Caxton's Blanchardyn and Eglantine, c. 1489 : from Lord Spencer's unique imperfect copy, completed by the original French and the second English version of 1595

II. THE MANUSCRIPTS AND PRINTS OF THE ROMANCE.

The story of Blanchardyn and Eglantyne, not being connected with the great epic subjects of the Middle Ages, viz., Arthur and Charlemagne, has hitherto been but very little dealt with in the literary history of England and France. We therefore seem still rather in the dark about the origin and development of the story. Up to now, the following versions are known:—

• ...

  I. In French verse, all in MS.:

  • 1. Bibl. Nationale, Fr. 375.
  • 2. Bibl. Nationale, Fr. 19,152.
  • 3. Turin, coté 44/158, I K 35.
  • 4. British Museum, Additional, 15, 212, ff. 197—266 b.
  • 5. Fragments, communicated by Paul Meyer, Romania, 1889.
  • 6. Fragments of a Middle High-German translation, or rather rehandling, communicated by Haupt, Germania, xiv, p. 68 ff.

• ...

  II. In prose, 2 French in MS., 3 English in print:

  • 1. Bibliothèque Nationale, Fr. 24,371.
  • 2. Bibliothèque Royale, Brussels. [Michelant prints the chapter-headings of this in the Introduction to his Blancandin, pp. xiii—xviii.]
  • 3. Caxton, unique, 1489 (?): here reprinted.
  • 4. 1595, in two Parts, unique. At Britwell. For the ſull title, see p. 227.
  • 5. 1597. Part I., unique: Public Library, Hamburgh.

In 1867, H. Michelant published at Paris an edition of the French Romance, Blancandin et L'Orgueilleuse d'Amour, from the MS. 375 in Paris, and the Addit. MS. British Museum. The Poem had before been analyzed by Emile Littré in the Histoire littéraire tome xxii (1852), pp. 765—778, and Henry Ward has described the Museum MS. in his Catalogue of Romances in the B. Mus. (1883) i. 727-8. He says:—

BLANCHANDIN ET ORGUEILLOSE D'AMORS. A poem of adventures, in about 4800 octosyllabic lines. French. 'Blanchandin is the son of a king of "Frise" (Phrygia?). He has been kept in ignorance of chivalry, till he sees some figures upon a tapestry. He steals away from home, and, after a ſew adventures, kisses Orgueillose d'Amors, the Princess of Tormadai (apparently in or near Syria), out of sheer bravado. Her indignation is before long changed into affection. She is besieged by another suitor. Blanchandin is taken prisoner. He is shipwrecked on the coast of India. In the end he returns to Tormadai with Indian allies under a Prince Sadoine, and they relieve Orgueillose d'Amors.'

M. Michelant thus sketches the contents of the earliest version of the story in the St. Germain MS. 1239, of the 13th century, which contains 4,826 lines (p. v—vii):—

'Blancandin has fled from his Father's court—where the practice of arms was forbidden him—to seek adventures abroad. On his road, a knight advises him to go and kiss, in the midst of her retinue, the beauteous Orgueilleuse d'amour, whose name denotes her character. This audacious deed stirs most highly the wrath of the young princess. She vows she will take astounding vengeance on the culprit, who has fled. She recognises him next day in the middle of a tourney where he carries off the prize; but the valour and good looks of the young knight make love supplant hatred in her heart; and the two lovers have just avowed their mutual feelings, when an old Saracen king (Alimodes) arrives, who besieges l'Orgueilleuse d'amour, to force her to marry him, in spite of her repeated refusals. Blancandin offers to defend her, and distinguishes himself in the fight; but, overpowered by numbers, is taken prisoner. In vain is the highest ransom offered to the Saracen king. He has sworn the death of his rival, and sends him captive to a King of the Indies, whose brother, Blancandin had slain in battle.

