayeng ne chydyng. So the carles become frosshes, the which neuer sythyn cessed of brayng, as it shewyth in somer tyme by reuerys sydys. This may be takyn be communes that dedde some dysplesur to summe grete maystres, the which made them to be cast in a reuer and to be drounede, and thus become they [f. 23.] frosshes. And it is to vndyrstond that a knyght goodly shuld not fyll hyme in the brothe of veleny, ffor leche as veleny may not suffre ientylnesse, on the same wyse ientylnes in hym self may not suffre velany, anamely not to stryve ne make debate wyth a persone vilens of condicions, ne to speke outrageously. Platon seith he that ioyneth to his ientylnes nobilnesse of goode condicions is to prayse and he that holdyth hym content with the ientylnes that comyth of his kyne withowtyn addyng thereto some goode con∣dicions shulde not be holdyn nobyll.

Be the carles that become frosshes we may vndyrstonde the synne of covetyse, the which is contrary to the good sperit. For Seynt Austyn [Perhaps in error for St. Bernard, Liber de modo bene vivendi, xliv. (Migne, clxxxiv. 1266).] seith that a couetous man is leche to hell, for hell cannot swolve so many sowlis to seye that he hathe inowe. Euen so, thow all tresowre of the worlde were heppid togedir to the possession of the couetous man, he shuld not yette [be] satisffiede. To this purpose the Scripture seith, ["Insatiabilis oculus cupidi in partes iniquitatis non satiabitur"]. [Eccl. xiv. 9.]

XXI.

ACORDE for no thyng with the god Bachus, For his tachys [Sc. manners; car ses condicions sont ordes, H.] be bothe fowle and vicyous. His disportis be neyther goode ne fyne, For he maketh the pepyll turne to swyne.

Bachus was the man that fryst plantyde vines in Grece, and qwan thei of the cuntre felthe the streyngth of the wyne, þe which made thyme drownkyn, thei seide that Bachus was a god, the which hadde yovyn syche streynghte to his plante. By Bachus is vndir∣stond drwnkkynnes, as that the whiche is a full vnbehouely thyng to all noble men and to a man that wolde vse reson. And to this purpose Ypocras [Sc. Hippocrates, whose "dictum" was that "sanitas consistit . . . . non in replendo corpus cibis et potibus" (Add. MS. 16,906, f. 11).] seyth that superfluites of vynes and metes distroyith body, sowle and vertues.

Be the god Bachus we may vndirstond the synne off glotenye, ffor the which the good spyryt shuld kepe hym. Seynt Grigory seyth in his Morralles [Moralia, xxx. 18 (Migne, lxxvi. 556).] that, qwan the vice of glotenye hathe the maystry of a person, he lesseth all the good that he hath doone ; for, qwenne the bely is not restreynyd by abstynence, all vertues ben drouned togedir. And therefor Seynt Poule seith, ["Quorum finis interitus, quorum deus venter est," etc.] [Philipp. iii. 19.]

XXII.

PIMALIONES ymage for to fele, Iff that thou be wyse, sette þerby no deele, [f. 24.] For of siche an ymage so wele wroght The beaute thereof is to dere bought.

Pymalion was a ful sotyl workeman in makyng of ymages, and a ffable seith þat, for þe grete lewdenes that he sawe in the women of Cidonie, [The scene of the story was in Cyprus. Cidonie (Cydonie, H.) apparently comes from a misunderstanding of Ovid, who says of Pygmalion, "Collocat hanc stratis concha Sidonide tinctis" (Met. x. 267).] he dispreisyd them and seyde he shuld make an ymage wherein ther shulde be no thyng for to blame. He mad an ymage after a woman, of souereyne beaute. When he had full made it,

loue, the which sotely can ravysshe hertis, made hym to be amorous opon the ymage, so that for hire he was vexed with wooes of love, full of clamorous and full of petyous syghynges that he made to hit. Butte the ymage, which was of ston, vndirstode hym notte. Pymalion wente to the temple of Venus and he made there so deuote prayores to hyre that the godesse [was full] of pete, [En ot pitie. H.] and in shewyng therof the brond that she helde be hire selfe began to take fire and shew flame, and than the louer was mery for þat tokyn and wente toward his ymage and toke it in his armes and warmed it so sore wyth hys nakyd flesch that the ymage hadde lyff and began to speke, and so Pymalyon recouuered ioye.

To this fable may be set [many] [Omitted in MS. ; plusieurs, H.] exposicions, and in leche wise to othir sich fables ; and the poietes made them becawse that mennes vndirstondyng shuld be the more scharppe and subtyle to fynde dyueres exposicions. It may be vnderstond also by the dyspreysyng that Pymalion dispreysed the lewdenes of lewde wemen and enamoured hym on a mayden of ryght grete beaute, the which wolde not, or myght not, vnderstond hys petous pleyntes, no more than the ymage of a ston had done ; that is to sey, that by thynkkyng on the fayre beautes he was enamoured, but at the last he prayed hir so myche and kepte hym so nere hir that the maydyn louyd hym and at his wille [he] had hir to mariage. And thus the ymage that was hard as stone recouuered lyff by the godesse Venus. So it wolde be seyde that the good knygh shuld not be assottede of sych a made ymage in sych wise that he lyst to folowe [Que il en lait a suiure, H. ; leue to ensue, Wyer.] the crafte of armes, to the which he is bownde by þe ordere of knyghthode. And to this purpose seyth Abtalin, [Apthalin, H. ; but it is doubtful who is meant. The name occurs in the "Dicta Philosophorum," but not with this "dictum."] "It longghit nothyng ffor a prynce to assote hym on nothyng that is to be reproued."

Pymaliones ymage on qwome þe good knygh shuld not be assotted we shall take for the synne of lechery, from þe which þe

knyghtly gostly sperit shuld kepe his body. Wherefor Seynt [f. 25.] Jerom saith in a pistill, "O fire of hell," seith he, "of whom the woode is glotenye, the flambe is pride, the sparkes is foule wordes, the smoke is evil name, the asches is pouerte, and the ende is the turnementes of hell." To this purpose seyth Seynt Petir the apostel, ["Voluptatem existimantes diei delicias, coinquinationes et maculae deliciis affluentes, in conviviis suis luxuriantes"]. [2 Pet. ii. 13.]

XXIII.

OFF Dyane remenbre besely For the honeste of thi body ; For hir plesyth no vileyns lyffe, Ne non dyshoneste ne stryffe.

Dyane, that is the mone, and as þer is no thyng so evile but þat it hath some goode propirte, the mone gyffeth chast condicion ; and thei named it after a lady that so was called, the which was full chaste and was euer a vergyn. So it wolde be seyde that honeste of the body is full wele longgyng to a good knygh. And to this purpose Hermes seith, "He may not be off perfyte wite that hathe in hym no chastite."

And for to bryng to mynde the Articles of the Feyth to owre purpose, wythowte the which a good sperit may lytell avayle, ffor Dyane we shall take God of Heuen, the which is withowte ony spotte off onclen love, to whome a thyng foulede with synne may not be agreable. To the knyghly spirite þan it is necessari to beleve opon the Maker of heuen and of erthe, as þe fyrst Article of the Feyth seith, the which Seynte Petir the apostel sete, ["Credo in Deum Patrem Omnipotentem, creatorem coeli et terrae"]. [The assignment of a particular clause in the Creed to each of the Apostles appears in a sermon printed among the spurious works of St. Augustine (Migne, xxxix. 2190).]

XXIV.

BE thou leke to the godesse Ceres, That tooke fro noon but yafe to corne encres; In syche wyse abaundonede shulde be The [To, MS.] good knygh, well sette in his degre.

Ceres was a lady that fond the craft to erye [Sc. to plough.] the londe, for aforne gaineyers swe withowte laboure [Car deuant semoient les gainages sans labourer, H. "Gaineyer" is for "gaigneur," a husbandman.] ; and because þat þe londe bare the more plenteously after þat it was erryed, thei seide that she was godesse of cornes, and thei called the londe after hyr name. Wherefor it wold be seide þat, as þe lande [Lawde, MS.; ainsi que la terre est abandonnee et large donnarresse, H.] is habaundone[d] and a large yefer of all goodes, on the same wyse shuld a good knygh be habaundonede to all personys and [ought] to gyffe his helpe and comfort aftyr hys power. And Arystotyl seyth, "Be a lyberall gyfer and thou shalt hau frendys."

Here [for] Ceres, to whom þe good knygh shuld resemble, we [f. 26.] shall take the Sone of God, whom the good spirit sholde folowe, þe which hath yoven so largely to vs of hy goodnes, [Qui tant nous a largement donne de ses haulx biens, H.] and in hym shuld be belewede stedeffastly, as the .ii.^o Article seith, the which Seynt Jon sette, ["Et in Ihesum Christum, filium eius unicum, Dominum nostrum"].

XXV.

ALL hye vertues as that he wyll sette, In the, as in Ysis, [Isis, in her original character as wife of Osiris and inventor of the cultivation of corn.] late theyme b[e] schette And all maner graynes fructifie; In sych wyse sholdest þou edyfye. [

Toutes vertus antes et plantes En toy, comme Ysis fait les plantes Et tous les grains fructifier; Ainsi dois tu ediffier.

So H., where "antes," sc. antez, entez, is from "enter, placer, faire entrer" (Godefroy, s.v.).]

Ysys, poetes seyth, is a goodesse of plantes and gryffes, and she yevyth theyme streynght and growyng to multiply. Therefor it is seide to þe good knyght þat so shulde he fructifie in all vertues and eschew all euyl vicis. And Harmes [Sc. Hermes.] to this purpose seyth, "O man, yf þou knew þe inconuenyency of vice, that þou woldest be ware þeroff and yf þou knew the rewarde for worthinesse, that [What, MS.] þou woldest loue it gretly."

There qwere it is seide þat þe good knygh shulde be leche to Ysys, the whiche is a planter, may we vnderstond the blissyd Con∣cepcion off Jhesu Cryst by Holy Gost in the Blyssyd Virgyne Marie, modyr off all grace, of whom the grete bountes may not be ymagenede ne holy seide, þe which worthi Concepcion the good sperit shuld haue holy in hym and kepe this holy Artecle stede∣fastly, as Seynt James the gretter seith, ["Qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria virgine"].

XXVI.

TO the iugement in no wyse holde the Of Mygdas, the which no thyng wysely Juged; by his counsell sette thou no store, For erys of an asse he hadde thereffore.

Mydas was a knyght [Vn roy, H.] that hadde lytell vnderstondyng; and a fable seyth þat Phebus and Pan, [Oan, MS., and so below.] the god of pastures, [Pastours, H.] strove togedir and Phebus seide that the sownde of the harpe is more to prayse than the sownde of the pype or off the flowte. Pan heelde the contrarye and seide þe sownde of the flowte was more to prayse. Thei made Mygdas iuge off that discorde, and affter that thei were both ioyned afore Mygdas, at long leyser he iuged that the sownde of þe flowte was bettyr and more plesaunte than þe sownde of the [f. 27.] harpe. So the fable seith þat Phebus, the which was g[r]evyd [and] hadde dyspyte off his iugement, made hym rude erys leche an asse, in schewyng that he hadde vnderstondyng of an asse, the which hade iuged so folyly. It may be allso that some iuged lewdely ayens a prince or a myghty man, the whiche punychyd hym, makyng hym to bere on hym some syngne off a ffoole, the which is to vnderstond the eres of the asse. Also it is to vnderstond by this fable that a good knyght shuld not hold hym content with a lewde iugement, not grownded on reson, ne hym selfe shuld be no iuge of so fawty a sentence. A philosopher seyth to this purpose that a foole is leche a molle, [Sc. mole; comme la tauppe, H.] the which heryth and vnderstondyth not. And Dyogenes lykenyth the foole to a ston.

The iugement of Mygdas, the which a good knight shulde not kepe, we may vnderstond Pylate, the which iuged the blyssyd Sone of God to be taken and streyned as a harpe and to be hangged

opon the gebet of þe Crosse as a bryboure, [Lierres, sc. larron, H.] he the which was pure wyth[out] ony spotte. Also it is to vnderstond þat þe goode speryt shulde be ware how he shulde iuge an innocent, and he shulde beleve the Artycle that Seynt Andrewe seith, ["Passus sub Poncio Pylato, crucifixus, mortuus et sepultus"].

XXVII.

AS trewe felawes of armes doth, Vnto hell, whedir that sowles gothe, Thou schuldest go, theyme to socoure serteyne In nede, [And nede, MS..; au besoing, H.] lich Hercules dyde, as men seyne.

The fable seith that Thesus and Protheus [Sc. Theseus and Peirithous, who invaded the lower world in order to carry off Persephone.] went into hell for to rescue Proserpyne þat Pluto rauysshed, and thei hade ben evyle begone hade not Hercules a ben for there felawes; [for thei] [There is some confusion in this passage; se Hercules, qui leur compaignon yere, ne les eust secourus, qui tant y fist, etc., H.] hade not bene socoured hade he ne be, the which dyde so notable dedes of armes that he affrayed all the peple off hell, and he smote in soundir Cereberus the porteris chynnes. [Sc. chains; chayennes, H.] So it is seyde þat a good knygh shulde not faile his felawe for no maner of perell that myght be; for trewe felaws shuld be evyn as on thyng and all on. And Pitagoras seyth, "Thou shuld kepe the loue of thi freende dylygently."

By the auctorite that seith he shulde socoure his trwe freendis in armes vnto hell we may vnderstonde the blyssyd sow e of Jhesu Cryste, the which drewe owte the good sowles of holy patriarkes and profhetes þat were in lymbo; and be this example the goode sperite [f. 28.] scholde draw to hym all vertues and beleve the Article that Seynt Phelip seith, ["Descendit ad inferna"].

XXVIII.

CADIMUS [Sc. Cadmus, who founded Thebes and slew the dragon which guarded the neighbouring well of Ares, and who also invented letters.] love and yife to hym preisyng, And that auctorised may his techyng Be in the; for the welle in serteyne He whan [Sc. won; gaigna, H.] fro the serpent with grete peyne.

Cadimus was a full noble man and ffounded Thebes, the which was a cite of grete name. He sette þerin a vniuersyte [Lestude y mist, H.] and hym selph was gretly lettyrd and of grete kunnyng and wysdom. The whiche man, after that the fabyl seith, he dowted þe serpent at the welle. This is to vnderstond konnyng and wisdom, the which rysyth all weye, that is for the welle; the serpent is notyd for the peyne and the trauell that a stodier most doute or that he gete kunnyng. And the fable seithe that he become a serpent hym selfe, the which is to vndirstond that he become mayster and correctore of othir. So Othea seith that a good knygh shulde love and worchip clerkes that be letteryd, þe which be growndyd in konnyng. To this purpose Aristotle seide to Alysawndre, "Worchip wisdom and fortyfie it wyth good maystres."

Be Cadimus that douted the serpent at þe well, þe whiche þe good knygh shuld love, we may vnderstond the blyssed manhode of Jhesu Cryste, the which douted the serpent and wanne the welle, þat is to sey, the lyfe of this worlde, þe which he passed with grete peyne and with grete trauelle, off whom he hade victorie be strengh, when he rose the thredde day, as Seynt Thomas seith, ["Tertia die resurrexit a mortuis"].

XXIX.

DELYTE gretly in the kunnyng Of Yo more than good or othir thyng [Plus quen nulle autre auoir, H.] ; For by that thou mayst lerne full gretly And of good theryng take largely. [Et du bien largement y prendre, H. The strange word "theryng" is probably nothing more than "therein."]

Yo was a yong ientilwoman and doughter to knyng Ynacus; [See Ovid, Met. i. 583 sq. The source of the statement that Io invented letters is doubtful. Possibly it rests only on the two lines (ib. 649):

Littera pro verbis quam pes in pulvere duxit Corporis indicium mutati triste peregit.

] þe which was rygh konnyng and fond many maners of letteris þat hade not be se afore. Though that some fables sey þat Yo was Jupiteris love and þat sche becam a kowe and after a woman as she was, [this was not so], but, as the poietis hathe hyde trowth vnder couerture of fable, it may be þat Jubiter lovid hire, þat is to vndirstond by the vertues þe which was in here [Les vertus de iupiter, H.] she become a kowe, for, as a kowe yevith mylke, the which is swete and norisshyng, she be the letteris that she fonde gaffe norysshyng to [f. 29.] vnderstondyng. And in that she was a comon woman may be vndirstond that here wytte was comon to all, as lettris be comon to all peple. Þerfore it is seide þat þe good knygh shuld full mych love Yo, [Tho, MS.] þe which may be vnderstondyn þe letteris and scriptures and stories of good peple, þe which þe good knygh shold hire telle gladely and reede þe example of, þe which may be vailable to hym. To this purpos Hermes seith, "Who so enforceth hyme to gete konyng and goode condicions, he fyndith þat þe which shall plese hym in this worlde and in the tothir."

Yo, the which is noted for letteris and scriptures, may be vnderstondyn þat þe good sperit shuld delyte hym to reede or to here Holy Writte and not [Sc. note.] þe Scriptures in his mynde, and thereby may he lerne to clyme to hevyn with Jhesu Cryst by good werkys and holy contemplacion and shuld beleve the worethi Article that Seynt Bertylmw seith, ["Ascendit ad coelos, sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris Omnipotentis"].

XXX.

BEWARE in whatte place so that it be In the noyse of flowtes slepe not ye; For Mercurius that softe syngeth With his flowte þe peple enchaunteth.

