Frontmatter

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Page  I CENTER FOR JAPANESE STUDIES BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NUMBER 4 JAPANESE HISTORY: A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS

Page  II

Page  III JAPANESE HISTORY: A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS J.ohn W. Hall ANN ARBOR * UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS 1954

Page  IV Copyright, 1954 by University of Michigan

Editor's Foreword on the Bibliographical Series

pp. v-vi

Page  V EDITOR'S FOREWORD ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES The Bibliographical Series of the Center for Japanese Studies has for its main purpose the listing and evaluating of the major Japanese works pertaining to the humanities and social sciences, particularly as they deal with Japan and the areas immediately adjacent to Japan. It is assumed that Western materials pertaining to Japan are adequately covered in the bibliographies of Pages, von Wenckstern, Nachod, Praesent-Haenisch, Pritchard, Gaskill, etc., and that Western specialists in the several fields will know how to get at the Western materials in their respective fields. The bibliographies in the present series are intended to serve as an introduction to the native research materials in the several disciplines and hence as an aid to research for teachers and students. In each case an attempt has been made to describe or to evaluate each work that is listed, or at least to justify the inclusion of each item. The authors have also attempted to indicate the American libraries at which each item may be found. Scholars and librarians will perhaps find that the several bibliographies in this series will serve as useful guides to buying programs which they may wish to initiate. The bibliographies are selective. Each item listed is believed to be of some value or interest to the scholarly user. In those cases in which it has been impossible to examine a book or article of known value, it still is included. A book or article is thus included if it is written by a competent scholar, if it is included in a bibliography which is itself competently compiled, if it appears to treat its subject matter in detail and with an approach to completeness, if it is frequently quoted, if it is well reviewed, or if it is referred to as being authoritative. Wherever possible, notes as to why an item seems to be of value have been given. The scope of each bibliography is defined by the compiler or compilers in their introductions, but in general each of the bibliographies lists (a) important source materials, and (b) secondary sources dating from a fixed date in the recent past, as, for instance, the Meiji Restoration, 1900, 1910, etc. Although the materials in most cases deal with the Japanese islands, each compiler has set the limits of the geographical area which his materials cover. In certain cases expansion into areas that are outside Japan appears to be justified by the fact that Japanese research has been the dominant research for these areas. Hence one or more of the bibliographies will cover Japanese materials on Formosa, Korea, Manchuria, and the Mandated Islands. The format is uniform within each volume. In general the name of each author or compiler is given both in romanization and characters. The surnames are given first and the given names next, as the practice is in Japan. The names of corporate authors, such as government offices, are given in romanization and characters; they are then translated. The title of each book or article is given in romanization and characters; it is then translated. The place of publication and the name of the publisher are given in romanization alone, but a separate listing within each bibliography gathers together the names of the publishers, with the characters used in writing their names. 1. Long a, o, and u are indicated by macrons over the vowels. 2. Only the first letters of initial words and proper nouns are capitalized. 3. In the bibliographical data, the compilers have given both the edition and the printing of the work cited. Significant textual variations sometimes occur between different printings of the same edition of a given work. 4. When dealing with an item composed of one volume, complete pagination is given for that volume, including all separately paged sections. If any titlb is in more than one volume, only the total number of volumes is given, without paging. 5. In the event that the item cited happens to be part of a series or collection, the compilers have given in brackets introduced by an equals sign the title, characters, and translated title of that series or collection and the number of the volume concerned. 6. The location of each item in American libraries is shown by means of the symbols used in the Union List of Serials. The symbols for the major libraries concerned are as follows: CCC - Claremont Colleges CSt - Stanford General Library Cst-H - Hoover War Library CtY - Yale CU - University of California DLC - Library of Congress ICU - Chicago IEN - Northwestern MH - Harvard MiU - Michigan NN - New York Public Library NNC - Columbia WaU - University of Washington 7. Works such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, yearbooks, series, and collections are cited by title; the name of the editor or compiler, in romanization and characters, is usually given after the title. 8. In the case of articles found in journals, quotation marks surround the Japanese title, characters, and translated title. 9. Abbreviations are explained in lists, if necessary. v

Page  VI 10. If any volume of a journal is continuously paged, number and month may be omitted. If it has both continuous volume pagination and separate pagination for each issue, only the volume, year, and the continuous volume pagination may be given. If more than one volume appears in any single year, and each is separately and continuously paged, the procedure has been to give the volume, inclusive months of the issues in the volume, year, and continuous volume pagination. 11. In the case of a single article comprising a chapter or a section of a book which is a compilation of articles by a number of authors, this fact is shown by inserting the word "in" between the title of the article and compilation in which it is found. Following the "in," a complete citation of the book in question is given. 12. All descriptions, evaluations, criticisms, and comments pertaining to a volume or article follow the citations in separate, indented paragraphs. These may include brief biographies of the authors or compilers, but only one biography per author or compiler is given in each bibliography. Cross-references from one citation to another are used to call attention to comments, biographies, etc. 13. A list of the standard professional journals is given whenever found to be convenient. The following remarks may interest the growing number of scholars who are concerned with the problem of publishing materials in the lesser known fields, in which the number of copies to be distributed is necessarily small and in which special problems, such as the one here faced of giving names and titles in characters, must be met. An electric typewriter was first used to type the materials in romanization. The characters were then written in, in spaces left for the purpose. The over-all dimensions of the typed area was 10 by 14 and 1/2 inches. This was reduced to the present size in photographing the pages. The photographs thus taken were then made the basis for reproduction by offset process. Except in the case of the introductory material, no attempt was made to justify the right-hand margins. Joseph K. Yamagiwa Note on John W. Hall's Japanese History: a Guide to Japanese Reference and Research Materials Users of the present work will find that Professor Hall is a historian who takes a wide-angle view of his subject. He has thus listed the principal bibliographies, reference works, anthologies, periodicals, and survey histories for such fields as geography, government, law, economics, education, religion, literature, art, and science. Students in all these areas, as well as historians proper, will-it is hoped-welcome this volume. Since the inception of this bibliographical series, Far Eastern libraries in the United States have made substantial additions to their Japanese collections. Because of the rapidity with which these materials are still being acquired, it is no longer possible to indicate for each of the items listed in any bibliography the libraries which own it. The present series will therefore discontinue the practice of indicating these libraries. J. K. Y. vi