'During the voyage, a storm rises, which wrecks the vessel, and Blancandin alone escapes. He arrives safe and sound at the court of a certain King of Athens, who is besieged by a powerful enemy. Blancandin offers his services to the King, and frees him. The King, from gratitude, wishes to marry Blancandin [to his daughter?], but Blancandin, faithful to 'the Lady-proud-in-love,' refuses. He conſides his secret to the King's son (Sadoine), with whom he is bound in firm friendship, and both embark to succour the still-besieged Princess. At sea, they meet some of her folk; and Blancandin, without making himself known, charges them to announce his speedy arrival, for the purpose of delivering her. But, in very sight of the harbour, a tempest drives them away, and Blancandin takes advantage of the terror of his companions, to convert and baptise them. He lands, with his friend Sadoine, in the very kingdom of the Prince

(Alimodes) who was besieging the Lady-proud-in-love, where his own Father was moaning in the direst captivity. Blancandin promises to give Sadoine in marriage the daughter of King Alimodes, a young and beautiful Saraceness who, in the customary way, at first sight falls in love with the Knight (Sadoine), whom she sees out hunting. Blancandin takes the city, kills the King's son Darie, gives his sister in marriage to his friend Sadoine, and sets his own father free. Then all retake the road to Tormaday, where the Lady-proud-in-love is besieged. She sends her Provost to know who the new-comers are, and to ask them for help. The Provost—who had formerly been Blancandin's host—recognises him, and announces his arrival to the Lady-proud. She wants to prepare a brilliant reception for him, while his foe Alimodes, on his side, makes ready for battle. In the middle of the fight, the Lady-proud, to encourage Blancandin, sends him her sleeve on the point of a spear; he redoubles his efforts, and puts his rival to flight. Alimodes re-embarks in all haste. And the two lovers, united at last, after so many thwartings, celebrate their marriage; and the wedding ended, every one, says the poet in concluding, goes home,

S'en vet en sa contrée.'

The end of the text is—Michelant, p. 208:—

Et quant la messe fut chantée,Tuit s'en vont en la tor quarrée.Mult i ot harpes et vieles,Et tantes melodies beles:Tuit li baron del païs né,Iiii jors i sont séjorné.Au quint departent lor mesniée,En lor terre l'ont envoiée.Le roi de Frise s'en revet,Et en sa contrée s'en vet.Arriere s'en revet Sadoine,A sa moiller en Cassidoine,Des or a Blanchandins amie,Sage et proz sans vilenie.Blanchandins est sires et dus:Li romans faut; je n'en sai plus.Explicit de B. et de O.

This, says M. Michelant (p. vii) is the original story. But we have two other versions of it which run almost side by side, and differ from the original romance by an addition of about 1200 lines.

The second version is that in the Turin MS. coté 44/158, I K 35, a small quarto of the 13th century (copied A.D. 1331), of which the first Part may have been taken from the St. Germain MS. 1239, with a few copier's changes, while the second Part is singularly close to the 3rd version in MS. 375 (formerly 6987) in the National Library, Paris, which Michelant has printed. The Turin MS. (Mich. p. 210) ends thus:—

XIIII jors dura la cours.Qant Blanchandins fu coronés,Sadoines est arrier alésO sa moillier de Carsidonie.Ensi se departi SadoineDe son compaignon Blanchandin.Nostre chanĉons prant ici fin.Explicit de Blanchandin.

The story of the later addition to the first version of the Romance is thus told by M. Michelant on pages viii, ix, of his edition:—

'In the fight which ended in raising the siege of Tormadai, Sadoine, who had slain the brother of Alimodes, was taken prisoner by the latter, and sent to Cassidonie [Chalcedony], to be there put to death. Blancandin sets out to succour his friend, and delivers him at the moment he was to be strung up on a gallows, notwithstanding the prayers of the daughter of Alimodes, who begged in vain for pardon for her spouse. Alimodes is conquered again. But, during the absence of Blancandin, his Seneschal—in whose guard he had left the Lady-proud-in-love—gets together the chief Lords of the country, and plots with them to carry off at once both the Crown and Love of Blancandin, that he, the Seneschal, may force her to marry him. Two vassals who remain faithful, conduct Orgueilleuse to a castle, where the treacherous Seneschal besieges them. They, however, find means to warn Blancandin, who hastens to return to Tormadai to revenge himself. The traitor flees,—pursued closely by Blancandin and his friend Sadoine,—and takes refuge at a neighbouring brigand's, where he hopes to get rid of the two knights who have isolated themselves in the ardour of their pursuit. They, though received with apparent good-will, suspect a snare; they persist in keeping their arms, in spite of the most pressing invitations to give them up; and, seizing on a favourable moment, they cut to pieces the band of robbers, and carry off their leader and the Seneschal, whom they punish with death. After this exploit, Blancandin returns to Tormadai, where he celebrates his nuptials and those of his friend Sadoine, with the greatest magnificence.'