A ffabill seyth þat, when Jubiter louede fayre Yo, Juno had hym gretly in suspeccion and discendid from heven in a skye [Sc. cloud; en vne nue, H.] for to take hire husbonde whit [Sc. with; surprendre ou fait, H.] the dede. But qwhan Jubiter sawe hir come, he chawnged his love to a cowe; yit for all that Juno was [not] owt of suspeccion, but askyd hym þe cowe of yifte, and Jubiter ayens his lyst grauntyd [it] to hyr, as he þat dryst not ayens say hire for doute of suspeccion. Þan Juno gaffe Argus, þe which hade .c. yen, this cow to kepe, and euer he wchid [Sc. watched; la gaitoit, H.] it. But the god Mercurius by þe commaundement of Jubiter toke his flowte, þe which song softly, and blew so longe in Argus eyre þat all his .c. eyne were aslepe. Than he smote of hys hede and toke the cowe.

The exposicion of this fable may be as þat some myghthi man loved a gentilwoman; than his wyf tooke to hire for to make wache on hir husbonde þat he disseyvyd hire not, and þeropon sette grete weches and clere seers, þe which may be noted for

Argus eyne. But þe louer by a person malicius and well spekyng dide so miche þat þe kepers concentyd to gyf hym hys love, and thus were thei browght aslepe by Mercurius flowte and hade there hedes smyttyn off. There[fore] it is seyde to þe good knyght þat he shulde not suffre [himself] to be brought on slepe with non swiche flovte as to be robbed of that þe which he shuld kepe. And to this purpos Hermes seith, "Kepe thou fro þo that is gouuernede be malice."

Be Mercurius flovte we may vnderstond þat þe goode sperit be [f. 30.] not disseyvid by þe hold enemy trowe [Sc. through.] ony mysbeleve of þe feyth or othir wyse than he shuld beleue stedefastly þe Article þat Seynt Matheu þe Euangelist seith, þat God shall come and iuge þe qweke and the dede, where he seith, ["Inde venturus iudicare vivos et mortuos"].

XXXI.

THINKETH that Pirus [Sc. Pyrrhus.] shalle resemble His fadire and that he shal trobyle His enemyis and put theyme to distres; The deth he shall venge for Achilles.

Pyrus was Achilles sone and resembled full wele his ffadir in streyngh and hardines, and after the deth of his fadyr he come to Troye and full charply venged his fadir and hurte grettly the Troyens. Therefor it is seide to the good knyght þat, ys he have myssedone to the ffadir, lete hym be ware of the sone, when he comyth to age, and, yf the fadir be worthi or manly, þe sone shulde be þe same. The wise [Which, MS.; vn sage, H.] man seith to this purpose that the fadris dethe asketh the sone þe vengaunce þerfore.

There where he seith þat Pirus shulde be lech his fader, by þat we may vnderstond the Holy Gost, the which procedyth of the Fadir, in whome the good sperit shulde beleve, as Seynt James þe lesse seith, ["Credo in Spiritum Sanctum"].

XXXII.

HAUNT thow the temple and worchip in tyme The godesse [Sc. gods; les dieux, H.] of heven, and at all tyme Aftir Cafsaundra kepe thow the gyse, Yif þat þou wilt be holdyn for wyse.

Cassandra was Kyng Priantes doghtere, and she was a full good lady and a devoute in there lawe. She seruyd the godesse and haunted þe temple and she spak but lytell withowtyn cawse, and when she most speke she spake nothyng but that was trewe, ne she was neuer founde with no lesyng; she was full konyng. Therefor it is seide to þe good knygh þat he shulde be leke hir, for lewde costomes and lesynges ys gretly to blame in a knyte; for he shulde serue God and worchip the temple, þat is to sey, the chirche and the ministres thereof. And Pictagoras seith, "It is a ryght love∣able thyng to serue God and to halowe hys seyntes." [A wrong translation; tres louable chose est seruir dieu et sainctifier ses sains, H.; tous ses sens humains, G. de Tign.]

The a[u]ctorite seyth þat þe good knygh shulde haunte the [f. 31.] temple. In leche wyse the goode sperit shuld do, and he shulde haue synguler deuocion in the feythefull holy chirche and in the communion of seyntes, as the Article seyth that Seynt Symond made, the which seyth, ["Sanctam ecclesiam catholicam, sanctorum communionem"].

XXXIII.

YF þou wylt often haunt the se, Of Neptunus thou shuld ofte remenbre the, And thou shuldest halow gretly his feste, That he may kepe the euer fro tempest.

Neptunus opon the paynemes lawe was called þe god of þe see, and therefor it is seyde to the good knygh þat he shuld serue hym, þat is to vndirstond þat knyghttes, the which gosh often in many viages on the se or in other diueres perelles, haue more nede to be devoute and to serue God and his seyntens than othir peplyl, to the entente [þat] at here nede he may be socourable and helpy to theyme. And thei shulde take a synguler deuocion to some seynte be deuowte prayers, by the which thei may calle to hym or hire in there besynes. And that prayer wyth hert is not all only sufficiaunt, the wise man seith that God all only ys not well serued be wordes but by goode dedes.

Be Neptunus to whom the good knygh shulde calle yf he go ofte by the se we shall vndirstond that the goode sperite, the [which] is continually in the se of the worlde, he shulde calle deuoutely opon his Maker and pray that he wylle gyffe hym grace so to life that he may haue remissyon of his synnes, and he shulde beleve the Article þat Seynt Jude seyth ["Remissionem pecca∣torum"].

XXXIV.

LOOKE at all tymes thou take goode hedde Bothe to Acropose [Atropos, one of the Fates, here represented as masculine; a Atropos et a son dart, H.] craft and his spede,² Which smyteth and sparyth non in no kynde; That shal make the to haue þi soule in mynde.

Poyetis calle deth Accropos; wherefor it is seide to the good knyght that he shulde thyngke þat he shal not euer lyffe in this worlde, but sone depart derefro. Therfor he shulde sette more store by the vertues of the soule than to delytte hym in bodely delytes; and all Christen pepill [Tout crestien, H.] shulde thynkke þeropon to the entent that [t]he[i] myght remembre to [The, MS.; la prouision, H.] provide for the soule, þe which shall endure withowtyn ende. And to this purpose Pytagoras seith that, lech as owre begynnyng comyht of God, owre ende most [f. 32.] nedes be there.

There where it is seyde to the good knygh that he shulde take hede to Acropos, the which is notyd for deth, the same shuld the goode sperite haue, the which by þe merites of the Passyon of owre Lord Jhesu Cryste shulde haue stedefaste hoope with the payne and delygence that he shuld put therto to haue heuen at the last ende; and he shuld beleue stedefastly to ryse ayene at þe day of dome to haue euerlestyng lyfe yf he deserue it, as Seynt Mathi seith in the last Article, where he seith, ["Carnis resurrectionem, vitam aeternam"].

XXXV.

BELOROPHON [Bellerophon, whose story is here confused with that of Hippolytus by making Anteia his stepmother.] lete hym example be In all maner of dedes that doo will he, The which hade mech leuer to dye Than to supporte vntrouth be any weye.

Belorophon was a knyght of ryght grete beaute and full of trowthe. His stepmodir louyd hym so hoote þat sche required it of hym and, because that he wold not concent to hir will, sche dyde so myche that he was condempned to be deuoured with feers

bestis, and he had mo lyste to chese the deth [Il mieulx ama eslire la mort, H.] than to do vntrwthe. To this purpose Hermes seyth, "Be glader to dye withowte cawse than to do a inconuenyence."

We schall come now to declare the Commawndementis off the Feyth, and there too we shall take an allegorie to oure purpose.

Berolophon, the which was so full of trowthe, may be noted for God of Heuen and, as his hy mercy hath ben to vs, and is, full of all trouth, we may take the Fryst Commawndement, the which seith, "Thou shalt worchip no strawnge goddes." To this seith Seynt Austyn that the worchippe the which is called latre [Decre, MS.; latrie, H.; latria, Wyer; eo ritu ac servitute quae graece 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 dicitur et uni vero Deo debetur, Aug. de Civitate Dei, vi. praef. (Migne, xli. 173).] thou shulde not do it, neythir to ydoile ne to ymage ne to no lekenes of no maner of creature, for that is a dew worchyppe all only to God, and in this Commawndement is defendede all ydolatrie. To that owre Lord seyth in the Gospell, ["Dominum Deum tuum adorabis et illi soli seruies"]. [Matt. iv. 10.]

XXXVI.

MAYMON, [Memnon, the Ethiopian, whose father Tithonus was half-brother to Priam, being son of Laomedon by a different mother.] thyn owyn trewe cosyn indede, The which is thy neyghburgh at þi nede, He louyd the so meche thou ought hym loue, And for his nede arme thy body aboue.

Kyng Maymon was cosyn to Hector and of the Troyens lyne, [f. 33.] and when Hector [was] in fers bayteyles, where he was oftyn grettely oppressed with his enemyes, Maymon, the which was a full

worchipfull knyght, folowed hym euer nere and socoured Hector and brake the grete presses of pepyll. And that shewed wele; ffor when Achilles hade sleyn hym by treson, Maymons wonded Achilles sore and [wolde haue] sleyne [Leust occis, H.] hym, hade not socoure acome to hym in hast. Therefor it is seide to the goode knygh þat he shulde loue hym and socoure hym at his nede; and this is to vnderstonde that euery prince and goode knygh which hath kyne, be thei neuer so lytell or poore, so he be goode and trwe, [Trwee, MS.] he shulde loue hym and support hym in his dedes and en specyall whene he felyth hym trewe to hym. And it happenyth some tyme that a grete prince is better louede and more trwly of his poore kyne than off a full myghtye man. And to this purpose seith Rabyon ["Rabion" in the "Dicta Philosophorum" (Add. MS. 16,906, f. 9b), where the sentence is "Multiplica amicos qui sunt medicamina animarum." The Museum MSS. of G. de Tignonville's French version and of the English versions of Earl Rivers and Scrope read "Sabion" or "Zabion."] the phelesophre, "Encres ffrendes, for they shall be socourable to the."

Be Maymon, þe trwe cosyn, we may vnderstonde God of Heven, þe which hath bene a full trwe cosyn for to take owre manhode, þe which benefette we may not guerdon. Thus here may we take the Secunde Commawndement, that seith, "Thow shalte not take the name of God in veyne," that is to sey, as Seynt Austyn seith, [Cf. Sermo clxxx. (Migne, xxxviii. 972).] "Thou shalt not swere dyshonestly, ne withowte a cawse, ne for colour of falsenes, for there may no gretter abusyon ben than to brynge to a flasse [Sc. false.] wittenes the chefe and the ryghte stefast trowthe." And in this Commawndement all lesynges be defendede, all periure and all blaspheme. The lawe seith to this purpose, ["Non habebit Dominus insontem eum qui assumpserit nomen Domini Dei sui frustra"]. [Exod. xx. 7.]

XXXVII.

AVYSE the, or ony worde be shewede, Off grete manisynges, [Sc. menacings; de grant menace, nyce et fole, H.] nyse or lewde, Comyng forthe of thi mowth be to grete ire, And looke well in Leomedom the fire. [Et en Leomedon te mire, H.]

Leomedon was kyng of Troye and fader to Priant and, when Jason, Hercules and theire felawes went to Colcos for to gete the flese of gold and were arived and discendid at the porte of Troye ffor to refreysche theyme withowte ony hurte of the cuntre, Leomedon, not wele avised, sent bostus mesangers [Enuoya messages laidement congeer, H. The word "bostus" is apparently connected with "boost, boast," meaning "boastful" or "threatening."] to voyde theyme of the lond and to manyce theym gretly, if thei voyded not in hast. Than the barons of Grece were so wrooth for that wrongfull conveyng þat after that folowede the destruccion of the fryst Troye. Þerfor it is seide to þe good knyght that, stondyng the worde of manace is foule and velyens, it shulde be sadely passede [Sc. well weighed; moult pesse, H.] or that it were spokyne, for many grete hurtes oftyn [f. 34.] tymes folowyth theroff. To this purpose the poyete Omer seith, "He is wyse that can refreyne his mowth."

How the worde of grete manase cometh of arrogaunce, and þat to breke þe Commawndment it is also an ouerhoope, [Et brisier commandement soit autressi oultrecuidance, H.] we may vndyrstonde by this that noon shulde breke the halyday, for þat is ayenst the Commawndment þat is seide, "Vmbethynke the to halowe the Sabat." By the which Seynt Austyn seith it is com∣mawndede vs to halowe the Sunday in the stede of the Jues Sabat, for than we shuld solemply allso take reste bodyly, cesyng solemply of all werkes of thralledom, and to be in rest of sowle in cesyng

off all synne. And to this purpose Ysaye seyth, the profyte, ["Quiescite agere perverse, discite bene facere"]. [Isai. i. 16, 17.]

XXXVIII.

TRUST no thyng to be in certeynete Vnto that þe trowth wele knowyn be; For a lytell of presumcion Piramus maketh the mencion.

Pyramus was a yong ientylman of the cyte of Babylonie, and ffro that he was but vii. yere olde loue woundede hym with his darte, and [he] was sore takyne with the loue of Tysbe the feyre yong ientylwoman, þe which was leke to hym in kyn and of age; and by þe grete hauntyng of þe twoo louers togedir þe grete loue was perseyuid and by a seruaunte accused to þe modir of þe yong gentylvoman, þe which tooke hir dougter and schette hir in hir chambre and she shulde kepe hir wele inowgh from the hauntyng of Piramus. And þerfor þer was grete woo betwyne þe two childyrne in full pitous complayntes and wepyng. That prison dured longe, but as they wexe in age þe sparke of loue encressed; for all ther longe absence it qwenchid neuer the more. Bytweyne þe places of ther kyne [Les palais des parens, H.] was but a thynne wall. Thesbe perceyved the wall crassed, [Sc. cracked; creuee, H.] where throw she saw brygnes [Sc. brightness; la leur, H.] on the toþer side; than she toke the pendavnde of hir gyrdill [Le mordant de sa ceinture ficha par la creueure, H.] and put it throw the crevesse to þe entent þat hir loue myht perseyue it, as that he dede in schorte tyme. And there thei ii^o louers made ofte there assembles wiht full petous compleyntes. At the laste, as two sore constreynyd be loue, there acorde was sich that [that] nyte in the fryst qwarter of the nyght they shulde parte fro there kynne and

mete withowte the cyte at a well vndir a qwythe thorne, [Vn morier blanc, H, sc. a white mulberry, cf. Arbor ibi, niveis uberrima pomis, Ardua morus, erat, Ovid, Met. iv. 89.] w[h]ere in there childehode they were wonte to pleye. When Thesbe was come to the welle all alone and ferefull, she harde a lyon come full rudly, ffor the which she, full of fere, fledde and layde hyr in a bosche fast by; but in the waye felle from hir a white wymple. Piramus come, the which by the moneshyne perseyuyd the wymple, but the lyon hade fylyd it and made it all blody, the [These words are at the bottom of f. 34b, after which there is a lacuna of a whole quire. The story in H. goes on "le lyon qui sus ot vomy lentraille dune beste quil ot deuouree. Oultre mesure fu grande la douleur de Piramus, qui cuida samie deuouree des fieres bestes; donc apres moult piteux reclaims soccist de son espee. Tisbee sailli du buisson, mais quant elle entent les sanglos de son ami qui mouroit et elle voit lespee et le sanc, adonc par grant douleur sus son ami chay, qui a elle parler ne pot, et apres plusieurs grans plains, regrais et pasmoisons soccist de la mesmes espee." The mythological personages dealt with in the missing pages are AEsculapius, Achilles, Busiris, Leander, Helen, Aurora, Pasiphae, Adrastus, Cupid, Corinis, and Juno.]

* * * * * * * * *

In [The preceding "texte" and "glose" in H. are as follows:—

De Iuno ia trop ne te chaille, Se le noyel mieulx que leschaille Donneur desires a auoir, Car mieulx vault proece quauoir.

Iuno est la deesse dauoir selon les fables des poetes, et pour ce que auoir et richece couuient auoir et acquerir a grant soing et traueil et que tel soing peut destourner a honneur acquerre et comme honneur et vaillance soit plus louable que richeces de tant comme la noyel vault mieulx que leschaille, etc.] as mych as the nutte is better than the shelle, [Slelle, MS.] it is seyde [f. 35.] to the good knyght þat he shulde not sette his thowght in felicite, þat þe parseyvyng of worthines be leste therefor. To this purpose Hermes seith that it is better to haue pouerte in doyng goode dedys than riches lewdly or evyl getyn, standing worthines is euerlestyng and riches voide and dissauable.

Juno, whom he shulde not sette myche by, þe which is takyn for ryches, we may vnderstond þerby þat þe good spyrit shulde

disprayse ryches. And Seynt Bernard seith, "O son off Adam, leue couetyse. Wherefor louest thou so mych this worldly ryches, the which be neythir trwe ne thei be not yowres, and, wheþþer ye will or non, at yowre dethe ye most nedis leue theyme?" And the Gospell seyth þat a chamelle shuld souner passe throwe an nedelles ye than a riche man shuld entre into the kynddom of heuen; for a chamel hath but oo boche on the bake [Sc. one hump on the back.] and the evyl ryche man hath .ii^o., on of evill possessions and þe tothir of synnes. He most nedis leue the fryst boche at the dethe, but þe tothir, wheythir he will or non, he shall bere with hym, if he leue it not afore or that he dye. To this purpose oure Lord seith in þe Gospell, ["Facilius est camelum per foramen acus transire quam divitem intrare in regnum coelorum"]. [Matt. xix. 24.]

L.

AYENS Amphoras [Amphiaraus, hero and seer, joint king of Argos with Adrastus, whose sister Eriphyle he married. Against his own opinion he was induced by his wife to join the expedition of the Seven against Thebes.] sad counsell, I þe sey, Go not to distrye, for than thou shalt dye, To Thebes, ne in the cete of Arges Assemble not host with chelde ne targes.