Author's Introduction

pp. vii-viii

Page  VII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION A glance through the shelves of the major Japanese collections in the United States will reveal a great preponderance of works in the historical field. The student of Japanese history, first approaching these collections, is likely to find himself overwhelmed by the vast resources in reference works, source materials, and scholarly studies of all varieties which confront him. Since World War II, with the rapid expansion of Japanese library facilities in this country, and the increased use of Japanese materials by American scholars, the need for a bibliographical guide to Japanese publications in the field of history has become acute. It was with this need in mind that the present work was undertaken. In view of the scope and complexity of the subject, it has not been feasible to compile a single-volume guide which would cover all aspects of Japanese history to the satisfaction of the specialist. It was determined, therefore, for the purposes of the bibliographical series being published by the Center for Japanese Studies at the University of Michigan, to divide the field of history into several parts. The present volume, which is the first to appear, comprises a general introduction covering reference aids, published sources, scholarly journals, and a selected offering of survey literature of recent origin. This introductory volume will not attempt to discuss primary sources, pre-modern historical writings, or periodical articles. Such detailed coverage will be left to later volumes which will confine themselves to smaller segments of Japanese history. In preparing this work for the non-specialist the greatest problems which the writer has confronted have been those of selection and balance: selection which would make this work a guide of manageable size rather than a mere book-list; balance which would afford an impartial coverage of the many subjects embraced within the historical field. The writer realizes acutely the difficulties of achieving either of these goals. He is aware that a compilation of this nature cannot avoid numerous errors both of fact and judgment. The specialist in each field will discover much to disagree with either in the choice of entries or in the prefaces and annotations. Unfortunately, a bibliography is at best a perishable commodity. As the work is being labored over new publications make many of the entries obsolete. A further balance is enforced upon the compiler, a balance between bibliographical perfection and currency or utility. In this introductory volume the emphasis has been placed upon utility. For its inadequacies the writer asks the indulgence of the reader and sincerely solicits his suggestions and comments. Since it is proposed eventually to revise the several bibliographies published separately in the Bibliographical Series of the Center for Japanese Studies and to combine them into a coordinated whole, any suggestions which the reader may care to offer will be doubly welcome. In compiling this work the writer has attempted constantly to keep in mind the needs of the general non-specialist in the field of Japanese history. In selecting entries he has above all sought to avoid works of a technical or restricted nature. Since other bibliographies in this series will cover the contemporary period, emphasis has been placed upon reference works and historical surveys covering the pre-1868 phase of Japanese history, with only a minimum coverage devoted to the more recent period. Generally, works dealing with only a limited period of history have also been eliminated. However, in fields in which adequate survey literature is non-existent, outstanding works of limited scope have been included. Finally, works of recent appearance have been given general priority over those of earlier origin. This is not only because such recent works appear to offer more to the contemporary scholar but because more adequate guides to the earlier materials are available. While thus limiting the amount of detail contained within the individual sections of this volume, the author has attempted to interpret the scope of the field of history broadly so as to embrace as wide a variety of subjects as possible within both the social sciences and humanities. Such an approach to history, it was felt, was especially necessary when dealing with a people as alien to us as the Japanese. Where political, social, economic, cultural, and religious traditions differ markedly from our own, the historian must inquire more widely into the entire fabric of the past if he is to understand the factors of causation or bring his subject to life. It is hoped also that this more inclusive approach to the many facets of Japanese historiography will better serve to impress the reader with the breadth and variety of the work of Japanese historians. Organization of materials has naturally presented a major problem. In arranging the following works, the writer decided against the adoption of some rigid scheme approved either by Japanese or Western bibliographers, but permitted the categories to take shape as entries were collected. This has resulted in a somewhat unorthodox grouping of subjects but one which, it is believed, will be more useful to the active research worker. While the process of selection and organization is in itself a form of evaluation, the writer has sought to go farther by providing, through introductory comments and individual annotations, information for the guidance of the research worker. The task of annotation has been made especially difficult in two ways. First of all, the writer can claim to have specialized knowledge of only a few of the many sub-fields included in this work. Secondly, it has been physically impossible even to glance through all of the material listed. Thus, although the writer has attempted whenever possible to base his bibliographic data and annotations on direct observation, he has had to rely to a considerable extent on standard bibliographic materials or guides to historical literature, and on the advice of native experts. This procedure has made unavoidable the inclusion of a certain percentage of unannotated or even incomplete entries (since Japanese bibliographies seldom provide complete bibliographical information). It has furthermore greatly magnified the possibility of error both in bibliographic data and in the evaluations. The writer is especially aware of the difficulty of securing impartial judgment on works of the postwar period. With the Japanese academic world split rather sharply into conflicting schools of interpretation, many of the most recent guides to historical literature have revealed deep-seated biases. vii

Page  VIII A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS A final difficulty of a more technical nature involves two problems of romanization. One of these is the question of how to split or combine the long compound words employed by the Japanese, and in particular what to do with terminal elements such as shi (history), ko (treatise), or ron (essay). The general practice adopted below has been to split long compounds into as small segments as possible but to assimilate dangling elements without the use of hyphens (thus bunkashi, not bunka shi or bunka-shi). A more frustrating problem has been the lack of consistency in the romanizations employed by Japanese publishers when they themselves provide romanized titles. In most instances of this kind the publishers' romanization has been ignored for the sake of consistency. In a few cases, however, chiefly in the section on periodicals, where customary romanizations have become established, such spellings have been retained and enclosed in parentheses.. (Thus "Zinbun" and "Nippon-Rekishi," not Jimbun and Nihon rekishi). The research on which this work is based was conducted over the course of several years. During the spring of 1951, the writer, with the aid of graduate students of 'the Center for Japanese Studies, made use of the Japanese collection at the University of Michigan together with standard Japanese historical bibliographies to lay a foundation for the project. In the summer of the same year a research grant from the Center of Japanese Studies and a travel grant from the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies enabled the writer to visit the major Japanese collections in this country, principally those at Harvard University, Columbia University, the Library of Congress, the University of California at Berkeley, Stanford University, and the Hoover Institute and Library on War, Revolution and Peace. Further work was done on the bibliography during the course of the writer's residence in Japan from February of 1952 to January, 1953. During this rather lengthy and diverse process of compilation, the writer has incurred an indebtedness to numerous individuals. For helpful suggestions and kind assistance in facilitating library search, the writer is grateful to Mr. Robert T. Paine, Jr. and Mr. K. Tomita of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Professor Serge Elisseeff and Dr. Kai-ming Chiu of the Harvard-Yenching Institute, Mr. Edwin Beal of the Library of Congress, Professor Donald H. Shively of the University of California, Berkeley, and Dr. Nobutake Ike of the Hoover Library. While the writer was in Japan, Messrs. Kanai Madoka and Sugiyama Hiroshi of the Tokyo University Historiographical Institute painstakingly went over the manuscript and cards and made valuable suggestions and recommendations. Professor Kaji Shinzo of Tokyo University also gave freely of his time to help in facilitating this bibliographic project. On the University of Michigan campus the writer wishes to acknowledge the inspiration received from the first volume in the present Bibliographic Series, the work by Professor Robert E. Ward. For their efforts in reading the completed manuscript and offering valuable criticisms the writer wishes to thank Professor Sumio Taniguchi and Mr. Raymond Nunn. Finally a debt of gratitude goes to the editor of this series, Professor Joseph K. Yamagiwa, for his critical editorial suggestions and his careful review of the manuscript, and to the director of the Center for Japanese Studies, Professor Robert B. Hall, for his support and constant encouragement of the project. J.W.H. Ann Arbor, July, 1953 viii