Such, says M. Michelant, is the new ending of the poem in the MSS. of Turin and the French National Library, 375. The differences of it in these MSS. consist only in this, that in the Turin MS. the episode of the amours of Sadoine with the daughter of Alimodes, the first interview of the two lovers, and the combats which precede the taking of Cassidonie are treated at greater length, and with details which are not found in the other version. [Does not this point to the Turin version being the later of the two?]

The chapter-headings do not agree, word for word, with Caxton's. They divide the Story into 3 Parts, and differ in expression, as the englishing of a few below will show:—

This present book contains 3 Treatises, of which the First speaks of the birth of Blanchendin; how he set out from the court (ostel) of his Father, and why; how he became a knight, and how he kissed l'Orgueilleuse d'amours: the which first Treatise is divided

into 10 Chapters, of which the First tells of the birth of Blanchendin, of the joy which sprang from it, and how he was put to study as soon as he was of fit age (eut aage), and how he got on (profita).

The 2nd Chapter tells how, on the information (relacion) of his Master, and also because of his own inclination, his departure is settled (l. 125 of the Verse-text).…

The 10th Chapter tells in what manner Blanchendin managed to kiss (parvint au baisier de) the Proud-Lady-of-Love, and of the displeasure that she took at it (ab. line 687 of the Verse-text).

The Second Treatise tells how Blanchendin came to Tourmaday, and how he fought his Host; how and by what means he recovered the good-will of the Proud-Lady-of-Love, and of the imprisonment of the above-named; and contains 16 Chapters, of which the First tells of the sharp grief that the Proud-Lady-of-Love made on account of the aforesaid kiss; of the arguments between her, and her mistress who comforted her (ab. line 710 of the Verse-text).

The 2nd Chapter speaks of the threats of the Lady-Proud-in-Love to Blanchendin, and how Blanchendin came to Tourmaday to lodge; of the Provost, and the verses which he found on the Provost's door (line 781 of the Verse-text).…

The 16th Chapter tells how Blanchendin slew the King of the Giants; how Blanchendin was captured; of the grief which the Lady-Proud-in-Love made thereat; how she sent the Provost to (devers) Allimodes for the ransom of Blanchendin; and of the refusal of Allimodes, and how he had Blanchendin shipt off (fist enmener) by sea (line 1903 of the Verse-text).

The Third Treatise tells how Blanchendin behaved himself (se gouverna) at Athens towards the King; of his return; of the conquest of Cassidonie; how he recognized his Father; of the victory that he won against Allimodes and against the traitor Subiien; and is divided into 22 [Michelant prints xii., but gives headings of xxij.] Chapters, of which the First says that Allimodes had Blanchendin shipt off; and how, by chance, he (Blanchendin) was saved from the dangers of the sea, and pretended to be a Saracen (line 2119 of the Verse-text).

The 2nd Chapter tells how Blanchendin was retained by the King of Athens, and brought to good end (lui acheva) a war that he had in hand (auoit). (line 2285 of the Verse-text).…

The 22nd Chapter tells how Subien thought to save himself; and the way he was taken, and then hanged (line 5954 of the Verse-text).

We evidently want an edition of the Brussels MS., to show its full differences from Caxton's original.

As to Blanchardyn pretending to be a Saracen, the Verse-text says (p. 75) that after escaping to land from the shipwreck,

Il est en .I. tertre montés:Devant lui vëoit tors assesHautes, qui furent Rubien,Un roi du lin Octevien.Octeviens fu rois de Grece;Rubiens fu roi de Losgece.Son barnage ot par grant poesteTrestout ensanle à une feste;Paiens i ot et Sarrasins.Lors se porpense BlancandinsComment il pëust escaper,C'arriere se puist retorner.Diu reclama, le fil Marie,Que il li puist sauver sa vie,Sarrasin dist qu'il se fera,Et lor langage parlera,Car il set bien Sarrisonois,Et bien Latin, et bien Grigois,D'une herbe son visage frie,Lors fu plus noirs que pois boulie.A tant s'en torne le marois.Devant sa tor sëoit li rois:Il ot la barbe et les grenonsDusqu'as orelles gros et lons …