Amphoras was a full wyse clerk of the cete of Arges and hade myche connyng, and, when kyng Adrastus wolde go oppon Thebes for to distrye the cyte, Amphoras, þe which by kunnyng knewe what harme myth fall þerof, counseld the kyng not to goo, for, yf he wente, thei all shulde be dede a[n]d dystroyed; but he was not beleuyd. Yit it felle as he seyde. Wherefor it is seide to the good knyght þat ayens the counsell of wyse men he shulde take no grete enterpryse. But as Soleyne [Sc. Solon, but the sentence is not under his name in the "Dicta Philosophorum."] seith, "The wyse manes counsell vayleth lytell to hym þat wyl not do therafter."

Be Amphoras counsel, ayens the which non shulde goo to bateyle, we may take that the goode sperit shuld folowe holy prechyngges. And Seynte Gregorie seyth in his Omelies þat, lech as the lyffe of the body may notte be susteyned withowte that he take his refec∣cion bodyly, on the same wyse þe lyfe of the soule may not be [f. 36.] susteined withowte ofte heryng the good worde of God. [What St. Gregory really says is, "Sicut carni vestrae, ne deficiat, cibos quotidie praebetis, sic mentis vestrae quotidiana alimenta bona sunt opera. Cibo corpus pascitur. pio opere spiritus nutriatur," Hom. v. in Evang. (Migne, lxxvi. 1092).] Than Godes wordes the which ye here [Worde ye here the which, MS.] with youre bodely heris reseyue them in yowre hertis; for, whan the word is hed and kepte in yowre wombe of mynde, than it may profyte, but, as a seke stomak castyth owt his mete, and as men be in dispayre of hym that brokyth notte but casti[t]h all owte, euen so his he in perell of euerlastyng dethe þat heryth prechyng and doth not þerafter. Þerfor the Scriptur seith, ["Non in omni solo pane vivit homo, sed in omni verbo quod procedit de ore Dei."] [Matt. iv. 4.]

LI.

GOUERNE thou thi tong aftir Saturne; Late not evill theryn long soiorne. To speke to mech it is a fowle custome, And grete foly þerin is to presume.

Saturne, as I haue seide before, [See p. 19.] is a planeth hevy and sclowe. Therfor it is seide to þe good knyght that his tong shulde be leke to hym; for the tong shulde not be to hasty in spekyng to mych, but wysyly, so that it speke non harme of noon, ne no thyng þat a mane myth there impresun folye, [Ne chose dont vn puist presumer folie, H.] for a poyete seyth, "By the worde men knowyth a wyse man, and by the looke a foole."

Be the tong, the which shulde be lech Saturne, is vndirstonden the sadenes [Sc. discretion; lente de parler, H.] of speche. Hue of Seynt Victore seith to this purpose that þe mouth þe which hathe not the kepyng of discrecion farith as a cete that is withoute a walle, as a vessell that hathe no bothom, [Couuercle, H.] as an horse that hath no brydel, and as a chippe þat hath no rothir. An evil kepte tong glydith as an ele, it perchith as an arwe; frendes [are] sone turned therby and ennemyes multiplied. It is sclaunderus and soweth discordes; at a strok it smyttyth and kyllyth many persones. Whoso kepyth his tong kepith his soule; for [Fro, MS.; qui garde sa lengue il garde son ame, car la mort et la vie sont en la puissance de la lengue, H.] deth and lyffe is in the poure off þe soule. And to this purpose Dauid seith in the Sawter booke, ["Prohibe linguam tuam a malo, et labia tua ne loquantur dolum"]. [Ps. xxxiii. 14.]

LII.

BELEUE the Crow and his true counsell, And be neuer besy ne trauele In evil thyngges; to be þe berer Off thi deme thou mayst be þe suerer. [The "texte" in H. is:—

Croy la corneille et son conseil. Jamais ne soyes en esueil De male nouuelle apporter; Le plus seur est sen depporter.

]

The fable seith that the crowe mette þe ravyn when he browte the tidynges to Phebus of his loue Corinis, þe which hade done [f. 37.] amysse, and she [He, MS.] requiryd of hym sc ferre þat he tolde hyr [Hym, MS.] the cawse of this iurneye. But [Literally translated, this sentence should read: "But she (the crow) dissuaded him from going by giving him an example of herself, who for a like case had been driven from the house of Pallas," etc. See Ovid, Met. ii. 542.] she dissalowed hyme because he

went not for to gyffe hym example of the same, the which for a lych cas hade ben chassede owte of the pallas howse, where some [time] [s]he was wonte to be gretly avanced. But he wolde not beleue hyr, for þe which harme folowed to hym. Where it is seyde to þe good knyght þat he shulde trost þe crowe; and Platon seith, "Be no iangeler ne to the knyng grete reportur of tydynges."

How the crowe shulde be beleued, it is seide that the goode speryte shulde vse sych counsell. As Seynt Grigorie seith in his Omelies, þat strenght vailet not when counsel is not, ffor streynght is sone ouerthrowyn, iffe it be not rested opon the gyfte of counsell, and the soule þe whych hath lost in hym the seege of counsell outewarde he is dysparbuled [Se espart, H.] in diuerse desires. Therefor the wyse man seyth, ["Si intraverit sapientia cor tuum, consilium custodiet te et prudentia servabit te"]. [Prov. ii. 10, 11.]

LIII.

IFF thou enforce the with [Which, MS.] any wyght Strenger than thou to make playes of myghte, Withdrawe the fayre þat hurte thou ne be; Off Ganymedes vmbethynk the.

Ganymedes [Ganymedes was son of Tros and brother of Ilus and Assaracus. His well known story is here confused with that of Hyacinthus, who was accidentally killed in a game of discus with Apollo (Ovid, Met. x. 184).] was a yong ientilman of the Troyens ligne; and a fable seith þat Phebus and he strof togedir in castyng of a barre of yron, and, as Ganymedes myth not withstond the strenght of Phebus, he was slayne wyth þe reboundyng of þe barre Phebus hade lawnchyd so hye that he had lost þe syght þerof. And þerfor it is seyde that þe stryffe is not goode with a strenger and a

myghtier than a man is hym selfe, ffor ther may not cumme thereof but grete inconuenyencie. Where a wyse man seith, "To be besy with men þat vse vngracious games, it is a syngne of pride, and communly the ende is angry."

Fore to sey that a man shuld not enforce hym ayens a streynger þan he is hym selfe, it is to vndirstond that the goode sperite shulde not take on hym to stronge pennawnce withowte counsell. Seynt Grigori in his Moralles spekyth hereof and seyth þat penawnce profytteth not, yf it be not discrete, ne the vertue of abstynens is not worthe, yf it be sette in sych wyse that it be scharper than the body may suffre. And þerfor it is to conclude þat no poore person shulde take it on hym withowte counsel off more discrete than hym selfe. Where the wyse man seyth in his Prouerbes, ["Ubi multa consilia, ibi est salus"]. [Prov. xxiv. 6.]

LIV.

RESEMBLE not to Jasone, that man [f. 38.] The which throuȝ Medee þe fleze wan Off golde, for þe which soon afterwarde He yafe hire right evill guerdon and harde.

Jason was a knyght of Grece, þe which went into strawnge cuntreis, that is to sey, into the Ile of Colcos, by the enortyng off his vncle Pelleus, the which of envy desired his deth. There was a chepe [Sc. sheep.] þat hadde a flees of golde and it was kepte by enchaunt∣ment; but the conquest was so strong that non comme thedir but that lost there lyfe. Medee, the whiche was the kynges doughter of that cuntre, toke so grete loue to Jason þat by the enchaunt∣mentes that sche cowde, off the which sche was a soueren maysteres, she made charmes and lerned Jason enchauntementis by the whiche

he whanne the fleese of golde, wereby he hade worchip aboue all knyttes lyvynge, and by Medee was reserued fro deth, to whom he hade promysyd euer to be trwe freende. But efftyr he fayled of hys feyth and loued anothir and left hyr holy [Sc. wholly; du tout, H.] and forsoke hir, not∣withstondyng she was off soueren beaute. Therfor it is seyde to the good knyght that he shulde not be leke to Jason, the which was vnknowyn and to ontrwe to þat the which hade schewed hym mych goodenes. [Descongnoissant et desloyaulx a celle qui trop de bien lui ot fait, H.] Wherefor it is to veleyns a thyng for a knyght or any nobill person to be rekeles or evyll knowyng of goodenesse, iff any he hath reseyuyd, be it of lady or off gentylwoman or off ony othir persone; ffor he shulde euere thynke thereon and guerdon it vnto his powere. To this purpose Hermes seith, "Be not slowe ne delayyng to remembre of hym þat hath doone the goode, for thou shuldest euer thynkke thereopon."

The good sperite shulde not be leke to Jason, the which was rekeles, ne vncunnyng of the benefices reseyvid of his Maker. And Seynt Barnarde seith opon the Cantecles that vnkunnyng is ennemye to the soule, a lesser of vertues and dispraysyng of meritis and a lessyng of beneficis, and allso ingratitude fareth as nowght, [Comme vn vent sec, H.] the which dryeth the well of pete, the dewe of grace and the reuer of mercye. And to this purpose the wyse man seith, ["Ingrati enim spes tanquam hibernalis glacies tabescet et disperiet tanquam aqua supervacua."] [Sap. xvi. 29.]

LV.

KEPE the wele fro the serpent Gorgon; [f. 39.] Be ware that thou looke not hyr [Hym, MS.; ne la regardes, H.] opon; Haue good sadde mynde opon Percyualle, [Perseus, H.] And he shall the tell the story all.

Gorgon, as the fable seith, was a gentylvoman of souereyne beaute; but because that Phebus [Elsewhere it is Poseidon who was Medusa's lover—Hanc pelagi rector templo vitiasse Minervae Dicitur (Ovid, Met. iv. 797). Her hair alone was changed into serpents.] lay by hyr in the temple of Diane, the godes was so sore meved and grevyd that she schawnged hir into a serpent of ryght orribil figure. And þat serpent hade sich a propirte þat euery man that [be]helde hir was changed sodeynely into a ston; and for the harme that folwed of hire Percyvale, the worthi knyght, went for to fyght with that fers beste. And he behelde hym selfe in the bryghtnes of his shelde, the whiche was all golde, because he shulde not beholde the evill serpent, and he dide so mych þat he smote of hir [His his, MS.] hede. Many exposicions may be made of this fable, and Gorgon may be vndirstonden for a cete or a towne þat was wonte to be of grete bounte, but throw the vicis of the duellers þerin it become a serpent and venemus; that is to vnderstonde, þat it dede mych harme in the marches to there neygburs, as to robbe and to pyll holy chirche, ["Holy chirche" is the translator's addition, not being in H.] all tho þat thei myghte gete, and merchawndys and othir passeris forby were takyn and holden and put in streyte presonys and thus were thei chawnged into stones. Percivale, that behelde hym selfe in his chelde, þat is to sey, in his strynght and knyghode, and went to fyght ayens the cite, he tooke it and tooke the power fro it, þat it dede no more harme. [Le pouoir de plus mal faire, H.] It myght be that some man myght take a full feyre lady of evyll dedys, þe which bi hire couetise put many from there goodes, but he put hir from þat wyll; and many othir vndir∣stondynges may be sette herein. Therefor it is seide to þe good knyght that he kepe hym fro behaldyng evill thyngges, þe which myght drawe hym to evyll. And Aristotil seith, "Fle peple full of wikydnes and befolowe wyse men and stody in there bookes and beholde thy selfe in theire dedes."

How that Gorgon shulde notte be beholden, þat is to sey þat

þe good sperite shuld not behold no thyng in no maner delyte, but beholde [He holde, MS.] hym in þe childe [Sc. shield.] of þe state of perfeccion, and þat is for to fle delites. Aristotyl [Crisostome, H. and other Fr. MSS.] seithe þat, as it is impossibly þat [fire shuld burn in water, so it is impossibyl þat] compunccion [Comme cest impossible que le feu arde en leaue, aussi est ce impossible que compunccion, etc., H. The translator's omission of the words in brackets was no doubt due to the repetition of "impossible que."] of herte is among wor[l]dly delites, for thei be .ii^o. contrary thynges þat distroyith iche of them othir, for compunccion is modir of terres and delites engenderyth laughynges, compunccion restreynyth the [f. 40.] hert and delites enlargeth it. To thys purpose seyth Holy Scripture, "They þat sowyn in wepyng shal repyn in lawyng." [Ps. cxxv. (cxxvi.) 5. This is the only instance in which the quotation at the end of an allegory is filled in.]

LVI.

YF that loue make shorte to þe þe nyght, Be ware Phebus noye the not with his myght, Wherby thou mayst be take and tied In Vlnecans lyeines and ouerleyede. [Es liens Vulcanus et surpris, H.]

A ffable seith that Mars and Venus loued togedir par amovres. It ffelle on a nyght that þe [That þat, MS.] loueres were aslepe, arme in arme. Phebus, the which sawe clerly, come opon theyme and for the which he accused theyme to Vulcans, Venus husbond. Than he, þat sawe theyme in that plyte, forged a lyeine and a cheyne of bras and bond them togedir so that thei myght not meve, as he þat is smyth of heuen and can worke sotely, and thus he come opon

theyme and thanne went he forth [to] the tothir godes [ii^o (sc. two, deux), MS.; ala querre les autres dieux, H.] and sheued theyme his shame. And the fable seith that sich rotters there be þat wolde full fayne falle in þe same mysdede. [Que tel sen rioit, qui bien voulsist en semblable meffait estre encheut, H.] To this fabill may be sette diuers exposicions, and it may full souereynly towche some poyntes of astronomye [Darguemie, sc. alchemy, H.] to tho þat sotely can vndirstond it. Mars [Read "But to our purpose it seith." The translator has misread "Mais" in the original as "Mars"; mais a nostre propos veult dire, H.] to owre purpose seith þat þe good knyght shulde kepe hym þat in syche [cas] he be not ouerlede before yetilnes of tyme. [Que en tel cas ne soit surpris par oubli, H.] And a wyse man seith, "Vnnethes is ony thynge of secrete but that of some it is perceyuyd."

There where þe auctorite seith þat, if lowe [Sc. love.] schorte the nyghte to the, we shall sey þat þe gode sperit shulde kepe hym from þe wacches of the fende. Seynt Leo the pope seith to this, þat þe holde ennemy, the which transfygured hym into an angell of lyght, sesseth not to strech his snaris of temptacions ouer all and to aspie how he may corumpe þe feithe of good beleuers; he beholdyth whome he shall embrace with þe fyer of couetyse, whom he shall enflame with the brennyng desyre of lechery, to whom he shall purpose the lekerousnes of glotenye; he examynyth of all customes, discutyth of hertes, commyteth [Coniecture, H] affeccions and there seketh he cause of iniure where he fyndeth hyme. Therefor seyth Seynt Petyr the apostle, ["Sobrii estote et vigilate quia adversarius vester diabolus tanquam leo rugiens circuit quaerens quem devoret"]. [1 Pet. v. 8.]

LVII.

THAMARIS [Tomyris, queen, not of the Amazons or "Femeny," but of the Scythian Massagetae (Herod. i. 205).] dispraysed may not well be, [f. 41.] Though a voman she were of Femene. Umbethynk the where takyn was Cyrus, For ryght herde and dere he brought þat distrus. [Despris, sc. mépris, H.]

Thamaris [was] qwen of Amazonie, a full worthy lady and full off grete worthynesse, of grete hardynes and wyse in armes and gouernauns. Cirus, the grete kyng of Perse, the which hadde conqwered many a region, with a grete host he meved ffor to goo ayens a grete reaume of Femene, of the which he sette but lytell by the streynghte. But she, the which was experte and sotyll in crafte of armes, suffyrd hym to entre into hyr reaume wythowte ony mevyng of hyr into the tyme that he was comyn into strate passage among hylles and grete mownteynes, where a full strong cuntre was. Than be Thamaris busshmentes [Sc. ambushments.] he was assaylled on euer[y] parte with the wymmens hoste and browght so ferre forthe þat he was takyn. The qwhen made hym to be browght before hir and made his hede be smetyn off and to be cast in a tobbe full off his barons blode, the which she had made to be sheded in his presens, and Thamaris spak in this wyse, "Cirus, the which had neuer inowgh of mannys blode, now mayst thow drynke inowthe." And thus endyd Cirus, the grete kyng of Perse, the which was neuer ouercome in no batayle affore. Therefor Othea seith to the good knyght that he shulde neuer be ouertrostyng in hyme selphe, but þat he shulde doute that he mytht happe amysse by some infortune and yit by symplere than he ys. To this purpose Platon seith, "Disprayse noon, ffor hys wertues may be grete."

Thamaris, the which shulde not be dispraysed, thowe þat she be a voman, is to sey þat a good speryte shulde not disprayse in hate [Ne hayr, H.] the state of mekenes, be it in relygion or ell where; and that mekenes is to prayse. Jon Cassian [De coenobiorum institutis, xii. 31 (Migne. xlix. 472).] seith that in no wyse the edifice of vertues in oure sowle may not reyse ne dresse hym self if the fundement of very mekenes be not tastyd fryst in oure hertes, the which, and it be ryghte stedefastly sette, may susteyne þe lynes of perfeccion and of charite. Therefor the wyse man seyth, ["Quanto maior es humilia te ipsum in omnibus et coram Deo invenies gratiam"]. [Eccl. iii. 20.]

LVIII.

THY witte to be ennorted [Ne laisses ton sens auorter, H.] suffre nought To foly delitys, ne herto brought Thy wyrchip; if it be asked of the, Anon beholde the wele in Medee.

