GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOGNOSTICS 41 below sea level, the lowering was stagnant for a while and caused an erosional surface below the sea. Then it went to the depth of 40-45 m. from where the valley bottom developed. This level is the base of alluvial deposits, and from that point the transgression took place. 250. Ishikawa Kenzo /I -[ _j, "Ojika hanto no kaisei dankyu to chikei hattatsu;t? fli c ) i t g Z (Coastal terraces and geomorphological development of the Ojika Peninsula),' Tohoku chiri, v. 16 (1964), no. 1, 126-129. The Ojika Peninsula is part of the Kitakami Mountains. After it was peneplanized and subsequently dissected, there took place a submergence resulting in the development of a rias-type coast. Thereafter, there were four upheavals, making four levels of coastal terraces. The present landforms of this peninsula were thus formed by the combination of river dissection after the upheavals and marine erosions along the coast. 251. Ishikawa Masami ~'I1 _ and Mino Yokichi:- "Kagawa-ken Dokigaw/a karyu no teishitsu to heiko kobai ni tsuite )i| sl,t ) t (The bottom ma erials and grade in the lower part of the Dokigawa, Kagawa Prefecture)," Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku chirigaku kenkyu hokoku, v. 2 (1958), 1-16. The Dokigawa is a river in an expanding alluvial fan, and is in the process of depositing much waste. From an analysis of the materials deposited in the lower part, the inclination of the grade is calculated, and is compared with the actual value. It is pointed out that the size and amount of the deposits at the lower part of this river remarkable surpass the transport capacity of the river. Accordingly, to make the actual inclination closer to the grade curve, it is necessary to cut the supply of wastes from the sandstone area in the upper stream. 252. Ishikawa (mino) Yokichi,i1|j (- t)-4, "Toyohashi-shi Tempaku daichi no chikei _ 212 f\\ I L E l' _(Geomorphology of the Tempaku Upland, Toyohashi-shi)," Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku chirrigaku kunkyu hokoku, v. 1 (1957), 21-34. The Tempaku Upland in Toyohashi consists of new deposts of sand and gravel and is 60-80 m. high. The area is bounded by the tectonic lines of Toyokawa and OkasakiToyohashi. The present surface form is the result of a minor upheaval of an eroded surface and later by the dissection of consequent rivers. Selective erosion exists because of different permeability of sand and gravel layers. Unlike ordinary cuestas, the inclination of surfaces cutting the deposit is greater than the dips of the layers and Ishikawa proposes that this be called a 'reversal cuesta'. 253. Iwatsuka Shuko ) At Add, "Nihon ni okeru nisan no kiko chikeigakuteki shoken OAt I-h^ AI1 rId T) DI j% T1t (A study of certain climatic topographies in Japan)," Tsujimura Taro sensei koki kinen chirigaku rombunshu, 1961, 189-200. Eroded surfaces in the western part of the Hizen Peninsula in Nagasaki Prefecture and under the steep cliffs of andesite at the foot of Omine in Gumma Prefecture are compared to other resembling landforms. Iwatsuka asserts that factors working to form such surfaces were the retreat of steep cliffs and the decomposition of cliffs into waste, and that this must have resulted from climatic causes. Large boulders resulted from frost action. The movement of the waste to form gentle slopes is now causing landslides. 254. Iwatsuka Shuko 0 W YT/", "Zenkoku no kokutetsu ensen ni hassei shita shamen hokai no shizen chirigakuteki kenkyu @ XvT I' i1 V44 X (A physiographical study on landslides and landcreeps occurring in the area along the Japanese National Railways)," Tokyo Daigaku chiri kenkyu, no. 3 (1954), 97-114. Based on the survery of landslides and landcreeps that occured along the lines of of the National Railroad during 1945 to 1952, the landforms, geology, rainfall preceding the occurrences, conditions of melting snow, etc. were studied. Conclusions obtained are as follows: They occur frequently at the ends of terraced cliffs and in Tertiary hills especially when the dip coincides with surface slopes. Foothills and uplands consisting of new volcanic eruptive material, granite and crystalline schist slopes and edges of steep sea cliffs are other examples of conditions that cause them. They are more frequent in the typhoon seasons, and baiu and, in Northeast Japan, in the season of melting snow. 255. Juen Shingo, "Tama kyuryo no chikei to chishitsu ~/;v ^ M / (Geomorphology and geology of the Tama Hills)," Sakyuchi nogyo kenkyusho ho, no. 1 (1958), 27-45. The base of the Tama Hills consists of slightly folded oligocene layers with a dip to the SE. After a transgression resulting in the fall of Kanto loam which covered the whole area, upheavals shifted from West to East at the end of the Tertiary. Another transgression, the Shimo-sueyoshi, the followed, and resulted in the fall of