To enable the reader to judge how Caxton's French-prose original expanded and altered the poem, the last 50 lines of M. Michelant's text are given below. The robbers arm to attack Blanchardyn and Sadoine:—

Lors sont li laron haubergié,Puis issent de la cambre hors.Selvains s'escrie, li plus fors:"Signor, prendes ces .II. glotons.Fremes les huis que les aions.Si me faites cel pont lever,Qu'il ne s'en puissent escaper."Blancandins voit le traïson,Et a dit à son compaignon:"Companis, dist il, nos sons trahi.Ce sont larron que je voi ci.S'or ne deffent cascuns sa vie,Jamais ne reverra s'amie.Veïstes mais tele aventure?Mult par est fols li hom qui jureDe rien qui avenir li doie."Lors recommence li harnoie.Li larron les dansiaus requierentEt cil as brans d'acier i fierent.Au premier colp ocist Selvain,Blancandin le fiert de sa main;Après a l'autre porfendu,Et Sadoines i a feruA une hace qu'il trova;.III. des ciés du bu sevra.Que vous feroie plus lonc conte?Tous les ocient à grant honte;N'en escapa viex ne kennus.Subiiens i fu reconnus;Nel vaurent pas illuac ocire,Ains l'enmenront à lor empire.Le matinet, à l'esclairier,Joste le fu le vont loier.Asses li font et duel et paine;Puis donent lor cevaus avaine,Et de la vitaille au larronSe courrerent li baron.Asses orent, et un et el,Et el demain wident l'ostel.Si enmainent lor prisonier;Tant penserent de chevaucier,Que repairié sont à lor gentQui d'aus estoient mult dolent;Mais deseur tot fait grant dolorMa dame Orgilleuse d'amor.Mais quant son dru voit revenir,A ses .II. bras le va saisir,Et cil le baise, et ele lui.Là s'entrespusent ambedui;S'es espousa .I. archevesques.Ases i ot abes et vesques,Et menestreus et ionglëurs. .VIII. jors entiers dura la cours, Et Blancandins fu coronés,Et Sadoines s'en est r'alésO sa moillier en Cassidoine.Blancandins se part de Sadoine.CHI FINE DE BLANCANDINS.

As another sample, take the incident of the kiss, and note how the prose writer has supprest much of the Maid-of-Honours' talk, and has made Blanchardyn kiss Eglantine only once, instead of three

times. Orgilleuse's barons are talking of the uselessness of suitors courting their mistress (p. 22, l. 633):—

Blancandins n'ot soing de lor feste,Ains chevauce, pas ne s'aresteDesor les mules Sarrasines:Là chevauchierent les mescines,Et si vont .II. et .II. ensanle.Li damoisiaus mult biaus lor sanleEt mult lor plaist à esgarder.L'une commenĉa à parler,Cele estoit fille au roi d'Espagne;Si le mostra à sa compaigne:"Ves quel dansel sor cel destrier!Com a gent cors per embracier!Ki'n porroit faire ses soulasA son plaisir, entre ses bras,Tos tans auroit joie d'amor;Jamais n'aroit nule paor.Car plëust ore au fil Marie,Qu'il fesist de moi s'amie!L'autre dist: "Ce seroit damage:Trop estes de legier corage.Si ne vous ameroit por rien;Mais en-droit moi seroit il bien,Car il est biax, et je sui bele,Virge de cors, gente pucele. Si ameroit miex mon deduitQue le vostre, si cum je cuit."L'autre pucele s'en aïre,Par mautalent li prist à dire:"Damoisele, trop estes baude, Et de vostre corage caude.Se or le voloit commencier,Ancui le porroit assaierLaquels feroit mix à plaisirU jou, u vous, à lui servir." Tant se sont entreamprosnéesQue andeus se fuissent mellées,Mais eles n'osent; si se tienent,Car Orgilleuse d'amor criementCascure forment le redoute,Et ele vient après sa route,Desor son palefroi NoroisDont li resne furent d'orfrois.La testiere fu bien ouvrée,.I. fevre i mist mainte jornée.Les clokes furent, et les serres,Aportées d'estranges terres.Li poitraus fu de mult ciere œvre,Mainte escalete d'or le cœvre.Toute la sele o le cevalFu covers d'un vermel cendal.De jouste li fu sa maitresse,Ki n'a perdue mainte messeEt mainte voie de moustierPor li et duire et castoier.Blancandins chevauce par forceTot .I. cencin, lés une roce,Et vit Orgilleuse d'amors.De li baisier fu angoissous,Et dist qu'il nel lairra por voirQue il n'en face son pooir,Coique soit ore del falir;Miex en vorroit après morir!Lors point son ceval, et eslesseEntre la dame et la maistresse,Jà nel tenra on por malvais.Cele part vint de plain eslais,Entre les .II. dames se mist,Et de l'autre tant s'entremist,Ains qu'ele fust bien acointie,L'ot Blancandins .III. fois baisie;Puis s'en torna grant alëure,Plus que galos ne amblëure,Mais tant comme cevax puet rendre,Car il n'a soing de plus atendre,Mais de l'escaper, se il pot.Ains se porra tenir por sot,Se Diex n'en pense, qui tout fist,Car Orgilleuse-d'-amor distQu'ele jamais ne sera lieDesi qu'ele ne sera vengie:"Car il m'a faite trop grant honte.S'il est fix à rois u à conte,Si perdra il demain la teste;Jà n'en ert de si grant poeste.A tant est këue pasméeDel ceval, sor l'erbe enversée.Mult en fu triste et courecieSa maistresse, plus ne detrie,De pasmison le releva.Oies comment le conforta…