Medee was on of the konnyngest women of sorserye that euer [f. 42.] was and hade most kunnyng; and þat stories seith. Notwyth∣stondyng she suffred hire witte to be enorted at the owne will for to fullfylle hire delyte, as in lewde love she suffyrd hyre to be maystyrde, so þat she sette hire herte opon Jason and yaffe hym worchip, body and goodes; ffor the which after that he yaffe hire a full evyll rewarde. Wherefor Othea seith that the good knyght shulde not suffre reson to be ouercome wyth lewde delyte in no maner cas, iff he will vse of the vertue of streynght. And Platon seyth that a man of lyghte corage is sone meved [Sanuie (sc. s'ennuie) tost, H.] wyth that the which he louede.

That a man shulde not suffre his wytte to be ennorted to lewde

delyte may be vnderstondyn that the goode sperit shulde not suffre his propir will to haue dominacion; for, yf propir will of domina∣cion cesyd not, there shulde be noon hell ne the fyer off hell shuld haue no dominacion but opon the person that sufferyth his propir will to be lorde of hym, ffor propir will seythyt ayens God and enprideth the selfe. That is the which dispoilleth Paradyse and clothit hell and voydeth the valu of the blode of Cryst Jhesu and submyttyth the worlde to the tharledom of the seende. To this purpose the wyse man seyth, ["Virga atque correptio tribuit sapientiam; puer autem qui dimittitur voluntati suae confundit matrem suam."] [Prov. xxix. 15, somewhat corrupted in H.]

LIX.

IFF thou be soget to god Cupido, The wood [Sc. mad, furious; du geant enragez, H.] giant looke thou kepe the fro, That the harde roche in no wyse may put be Opon Acis and opon Galatee. [The story was that Acis, son of Faunus, was beloved by the nymph Galatea, and that the Cyclop Polyphemus, furious with jealousy, crushed him beneath a huge rock (Ovid, Met. xiii. 750).]

Galatee was a fayre godesse, the which had a yong ientilman that she loued and he was dede. [Qui Acis estoit nommez, H. The mistranslation in the text is inexplicable.] There was a gyant of a fowle stature that loued hir, but she lyste not to loue hym; but he aspied hir so besily that he perceyued theyme bothe in the creues of a roche. Thanne were they ouerleyde [Adonc fu [le geant] surpris de soubdaine rage et tellement escroula la roche que tout en fu Axis acrauentez (sc. ecrasé, brisé), H.] with a sodeyne rage, and the roche trembled in syche wyse that it holy brak and raffe

asownedyr. But Galatee, the which was a fayrye, [Nymphe, H.] dressyd hir into the see [Se ficha en la mer, H.] and askapid therby. This is to vndirstond that the good knyght shulde be ware in sich case to be ouerleyde with sich as hath myght and wyll to greve hym.

How he shuld be ware of the gyant, the which is yoven to Cupido, itt is to vnderstond that the good speryte [shuld] be wele ware that he hath non ymagenacion to the worlde ne to no thynge [f. 43.] þerof, but euer thynke that all woordly thynges may litell while endure. For Seynt Jerom seyth opon Jeremye that there is no thyng may be noysed long emong those thynges which shalle haue ende; so all owre tyme is as of litell regarde to the euer∣lastyng terme. To this purpose the wyse man seyth, ["Transie∣runt omnia illa tanquam umbra et tanquam nuntius percurrens"]. [Sap. v. 9.]

LX.

FLEETH euer the godesse of Dyscorde; Euyl be hire lyenis and hire corde. Pellus [Peleus, to whose marriage with Thetis all the gods were invited except Eris or Discord.] mariage full sore she trobled, For the which after mych foolke assembled.

Dyscorde is a godesse of evil dedys, and a fabyll seyth that whan Pellus weddyd the godesse Thetis, off whome Achilles was after that borne, Jubiter and all the tothir godes and godesses were at the mariage, but the godes of Discorde was not prayed therto and therefor for invie she com onsent for. But she come not all for noghte, for she dide verily hir office. When they were sette at dynne at a borde, the .iii. myghty godesses Pallas, Juno and Venus, there come Discorde and cast an appell of golde opon the

borde, whereon was wretyn "Lete this be gouen to the ffayrest"; and than the fest was trobeld, for yche off theyme sey thei ought to haue it. They went afore Jubiter for to be iuged of that discorde, but he wolde not plese on to displese anothir. Wherefore thei putte the debate opon Paaris of Troye, [For his judgment see below, p. 83.] the [which] was an herde man than, [Sc. then; adonc, H.] as his modir drempt, when sche was grete with hyme, that he schulde be cawse off distruccion of Troye; he was sent therfor to the forest to the herdeman, venyng [Sc. weaning; a qui il cuidoit estre filz, H.] to hym that he hadde bene his sone. And there Mercurius, the wiche [conducted] the ladies, [Qui conduisoit les dames, H.] tolde hym whos sone that he was; than he lefte kepyng of shepe and went to Troye to his grete kynne. The fabill witneschit thus, where the weri stori is hidde vndir poyetikly couertoure, and because that often tymes many grete mischevis hath fallen and fallyth throwe discorde and debate, Othea seith to the goode knyth that he shulde be ware of discorde; so that, as it is a fowle thyng to be a debatoure and to move riottes, Pitagoras seith "Go not," seith he, "in that weye where that hattes [Sc. hates; ou croiscent les haynes, H.] growes."

Where it is seyde that discorde shuld be fleed, on the same wyse the good sperit shulde flee all lettynges of consience and [f. 44.] eschewe stryvis and riottes. [Cassiodorus] [Cassiodore sus le Psaultier, H.] souuerainly seith, "He fleeth stryves and riottes; for to stryve ayens pes it is woodnes, to stryue ayens his souereyne it is maddenes, to stryve ayens his soogette it is grete velany." Therefor Seynte Powle seith, ["Non in contentione et aemulatione"]. [Rom. xiii. 13.]

LXI.

THYNE evyll misdede forgete thou noght, Iff thou to any [Iff thou aniy, MS.; Sc. tu las a qui que soit fait, H.] haue so myche wroughte, For the reward he will wele kepe fro the. Distroyed was Leomedon, parde.

Leomedon, as I haue seide, was kyng off Troye, and he hadde done grete velany to the barons of Grece [See above, p. 51.] to voyde them fro his lande [Lawde, MS.] ; the whiche they foryate noght, but Leomedon hathe for∣yeten it whan the Grekes ron on hym, the wiche ouercome hym, he oncouered and disporveide, so they distroyyd hym. Therefor it is seide to the good knyght that, yf he hathe mysdone to any, that he kepe hym wele, ffor he may be sekyr it shal notte be foryeten, but rather wenged, [Sc. avenged.] whanne he may haue tyme and place. And to this purpose Hermes seyth, "Be ware that thynne ennemyes com not vpon the, and thou disporveyde."

That he shuld not forgete the myssedede that he hathe done to anothir may be vndirstondyn þat, when the good sperite felyth hym in synne for fawte of resistence, he shulde thynke that he shuld be ponnysshede, as thei be that be dampnyd, yf he amende hym notte. And therof seith Seynt Gregorie that the dome of God goth nowe fair and softely and a sclowe pas, but in tyme comyng it shall recompence the more greuously the mercy shall tarry of his acte. To this purpose the prophete Joel seith, ["Convertimini ad Domi∣num Deum vestrum, quia benignus et misericors est," etc.]. [Joel ii. 13.]

LXII.

IFF it happe thou be of loue doited, [Damours affoles, H.] Be ware at the leste to whom thou tell it; That thi dedes discouered not be, Vmbethynke the welle of Semelle. [Semele, whom Hera deceived in the form of her old nurse Beroe (Ovid, Met. iii. 260).]

The fable seith that Semelle was a gentylwoman that Jubiter loved paramours. Juno, the wiche was in ialoucie, tooke the lekenes of an auncient woman and cam to Semelle and with fayre wordys began to reson hyre in so moche that Semelle knowliged to hyre all the love off hyre and of hyr loue, and to [be] well beloued and knowen of hyme she vaunted hire. The godesse þanne seyde to hir, the [f. 45.] wiche tooke no hede of the dissayte, [that] she perceyued [Ne perceyued, MS. The translator misunderstood the original, cf. dist a celle, qui garde ne sen prenoit de la deceuance, que de rien ne sestoit ancore apperceue de lamour, mais quant elle seroit auecques lui, etc., H.] nothyng yit of the love of hire love, [but] when she shulde be nexte with hym, that she shulde aske hym a yifte and, when she hadde well requyred hym and that he hadde grawnted, that she shulde desyre of hym that he wolde vouchesafe to halse [La voulsist accoller, H.] hir in syche wyse as [he] halsed Juno his wyffe, when that he wolde solace hym with here, and in syche wyse myght she perceyue the loue of hyre love. Semelle fforyate it not, and when she hade made the requeste to Jubiter, the wiche hade promysyd it hyre and as a god that myght not calle it agayne, he was full sori and wyst wele that sche hadde bene disseyved. Than Jubiter tooke lekenes of fire [Of hir, MS.; de feu, H.] and halsed his loue, the wiche in a litell while was all bruled and brent, for the wiche Jubiter was full hevy of þat aventure. Opon this fabill may be

takyn many vnderstondynges, anamly opon the science off astro∣nomie, as maystris seyne. But it may be allso that be some weye a gentilwoman may be disseyved by the wyffe of hyr loue, where∣throwgh hym selfe made hir to die be inaduertance. And therfor it is seyde to the good knyght that he shuld be ware, whanne he spekyth of a thyng that he wolde that it were secrete, afore or he speke hys worde, to whome he seyth it and whatte he seyth, for by the circumstances thyngges ma ben vndirstondyn. Therefor Hermes seith, "Shewe not the secretes of thi thoughtes but to thoo that thou hast well preued."

How he shulde take hede to whome he spekyth we may vndirstond that the good sperite, what so euer hys thowtys be, he shulde be ware in euery cas where evil suspeccion myght falle to ony othir. As Seynt Austyn seith in the booke of Job, [Ou liure des brebis, H., Sc. Sermo xlvii. de ovibus, in Ezech. xxxiv. 17-31 (Migne, xxxviii. 303).] that we shuld not all only sete store to haue good conscience, but in as myche as owre infirmyte may, and as myche [as] the diligence of mankyndly frelnes may, wee shuld take good hede that we dede no thyng that myght come to evil suspeccion to owre stedefast brothir. [A noz freres enfermes, H.; infirmo fratri, St. Aug.] To this purpose seith Seynt Poule the apostle, ["In omnibus praebe te ipsum exemplum bonorum operum"]. [Tit. ii. 7.]

LXIII.

THE disporte trust not to mychyll opon Of Dyane, for þer is disporte right none For them þat ben in knyghthode pursewyng That shuld cause them to haunt to mych huntyng.

Dyane is called godess off the wode and of huntyng; so it is seide to the good knyght pursewyng the hight name of armes þat he

shulde not mvse to myche in the disportes of huntyng, for it is a [f. 46.] thyng that longeth to ydylnes. And Arystotle seith that ydilnes ledyth a man to all inconveniences.

That a man shuld not folwe to myche Dyanes disporte, the wiche is take for ydilnes, the goode speryte may noote the same, and that is to eschew. Seynt Grygori seyth, "Do euer some goode thynge, that the fende may allway fynde the occupied in some goode occupacion." To this purpose the wyse man seith, ["Consider∣avit semitas domus suae et panem otiosa non comedit"]. [Prov. xxxi. 27.]

LXIV.

AVAUNTE the not, for grete harme fell therefore [Thereoff, MS.] To Yragnes, [Arachne, who challenged Athena to compete with her in weaving and was changed by the goddess into a spider (Ovid, Met. vi. 1-145).] the wich myssetook hir sore, That ayens Pallas hire so avaunted, For the wyche the goodesse hire enchaunted.

The fable seyth that Yragnes was a gentylwoman full sotyll and kunnyng in schapyng, wevyng and sewyng, but she was too presumtuos of hir connyng and indede she vaunted hire ayens Pallas. For the wyche the godes was greued wyth here that fore that foly vauntyng sche schawneged hyr into an yraigne and than seyde, "Thou vaunted the so myche in wevyng and sewyng that thou shalt euer aftir this weve and spynne werke of no value," and fro thiens come the yraignes that be yite, the wiche sessyth not of spynnyng and wevyng. It may be so vndirstonden that some persone wanted ayens hir maystres, ffor the wiche in some wyse thei tooke harme. Therefor it is seide to the good knyght that he shuld not vaunt hyme, standyng it is a foule thyng for a knyght to be a vauntoure, for it may abuse to myche the prayse of his bownte.

And in the same wyse Platon seyth, "When thou dost a t[h]yng," seith he, [The, MS.] "better than anothir, be ware thou avaunte not therof, for yf thou doo thyne avayle is myche the lesse."

For that a man shuld not vaunte hym, we may sey that the goode sperite shulde be ware of wauntyng, for Seynt Austyn spekith ayens vauntyng in the .xii. boke of the Cete of God, þat vauntyng is not mankyndly praysyng, but is aturnyd to vyse of the sovle, the wich louyth mankyndly praysynges and dispithet the wery wytnes of his propyr consyence. To this purpose the wyse man seythe, ["Quid nobis profuit superbia, aut diuitiarum jactantia?"]. [Sap. v. 8.]

LXV.

IFF to grete desyre will them brynge To loue mechell disporte of huntynge, Dadonius [Sc. Adonis.] than remenbre may the, For with a woode wilde bore dede was he.

Dadanius was a ioly gentylman [Vn damoisel moult cointe, H.] and of grete beaute. Venus loued hym paramoures, but because he delytyd hym to myche in huntyng, Venus, the wich douted that some hurt myth com to hym by some aventure, she prayed hym ofte to be ware how he huntyd to grete bestes. But Dadonius wolde not be ware, and therfor he was slayne wyth a wilde bore. Therfor it is seyde to the good knyght that, yf he wille all gates hunte, late [hym] kepe hym from sych huntyng that may doo hym harme. To this purpose the profete Sedechias [According to the "Dicta Philosophorum" Sedechias "primus fuit per quem metu Dei lex precepta fuit et sapientia intellecta" (Add. MS. 16,906, f. 1).] seith that a knyght shulde not suffre his sone hunte to myche ne be ydyll, but he shulde make hym to be enformed to goode condicions and to fle vanyte.

How he shulde thynke on Dadonius may be vnderstondyn that, yif the goode sperite be in any wyse out off the weye, that at the leste he shulde thynke on the grete perell of perseuerance; for, as the fende hath grete myght opon synners, Seynt Petir seythe in the secund Pystyll [2 Pet. ii. 19.] that synners ben bownde to corupcion and the fende hath power ouer theyme, for he that in batayle is ouercome of an othir is becomyn bonde to hym. And in tokyn therof it is seyde in the Pocalipse, ["Data est bestiae potestas in omnem tribum et populum."] [Apoc. xiii. 7.]

LXVI.

IF so be thette there assaile the any, Be ware thou ne thi men ryse not lyghtly Ayens theyme, that thi town of strenght not slake; Off the fryst Troye example thou mayst take.

Whenne Hercules wyth mych pepyll com opon the fryst Troye and that kyng Leomedon herd seye of there comyng, than he with all the peple that he myght gete in the cete yode owte and went ayens theyme to the water syde, and there theye assembled wyth full ferse bataile and þe cete was left voyde of peple. Than Thelamen Ayaux, the wich was enbushed wyth a grete oste nere the walles of the cete, enteryd into it, and thus the fryst Troye was takyn. Therefor it is seyde to the goode knyght that he shulde kepe hym, that in siche wyse he be not disseyuyd wyth his [f. 48.] ennemyes. And Hermes seyth, "Kepe the from the peple [De lagait (l'agait, sc. ruse, artifice), H. The translator seems to have read "la gent."] of thyn ennemyes."

Where it is seyde that a man shuld kepe hym, yf he be assayled, that his cete be not voide, it is to sey that the good

spyryte shulde euer kepe hym sesid and filled with vertues. And hereto seyth Seynt Austyn that, lyche as in tyme of werre men of armes shuld not be onsesyde of theyre armes ne owt of theyme nyght ner day, on the same wyse duryng the tyme of this present lyfe he shulde not be dyspoyled of vertues, for he thate the fende fyndeth withowte vertues faryth as he that the aduersari fyndyth withoute armes. Therfor the Gospel seyth, ["Fortis armatus custodit atrium suum"]. [Luke xi. 21.]

LXVII.

OPON the harpe assot the not to sore Off Orpheus. Yf thou sete any store Be armes, thou wylte þerin wele spede. To fre [To follow? Dinstrumens suiure nas mestier, H.] instrementis thou hast non nede.

Orpheus was a poyete, and the fabill seyth that he cowde welle pleye on the harrpe, so that the ryngyng [Sc. running; courans, H.] wateres all only tournyd theyre coruse, and the birdes of the eyre, the wylde bestes and the fres [Sc. fierce; fiers, H.] serpentis foryate there cruelnes and restyd to here the songge and the swete sounde of his harpe. This is to vnderstond he pleyith so wele that all maner of pepill of whate condicions that they were delytede theyme to here the poietis pley. And becawse that syche instrumentis sotted often the hertis of men, it is seyde to the goode knyght that he shuld not delyte hym to meche therein, for it longeth not to the sones of knyghthode to mvse to mych in instrumentis ne in othir ydylnes. To this purpose an auctorite seyth, "The soule of the instrument is the snare of the serpent"; and Platon seyth, "He þat settyth holy

his plesauns of fleysly delythes is more bond þan a sclawe," that is to seye, than a man that is bought and solde.