Page  IX TABLE OF CONTENTS Editor's Foreword.................................... v Introduction......................................... vii Entries Page I. BIBLIOGRAPHIES 1. Bibliographies of Bibliographies...................... 1-3 1 2. General Bibliographies a. General.............................. 4-52 3 b. Ministry of Home Affairs and National Diet Library Catalogues.... 53-59 9 c. Library Catalogues and Accession Lists............... 60-82 10 d. Publishers' and Bookdealers' Yearbooks and Catalogues........ 83-95 13 e. Guides to Periodical Literature................... 96-105 15 f. Guides to Series, Collections, and Miscellanies............ 106-113 17 3. Specialized Bibliographies a. Historiography........................... 114-116 18 b. Guides to Biographical Literature.................. 117-124 18 c. Local History, Local Government, and Historical Geography..... 125-137 19 d. Government, Politics, and Law................... 138-143 20 e. Economic and Social History.................... 144-164 21 f. Education.............................. 23 g. Religion.............................. 23 1) Shinto............................. 166-169 23 2) Buddhism.......................... 170-179 24 3) Christianity...................... 180 25 h. Literature........................ 181-191 25 i. Art and Science...................... 192-194 26 4. Library Science............................. 195-202 27 II. REFERENCE WORKS 1. Encyclopedias........................................ 203-211 27 2. Dictionaries and Handbooks a. Japanese Language and Character Dictionaries............ 212-227 29 b. Historical Dictionaries and Handbooks................ 228-234 30 c. Antiquarian Dictionaries....................... 235-242 31 d. Biographical Aids 1) Dictionaries......................... 243-253 32 2) Who's Whos.......................... 254-265 33 3) Genealogies.......................... 266-272 34 e. Place Name Dictionaries, Atlases, and Maps.......... 273-280 35 f. Law, Government, and Politics................... 281-286 35 g. Economics and Economic History.................. 287-293 36 h. Ethnology, Sociology, and Social Problems............. 294-306 37 i. Philosophy and Religion 1) General............................ 307-310 38 2) Shinto........................... 311-315 38 3) Buddhism........................... 39 j. Literature............................. 316-326 40 k. Fine Arts and Crafts..................... 327-331 41 1. Miscellanies...................... 332-340 41 3. Chronologies a. Comparative Lunar and Solar Calendars............... 341-345 42 b. General Historical Chronologies.................... 346-353 42 c. Specialized Chronological Tables................... 354-368 43 III. HISTORICAL SOURCES 1. Archives and Special Collections............................. 369-376 44 2. Published Materials a. General Collections......................... 377-414 47 b. Specialized Collections 1) Family and Institutional Collections.............. 415-420 52 2) Local Historical and Geographical Materials........... 421-441 53 3) Foreign Relations Documents.................. 442-452 54 4) Collected Laws............................. 453-456 56 5) Collected Materials on Social and Economic History..... 457-469 56 6) Collected Educational Materials................. 470-471 58 ix

Page  X Entries Page 7) Collected Materials on Religion, Ethics, and Thought a) General......................... 472-476 58 b) Shinto, the Emperor System, and Patriotism....... 477-482 59 c) Buddhism........................ 483-492 59 d) Confucianism...................... 493-497 60 8) Collected Literary Works................. 498-518 61 9) Collected Materials on Art and Architecture.......... 519-528 63 3. Diplomatics............................... 529-541 64 IV. PERIODICALS 1. General................................ 542-547 65 2. Humanistic Science........................... 548-551 66 3. General History............................. 552-587 66 4. Local History.............................. 588-591 70 5. Geography................................ 592-598 70 6. Government and Politics......................... 599-603 71 7. Economics.641.604-612 72 8. Sociology, Anthropology, and Folklore................... 613-618 73 9. Thought and Religion............................ 619-629 73 10. Literature............................... 630-634 74 11. Art and Science............................. 635-641 74 12. Library Science............................. 642-645 75 V. SURVEY HISTORIES 1. Historiographies and Guides to Historical Research a. Historical Theory....................... 646-658 77 b. History of Japanese Historiography................ 659-667 78 c. Methodology and Guides to Contemporary Historical Research in Japan. 668-684 79 2. General Historical Surveys a. Single Authorship..................... 685-719 81 b. Series Under Multiple Authorship................. 720-749 84 c. Illustrated Histories........................ 750-754 87 d. Source Books........................... 755-759 88 3. Local History and Historical Geography................. 760-785 88 4. Biographical Histories.......................... 786-793 91 5. Government and Politics a. Political History 1) General.......................... 794-801 92 2) The Taika Reform and the Sinicised Bureaucracy....... 802-807 93 3) Military Rule and the Shogunal System............. 808-812 94 4) The Meiji Restoration..................... 813-823 94 5) Constitutionalism and Political Parties............. 824-835 96 6) Absolutism, Nationalism, and Fascism............. 836-842 97 b. The State and National Polity (Kokutai)............... 843-849 97 c. The Emperor........................... 850-869 98 d. The Court and Bureaucracy..870-876 100 e. Administration and Law 1) General........................... 877-894 101 2) Land, Taxation, and the Peasantry.. 895-908 102 f. Foreign Diplomatic and Cultural Relations.............. 909-944 103 g. Military History.......................... 945-963 106 6. Economic History a. Survey Histories.......................... 964-983 108 b. Economic Thought......................... 984-992 110 c. Socio-economic Systems 1) Primitive Economy, Asiatic Absolutism, and Slavery..... 993-998 111 2) The Sheen.......................... 999-1012 112 3) Feudalism.......................... 1013-1027 113 4) Capitalism.......................... 1028-1040 114 d. Agriculture............................ 1041-1053 115 e. Production, Industry, and Technology 1) General........................... 1054-1072 117 2) Fishing........................... 1073-1078 118 3) Mining and Forestry..................... 1079-1084 119 f. Commerce and Trade 1) Merchants and Domestic Commerce.............. 1085-1092 119 2) Foreign Trade........................ 1093-1105 120 g. Finance 1) General.............. 1106-1116 121 2) Currency........................... 1117-1123 122 3) Banking, Credit, and Exchange................ 1124-1131 123 4) Prices............................ 1132-1135 123 h. Communications.......................... 1136-1148 124

Page  XI Entries Page 7. Social History a. Survey Histories.......................... 1149-1156 125 b. Family and Social Organization................... 1157-1165 126 c. Communal Organizations: Village and Cooperative Life........ 1166-1193 127 d. Classes and Groups 1) Primitive Society.......................... 1194-1203 129 2) The Court Aristocracy..................... 1204-1205 130 3) The Feudal Aristocracy................... 1206-1211 130 4) The Peasantry........................ 1212-1222 130 5) Cities and City Life...................... 1223-1231 131 6) Women, Professional Groups, and Minorities.......... 1232-1243 132 e. Social Movements 1) Agrarian Unrest........................ 1244-1254 133 2) Labor Movements and Left-Wing Politics............ 1255-1265 134 3) Population.......................... 1266-1271 135 f. Customs and Manners 1) Folkways and Customs.................... 1272-1293 135 2) Food, Clothing, and Ornaments................ 1294-1310 137 3) Marriages, Funerals, and Festivals.............. 1311-1322 138 4) Recreation and Sports..................... 1323-1326 139 5) Folklore and Mythology.................... 1327-1332 139 8. Education.............................. 1333-1344 140 9. History of Religion, Thought,and Philosophy a. Survey Histories of Religion.................... 1345-1351 141 1) Shinto............................ 1352-1363 142 2) Buddhism........................... 1364-1381 143 3) Confucianism....................... 1382-1398 145 4) Christianity.......................... 1399-1403 146 b. Thought, Ethics, and "the Japanese Spirit" 1) General.......................... 1404-1432 147 2) Bushido........................... 1433-1439 149 3) Kokugaku........................... 1440-1447 150 4) YUgaku............................ 1448-1450 150 10. Literature a. General.............................. 1451-1464 151 b. Special Studies............................ 1465-1472 152 11. Arts and Crafts a. Fine Arts in General: Painting and Sculpture............ 1473-1498 153 b. Architecture and Gardens....................... 1499-1512 155 c. Music and Dance.......................... 1513-1516 156 d. Industrial Arts and Crafts.................... 1517-1529 156 12. Applied Science...................... 1530-1551 157 APPENDIX - List of Publishers with Characters....................... 159 xi