Caxton's copy of his French original, which he sold to the Duchess of Somerset, and from which he made the present translation, was the same prose version which I have collated in Paris. In

the table of contents, in the headings of the chapters, and in the whole drift of the narrative, both texts agree; there are but very slight differences, pointed out in the footnotes, which may be either due to the MS. which Caxton had before him, or, what is much more probable, to the translator's system of touching-up his original.

The only known existing copy of Caxton's work, in the Library of Earl Spenser, is imperfect. All the text after sig. M.iiij., and one leaf after B.i., are wanting; they are now supplied from the French original. See pp. 34 and 211 ff. Blades thus describes Lord Spencer's copy:—

No. 78.—THE HISTORY OF BLANCHARDIN AND EGLANTINE. Folio. Sine ullâ notâ (1489?).

COLLATION.—Imperfectly known. The introductory matter makes a 3n [ternion], signed i, ii, iii, the 6th leaf being blank. A B C D E F G H I K L M are 4^ns [quaternions], and there were probably several other additional signatures.

TYPOGRAPHICAL PARTICULARS.—Without title. The Type is all No. 6. The lines, which are all of one length, measure 4 5/8 inches, and there are 31 to a full page. Woodcut initials. Without folios or catchwords.

The Text begins on sig. j recto, with a prologue by Caxton … [and] finishes on the verso of the same leaf … The table follows on sig. ij, with a 2-line initial … and finishes on the 5th recto, which, however, in the only copy known, is unfortunately in manuscript. This appears to have been copied from the very rare reprint [Why not from the chapter-heading on the last page of Caxton's Text?] by Wynken de Worde, [An imaginary book. I can find no trace of it in Herbert's Ames, Bohn's Lowndes, Hazlitt, &c.] the last 4 lines being:—

'How Blanchardin wedded his love the proude / pucelle in amours: And of the grete ioye that / was made there . and of the Kynge of Fryse deth. caplo liiijo.'

The 6th leaf is blank. On sig. Aj recto, the 1st chapter commences … As to the date there are only the typographical particulars to guide us, which, however, all point to about the year 1489.

The only known EXISTING COPY is in the library of Earl Spencer. It is, unfortunately, imperfect, wanting the 5th leaf of the preliminary matter, A5, Bij, and all after Miiij. It is in a fair state, and measures 8 3/4 x 6 3/4 inches.

One leaf (sig. L iij) has also been preserved among the Bagford collections in the British Museum (Harl. MS. 5919, fol. 3 b), and from this our specimen at Plate LIV has been obtained.

SALE PRICES

Year.		Sale Lot.	Seller.		Amount		Purchaser.
				£	s.	d.
1776		783	J. Ratcliffe	3	6	0	G. Mason
1799	IV.	261	G. Mason	21	0	0	Duke of Roxburghe.
1812		6360	Duke of Roxburghe	215	5	0	Earl Spenser

Blades, Life of Caxton, ii. 216-7 (1863.)

Of the edition of 1595—of which Mr. Christie-Miller has the only copy—there are, in the present edition, two long specimens under Caxton's text. Part I. of ed. 1597 is at Hamburg.