Orpheus harpe, vpon the wich a man shulde not be assotted, we may vndirstonde that the knyghtly sperite shulde not be assotted ne mvsyd in no maner of wordly felacheppe, be it kynne or othir. Seynt Austyn seyth in the booke of the Syngularyte off Clerkis that the solytary man felyth lesse prekynges of his fleych that havntyth not voluptuousenes than he that hawntyth it, and lesse it [f. 49.] sterith to couetyse the which seeth not wordly riches [Et moins sent les molestes dauarice qui ne voit point les riches du monde, H.] than he that seeth it. Therefor Dauyd seith, ["Vigilavi et factus sum sicut passer solitarius in tecto"]. [Ps. ci. 8.]

LXVIII.

GROWNDE yow not opon noone avysyons, Ne opon no lewde illusyons Off grete emprise, thought it be ryght or wrong, And of Paaris remenbre yow among.

Because that Paryis hadde dremed that he shulde ravysch Helayne in Grece, a grete army was made and sent ffro Troye into Grece, where that Paryis ravysshede Heleyne. Than for that wrongfull dede they com after that opon Troye with all the power off Grece. There was soo grete a covnetre at that tyme that it lastyd to the contre that we calle now Puille [Apulia and Calabria.] and Calebre in Ytaly, and that tyme it was called Lytyl Grece. [This is an assumption from the fact that the Greek colonies of South Italy had the name of Magna Graecia. Hellas originally was the district of Phthiotis in Thessaly, where the Myrmidones dwelt.] And of that contre was Achilles and þe Mirmedewes, the which were so worthi fyters. That grete quantite of pepill confoundid Troye and all

the contre. Therefor it is seyde to the good knyght that he shulde not ondirtake to doo no grete thynge opon avysiones, for grete harme and grete besynes may come thereoff. And that a grete emprise shuld not be done wythowte good deliberacion of counsell, Platon seyth, "Do nothyng," seith he, "but that thy wytte hath ouerseen afore."

That a grete empryse shuld not be takyn for avisyon, that is to sey that the good sperite shulde in no vyse presume ne reyse hym selphe in arrogance for no maner of grace that God hath yoven hym. And Seynt Gregorie seyth in his Morales that there be .iiii. spices [Especes, H.; quatuor sunt species quibus omnis tumor arrogantium demonstratur, S. Greg. Moralia, xxiii. 6 (Migne, lxxvi. 258).] in the whiche all bolnynges of arrogances be shewed. The fryst is when they noyse they haue of them selfe the goodnes that they haue; the .ii. is when they wene welle that they haue deseruyd and reseyuyd it for ther meritis the goodnes þat they haue; the .iii. is when they avant to haue the goodnes that they haue not; and the .iiii. is when that they dysprese othir and desire that men shuld know the goo[d]nes that is in theyme. Ayens this vyse the wyse man spekyth in his Prouerbes, ["Arrogantiam et superbiam et os bilingue detestor"]. [Prov. viii. 13.]

LXIX.

IFF thou loue well houndes an birdes, than On Anteon, [Actaeon, changed into a stag by Artemis (Ovid, Met. iii. 155).] the fayre yong gentilman, The which becomme an herte, vmbethynk well þe, And loke that siche fortune com not to the.

Antheon was a full corteis ientylman and of gentyl condicions [f. 50.] and loued houndes and birdes to myche; fore the fabill seith that on a day as he huntyd all alone in a thykke forest, wheryn his men hadde lost hym, thane as Dyane the godesse of the woode hadde

huntyd in the forest to it was the oure of noone, she was sore chaffede and hoote for the grete hete of the sunne, for þe which she had a lyste to bathe hir in a f[a]yre welle and a clere, the whiche was ther fast by, and as she was in the welle all nakyde envyrouned wyth fayreis [Nymphes, H.] and godes the whiche seruyd hyre, Antheon, the which tooke non heede, com sodeynly opon hire and sawe all the godes, of whome for hire grete castite the vesage wexe reede for shame and was full sory. And than she seide, "Becawse that I know wele that thysse yong gentilman wyll vaunt hym of ladies and gentilwomen—to the entent that thou schalte not mowe vante the that hathe see me naked, I shall take the myght of thy speche from the." Than she cursyd hym, and anon Antheon becomme a wilde herte and no thyng was lefte hym of mankyndly shape but all only vndirstondyng. Than he, full of grete sorowe and off sodeyne feere, wente fleyng throwe the busches, and anon he was reseyuyd with his owen houndes and halewed wyth hys owen men that serched the forest for hym, but nowe they haue founde hyme and knowe hym not. There Antheon was drawe doune, the whych wepte grete teres afore his owne men and fayne woolde haue cryed theyme mercy yif he myght haue spokyn. And sene that tyme hethir to hertes euer at there dethe wepyn. Antheon was slayne and martired with grete woo with his owen menye, the which in a litell while had all devowred hym. Many exposicions may be made vpon this fable; but to oure purpose it may be seide of a yong man that habaundoneth hym holy in ydylnes and dispendith his goodes and his gettynges in delyte off his body and in disportes of huntyng and to kepe ydel menye. Hereby may it be seide that he was hated of Dyane, the which is noted for chastite, and deuowred of his owen menye. Therefor it is seide to the good knyght that he shuld be ware he were not deuowred in leche wyse. And a wyse man seith, "Idilnes en∣gendyrth idylnes [Ignorence, H., and so the "Dis des Philosophes."] and errour."

Be Antheon, the which become an herte, we may vnderstond

the veray repentaunt man that was wonnte to be a synner and now hath ouercome his fleyssch and made it bonde to the good sperite [and] takyn the state of pennaunce. Seynt Austyn seith in the Sawtyr that pennance is an esy thyng or dede and a lyght charge; it owght not to be called a grete charge for a man but wenges off a byrde fleyng, for, as a birde in herth here bereth the charge of [f. 51.] there wenges and there wenges berith theyme to heven, on the same wyse, yff we bere on erthe here the charge off pennawnce, it shal bere vs to heven. To this purpose þe Gospell seith, ["Poeni∣tentiam agite, appropinquavit enim regnum coelorum"]. [Matt. iii. 2.]

LXX.

I SEYE go notte to the yates of helle For to seke Euridice be my counselle. Litell he wanne there with his harpe and play, Orpheus, as that I haue ofte herd seye.

Orpheus the poyete, the which harpede so well, [See above, p. 74.] a fabil seith that he maried hym to Euridice, but on the day of mariage thei wente to disporte theyme in a medwe barefoote ffor the grete hete of the sonne, and an herde coveytyd that fayyr woman and ranne ffor to a rauyfshed hyr, and as she flede afore hym for fere of hym she was betyn with a serpent that was hyd wnder the gresse of the medwe, and within a litell while after the mayden dyed. Orpheus was ryght heuy of that mysse aventure; yit he tooke his harpe and wentte to þe yattes of helle in the dyrke waly afore the helle paleys, and thanne he begane to harppe pytously and he pleyyd so swetely that all the tormentes off helle cesyd and all the helly offices lefte there besynes for to here the sownde of the harppe, and anamly Proserpyne, the godes off

helle, was meuyd with grete pete. Than Pluto, Lucifere, Cerebrus and Acaron, [Either Charon is meant, or Acheron, as the eponym of the river of Hades so named.] the which for the harpor sawe that the offices off hell peynnes lefte and cesed, toke hym hys wyff vpon a condicion that he shulde goo afore and sche after, and that he shulde notte loke behynde hym to he come owt of the valy of helle, and yff he looked behynde hym he shuld lefe hire. Opon this con∣dicion she was delyuered to hym ayen. So Orpheus wente afore and his loue after, but he that was to hoote in loue, the which desired to beholde hire, myght not kepe hym from lokyng ayen after his loue, and anoon as [he] loked byhynd hym Euredice partyd from hyme and was ayen in helle, so that he myght no more haue hire. This fable may be vndyrstondyn in many maneres. It myght be so that some man had his wyff takyn fro hyme and he had getten hire ayen; on the same wyse it may be of a castell or of anothir thyng. But to owre purpose it may be seide that he seketh veryly Euredice in hell, the which sekyth an inpossibyl thyng and, thowgh a man may notte recouer that, he owghte not to be wrothe. Salamon seyth the same, "It is a foly thyng," he seith, "to seke that the which is impossybylle to be hadde." [f. 52.]

Be that a man shulde not goo to seke Euredice in hell, we may vndirstond that the goode speryte shulde aske ne requyre of God no thyng that is meruellious, [Miraculeuse ne merueillable qui est appelle tempter Dieu, H.] ne that mervell to be thyng oon, that is to sey, to tempte God. And Seynt Austyn seith opon Seynt John Gospell that Godes creature is not exavced when he requiryth a thyng the which may not be doone or shuld not be doone, or a thyng the which he wolde vse amysse yf that it were grawntyd hyme, or ell a thyng that shuld hurte the sowle yf it were exauuced. And therfor it comyth of the mercy off God, if he gyff not to a creature a thyng the which he knowyth he wolde vse amysse. To this purpose Seynt James the apostell seyth in his Pistell, ["Petitis et non accipitis eo quod male petatis"]. [Jas. iv. 3.]

LXXI.

IFF thou will veraly knowe a knyght In cloystir or clos where he be dyght, The say [Sc. assay, test; Lessay con fist a Achilles, H.] that was made to Achilles Sall lerne the to proue theym doutles.

The fable seith that Achilles was sone to the godes Thetis, and becawse that, as a godes, she knew if hir sone haunted armes that he shu[l]d dye, she, the which louyd hym with to grete love, hide hym in maydinis clothyng and made hyme were a vaile leche a nonne. In the godesse abbay [En labbaye la deesse Vesta, H.] he lyffed so, and Achilles was long hydde vnto that some persones perseyuyd hym, and the fabill seith that there he begate Pirus [Pyrrhus, his son by Deidameia, daughter of Lycomedes of Scyros.] opon the kynges doughter, the which was after that full cheualerous. Than began the Troyens grete werres, and the Grekes knew wele that thei hadde nede of Achilles for to streynght theyme. He was sowte ouer all, but thei myght not here of hym. Vlixes, the which was full of grete malice, sowgth hym ouer all [and] come to the temple, but yit he myght not perseyue the trowght. He avysyd hym of grete malice and sotilte, and than Vlixes toke keuercheffes, girdill and all maner of iowell [Aneles, guimphes, conroyes et de tous ioyaulx, H.; quayntyses, prety japes and jewelles, Wyer.] longyng to ladies and therwith feyre armure and bryghte and cast all doune in the myddes of the place in presens of the ladyes and praide iche of theyme to take [Make, MS.] that the which plessede theyme best; and than, as euery thyng drawith to his nature, the ladies ronne to the jowell and Achilles sefsede the armure. And thanne Vlixes ranne and tooke hyme in his armys and seyde, "This is he that I seke." And becawse that knyghtes shulde be

more inclyned to armes than to plesawnce, [Cointeries mignotes, H.] which longgeth to ladies, the auctorite seith that therby a man may knowe the veray knyght. And to this purpose Legaron [Leginon, H.; Longinon, Add. MS. 16,906, f. 51b; Loginon, Roy. MS. 19 B. iv. f. 60.] seith that a knyghte is not [f. 53.] knowen but he his dedes of armes. [Le vaillant nest conqneu que en guerre, G. de Tign. (Roy. MS. 19 B. iv. f. 64).] And Hermes seith that thou shuldest preue a man afore or that thou trost hym to gretely.

Where it is seyde, "Yf thou wylte knowe a goode knyght," we may vnderstondyn that the good knyght [of] Cryst Jhesu shuld be know by the dede of armes in goode workyng, and that siche a knyght shulde haue the dwe prayse that longgeth to goode men. Seynt Jerom seith in a pistil that, as the ryghtvisnes of God levyth non evil thyng vnponysshede, on the same wyse it levith no goode thyng vnrewarded. So than to good pepill noo labour shulde be thought to harde, ne no tyme to longe, standyng that thei [are] abydyng [Attendent la gloire pardurable en loyer, H.] the euerlastyng hire and blys. Therfor Holy Scripture seith, ["Confortamini et non dissolvantur manus vestrae, erit enim merces operi vestro"]. [2 Paralip. xv. 7.]

LXXII.

WYTH Athalenta stryue thou not nowe, For she hath gretter talent þan thou. It was hir crafte for to renne fast. To siche a rennyng haue thou non hast.

Athalenta was on of the fayre [Sc. fairies; vne nymphe, H.] and lyche to a gentilvoman of grete beaute, but hire destonye was diuerse; ffor because of hire mony lost ther lyves. This gentilvoman for hire grete beaute was

covetyde of mony oon to be hadde to maryage, but ther was made sich a conuenawnt that non shulde haue hire but he ouerranne hir, and yf she ouerranne hym, he shuld dye. Athalenta was mervelious swyft, so that non myght streche to hir in rennyng and that cawsed many on for to die. This rennyng may be vnderstondyn in many maneres. It may be as some thyng that is gretly covetyid of many persones, but yit it may notte be hadde withowte grete traueyle; the rennyng that she made is the defence or the resistence of the same thynges. And allso the fabill may be noted anamly for tho that makyth grete stryve and nedith not. Also the auctorite seyth that a hard man and a coragius ought not to myche to stryve for onprofytabyll thynges, the whiche he shulde not set by, stondyng that thei [t]owche [The letters in brackets have been torn away with the edge of the leaf.] not to his worchyppe for many grete [h]urtes folwyth off sich stryues. And Thessille [Texillus, Dicta Phil. (Add. MS. 16,906, f. 56).] [se]ith, "Thou shuldest doo that the which is moste [pro]fetable to the body and most behouely to the soule and fle the contrarye."

That we shulde notte stryve wyth Athalenta may be vnder∣stondyn that the goode speryte shulde not be letted with non thyng [f. 54.] that the worlde dothe, of what gouernans it be. And to the same Seynt Austyn seyth in a pistil that the worlde is more perlious to creaturis when it is eesy than whan it is sharpe, for the softer he seeth it the les it shulde lete hym and lees he shulde drawe it to his love then whenne it yeffyth hym cause to dispite it. To this purpose Seynt John the Euaungelist seyth in his fryst Pistill, ["Si quis diligit mundum, non est charitas Patris in eo"]. [1 Joh. ii. 15.]

LXXIII.

AS that Paris iugede iuge thou noght, For many men hau ben full hard brought Be grauntyng of evil sentence And had þerfor ryght greuous recompence.

The fable seith that .iii. godesses of grete myght, that is to sey, Pallas godes of kunnyng, [Sc. knowledge; de sauoir, H.] Juno godes of goode, [Sc. riches; dauoir, H.] and Venus godes off love, com before Paris holdyng an apple of golde, [See above, p. 66.] the which seide, "Lete this be youen to the fayrest and the myghttyest of vs." There was grete discord ffor this appyll, for iche of theyme seyde they ought to haue it, and at the last thei tooke Paris for to iuge the cavse. Paris sought delegently the strenghte and the myghte of ich of theyme by the selfe. Than seide Pallas, "I am godes of cheualry and of wysdom, for by me armes is departed to knyghtes and konyng to clerkes, and yf thou wilt yiff me the appyll, tryst veryli that I shall make the to paase [Sc. pass, surpass.] all othir in koonyng and in knytehode." After that Juno, godes of goode, seide, "And by me is departyd the grete lordshippes and also tresowrys off the worlde. If thou wyl gyff me the appyll, I shall make the recher and mygh[t]ier than ony othir." And than spake Venus wyth full louyng wordes and seide, "I am she that kepyth scoles of loue and off iolines [Ioliuete, H.] and maketh fooles to be wyse men and wyse men to do foly, and I make ryche men poore and tho þat be exiled riche. There is no myght that may compare wyth my myght. Iff thou wylt yeffve me the appyll, by me thou shalt haue þe love of fayre Helaine of Grece, the which may avayle the more than any maner of ryches." And thanne Paris gaff his sentence and forsoke bothe knyghthode, wisdom and riches for Venus, to whome he gaff the appyll; for the which after that Troye was dystryd. This is to vnderstonde, because that Paris was not cheuallrous ne reche, he sette be noo thyng, but all his thought was on loue, and therefor yaffe he the appill to Venus. Werefor it is seide to the goode knyght that he shuld not demene hym so. And Pictagoras seith, [f. 55.] "The iuge that iugede not iustyly, diserveth myche evyll."

Be Parys that iuged folely is vnderstonden that the goode

sperite shulde be ware how he iuged oþer. Seynt Austyn spekyth thereoff ayens the [Manichees] [Omitted in MS.; les Manichees, H.] that there be .ii. thynges the whych in especiall we shulde eschewe, fryst to iuge othir persones, for we know not of what corage thynges be done, the which to contempne it is þerfor [It is þerfor it is, MS.] grete presumcion, for we shuld take theyme to the better partye; secundly for because we be not incerteyne what the[i] shall be that now be goode or now evill. Owre Lord to this purpose seith in þe Gospell, ["Nolite judicare et non judicabimini, in quo enim judicio judicaveritis judicabimini."] [Matt. vii. 1, 2; ut non judicemini, Vulg.]

LXXIV.

IN Fortvne, that grete myghty godesse, Trist not to mych, ne in hyre promyse; For in a lytell space she chaungeth, And the hyest ofte ouerthroweth.

Fortune aftyr the spekyng off poyetis may be wele called the grete godes, for by hire we see that wordly thynges be gouernde. And becauce she promysyth to many prosperite inowght—and indede to some she yeffeth it—and in litell space takyth it awaye when it plesyth hire, it is seide to the goode knyght that he shuld not trost in hire promysses ne discomfort hym not in his aduersites. And Socrates seith the cours of fortvne farith as engins. [Sc. snares; les tours de fortune sont comme engins, H.]