Page  XII

Bibliographies

pp. 1-27

Page  1 JAPANESE HISTORY A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS I. BIBLIOGRAPHIES The historian is fortunate in having at his disposal a large number of bibliographical reference works covering the entire range of Japanese history. His chief problem is that of selecting from these an adequate number of aids which will offer easy and reasonably complete access to the sources in which he is interested. Naturally the number of works he consults will depend upon the degree of completeness which he desires. But a certain minimum number will be imperative if he is to achieve more than superficial coverage of his field. Since working bibliographies generally grow as research progresses, the historian will wish to begin by selecting secondary works in his field which contain useful bibliographical notes or appendices. If his topic is sufficiently broad, he, may find one of the recent "introductions" to Japanese history, such as T6yama Shigeki's Nihonshi kenkyu nyumon (Introduction to the study of Japanese history) (Entry 683) the place to start. This work discusses the significant literature on the major aspects of Japanese history. With the third edition it also appends an excellent introductory list of books and articles chosen for the historian whose special interest is in the social sciences. Many of the standard histories of Japan listed in Part V, Chapter 2 of this guide contain bibliographical references. Of these, the earlier works tend to cite primary sources while those written since the middle thirties more often refer to secondary materials. In the first group Kuroita Katsumi's Kokushi no kenkyu (The study of Japanese history) (Entry 25) and the seven-volume Sogo Nihonshi taikei (Synthetic survey of Japanese history) (Entry 748) are outstanding. Of the mnore recent prewar works Heibonsha's Nihonshi (History of Japan) (Entry 739), Mikasa Shobo's Nihon rekishi sensho (Complete series on Japanese history) (Entry 737), and Chijin Shokan's Taikan Nihon bunkashi zensho (Survey of Japanese cultural history series) (Entry 749) are most consistent and generous in their bibliographical citations. A postwar series, still in the process of publication, has the advantage of containing the results of most recent Japanese historical scholarship. This multivolume work entitled Nihon rekishi koza (Japanese history series) (Entry 734) is issued by Kawade Shobo. Individual articles vary, but in general they are consistent in their citation of selected readings. For more limited subjects a starting point will be found in the specialized monographs listed in Part V, Chapters 3 through 12 of this book. Specific recommendations will be found in the introductory passages to these chapters. It will also be noted that the entries in certain of the historical dictionaries conclude with bibliographical recommendations. While these are never exhaustive, they indicate the best-known sources for any given subject and therefore constitute a convenient starting point for further research. The new Heibonsha's Sekai rekishi jiten (Encyclopedia of world history) (Entry 232) when complete will constitute the best such source. The articles on Japanese historical subjects in this work are written by the most active postwar historians and contain up-to-date bibliographical citations. After acquainting himself with the above survey literature, the scholar will be ready to begin in earnest the augmentation of his bibliography through reference to the standard bibliographical guides listed in the next three chapters. Here his task will divide itself rather sharply into two distinct phases. His most immediate problem will be to gain access to the latest and most authoritative products of contemporary Japanese scholarship. But having done this, and wishing to pursue his subject farther, he will find it necessary to turn to the primary sources themselves. No single bibliographical guide will answer both of these needs. Instead, the scholar will find that each phase of his bibliographical task involves a number of separate problems, the first of which is that of acquiring familiarity with bibliographies of bibliographies. 1. BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES Works devoted exclusively to the listing of Japanese bibliographies are not numerous. Furthermore those which exist are, for the most part, incomplete or obsolete. For information on bibliographies published prior to 1933, the historian will find two works of special value. Amano Keitar-'s Hompo shoshi no shoshi (A bibliography of Japanese bibliographies) (Entry 1) is a standard classified but unannotated list of bibliographical literature published from ancient times to 1932. It is especially complete in its coverage of bibliographies published since the Restoration. To this should be added the essay by the French Japanologist, Emile Gaspardone, entitled "Les bibliographies japonaises" (Entry 2), written in 1933. This essay classifies and evaluates the major catalogues and bibliographies of pre-Restoration history, geography, religion, literature, etc. For bibliographical literature published after 1933 the historian's problem is more complicated. Nearly all of the standard types of bibliography listed in the succeeding Sections a through d contain lists of book catalogues, and bibliographies. The specialist, depending upon the nature of his research problem, will need to consult some or all of these more general publications. Guides to their use are suggested in the introductory paragraphs which follow. 1. Amano Keitaro f ff & *;ip, Hompo shoshi no shoshi # fp -t 7 ^.- (A bibliography of Japanese bibliographies), Tokyo, Osaka, Mamiya Shoten, 1933, 370 pp. The single most important work in this field, now considerably out-dated. It covers all bibliographical literature from ancient times through 1932. Part one is devoted to pre-Restoration bibliographies and book lists, part two to materials published after 1868. The second part is extensively classified. Late entries are added as a supplement and not integrated with the main body of the work. Bibliographic entries are for the most part unannotated and are frequently incomplete. Subject and author indexes are provided.