The shortest, and therefore the most ancient, version of Blanchardyn and Eglantyne is that contained in the MS. 19,152 of the National Library at Paris. In it the poet is kind enough to marry both Blanchardyn and Sadoyne after their return from Cassidonie, where they have killed Darie, the son of Alymodes, and conquered the entire kingdom. The whole story answers to Caxton's chapters 1—42, and half of 43.

The Paris MS. 375, and that at Turin, add the taking of Sadoyne in the Castle, Blanchardyn's setting out in order to save him and the treason of Subion, as related by Caxton in chapters 43—56.

Thus far the report of M. Michelant, in his edition of Blancandin et L'Orgueilleuse d'Amour (Paris, Librairie Tross, 1867), is right. But with regard to the prose versions he commits a very gross mistake. He believes the two only extant prose versions to be one and the same. After having given a description of the Brussels MS. he, referring to a short note dedicated to an unknown gentleman, says:—

'Nous crayons qu'il est ici question du Duc de Bourgogne, Philippe le Bel, qui à fait faire bon nombre de ces translations, notamment celles de Siperis, d'Hélène, d'Eric et Enite, que l'on trouve dans la même bibliothèque, bien que le second exemplaire de cette translation semble infirmer notre hypothèse. Ce dernier fait partie du fonds de Sorbonne No. 466, petit in-folio sur papier, aux armes de Richelieu, de cent cinq feuillets à longues lignes, d'une écriture du xve siècle, qui paraît postérieure à l'autre MS. La table dont la première manque, contient en tout 54 chapitres sans division de livres; elle diffère de la précédente bien que roman offre le même texte.'

I really cannot conceive how the editor could venture to put forward such a fallacy. The prose MS. of the Brussels Library has

not the least connection with that of Paris. They are quite independent of each other, and differ not only in the Tables of Contents, but also in the text. The Brussels MS. is a brief abstract of the story,—as Michelant might have seen by the small number of leaves, —while the Paris prose version is a full rendering of the romance. Besides this, the former agrees with the poetic version as printed by M. Michelant, in every name, while the latter, or Paris MS., exhibits a most important alteration in the names of persons and places.

In the Brussels MS., as well as in Michelant's edition, Blanchardyn kills Rubion, the 'roy des Gaians,' and is sent by Alymodes to Salmandrie. During a storm he escapes, and comes to the shore of Athens. He presents himself to the king Ruban, who makes him 'senechal' of his army, against his enemy Escamor de Beaudaire.

This is quite different in the Paris MS., in which Blanchardyn is cast on the shore of Prussia, and comes to Marienburg. The king of Prussia is pleased with him, and appoints him (Blanchardyn) head-captain of his army. Meanwhile a wounded knight arrives with the news that the king of Poland has invaded Prussia. Blanchardyn, with Sadoyne, is sent against the Poles, and Blanchardyn unhorses the king, who gives himself up as a prisoner.

What induced the author of the Paris prose version to alter Athens into Marienburg? Probably he wanted a country better known to the people of that time as a scene of constant war, and in this respect his choice was very well made. After the Crusades to the Holy Sepulchre had lost their charms, the knights of England and France very often joined their colleagues of the Teutonic order, who were in a state of constant warfare with their heathen neighbours in Lettow (Lithuania), Ruce (Russia), and elsewbere. Compare Chaucer's description of the Knight:—

'At Alisaundre he was whan it was wonne;Ful ofte tyme he hadde the bord bygonne,Abouen alle naciouns in Pruce.In Lettowe hadde he reysed, and in Ruce,No cristen man so ofte of his degre.

—The Prologue, 51—55.

Forthy who secheth loves grace, Where that these worthy women are, He may nought than him selve spare Upon his travail for to serve, * * * * * *

So that by londe and eke by shipHe mot travaile for worship,And make many hastif rodes,Somtime in Pruse, somtime in Rodes,And some tyme into Tartarie.'

Gower, Confessio Amantis, ii., 5 C.

I feel grateful to Lord Spencer and Mr. Christie-Miller for so kindly allowing their treasures to be used for this reproduction, and I thank Mr. Graves and the other Officers of the British Museum for the facilities they have afforded me. I am also indebted to Dr. Furnivall for adding side-notes and head-lines to the text.

Vienna, Nov. 14, 1889.