Becavse whi that he seith that he shulde not trost in fortvne, we may vnderstond that the good spirite shuld fle and disprayse wordly delittes. Therefor Boys [Sc. Boethius; Boece, H.] seith in the .iii. booke of Conso∣lacion that the felicite off the Epicuriens shulde be called vnfelicite, for the full and the perfyȝth felicite it is that the which [can] make man sufficiently myghty, reuerende, solempne and ioyeux, the

which condicions resiste not to thynges whereopon wordly peple settyth there felycite. [Les quieulx addicions ne prestent point les choses ou les mondains mettent leur felicite, H.] Thereffor God seyth by the profyte Ysaie, ["Popule meus, qui te beatum dicunt, ipsi te decipiunt"]. [Isai. iii. 12.]

LXXV.

TO vndirtake to avance werre, [f. 56.] Make thou not Paris the begynner; Better he cowde (take vittenes aboue) Disporte in the feyre armes of his loue.

Paris was nothyng condicionned to armes, but all to loue. Therefor it is seide to the goode knyght that he shuld not make a cheuetayne of his host ne of his bateilles a knyght the whiche is not apte to armes. And therefor Aristotyl seith to Alizaunder, "Thou shuldest make hym connestabil of thyne oste that thou knowes is wyse and experte in armes.

That ye shulde not make Paaris to begynne yowre werres, it is to vnderstonde that the good knyght gostly, tendyng only to the knyghthode of heuen, shuld be holly drawen fro the worlde and ches contemplatyue lyffe. And Seynt Grigore seith vpon Ezeciell that the lyffe contemplatyue is of ryght preferred afore the actiue liue as for the worthier and the gretter, for the actiue life travellith hymselfe in the laboure of this present lyfe, but the contemplatyve lyfe farith as he that tristith [Sic,? tasteth; gouster, H.] the sauour of the reste that is for to come. Wherefor the Gospell seith off Mary Magdalene, be whom contemplacion is figured, ["Optimam partem elegit sibi Maria, quae non auseretur ab ea"]. [Luke x. 42.]

LXXVI.

SETTE the not to be a spy, I the seye, But loke thou kepe euer the hey weye. Sephalus [Cephalus, who killed his wife Procris in the way described (Ovid, Met. vii. 836).] wyth his [s]harpe iaueloth [Glauellot, H.] Lereth it the, and the wyff of Lothe.

The fabill seith that Sephalus was an ancient knyght the which delyted hym grettely all his lyue in the disporte of huntyng, and he coude cast a darte hade sich a propirte that it was neuer cast in veyne, but it kyllyd all þat it tovched. And because that he hade a costome to ryse in the mornyng and to goo to the forest to aspye the wylde bestis, his wyff was ielous ouer hyme and supposed that he loued othir than hire, and for to know the trowthe she went after to aspy hym. Sephalus, the which was in the woode, when he herde the leues make noyse where that his wyff went, supposed that it hadde ben some wylde best, kest his iauelot and kyllyd his wyff. He was hevy of that mysse aventure, but there myght no remedy be hadde. The woman Lothes wyffe, as that Holy Scripture wytnessyth, turnyd ayen ayens the com∣mawndment off the aungell, when she herde that the .v. cetees sanke behynde hyr, and therfor anon she was chawnged into a [f. 57.] salte ston. And be all sich figures may be sette many vndir∣stondynges. For the trwthe and for to take it in example for the trowthe, no good man shulde delyte hym to spye anothir in thynges that longeth not to hym; and to the entend that no man wolde be aspyed, Hermes seith, "Do not to thi felawe that the which thou woldyst not were done to the, and strech no snaris for to take men wythall, ne purches noon harme to theyme be aspyeng ne be wyles, for at the last it will turne opon þiselfe."

That a man shulde not sette hym for to spye may be vndir∣stondyn

that the good sperite shuld not peyne hym to knowe othir mennis dedes, ne to enqwere tydyngges of othir. For Seynt John Crisostome seith opon the Gospell of Seynt Mathieu, "Howe takys thow so grete hede," seith he, "of so many litell defawtes of othir men and latyst pase so many grete defawtes in thyn owyn dedes? Yf thou loued thi selfe better than thi neyghburght, whi empechest thou his dedes and leuys thyne owyn? Be diligent to considir thin owyn dedes fryst, and than consider the dedes off othir." To this purpose owre Lorde seith in the Gospelle, ["Quid autem vides festucam in oculo fratris tui, trabem autem in oculo tuo non vides?"]. [Matt. vii. 3.]

LXXVII.

DISPRAYSE not of Helene the councell; I counsel the so wythowte fayle, For ofte many hurtes falleth then, Because that we beleue not wyse men.

Helene was brothir to Hector and Kyng Priantes sone of Troye. He was a full wyse clerke and full off konyng. As mych as he myght, he counseyled that Paarys shulde not goo into Grece to rauyssh Helayne; but thei wolde not do aftyr hym, for the which the Troyens were hurte. Therefor it is seide to the good knyght that he shuld beleue wyse men and there councell, and Hermes seith, "Who so worchyppyth wyse men and vsyth there councell, thei be euerlestyng pepyll."

Helene, the which counselled ayens the werre, that is to sey that the goode sperite shulde eschwe temptacions. And Seynt Jerom seith that a synner hath noon excusacion whereby he howght to suffyr temptacions to ouercome hym, for the temptyng feend is so febill that he may ouercome noon but thoo that wyll be yolden to hyme. And thereopon Seynt Povle the apostyl seyth, ["Fidelis [f. 58.] Deus qui non patietur vos temptari supra id quod potestis," etc.]. [1 Cor. x. 13.]

LXXVIII.

BE not to mery ne to sori For thi dremes, though thei be hevy. Morpheus byddyth, the messanger Off the god of slepe and dremes seere. [Au dieu qui dort et fait songer, H.]

A ffabill seyth that Morpheus is sone to the god of slepe, and he is his massenger and he is god of dremes and cawsyth men to dreme. And because that dremes be trobolous thynges and a derke and some tyme it may syngnifie contrarie to the dreme, þer is noon so wyse that may propirly speke [That may propirly that may speke, MS.; qui proprement en puisse parler quoy∣que les expositeurs en dient, H.] liche as the expositours seith of theyme [Tyme, MS.] Therfor it ys seide to the good knyght that he shulde not be to heuy ne to mery ffor sich avysyons, be the which a man may not shewe no certeyne knowlych ne to what thyng thei sal turne, and anamely þat a man shulde not be to mery ne to hevy ffor thynges off fortune, the which be transsitorie. Socrates seith, "Thou that arte a man, thou shuld not be to hevy ne to mery ffor no maner cawse."

Where it is seide that a man shuld not be to mery ne to hevy for non avysyons, we shall seye that the good speryte shuld not be to heuy ne to meri for no maner cause that cometh to hym and that he shuld suffre tribulacions paciently. Seynt Austyn seith vpon the Savter, "Fayre son," seith he, "yf thou wilte wepe for thi sorres that thou felest, veepe vnder the correccion off thi Fadir; yf thou wepe ffor tribulacions that comyth to the, be ware that it be not for indignacion ne for pride, for the aduersyte that God sendyth to the it is a medycyne and no payne, it is a chastisment and no dampnacion. Put not fro the thi Fadris rodde but yf that þou wylt that [he] put the from his heritage; and thynk not on the payne

that thow owghtes to suffre of his scorge, but considir what place thow haste in his testament. To this purpose the wyse [man] seythe, ["Omne quod tibi applicitum fuerit accipe et in dolore sustine, et in humilitate tua patientiam habe."] [Eccl. ii. 4.]

LXXIX.

BE the see yf thou wylt vndertake Perlyous viages for to make, Off Alchion [Alcyone, or Halcyone, wife of Ceyx, whose story is in Ovid, Met. xi. 410.] beleue the counsell. Ceys therof the soth may the tell.

Ceys was a kyng, a full good man, and loued wele Alchyon [f. 59.] his wyff. The kyng tooke a deuocion ffor to go a perlyows passage on the see in a tempest, but Alchyon his wyffe, the whiche loued hym ryght hertily, dyde gretyly hir besynes to meve hym fro [For, MS.] that vyage and with grete teris of wepyng prayde hyme full besyly; but it myght not be remedied by here ne he woold not suffir hir to goo with hym, stondyng that she wolde all gates haue gone with hymme and at the departyng she styrte on to the shepe [Dedens la nef se gita, H.] But Ceys the kyng comfortyd hir and with force made hyre to abyde, for the which she was full anggwyssous and hevy and in ryght grete woo. Neuer the lesse Eolus, [Colus, MS.] the god of wyndes, meved theyme soo gretely opon the see that the kyng Ceys within fewe dayes perysshed on the see; ffor the which, whenne Alchyon knew that aventure, she kest hire selfe into the see. The ffabill seith that the godes had pyte þeroff and chawnged the bodyes of the .ii. louers into .ii. birdes, to the intent that there grete loue myght be had in perpetuell mynde. And yette þe same birdes flee opon the see syde, the which be called Alchions and there fedres be whyte; and whan the maryneris see theyme come, þan be they sekyr of a

tempest. [The fable was that for seven days before and after the winter solstice, when the Halcyon was breeding, the sea remained calm.] The ryght exposicion hereof may be that in mariage .ii^o. loueres loued togedir in lich wyse, the which poyetes lykeneth to the .ii^o. byrdes that hade sich a case and aventure. Therefor it is seide to the goode knyght that he shulde not put hym in no perlyous passage ayens the counsell off his good ffrendis. And Assaron [See the "Dis des Philosophes" (Roy. MS. 19 B. iv. f. 60).] seyth that the wyse man enforseth hym to draw hym fro hurtes, and the foole doth his diligence to fynde hurtes.

For to beleue Alchion, it is to vnderstond that the goode speryte by some evil temptacion is empeched with some errowe or dowte in his thowght, in the which he shuld reporte hym to the openyon off the cherche. For Seynt Ambrose seyth in the .ii. booke off Offices that he is fro hym selfe that dispyseth the counsell of the cherche, for Joseph helped kyng Pharaon more profitably with the cownsell off his prudence than though he had yoven hyme eythir gold or syluer; for syluer myȝgh not a purueyde for the famyn of Egypte the space of vii. yere. Therefor it is concluded, "trust counsell and thou shalt not repent the." To this purpose the wyse man seith in his Proverbes to the persone of holy chirch, ["Custodi legem atque consilium et erit vita animae tuae"] [Prov. iii. 21, 22.]

LXXX.

OFF a chylde beleue notte the counsell, For off Troylus remenbre the wele. Trest [Sc. Trust.] ye may men aged and prouede, That in armes hath sore bene charged.

When Kyng Priant had repared Troye ayen, the which was dystroyede because of the greuyng of theym that went into Colcos, [f. 60.] than Priant thought to take vengance for that distruccion and asemblyd his counsell, where that were many hy barons and wyse

men, for to wete wheythir it were good that Paaris his sone shulde goo into Grece to ravyssh Elen or noon in achaunge for Esyona [Hesione, whom Hercules rescued when she was exposed by command of an oracle to be devoured by a sea monster, and whom he gave to Telamon Ajax on being defrauded of his promised reward by her father Laomedon (Ovid, Met. xi. 211).] his sistir, the which was taken be the Thelomonailles [Thelamon Ayaulx, H.] and ledde into thraldom. But all the wyse men seyde nay, becavse of proficies and of scriptores, the whiche seide through that rauysshyng Troye shuld be dystroyed. Than Troylus, the whiche was a child and the yongest of Priantes sones, seyde that men shulde not in counsell of werre beleue olde men ne there prouerbes, the which threwe [Sc. through.] there cowardyse counselleth euer to rest; so he counselled that they shulde goo togedir. Troylus consell was holdyn, of the which felle myche harme. Therefor it is seyde to the good knyght that he shuld not holde ne beleve the counsell of a childe, the which of nature is full lyght and lityll to consydir. An auctorite seith to this purpose that where a childe is kyng þe londe ys onappy. [Vae tibi, terra, cujus rex puer est, Vulg. (Eccles x. 16).]

That a good speryte shulde not agre hym to the counsell of a childe, it is to vndirstond that he shulde [not] be ignorant, but knowyng and full lerned in that the which may be prophyte to his helth; ffor ayens ignorant pepyll Seynt Austyn seith, "Ignorance is a full evyl modir, the which hath full evill doughteris, that is to sey, falssenes and doute; the fyrst is myschawnce, the secund is wreechednes, the fyrst is vicyous, but the secund is softer, [Plus moleste, H.] and these .ii. is drawen away by wysdome." Therefor the wyse man seyth, ["Sapientiam praetereuntes non tantum in hoc lapsi sunt ut ignorarent bona, sed insipientiae suae reliquerunt hominibus memoriam"]. [Sap. x. 5.]

LXXXI.

HATE Calcas and his false disseytes, Off whome the infynyte malicis Betrayeth many reaumes expres [Et empires, H.] ; Off wordly pepyll þer is no wers.

Calcas was a sootyl clerke of the cete of Troye, [Calchas was not a Trojan, but a son of Thestor of Mycenae or Megara and the foremost soothsayer on the Greek side. Christine de Pisan or her authority seems to have misunderstood Dares Phrygius, ch. 15.] and, whan Kyng Priante knew that the Grekes come opon hym with a grete oste, he sent Calcas into Delphos to wete of the god Appolonie [Sc. Apollo; Apollin, H.] how the werre shulde fortvne. But after that the god hade aunsweryd, the which seide [that] after .x. yere the Grekes shulde haue the victorie, Calcas turned towarde the Grekes and aqwaynttyd hym with Achilles, the which was comme into [f. 61.] Delphos for the same cause, and with hym he went to the Grekes, whome he helpid for to cownsel ayens his owen cete and ofte tymes disturbed the pes betwyne the Grekys and the Troyens. And becawse he was a traytore, it is seide to the goode knyghte that he shulde hate sich evill sotell pepyll, ffor theyre traysones so done be willes may hurte gretly reaumes and empires and all maner of pepyll. Therefor Platon seith, "A soothel [Sc. subtle.] enemy, though he be poore and not myghty, may greue more than a ennemy myghty and ryche vnknowyn."

Calcas, the which shuld be hatyd, may be vnderstonden that the good speryte shulde hate all fraudelous malice ayens his neyghburgh, for he shulde in no wyse consent thertoo. For Seynt Jerom seith that a traytoure will not be sowpled, neythir for familiarite off felachep ne for homlynes of mete and drynke ne for grace of seruyce ne for plente off benefices. Off this vice seith

Seynt Poule the aposstell, ["Erunt homines cupidi, elati, superbi, proditores, tumidi"]. [2 Tim. iii. 2, 4, with omissions.]

LXXXII.

BE thou notte harde for to graunt, I say, Sich a thyng as welle enploy thou may; To Hermofrodicus [Sc. Hermaphroditus (Ovid, Met. iv. 285 sq).] haue tendyyng, [A Hermofrodicus te mire, H.] The whiche tooke harme for his denying.

Hermofrodicus was a beauteous yong thyng, and on of the fayree [The nymph of the well Salmacis; vne nimphe, H.] was sore enamourede of hymme, but he in no wyse had leste to love hire and she purswed hym ouer all. Yt felle on a tyme that the yong thyng was full wery of the purswte wherein he hadd trauelled all the day. Than he come to a well-spryng sette abovte with salwes, [A la fontaine de Salmacis, H.] by the whiche was a fayre stanke, styll and clere, ffor the which a lest he hade to bathe hym. [Lui prist talent de soy baigner, H.] He dyde of his clothes and went into the water. Whan she off the fayree sawe hym onclothyd and all naked, she went in to hym and for grete loue tooke that yong thyng in hir armes; but he, the which was full froward, put hire fro hym ryght rudely, so she myght not wynne his hert for no prayour. Than she of the fayree, full of woo, prayde to the godes that she myght neuer parte from hire loue, the whiche put hire so fro hym. The godes of pete harde hire deuoute prayere; than sodanly they chaunged the .ii^o. bodies into oone, the which were of .ii^o. seytis. [Sc. sexes; qui ii. sexes auoit, H.] This fabill may be vnderstondyn in many maneres, lich as sothell clerkes and philosopheris hath hide there grete secretes vndir couertoure of fable. Thereto it may be [f. 62.]

vnderstondyn sentence longyng to the science of astronomy, and as wele of nygromancye, [Darquemie, sc. alchemy, H.] as that maystrys seyth. And because that the matyr of loue is more delictable to here than othir, gladely [Ghadely, MS.] they made there distinccions [Leurs ficcions, H.] opon loue for to be the more delectable to here, anamly to rude pepill, the whiche take but the barke, and the more agreable to subtile, the which sowketh the lyquor. But to owre purpose we may vndirstond that it is velany and a fowle thyng to refuse or to grawnte wyth grete daunger that the which may not turne to vyce ne to preiudice, thowgh it be grawnttyd. For Hermes seyth, "Make no long delay to put it in execucion that the which þou shuld doo."

The goode speryte shulde notte be harde to graunt there where he seyth necessite, but reconforte the nedy to his power. As Seynt Gregore seith in his Moralles that, whan we wyll reconforte any that is afrayed in heuynes, we shulde fryst make heuynes with theyme, for he may not veryly reconforte the hevy person which cordeth hyme not with his heuines. For leche a man [Men, MS.] may not ioyne oon yren to anothir yf thei be note hote bothe .ii^o. and softyd with the fire, on the same wyse we may not redresse anothir yif oure hertes be not softted be compassyon. To this purpose Holy Scripture seith, ["Confortate manus dissolutas et genua debilia roborate"]. [Isai. xxxv. 3]

LXXXIII.

THOU mayst wyth the pleys the solace Off Vlixes, when thou hast tyme and space In the tyme of trwes and of fest, For they be both sotel and honest.