Page  2 2 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 2. Gaspardone, Emile, "Les bibliographies japonaises," Bulletin de la Maison Franco-Japonaise, v.4, 1933, pp. 29-116. A bibliographical essay especially important for its coverage of materials on pre-Restoration history, religion and literature. The essay is divided into nine sections: 1) general indexes, 2) periodical publications, 3) biography, 4) history, 5) geography, 6) economics and law, 7) language and linguistics, 8) religion, and 9) literature. More specialized fields such as mathematics, astronomy, and calligraphy are treated in an appendix. Because the author has attempted to present his bibliographical information in a smooth literary style, his citations are often left incomplete. 3. Hoshino Ko - X +-, Shigaku sosetsu ~ ' If jf (Collected historical essays), Tokyo, Fuzambo, r.-, 1909, 2v. 776+774 pp. v.1, pp. 559-775 contains an important essay on annotated bibliographies of pre-Restoration works. 2. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES For access to contemporary historical literature the historian will find three general annotated bibliographies of indispensable service. The most extended in its coverage of fields is the work by Hatano and Yayoshi entitled KenkyU chosa sanko bunken soran (General survey of reference works for study and research) (Entry 8). This work covers the entire range of Japanese scholarship although its citations are limited largely to standard reference works and basic texts. More specifically historical in scope is Kurita Motoji's Sogo kokushi kenkyu (General guide for research in Japanese history) (Entry 24). Most entries in this work are annotated, and the various sections are provided with extensive introductory paragraphs full of bibliographical recommendations. Of outstanding importance, especially for the historian with the social science point of view, is the bibliographical series edited by Honj- Eijiro, Nihon keizaishi bunken (Bibliography of Japanese economic history) and its two successor volumes (Entries 10, 11, and 12). These bibliographies interpret economic history in its broadest sense and include nearly all subjects exclusive of literature and fine arts. Their value is immeasurably increased by the inclusion of references to a large number of periodical articles in addition to books. Entries which cite books are annotated. While the above works will suffice for most purposes, they none the less have severe limitations. All three are selective and tend to be arbitrary in their choice of bibliographical entries, while the first two mentioned works are by now severely dated. These volumes must be supplemented, therefore, in two ways, first for the sake of completeness and second for the purpose of acquiring more up-to-date bibliographical information. For the first of these two tasks the historian should refer to the more complete Ministry of Home Affairs and National Diet Library catalogues, the catalogues and accession lists of major libraries, and to those bibliographies devoted specifically to the listing of periodical articles. These steps are outlined in Sections b through e of this chapter. For continuing up-to-date coverage, the historian will find at his disposal several annual bibliographical publications. Most useful are the yearly bibliographical summaries of historical literature compiled by the major scholarly organizations in Japan. The first of these is the series begun in 1916 by Kyoto Imperial University and published in Shirin. This series was later taken up by the Yoyogikai, then by the Tsukuba Kenkyubu, and is now published in modified form by the Tokyo University Shigakkai (Institution of Historical Science). It is included annually in Shigaku zasshi (Journal of historical science) as "Sen kyuhyaku[ ]nen no rekishi gakkai (Historical studies in Japan, 19[ ])." (Entries 37, 52, 50, and 39). The Shigakkai brought out in 1952 a combined bibliographical survey for the years 1946-50 entitled Shigaku bunken mokuroku 1946-50 (Bibliography of historical studies, 1946-50) (Entry 41). Since the work covers both Chinese and Western history as well as Japanese history, its listings of materials on the latter subject are limited. Nevertheless it provides one of the best surveys of historical literature in postwar Japan. It lists both books and articles and contains an author index. A second annual series has been edited by the Rekishigaku Kenkyukai (commonly called Rekken). Begun in 1930 as the Rekishigaku nempi5 (Annual report of historical studies) (Entry 35), it has continued in recent years as Rekishigaku no seika to kadai (Historical studies; accomplishments and problems) (Entry 36). Number 1 of the postwar series covered the years 1944-49 in analytical summaries only. Number 2 published in 1951 covers the year 1950 and contains not only articles analyzing the year's historical accomplishments but includes also a selected list of books and articles classified by historical periods. To these annuals should be added the chief publishers' yearbooks discussed in Section d of this chapter, the periodic indices to periodical literature discussed in Section e, and the review and current bibliography sections of the chief journals listed in Part IV. Access to primary material and works written before the advent of modern historical scholarship in Japan is a somewhat more difficult task. Here again a double problem presents itself. First comes the work of accumulating references to primary and pre-modern sources, next the need to acquire information concerning the nature and location of these sources. To aid in the first step there exist a number of classified but unannotated catalogues and indices. Of first importance is the chronological index to primary sources prepared by the Tokyo University Historiographical Institute as part of its monumental project of compiling the Dai Nihon shiryo (Historical materials of Japan). It is entitled Shiryo soran (Main points of the Historical materials of Japan) (Entry 48) and is arranged chronologically by historical incident. Under each incident are listed the major historical sources which relate to it. Naturally many of the sources so listed are extremely obscure and will be generally available only when the Dai Nihon shiryo is complete. Furthermore the Shiryo soran is considerably dated and often inaccurate. A further limitation is its coverage which terminates with the year 1583. Of more general use, therefore, are two less pretentious indices. The first of these is Mozume Takami's Gunsho sakuin (Bibliographical index) (Entry 27), which classifies minutely under individual subjects over ten thousand pre-modern sources. The second, Ban Nobutomo and Koizumi Yasujiro's Nihon shiseki nempyU (Chronological table of Japanese historical materials) (Entry 18), indicates in tabular form the standard sources covering any given year from ancient times to 1868. The encyclopedic Koji ruien (Encyclopedia of ancient matters) (Entry 207) may also be used to gain access to primary sources, as may also Tsuji Zennosuke's Dai Nihon nempyo (Japanese chronological table) (Entry 346). In the latter work each citation of an historical fact is followed by a code word which indicates the source from which it was taken.

Page  3 BIBLIOGRAPHIES For entrance into less formalized historical materials, the various indices to series and miscellanies discussed in Section f of this chapter will be found indispensable. The historian will also want to know of the excellent classified list of historical sources included in End- and others' Shiseki kaidai (Annotated bibliography of history) (Entry 5). This list (pp. 231-250) arranges chronologically and topically the major sources used by modern Japanese historians. Finally, for maximum completeness the scholar may have to consult the catalogues of some. of the major libraries in Japan. These works are difficult to use, however, because of their lack of adequate classification. Since few of the above bibliographical materials supply more than the bare titles of books and manuscripts, the historian is still faced with the problem of acquiring information on the contents and location of the works to which he has been referred. At this point he must bring into play still another set of reference materials, the kaidai or annotated bibliographies of pre-modern materials. Two general kaidai of great value are listed below. The first of these is Samura Hachiro's Zotei kokusho kaidai (Annotated bibliography of Japanese books, revised and enlarged) (Entry 38). This work lists and briefly annotates some twenty-seven thousand Japanese works in all fields written before 1868, and indicates the location of modern printed editions when such exist. The other is Endu and others' Shiseki kaidai (Annotated bibliography of history) (Entry 5), a work of smaller and more strictly historical scope. Annotated bibliographies limited to single fields have been listed later in the chapters dealing with specialized bibliographies. Neither of the above works indicates the location of unpublished materials. This final problem has no easy solution. Since Japan has no centralized national archives, manuscripts are scattered among many private and institutional collections, few of which are adequately catalogued. The previously mentioned Nihon shiseki nempyU by Ban Nobutomo and Koizumi Yasujiru is, to the author's knowledge, the only work which indicates the location of manuscript sources. For manuscripts not listed in this work, the only recourse seems to be to consult individually the catalogues of the major Japanese libraries or archival collections, both public and private. The following list of general bibliographies is highly selective and includes for the most part only works in book form completely devoted to the subject of historical bibliography. Naturally a good deal of excellent bibliographical material lies hidden in the appendices of books on history and in the various historical journals. Such sources have not been systematically listed in the following section. However, the author has attempted to indicate in his annotations of the major journals and secondary works on Japanese history the existence of review sections and bibliographical appendices. It should also be pointed out that the following list makes no attempt to cover with any degree of completeness bibliographies dealing exclusively with government publications. Since the Meiji period, the various branches of the Japanese government have published such a quantity of material that orientation in this field of publication is an entire subject in itself. For most purposes, however, the historian should find the government publications series published by the Cabinet Printing Office (Entries 29 and 30) and the National Diet Library (Entry 20) sufficiently complete. It should also be noted that the general catalogues published by the National Diet Library (Entries 58 and 59) and the yearbook issued by the Shuppan Nyususha (Entry 89) list government publications. a. General 4. Chiyoda Ken -f <-N' -, Matsumoto Hikojiro I' * <: tA, and Matsui Hitoshi > ~, Shigaku meicho kaidai J Aff (Annotated bibliography of famous books on history), T-okyo, Kyoritsusha, 1931, 357 pp. This work, volume 15 of the Gendai shigaku taikei (Outline of contemporary historiography), is composed of three bibliographical essays on Western, Japanese, and Chinese historiography. Matsumoto Hikojiro's section on Japan comprises nearly half the volume and is devoted to critical commentaries on the chief historical works written in Japan from ancient times through the Tokugawa period. 5. Endo Motoo a. L_ A, Suzuki Satoshi ' A ft., Hara Taneyuki /it ~t, and Tanaka Masayoshi 3 0 J- A-, Kokushi Toyoshi Seiyoshi shiseki kaidai i) ~ t -~ _ ~ } - f i (An annotated bibliography of Japanese, Oriental and Occidental history), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1936, 250+281+139+8+93+82 pp. This work is volume 25 of the Sekai rekishi taikei (Outline of world history) series, Together with Samura's Kokusho kaidai (Entry 38) it is the most important of the annotated bibliographies of pre-modern historical sources. The book is arranged in three parts: Japan, Orient, and Occident. Two hundred and fifty pages plus eighty-two pages of index are devoted to Japan. Entries are arranged by title. Each work is extensively annotated giving date of authorship, resume of contents, full table of contents if the work is a collection, and location of modern printed editions. The index is very exhaustive since it includes not only the major citations but titles contained in serial publications. Pages 231-250 comprise a classified list of historical reference works, providing a convenient introduction to the major pre-modern sources in the field of history. 6. Gaimusho Bunshoka Toshogakari 4 - ~ FA - t 1AH- (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Archives, Chief Archivist), Hompo shokancho kaisha kyokai dantai kanko kakushu sosho shiryo oyobi panfuretto mokuroku * -3 ^ t /}: Ai'r -a:+ %, t.;~ -,lj, —: of ' 4: z. a, -.~ 7 r 4 - L 1 4fk (A catalogue of various series, research materials and pamphlets published by various Japanese governmental offices, firms, associations and organizations), Takyo, Gaimusho Bunshoka Toshogakari, 1930-31, 3 v. 7. Gaimusho Johobu Shogaika Bunkahan s} ` X f;j- v 3 - l 4-z (Ministry on Foreign Affairs, Intelligence Bureau, Liaison Division, Cultural Section), A bibliography of representative writings of Japanese culture and science, Tokyo, Gaimusho, 1947, 122-11 pp. An unannotated list compiled by Japanese specialists at the request of the Washington Documents Center. It lists about twenty basic books in each of fifty fields including history and related fields. Selections are arbitrary and tend to include older works. Bibliographical citations are often incomplete.