Vlyxes was a baron of Grece and off grete sotylte and duryng the long seege afore Troye, the whiche lestyd .x. yere, [when] that trwes were, he fond pleys full sotyll and feyre for to disporte knyttes therewyth in the tyme of soioure and rest. And some seyne that he fonde the game of the chesse and sich othir lich. There∣for it is seide to the good knyght that in dwe tyme men may wele play at sich games; for Solyn seith, "All thyngges that is sottyl and honest is lefull to be doone."

The pleyes of Vlixes may be vnderstondyn that, when the knyghtly speryte shall be wery off prayer and of beyng in contem∣placion, he may wele disporte in redyng of Holy Scriptures; ffor, as Seynt Jerom seith, Holy Scripture is sete in the yen of owre [Yen (sc. eyes) of yowre, MS.] [f. 63.] hertis as a merowre, to the entent that we shuld se the herdly face [Lenterine face, H. (enterin, sc. entier, complet, Godefroy, s.v.).] of owre sowle, and therefor may we see the lewdenes, there may we see who myche [Sc. how much.] that we profyte and how fayre we ben [fro] profyte. [La pouons nous veoir nostre bel, la pouons nous veoir nostre lait, la pouons nous veoir combien nous prouffitons et combien nous sommes loings de prouffiter, H.] To this purpose owre Lord seith in the Gospell, ["Scrutamini scripturas, quia vos putatis in ipsis vitam aeternam habere"]. [Joh. v. 39.]

LXXXIV.

YIF thou wilt yeff the to Cupido, Thy hert and all abaundon hire to, Thynkke on Cresseides nwefanggyllnesse, [Gard toy Briseyda nacointier, H. The change is probably due to Chaucer's "Troylus and Cryseyde."] For hire hert hade to meche dobylnesse.

Cresseide [was] a gentilwoman of grete beaute, an[d] she was yit more qwaynte and sotell to drawe pepill to hir. [Cointe et vague et attrayant, H.] Troylus, the yongest of Priantes sones, [the which] was full of grete gentilnesse,

of beaute and of worthines, loued hire ryght hertily and she hade youen hym hir loue and promysyd to hym that it shuld neuyr fayle. Calcas, fadir to the gentilwoman, the which knew by science that Troye shuld be distroyid, dide so myche that his doughter was delyuered to hym and browght owte of the cete and ledde to the seege among the Grekes, where hir fadir was. Grete was the sorowe and full petous the [Of the, MS.] complayntis of the .ii^o. louers at the departyng. Neuerthelesse within a while aftir Dyomed, the which was a hye baron and a full worthi knyght, aqweynttyd hym with Cresseide and labowrd so soore to hir that she loued hym and only [Sc. wholly?; du tout, H.] foryate hir trwe loue Troylus. Because that Cresseide was so lyght of corage, it is seide to the gode knyght that, yf he will sette his herte in ony plase, late hym be ware that he be not aqwauyntyd with sich a lady as Cresseide was. And Hermes seith, "Kepe the from evill felachepe, that thou be not on of theyme."

Cresseide, of whom a man shulde be ware to aqweynt hym, is veyne glori, with the which the good sperite shuld not aqwaynte hym, but fle it onto his power, for it is to lyghte and commyth to sodenly. And Seynt Austyn opon the Sauter seith that he the which hath wele lerned and asayed by experiens to ouergoo degrees of vices, he is coume to the knowlyge that the synne of veyne glory is holy or most specyaly to eschwe of perfyȝte men, ffor emong all othir synnes it is hardest to ouercom. Therefor the apostil Seynt Poule seith, ["Qui gloriatur, in Domino glorietur"]. [1 Cor. i. 31.]

LXXXV.

WHEN thou hast kylled Patroclus, Ware of Achilles, I counsell þe thus, Yf thou loue me, for thei be all on, [f. 64.] There goods betweyne theym be comon.

Patroclus and Achilles were felawes togedir and ryght dere freendis, so that there were neuer to [Sc. two.] brethere loued better togedir, and thei and here goodes were comon as all o thyng. And because that Hector slew Patroclus in batayle Achilles had grete hate to Hector, and fro theyns forthe swore his dethe. But because he doutyd meche his grete streynght, he lefte neuer to wayte how he myght fynde hym discouered to betray hym. Ther∣for Othea seide to Hector, as by profecye of that which was for to come, that, when he hadde sleyne Patroclus, it were nede for hym to be ware of Achilles. That is to vnderstond þat euery man the which hath slayne or mysdoon to anothir mannys trwe sreen , his [Or, MS. The passage is confused, cf. que tout homme qui a occis ou meffait au loyal compaignon dun autre que le compaignon en fera la vengence, H.] felawe will take vengance if he may. Therefor Magdare [Madarge, H.; Magdargis, Add. MS. 16,906, f. 55b; Macdarge, Roy. MS. 19 B. iv. f. 65. The "dit" as given by G. de Tignonville in the last-named MS. is "En quelque lieu que tu soyes auecques ton enmemi . . . . fay touz iours bon guet; ia soit ce que tu soyes le plus fort et plus puissant, si doys tu trauaillier a faire la paix."] seith, "In what [place] that euer thou be wyth thy ennemye, holde hym euer in suspecte, thow [Sc. though.] that thow be myghtyer than he."

Where it is seide that, when thow hast sleyne Patroclus thou shulde be ware of Achilles, we may vnderstond that, yf the goode speryte suffir hym by the feend to bowe to synne, he howte [Sc. ought.] to dowte euerlastyng dethe. And Solyn seith, [This is not among Solon's sayings in the "Dis des Philosophes."] "This present lyue is but a knyghthode an[d] in tokyn theroff this present lyf is called werre in deference of that aboue, the which is called victorius, for it hath euer of enemyes." To this purpose the apostil Seynt Poule seith, ["Induite vos armaturam Dei, ut possitis stare adversus insidias diaboli."] [Ephes. vi. 11.]

LXXXVI.

BE ware thou voide note fro the Echo, Ne hir [His, MS., both here and in the next line.] petous complayntes also; Susteyne all hir wille, yif it may be, For thou wote not what may com to the.

The fabill seith that Echo was a fayre woman, and because she was wont to be to grete a iangelere and by hir iangyllyng on a day accused Juno, the which for ialousie on day lay in awayte on hir husbond, the godesse was wroothe and seide, "For hens forth thou shalt no more speke fryst, but after anothir." Echo was anamored on faire Arcisus, [Sc. Narcissus; Narcisus, H. See the story in Ovid, Met. iii. 356 sq.] but neyther for prayer ne for sygne of love that she made to hym he lyst not to haue pete off hire, in so mych that the faire creature diede for his love. But dyeng she prayed to the godesse that she myght be vengyd of hyme in whome [f. 65.] she hade fownde so mych cruellnes that ons yit thei myghte make hym to fele the charpenesse of loue, whereby he may preue the grete woo þat veray louers haue the which in loue be refussede; þan she died. So Eccho made an ende, but hire voyse remaneth, which lestyth yitte. And there the godes made it perpetuall for memorie of that aventure, and yit it answheris to pepill in valeyys and on reueres aftyr the woyse of othir, but it may not speke fryst. Eccho may syngnyfie a persone the which off grete necessite requyryth the voyse that is youen to anothir; that is to sey, of nedy pepyll there is abydyng enowe, for they may not helpe themselffe withowte helpe of othir. [Cf. qui par grant necessite requiert autrui; la voix qui est demouree, cest que de gens souffraiteux est il assez demoure ne ilz ne peuent parler fors apres autrui, H.] Therefor it is seyde to the good knyght that he shuld haue pete of nedy pepill that reqwyrith it. And Zaqualquin [The fourth philosopher in the "Dicta"; Salquin, Add. MS. 16,906, f. 7b; Zaqualkin, Roy. MS. 19 B. iv. f. 10b.] seith, "Who so will kepe wele the lawe, shulde helpe hys frend with his goode and leue to nedi pepill and

be gracious, not denying iustice to his enemy, and kepe hym fro vice and dishonour."

Be Echo, the which shuld not be refusyd, may be notyd the mercy þat the good sperite shulde haue in hym selfe. And Seynt Austyn seith in the book of owre Lo[r]dis Sermon that he made on the Hille that blyssyd be thoo that willyngly socourith poore pepill, the which be in penowrye, for thei discerue mercy of God opon them that is in penuery. And it is a iust thyng that who so will be holpyn of a souereyne more myghtye than he shuld helpe [To helpe, MS.] a sympler than he is, in as myche that he is mythyer than he. Therefor the wyse man seith in his Prouerbis, ["Qui pronus est ad misericordiam benedicetur."] [Prov. xxii. 9.]

LXXXVII.

IFF thou wilte haue a croune of victorie, Which is better than ony good wordly, Damee [Sc. Daphne (Ovid, Met. i. 452 sq.); Damne, H.] thou most folue and purswe And shalt haue hir, if thou will wele swe.

The fabil seith Damee was a gentylwoman that Phebus loued hertily, and he purswede hire sore, but she wolde not agre to hym. It felle on a day that he sawe the fayre creature go in a way and he folowed and, whanne she sawe hym come, she fledde and the god aftir. And when he was so nere that she sawe well she myght not scape hym, she made hir prayers to the godes Diane that she shulde save hire virginite, and the body of the maydyn chaunged into a grene lorier; and when Phebus was come nere therto, he tooke of the brawnches of the tre and made hym a chaplete in syngne of victorie. And anamly in the tyme [To theyme, MS.; ou temps, H.] of the Romayns greete felicite the victorius pepill of theyme were crowned with [f. 66.] lorier. This fabill may haue many vndirstondynges. It myght happe that some myty man with long traveyle swed a lady in so

mych that with his grete pursvte he com to his will vndir a lorier, and for that cavse fro theyns forth he loued the lorier and bare it in his devyse in signe of the victorie that he hade of his love vndir the lorier. And allso the lorier may be take for golde, the which betokynyth worchippe. It is seide to the good knyght that he most pursue Damee, if that he will haue a croune of lorier, that is to seyne, payne and traveyle, yf he will com to worchippe. To this purpose Omer seyth, "Be grete diligence a man comyth to grete perfeccion."

That Damee wolde be purswede for to have a croune of lorier, we may vndirstonde that, yf the goode speryth will haue a glorius victorie, he must haue perseuerance, the which sall lede hym to the victorie of paradyse, of the which the ioies be infynite. As Seynt Grygory seith, "Who hath þat tong that may suffice to tell it, and where is the vndirstondyng that may or canne comprehend it, who [Sc. how.] many ioyes be there in that souereyne cete off paradyse, euer to be present [An omission by homoeoteleuton; cf. estre tous iours present aux ordres des anges auec les benois esperis assister a la gloire du conditeur, regarder le present visage, etc. H. The quotation is from Hom. xxxvii.in Evang. (Migne, lxxvi. 1275).] . . . . visage of God, to se the vnscribable lyght, to be in surte neuer to haue fere off deth, to be mery with the gyfte of euerlastyng clennes?" To this purpose Dauid seith in þe Savter, ["Gloriosa dicta sunt de te, civitas Dei"]. [Psal. lxxxvi. 3.]

LXXXVIII.

TO the also I make mencion Off Andromathais [Sc. Andromache's.] vision; Dispite not thi wyfe, I counsell the, Ne othir wemen that wise be.

Avdromatha was Hectoures wyffe, and the nyght afore that he was sleyne there com to his wyfe in a vision that the next daye

that Hector went to the batayle withowten dowte there he shuld be sleyne. For the which Andromatha with grete seghens and vepynges dide hire power that he shuld no goo into the batayle; but Hector wold not beleue hir and there he was slayne. Where∣for it is seide that a goode knyght shuld not holy disprayse visions of his wife, that is to sey, in avice and the counsell of his wyfe, if he be wyse and well condiciond, and anamly of othir wise women. For Platon seith, "Thou shuld not disprayse the counsell of a lytill wise person, for, þough thou be neuer so olde, be not ashamed to lerne, though a childe wolde teche the, for some tyme the ingnorant may avise the wise man.

The avision of Andromatha, the whiche shulde not be dis∣preysed, [f. 67.] is that a good purpose sent by the Holy Gost Jhesu Cristis knyght shuld not sette it at nought, but anoon sette it in effecte vnto his power. Thereoff spekyth Seynt Gregory in his Moralles that the good Sperite for to draw vs to goodnes and-monychit vs, meveth vs and techitht vs. He admonychyt owre mynde, he meuith oure will and techyt owre vnderstondynges. The Sperite, softe and swete, suffirth no maner of litell spote of chaffe [Petite paille, H.] abydyng in the habitacion of the herte where he in∣spiryth, but broyleth it anoon with his subtile circumspeccion. [La brusle du feu de sa soubtille circonspeccion, H.] Therefore the postile Seynt Powle seith, ["Spiritum nolite ex∣tinguere"]. [1 Thess. v. 19]

LXXXIX.

IF that thoue haue grete werre and besy, In Babilonies streynght verely Troste not, for be Minos [Ninus, H.] and that soone It was take; trosteth not than thereone.

Grete Babilony was founded bi the grete gyaunt Nambroth, [Sc. Nimrod.] and it was the streyngest cete that euer was; but notwithstondyng it was take by knynght Minos. [Le roy Ninus, H.] Therefore it is seide to the good knyght that he shuld not so myche truste in the streynght of his cete or off his castell in tyme off werre, but that it be full purveide off pepyll and of all thyng that behoueth for dwe defence. For Platon seith, "Who so trostith all only in his streyngth is often ouercomen."

Be the streynth of Babilonie, wherein men shuld not trost, it is to vndirstonde that the good sperite shulde not trust ne attende to thynges that the worlde promysith; and Seynt Austyn spekith therof in the booke of Syngularite of Clerkes, [De Singularitate Clericorum (Migne, iv. 837). The Latin text is somewhat loosely rendered.] that it is to lewde a trust [Cest vne sotte fiance, H.; adversaria est confidentia, St. Aug.] to name his lyffe to be swre ayens the perell of this worlde. And it is a folych hope to wene to be saue among the byttynges [Estre sauf entre les morsures, H.] of synnys; yit the victorie incerteyne is as long as men be among the dartes of there enmyes and kepith theyme vnhurte, [And—vnhurte, not in H. or Lat.] but who so is envirouned with flawmes is not lyghtly delyuered withowtyn brennyng. Trost to hym that hath the experience; though the world lawith [Sc. laugheth; rit, H.] on the, tryst it not, lete thi hoope be sette in God. Therefor seith the prophete Dauid, "Spera in Domino," etc. [Psal. xxxvi. 3; Bonum est confidere in Domino, etc. (Psal. cxvii. 8), H.]

XC.

HECTOR me must pronunce thi deth smerte. Wherefor grete sorwe bitteth my herte. That shall [be] whene that Priant the kyng [Thou] woldest not trost, which come the praying. [Ce sera quant le roy Priant Ne croiras, qui tira priant, H.]

The day that Hector was sleyne in bataile Andromatha his [f. 68.] wisse come to pray Kyng Priant with full grete compleyntes and wepynges that he wolde not that day suffre Hector to goo to bataile, for withowte dowte he shulde be sleyne yf he went thedir. [See above, p. 100.] Mars, the god of bataile, and Minerve, the godesse of armes, hade veraly shewed it there in hir slepe, [Shepe, MS.] where thei apperid to hir. Priant dide all that he myghte for he shulde not fyght that day, but Hector stale fro his fadir and stirte owte of the cete by a waye vndir the erthe and went to the bataile, where he was sleyne. And for because he neuer dishobehed his fadir but that day, [it] may be seide the day that he shulde dishabey his ffadir than shulde he die. And it may be vnderstond that noon shulde dishobey his souereyne ne his good ffrendes, when they awyse hym as in reson. And therfor Aristotil seide to Alexandir, "As long as thou trustist the cownsell of theyme that vsith wisdom and that loued the truly, thou salt reigne glorously."

Where she [Sc. Othea; he, MS., both here and a few words later on.] seide to Hector that she most pronounce his name, [Sa mort, H.] [it] is that the good sperite shulde haue contynell mynde on the owre of deth. Thereof seith Seynt Bernard [Sermo de conversione ad clericos, ch. viii. (Migne, clxxxii. 843).] that in man∣kyndely thynges men fynde no thyng more certeyne þan deth, ne lesse incerteyne than is the owre of deth; for deth hath no mercy of pouerte and dothe no worshippe to reches; it sparith neythir

wisedom, condicions ne age; men hath non othir certeyne of deth but that it is at the doores of aged men and it is in the mydwes [En espies, H.; auxpiez, Roy. MSS. 14 E. ii. f. 327, 17 E. iv. f. 313; adolescent∣ibus in insidiis est, St. Bern.] of yong men. To this purpose the wise man seith, ["Memor esto, quoniam mors non tardat"]. [Eccl. xiv. 12; tardabit, H.]

XCI.

I PURPOSE yet to make the sadde and wyse, [Encor te vueil ie faire sage, H.] That thou vse in batailes ffor no gise Off thyre harneis discouered for to be, For thi deth than it will opyn to the.

In the bataile Hector was founde discouerede of his harneis, and thanne he was sleyne. And therefor it is seide to the goode knyght that he shuld not in bataile be discouered of his harneis. For Hermes seyth that deth farith as the stokke [? Stroke; le coup de vne sayette, H. and G. de Tign.] of an arrowe and lyff farith as an arrowe that is sette to shoote. [Qui met auenir, H.; qui meut a venir, G. de Tign (Roy. MS. 19 B. iv. f. 7b).]