Page  4 4 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 8. Hatano Ken'ichi, 1t r - and Yayoshi Mitsunaga d I -i-, Kenkyu chosa sanko bunken soran 4f '~ do:L ~/ -2 Fc,K ^- t (General survey of reference works for study and research), Tokyo, Asahi Shdb6, 1934, 877 pp. The most valuable of the general annotated bibliographies, it covers reference works and standard texts in all fields published from ancient times to 1932. Arrangement is by decimal system. Within each field a section is devoted to history. There is a section on foreign bibliographies and an appendix on the types and uses of reference works. A detailed index of Japanese titles covers pages 741-865. This book relies rather heavily on Amano Keitaro's Hompo shoshi no shoshi (Entry 1) and thus perpetuates errors contained in that work. Annotations tend to be at a minimum and approximately one-fifth of the citations are unannotated. Bibliographical entries are frequently incomplete. 9. Hibiya Toshokan H -;d 1I) -t 'I (Hibiya Library), H6bun sankosho mokuroku 4p A ~ ~t ~ X (A catalogue of Japanese reference works), Tokyo, Hibiya Toshokan, 1927, 36 pp.; rev. and enl. ed., Tokyo, IsseidU, 1929, 40 pp.; 2nd rev. and enl. ed., Tukyo, Isseido, 1931, 47 pp. A list of essential dictionaries, bibliographies, indexes, histories, biographical dictionaries, yearbooks, etc. 10. Honjo Eijiro -- ]k. gpr, Kaihan Nihon keizaishi bunken. K 4 # i i At. it (Revised bibliography of Japanese economic history), Tokyo, Nihon HyGronsha, 1933, 10+703+195 pp. This volume combines and brings up to date two previous bibliographies published in 1924 and 1926. Much more than just a bibliography of economic history, it covers the history of all social science fields in comprehensive fashion. Though it touches on intellectual and religious history, it is weak in these fields and neglects altogether literature and the arts. Annotations are largely written to explain the value of the entries to the economic historian. Volumes two and three of this series (see following entries), bring the entire coverage up to 1950. The Honjo bibliographies have a number of unique features which make them indispensable to the historian: 1) they include both books and articles; 2) the sections on historical materials break down the contents of the major collections and briefly annotate each item; 3) they include separate lists of local histories; and 4) they include separate bibliographies of Western works on Japanese social and economic history. The indices are full and contain references to both book titles and to the contents of the major collections. Articles are not indexed. 11. HonjU Eijir~o * _ -A,, Nihon keizaishi shin'bunken 0 z-. - - t t r: (New bibliography of Japanese economic history), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1942, 12+709 pp. This volume brings the excellent bibliographical coverage of the social sciences, begun in the previous entry, up to 1941. Largely based on the yearly Keizaishi nenkan (Yearbook of economic history) (Entry 28) published in Keizaishi kenkyu, it contains as a special feature a checklist of major journals and serial publications. 12. Honjo Eijiro 5 t-;,$ i, Yoshikawa Hidez-o ), and Matsuyoshi Sadao t / 4 -., Nihon keizaishi daisan bunken 0 4 h _: L $ - * ~O (Bibliography of Japanese economic history, number three), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronshinsha, 1953, 12+600 pp. This work continues the coverage of books and articles begun in the previous volumes from January 1941 through December 1950. A new feature of this volume is the annotation of some of the articles cited. 13. Ishin Shiryo Hensan Jimukyoku X t 4- % X,~ j (Office for the Compilation of Historical Materials Concerning the Restoration), Ishin shiryo koyo,ig t~ ~ - J - (Summary index of historical materials on the Restoration), Tokyo, Ishin Shiryo Hensan Jimukyoku, 1937-. The compilation office is now incorporated into the Shiryo Hensansho or the Historiographical Institute of Tokyo University. This series constitutes a simplified guide to materials found in the great collection of documents on the Restoration, the Dai Nihon Ishin shiryo (Entry 379). Like the Shiryo s-oran (Entry 48) it provides a chronology of events with documents listed for each incident. By 1939, ten volumes had been published covering the period 1853-69. 14. Jimbun Kagaku Iinkai /<A At [ 4- R I (Committee on Humanistic Science), "Bunken mokuroku _,_ ~k o (Bibliography)," in Zinbun, March 1947-May 1951, 9 numbers, 8 v. Zinbun, published irregularly by a committee of the Ministry of Education, devoted from a quarter to a half of each issue to a selected, classified bibliography of Japanese books and articles in the fields of literature, history, philosophy, law, and economics. Entries were submitted by the Tokyo University Philosophy Department, the Waseda University Literary Department, the Tokyo Geographical Research Institute and the Institute for Ethnological Research. The last two numbers constitute a single-volume special issue. The series covers the years 1946-1949, a period which is inadequately treated in other standard references. The bibliographical feature was dropped when the Committee on Humanistic Science became a private organization in 1951. 15. Kamba Takeo -t. i- ^., Kihonteki sanko tosho mokuroku 4. $ 97 liJ @ ~ ~ (Catalogue of basic reference books). Osaka, Mamiya Shoten, 1929, 42 pp. A list of basic reference works for use by Japanese libraries. Books are entered under the following categories: 1) general (including bibliographies, dictionaries, yearbooks, newspapers, encyclopedias, etc.); 2) spiritual sciences; 3) historical sciences; 4) social sciences; 5) natural sciences; 6) engineering; 7) industry; 8) fine arts; 9) language; and 10) literature.

Page  5 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 5 16. Kawai Eijir-o '- Xt -A p and Kimura Takeyasu }- $4 t y/e, ed., Kyoyo bunken kaisetsu _, - SIX Af BURL (An annotated bibliography of educational materials). Tokyo, Shakai Shisi Kenkyusho Shuppambu, enlarged ed. 1950, 2 v. A collection of introductory bibliographical essays in a large variety of fields with emphasis on the social sciences. Most of the essays are written to introduce to Japanese scholars the basic Western literature in such fields as philosophy, sociology, economics, etc. The historian, however, will find useful sections on Shinto, Japanese Buddhism, and Japanese Christianity in volume 1; volume 2 contains two excellent articles, one by Takasaka Masaaki on Japanese historiography, the other by Fujiki Kunihiko on Japanese history. Bibliographical citations are incomplete but the authors include valuable evaluative comments. 17. Kobe Ko-t6 ShIgyogakko Shogyo Kenkyujo. p,J. A.. 7d %. e r (Commercial Research Institute of the Kobe Higher Commercial School), Keizai horitsu bunken mokuroku,2 7)-. 4 5 F ~ 1f (Catalogue of economic and legal literature), Tokyo and Osaka, Hobunkan, 1927 and 1932, 2 v. For the student of recent history this thorough though unannotated bibliography will be of utmost value. Its coverage includes books, pamphlets, and articles appearing in a large number of journals and newspapers from 1916 to 1930. Entries are classified according to 36 major categories including contemporary Japanese economics, social conditions, politics, administration, law, foreign relations, etc. Each volume contains a detailed subject index. Volume 2, which covers the period 1926-30, does not list newspaper articles. 18. Koizumi Yasujir. o - 4, Nihon shiseki nempyo a - - I ~. (Chronological table of Japanese historical materials), T'okyo, Yoshikawa Kbunkan, 1911, 6+38+383+5+5+268+8 pp. An amplified and completed version of a work begun by Ban Nobutomo, the late Tokugawa scholar. This work consists of two tables. Table 1, chiefly the work of Ban, covers the years 888-1602; table 2 covers 1603-1868. Each table is divided into yearly sections. Each section presents a list of sources which contain references to events of that year. Generally between 20 and 50 works are listed. These works are divided into three categories. In table 1 the categories are: 1) archival material recommended by Ban Nobutomo, 2) amplification of 1), 3) diaries and biographical materials. In table 2 these categories are: 1) documents relating to the Imperial court, 2) materials on the Shogunal government, 3) miscellaneous. Pertinent chapters of works are identified; the location of manuscript copies is indicated by a code character. On the first occurrence of each work, significant bibliographical data is recorded. This constitutes one of the most important tools for gaining information on primary Japanese historical sources and for obtaining information on the location of manuscript copies of such sources. 19. Kokumin keizai zasshi (NJ &,t - t t Hi-, (Journal of national economics), Kobe, Hobunkan, June 1906-. Monthly. This journal is edited by the Institute of Commercial Studies, Kobe Commercial University. Each number from 1909 includes a classified bibliographical section entitled (Naikoku) bunken mokuroku (Bibliography of Japanese publications) which lists books and articles in all social science fields. Useful primarily for its coverage of contemporary problems, it is of limited value to the historian. 20. Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan IO A- l] m- li -It;, Kancho kankobutsu sogomokuroku r tTJ if ) T it A 0 (General catalogue of government publications), Tokyo, Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan, 1952, 650 pp. A comprehensive catalogue of government publications from September 1945 to December 1950. Entries are classified by subject. There is an index by government agency. 21. Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai Ois P S - L t- I (Society for International Cultural Relations), Bibliographical register of important books written in Japanese on Japan and the Far East published during the year... (1932-), Tokyo, Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai, 1937-. Prewar numbers were published annually. Postwar publication was resumed in 1951 in modified form. This bibliography attempts to cover all major fields of Japanese scholarship in a highly selective fashion. Each volume lists publications appearing during a given year (volume 1 covers 1932 and volume 8, 1938). The appearance of new journals is noted. Bibliographical entries are in Japanese and English. One special use which this series has is that it gives romanized readings of the names of contemporary Japanese authors. Unfortunately the lag between coverage and publication diminishes the value of this series. 22. Kokusho Kankokai 13- $ I'] AT '2 (Society for the publication of national literature), Gunsho biko T-r '\l (Notes on books), Tokyo, Kokusho Kank5kai, 1916, 4+48+540 pp. An annotated bibliography compiled in 1827 by Murai Yorei. It was subsequently revised by Ito Chikara and Saito Matsutaro. Loosely arranged and difficult to use, it nevertheless contains a great deal of information on pre-modern sources hard to obtain elsewhere. The usefulness of the modern edition is enhanced by the addition of a title index. 23. Konakamura Kiyonori 1 't -1t 3- h-, Kokushigaku no shiori l _ ' e s (A guide to Japanese historiography), Tikyo, Yoshikawa Hanshichi, 1895, 11+2+136+2+1 pp. An early but still useful guide to the chief materials necessary for the study of pre-Restoration Japanese history. 24. Kurita Motoji o'D C -, Sogo kokushi kenkyu, ' I li) { _ % (General guide for research in Japanese history), Tokyo, Dobun Shoin, 1935, 3 v. This work along with Kuroita Katsumi's Kokushi no kenkyu (Entry 25) is one of the most indispensable historiographical guides. Its historiographical importance derives from the excellent introductory essays which Kurita has prefaced to the various bibliographical sections of his work. It ranks with Hatano and Yayoshi's Kenkyu chosa sanko bunken soran (Entry 8), and Honjo's bibliographies of economic history