There where it is seide that he shuld kepe hym couered with his harneis it is vndirstond that the good sperite shulde kepe his wittis cloose and not voide. Seynt Grigori seith hereoff that a person the which departhit hys vittis fareth as a iowgolowre the [f. 69.] which fyndeth no wers hous than his owyn; therefor he is euer owte of his hows, euen as a man that kepith not his wittes clos is euer vagaunt and owte of the hous of his conscience and farith as an opyn hall where men may entre on euery syde. Therefor [our] Lorde seith in the Gospell, ["Clauso ostio, ora Patrem tuum in abscondito."] [Matt. vi. 6.]

XCII.

OF Pollibetes [The Politenes of Benoît de Ste. Maure (l. 16105) and Guido delle Colonne.] coveite not hastly His harmes, for thei be vnhappy; Of his dispoylyng folowed, parde, Thi wofull deth be theyme þat sewed þe.

Polibetes was a full myghty kyng, the which Hector slewe in the bataile after many othir grete dedes that he hadde done that day. And becawse that he was harmede with ffayre harmes and reche, Hector coveite theyme and stowpyd doung of his hors nekke for to dispoyle the body, and than Achilles, the which swede after hym with hole will to take hym discouerte, smote hym beneth for fawte off his harmure and at oo stroke kylled hym, of whom it was grete harme, ffor a worthier knyght was neuer gyrte whyth swerde of the which stories maken mencion. And that sich couetyses may be no noyens [Puit estre nuisible, H.] in sich places it shewith bi the seide cas. There∣for the philosophir seith, "Disoordnet couetise [Couuoitise desordence, H.] ledith a man to deth."

That we shulde not couete Polibetis armis, we may vndirstond that the goode speryte shuld haue no couetise to no maner of wordly thynges. For Innocent seith [Dit Ygnocence ou liure de la vilte d econdicion humaine, H. The quotation is from Pope Innocent III., "De contemptu mundi," ii. 6 (Migne, ccxvii. 719).] that it ledith a man to deth, for covetise it is a fyre that may not be stawnched. The couetous person is neuer content to haue that the which he desyrith, for, whan he hath that he desiryd, he desyrith euer more, euer he setteth his ende in as mych as that he tenteth to have more and not to that the which he hath. Averyse and covetise be .ii^o. saus makers, [Sont ii. sancsues, H.; sanguisugae, Innoc., quoting Prov. xxx. 15. Wyer's version rightly has "horse-leeches"; and the reading "sauce-makers" is inexplicable.] the which sesseth neuer to seye, "Bryng, bryng"; and to the value that

the money waxeth the loue of the mony waxeth. Couetise is the way to the gostly deth and oftetymes to bodily deth. Therefor the postyll Seynt Powle seith, ["Radix omnium malorum cupiditas est"]. [Tim. vi. 10.]

XCIII.

ASSOTE the not in love of strawnge kynde; The deede of Achilles haue in mynde, [f. 70.] Which wende to make of hys enmye His veri lyffe and that interely.

Achilles was asotyd in lowe of Polexene the faire mayden, the which was sister to Hector, as he sawe hir in the begynnyng of the yere at the servise off Ectoris yeris meynde [A luniversaire (sc. l'anniversaire) du chief de lan des obseques de Hector, H.; vnyuersarie, Wyer.] in the trwes tyme, where many Grekis went to Troye to see the nobilnes of the cete and of the reche terrement, that was the most solemny made that euer was made for the body of a knyght. There Achilles sawe Polixenne, where he was sore takyn with hir loue that he myght no wyse endure, and therefor he sent to Hecuba the qwene that he wolde treite of mariage and he wolde make the werre to sesse and the sege to departe and he shuld euer be there frend. It was long after or Achilles armed ayens the Troyens becawse of that lowe and [he] dede grete peyne to make the ost to departe, but he myght not doo it and therfor the mariage was notte made. After that Achilles slew Troylus, the which was so full of worthines that he was ryght leke to Hector his brothir, standyng the yong age that he hadde. But the qwene Ecuba was so full of woo for hym that she sent for Achilles to come to hir to Troye ffor to treite of the mariage. He went thedir, and there he was slayne. And þerfor it is seide to the good knyghte that he shuld not assote hym vpon strawnge loues, ffor by ferre loues comyth harme. And therfor the

wyse [man] seith, "When thyn enemys may not venge theyme, than hast thou nede to be ware."

That a goode spyryte shulde not assote hym vpon strawnge loues, that is to vndirstond that he shulde chawnge [Amer, H.] no thynge but yf it comme holy of God and [be] determined in hym. "All strange loues" is the worlde, the which he shuld flee. That he shulde flee the worlde Seynt Austyn seith in expownyng of Seynt Jonis Pistil, [In ep. Joannis ad Parthos tract. ii. (Migne, xxxv. 1994).] "The world passith [and its] concupiscens. [Et sa concupiscence, H.] O resonable man," than seith he, "whethir had thou leuer loue the temperell worlde and passe with the tyme, or be with [Amer, H.] Cryst Jhesu and lyfe perpetualy with hyme?" To this purpose Seynt Jon seith in his fryst Pistill, ["Nolite diligere mundum neque ea quae in mundo sunt"]. [1 Ep. Joh. ii. 15.]

XCIV.

VNDIRTAKE non harmes folely; It is perell for sowle and body A naked harme and no shelde to take; Off Ayaux may thou example make

Ayaux was a full prowd knyght of þe Grekis and trostid to mych on hymselfe, but yet he was a goode knyght of his hand [f. 71.] And for pride and soleynnes he vndyrtooke to doo armes with his arme naked discouered withowte a chelde, and so he was boron through [Perciez doultre en oultre, H.] and ouerthrowen dede. Therefore it is seide to the goode knyght that to doo siche armes, thei be neythir profitabill ne worchipfull, but rather thei be named lewde and prowde, and thei be to perlyous. Aristotil seith that many erreth be ignorance and fawte of knowyng and woote not whate it is to do ne to leue, and some fayle be arrogance and pride.

How armes shulde not be vndertake follely is þat þe good sperite shulde not tryst in his owyn fragilite. As Seynt Tawstyn [Sc. Augustine.] seyth in a sermon, þat non shulde presume in his owyn herte when he pronownceth a worde ne non sulde [Susde, MS.; ne nul en sa force ne se doit fyer, H.] [trust] in his streynghte when he sufferith tentacion, for, when we speke wysely goode wordes, thei coume of God and not of owre wytte, and when we endure aduersitees stedefastly, it cometh of God and not of oure pacience. To this purpose the apostyl Seynt Powle seith, ["Fiduciam talem habemus per Christum ad Deum, non quod simus sufficientes aliquid cogitare ex nobis quasi ex nobis"]. [2 Cor. iii. 4, 5; tanquam ex nobis, H.]

XCV.

ANTENOR exile and chase away, Which purchassed ayens his contrey Bothe treson, falsenes and grete vntrouth; But yif he were yolden it were routh.

Anthenor was a baron of Troie, and when it com at the last to grete Troyenne bateylles, the Grekys that hadde long kepte sege afore the cete they wost not how they myght haue a conclusyon to take the cete, ffor it was of ryght grete streynghte, than by the tysyng [Lenditement, H.; exhortacion, Wyer.] of Anthenor. For angre that he hadde to kyng Priaunt, he comforted theyme and seide that thei shulde make a pes with the kyng, and by that mene thei may putte theyme selue into the cete and they shall be youen a wey. Thus thei dede, by the which Troye was betrayed. And because that the treson hereoff was to grete and to evill, it is seide to the good knyght that all sich semblable, where he knoweth theyme, he shulde exile and chasse theyme awey, for sich pepill be gretili to hate. Platon seyth that disseyte is capteyne and gouernowre off shrewes. [Des mauuais, H.; Barat est le cappitaine des mauuoys et ire est son gouuer neur, G. de Tign. (Roy. MS. 19 B. iv. f. 39).]

Be Anthenor, the which shulde be chassed awey, we may [f. 72.] vnderstonde that the goode sperite shulde dryve away all thynges whereby ony inconuenyence myght come to hyme. To this Seynt Austyn seith that he that is not besy to eschewe inconueniencees [iii. (les, H.) inconueniencees, MS.] is leche a b[u]tyrflye that turnyth so ofte abowte the fyre of the lampe that he birneth his wenges and thanne is drowned in the oyle, and to the birde that flieth so ofte abowte the glewe that he lesyth his feddris. Example of Seynte Petir, the which aboode so long in the princes courte of the lawe that he fell into sich an inconuenience to renye [Sc. deny; reyne, MS.; renyer, H.] his Maystir. And the wyse man seith, ["Fuge a via malorum, ne transeas per eam"]. [Prov. iv. 15.]

XCVI.

IN Mynervez tempell to offir Thou shulde not thi ennemye suffre. Take thou goode hede to the hors of tre; Troye hadde yet bene, had that not be.

The Grekes hade made a feynte pes [Paix par faintise, H.] with the Troyens by Anthemores trayson. Thei seyde thei hadde avowed a gifte to Mynerve the godes, the which thei wolde offyr, and the[i] hadde made a horse of tre of an huge grettenes, the which was full of men of armes, and it was so grete that the yate of the cete most be brokyn for to late it cum in. And the hors was sette opon whelis, that rolled it forth to the temple; and when nyght come and when the tovne was most in rest, than the knyghtes lepid owt of the hors and vent abowte in the cete, the which brente and kyllid and distroiid the towne. The[re]for it is seide to the good knyght that he shulde not trost in no sich fantasies ne offerynges. To this

purpose a wyse man seith, "A man shulde dowte the sotiltees and the spies of his enemie, yif he be wise, and his shrewdenes, [Sa mauuaistie, H.] yf he be a foole."

By Minerve temple we may vnderstond holy chirch, where shulde not a been offird but prayer. And Seynt Awstyn seith in the booke of Feyth, that withowte the ffelechippe of holy chirch and baptym no thyng may availe, ne the dedes of mercye may not vaile to euerlastyng liffe, for withowte the lappe of the chirch non helthe may be. There[for] Dauid seith in the Sauter booke, ["Apud te laus mea in ecclesia magna"]. [Psal. xxi. 26.]

XCVII.

TROST not to haue a sure castell; For Ylyones towre, sette full well, Was take and brent, and so was Thune. [So H. and other MSS.; perhaps a corruption for Thyre or Tyre.] All is in the handes of fortune.

Ylyon was the mayster doongon of Troye and the faryst and [f. 73.] the strengest castell that euer was made of the which stories makyth mencion; but notwithstondyng it was take and brent and broute to nowte, and so was the cete of Thune, the which was some tyme a grete thyng. And becavse that sich causes falleth bi the chaungabilnes of fortvne, it is desirid that the good knyght shulde not be prowde in hyme selfe ne thynke hym selfe sure for no streyngh. Therefor Tholome [Sc. Ptolemy; Ptholomee, H.] seith, "The hyer that a lorde be raysed the perlyouser is the ouyrthrowe."

That man shuld not wene to have a svre castell, we may vndirstond that the good sperite shulde take non hede to no maner delite; for as delitees be passyng and not svre and ledith a person to dampnacion, Seynt Jerom seith that it is inpossibile for a person

to passe fro delittes to delyttes, that is to sey, for to pase and lepe fro delites of this worlde to the delyttes of paradyse, the which fillyth the wombe here and the sowle there. For the diuine condicion is vnbounde, for it is not yoven to thoo that weneth to haue the worlde euerlastyng in delittes. And to this purpose is wreetyn in the Pocalipce, ["Quantum glorificavit se et in deliciis fuit, tantum date ei tormentum et luctum"]. [Apoc. xviii. 7.]

XCVIII.

ESCHWE thou shulde þe swyn of Circes, Where that the knyttes [Sc. knights.] off Vlixes Were turnyd to swyne as to the ye. Vmbethynke the wele of this partie.

Cyrces was a qwene, whos reaume was opon the see of Ytaile, and she was a grete enchaunteresse and knew meche of sorcery and wichcraft. And whan Vlixes, the which wente to the se after the destruccion off Troye, as he went to a returnyd [Sc. as he weaned to have returned; si comme il cuidoit retourner, H.] into his cuntre, throwe many grete and perlyous tormentes that he hadde he aryved at a hauen of the same lande. He sent to the qwene by his knyghtes to wete wheythir he myght swrely taken hauen in her lond or noon. Circes reseyuyd his knyghtes full gentely and of curtesei made ordeyne for theyme a potage full delicious to drynke, but the potage hade sich a strengh that sodenly the knyghttes were chaunged into swyne. Circes may be vnderstond in many maners. It ma[y] be vndirstonde be a lande or a cuntre where that knyghtes were putte in fowle and veleyns preson; and allso she may be lekened to a lady full of wantonnesse and ydilnes, that by hire many errant knyghtes, that is to sey, sewyng armes, þe which anamly were of Vlixes pepill, that is to vndirstonde, malicious and noyens, were

kepte to soiorne as swyne. And therefor it is seide to þe good [f. 74.] knyght that he shulde not reste in sich a soioryng. For Arystotill seith, "He that is holy [Sc. wholly.] in fornicacion may not be aloved [Louez, H.; loe, G. de Tign. (Roy. MS. 19 B. iv. f. 44b); lawded ne alowed, Wyer.] in the ende."

Cyrceses swyne may we take for ypocrysy, the which the goode sperite shulde eschewe off all thynges. Ayens ypocrytes Seynt Gregory seith in his Moralles, [Moralia, xv. 6 (Migne, lxxv. 1084).] that the lyfe of ypocrytes is but a frawdelous vysyon and as a fantasye ymagenid, the which shewith owtewarde lykenes of an ymage, the which is not in very dede inwarde. To this purpose owre Lorde seith in the Gospell, ["Vae vobis, hypocritae, quia similes estis sepulchris dealbatis," etc.]. [Matt. xxiii. 27.]

XCIX.

THOU shulde no grete reson shewe to þe man The which as that tyme vndirstond ne can. Yno, the which the soddyn corne dide sowe, Noteth it to the well inowgh, I trowe.

Yno was a qwene, the which made sothyn [Sc. sodden; le ble cuit, H. For the same story of Ino see above, p. 29.] corne to be sowen, the which comme not vppe. And therfor it is seide to the goode knyght þat gode resons and weele sette and wyse autorites shulde not be tolde to the pepill of rude vndirstondyng and that cannot vndirstond them, ffor they be lost. And therfor Aristotile seith, "As reyne avaylith notte to corne that is sowen on a stone, no more availleth argumentes to an onwyse man."

That faire and wise wordis shuld not be tolde to rude and ignorant pepill, the which cannot vnderstond theyme, it is to sey that it is as a thyng loste, and than ignorance is to blame. Seynt Bernard seith in a book of xv. Degrees of Mekenes that fore noght

tho ascuse theyme of fragilite or off ignorance, [Frustra sibi de infirmitate vel ignorantia blandiuntur, qui ut liberius peccent libenter ignorant vel infirmantur, Bern. de Gradibus Humilitatis, cap. vi. (Migne, clxxxii. 951).] standyng that siche as syne most frely be gladly ffreel and ignorant, and many thynges the which shuld be knowen be some tyme vnknowen, outhir be necligence to kune it . . . . [There is an omission here, cf. ou par negligence de les sauoir ou par parece de les demander ou par honte de les enquerir, H.] All sich ignorances hath non excusacion. Therefore the postil Seynt Povle seyth, ["Si quis ignorat, ignorabitur"]. [1 Cor. xiv. 38.]

C.

AUCTORITES I haue written to the An .c.; late theyme be take agre, [Si ne soient de toy despites, H.] For a woman lerned Augustus To be worchipped and taught hym thus.

Cesar Augustus was Emperoure off the Romayns and off all [f. 75.] the worlde, and because thet in th[e] tyme of his reygne pes was in all þe world and that he reyngned pesibily, lewed pepill and misse∣beleueres thought that the pes was becawse of his goodnes; but it was notte, for it was Crist Jhesu, the which was borne off the Virgine Mary and was that tyme on þe erth, and as long as he was on erth, it was pes ouer all the worlde. So they wold haue worchippede Cesar as God; but thanne Sebille bad hym to be well ware that he made hyme note to be worchipped, and that ther was no God but on alone, þe which had made all thynges. And thanne she lede hyme to an hy mounteyn withowte the cete and in the sone by the will of owre Lord aperyd a Vergine holdyng a Childe. [This story is from the "Aurea Legenda" of Jacobus de Voragine with slight variations (ed. Graesse, 1846, p. 44).] Sibille shewed it to hym and seyd to hyme that ther was very God,

the which shuld be worchipped, and than Cesar worchippede hym. And becaus that Ceesar Augustus, the [which] was prince off all the wor[l]de, lerned to knowe God and the Beleve off a woman, to the purpose may be seide the auctorite that Hermes seith, "Be not ashamed to here trowth and good techyngges of whom that euer seith it, for trouth noblyth hym þat pronounceth it."

There where Othea seith that she hath wreten to hym an .c. [f. 75b.] auctorites and that Augustus lerned of a woman, it is to vndirstond that good wordes and good techynges is to prayse of what persone þat seith it. [De quelconques personne que ilz soient dis, H.] Howe [Hugh de St. Victor, Eruditionis didascalicae libri vii. (Migne, clxxvi. 739).] de Seint Victor spekyth hereof in a boke called Didascalicon, that a wyse man gladdely herith all maner of techynges; he dispisyth not the Scriptur, he dispyseth not the person, he dispiseth not the doctrine; he sekyth indifferently ouer all, and all that euer he seth the which he hath defaute; he con∣siderith notte what he is that spekyth, but [what] that is the which he seith [Mais que cest que il dit, H.] ; he taketh no hede how myche he can hymme selfe, but how mech he cannot. To this purpose þe wyse man seith, ["Auris bona audiet cum omni concupiscentia sapientiam"]. [Eccl. iii. 31. H. has the colophon, "Explicit lepistre Othea."]