Page  6 6 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS (Entries 10 to 12) as one of the best of the selective annotated bibliographies. Its special focus is upon historical reference works, collections of historical sources, and upon secondary works in a broad variety of historical fields. The entries are descriptively annotated but little critical comment is added. Except for the fact that the work is now considerably out-of-date, it forms an excellent starting point for the student of Japanese history. The index contains references not only to the chief bibliographical entries but to titles mentioned in the historiographical prefaces and to the titles included in the large serial collections of historical materials. 25. Kuroita Katsumi., *5. Wt A, Kokushi no kenkyu t o_ T t L (Study of Japanese history), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, rev. ed., 1931-36, 4 v. Undoubtedly the most famous of modern Japanese histories, this work has a large number of bibliographical uses. Volume 1, entitled Sosetsu (General introduction), contains a number of bibliographical chapters; the most useful are: 1) a discussion of historical geography, and 2) of genealogies; 3) an historiographical essay which concludes with 4) a chronological listing of important Japanese works on Japanese history published from 1868 to 1930; 5) a similar list of Western language works published from 1364 to 1930; 6) bibliographical essays and recommended books and articles on the major period and subject divisions of Japanese history. The remaining three volumes constitute a standard political history of Japan. The author's documentation affords a valuable source of information on pre-Restoration bibliography. It is important to note that the materials used by Kuroita became the standard sources for the Tokyo Imperial University school of Japanese historiography. 26. Masamune Atsuo L-E- t. '., Nihon koten zenshu, shomokushu a ' ~ a 4 f (Complete collection of Japanese classics; book catalogues), TUky5, Kokusho Kankokai, 1931-2, 3 v. A collection of four important pre-Restoration book and manuscript catalogues, useful to the specialist who fails to find Samura's Kokusho kaidai (Entry 38) complete enough. A supplementary volume appeared in 1937. 27. Mozume Takami j t.^, Gunsho sakuin At 8, 1/ (Bibliographical index), T-okyo, Kobunko Kankokai, 1916-7, 3 v. A monumental classified index to pre-Restoration literature which became the basis of the encyclopedic KSbunko (Entry 206). The work is arranged in syllabic order by subject. Under each subject are listed those sources which in whole or in part deal with it. Citations are more numerous than in either the Kobunko or the Koji ruien (Entry 207). For the student of pre-modern Japanese history this work is of primary importance. 28. Nihon Keizaishi Kenkyujo DB 4 i_ A 5t b t. *_T (Institute for the study of Japanese economic history), Nihon keizaishi nenkan e s. * 5-.T-.~L (Yearbook of economic history), yearly special issue of Keizaishi kenkyu, Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1932-44. An annual survey of Japanese works on Japanese, Oriental, and Occidental economic history. Part 1 contains critical reviews of the previous year's scholarship in a large variety of fields. Except for the 1934 issue, part 2 consists of a classified annotated bibliography of books and articles in economic history. Part 3 is a classified index of the contents of Keizaishi kenkyu during the previous year. Although the bibliographical data of this series is consolidated in Honj~'s Nihon keizaishi shin'bunken (Entry 11), and Nihon keizaishi daisan bunken (Entry 12), the review notes of part 1 continue to be of importance. 29. Naikaku Insatsukyoku rt7 V?P *'1 X- (Cabinet Printing Office), Kancho kanko tosho mokuroku ` /if 'i 4T f]l -I @ A (Catalogue of government publications), Tlkyo, Naikaku Insatsukyoku, 1927-37. Quarterly. A quarterly catalogue of all books, serial publications, pamphlets, etc., published by government offices, Each issue is divided into two parts. Part 1 lists publications according to government agency, part 2 according to classified subject. Entries in part 2 are sometimes annotated. Lack of a cumulative index to this series makes its use extremely inconvenient. After 1937 this quarterly was succeeded by the monthly KanchIa kanko tosho geppo (see following entry). 30. Naikaku Insatsukyoku 1; S 6 p J\1, (Cabinet Printing Office), KanchU kankU tosho gepp /f i 1 t iJ) 17 R (Monthly catalogue of governmental publications), Tokyi, NaikakuInsatsukyoku, January 1938-43. Monthly. A continuation of the quarterly Kancho kanko tosho mokuroku (See previous entry). 31. Nihon Toshokan Kyokai - ( 1 -t t f tA - (Japanese Library Association), Nihon Toshokan Kyokai sentei shinkan tosho mokuroku o +- i] f, # ' _ _ '1 lr 1 ~ (Japanese Library Association's catalogue of selected new publications), Tokyo, Nihon Toshokan Kyokai, 1914-. Monthly. The emphasis in selection is on reference works. Publication of this catalogue was taken over in 1924 by the Toshokan zasshi (Entry 643) in which it appears as an appendix. Since the war it has appeared separately under the title Sentei tosho somokuroku (General Catalogue of selected works). 32. Nishimura Kanefumi Hi 4, Zoku gunsho ichiran.. ~t - i (A bibliographical survey, continued), revised by Irita SeizUo - B e -- Tokyo, Nichiyo ShobU, 1926, 2+3+1002+58 pp. Completed in 1892, this work corrects and supplements Ozaki Masayoshi's Gunsho ichiran (Entry 34).

Page  7 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 7 33. Omori Kingor )- A4 A _ jp, Shiseki kaisetsu * M * (Annotated bibliography of historical materials), TokyS, Sanseid-, 1937, 4+240+13 pp. A useful reference work for the student of pre-Restoration Japan. Part 1 consists of descriptive annotations of important reference works and modern collections of historical materials. Part 2 contains full annotations of major pre-modern historical sources arranged in chronological order. Parts 3 and 4 deal with books on ancient court procedure and antiquarian practices. Annotations are unusually clear and full. There is an index. 34. Ozaki Masayoshi t. ' t $, Gunsho ichiran X - - - (A bibliographical survey), modern edition revised and supplemented, and index by Irita Seizo x E, Tokyo, Nichiy5 Shobo, 1931, 4+8+29+29+ 1090+370 pp. This work, originally completed in 1801, is an old style annotated bibliography listing some 2000 books and manuscripts. Entries are arranged in irregular fashion under broad subject headings. Much of the material contained in this and its companion work, Nishimura Kanebumi's Zoku gunsho ichiran (Entry 32), has been incorporated into Samura Hachir's Kokusho kaidai (Entry 38). 35. Rekishigaku Kenkyukai &E- _ f il _ /', "Rekishigaku nemp5o J ~ r - i- (Annual report of historical studies)," Rekishigaku kenkyu, v. 1, 1933-44. This annual special number of Rekishigaku kenkyu (Entry 568).parallels in its coverage the series begun by Shirin (See entry 37). The series was interrupted during World War II and resumed in 1950 with a second series under the title Rekishigaku no seika to kadai (See following entry). Each of the prewar volumes surveys a year's activity in the fields of Japanese, Oriental and Occidental history. Early issues contain both review essays and classified bibliographies of books and articles on the whole range of historical studies. Later issues become increasingly interpretive and hence contain less bibliographical information. As a whole, however, this series affords one of the best coverages on historical books and articles for the period 1936-43. 36. Rekishigaku Kenkyukai )i- t bt I '-, Rekishigaku no seika to kadai 0- -. ^ t? p (Historical studies: accomplishments and problems), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1950-. An annual supplement to Rekishigaku kenkyu (Entry 568). The first issue after the war covered the years 1944-49 and thus filled in the interval from the termination of the prewar "Rekishigaku nempo" series (See previous entry). Volume 2 covers the year 1950. Volume 1 contains interpretive essays on the activity of Japanese historians in the fields of Japanese, Oriental, and Occidental studies. Volume 2 revives the feature of a selected, classified bibliography of books and articles. Users should be aware of the historical bias of the postwar Rekishigaku Kenkyukai. 37. "Sakunen no shigaku DB 4- A^ t (Historiography during the previous year)," Shirin, v. 1-14 (1916-29). This annual feature of Shirin (Entry 580) gives excellent coverage of historical literature for the years 1915-28. Later issues of this series include separate bibliographical sections on archeology and geography as well as history. Each issue contains a critical survey of historical literature in each of the major historical fields with copious references to the most significant books and articles published during the previous year. This survey was carried on by the Yoyogikai after Shirin dropped it in 1930. 38. Samura Hachiro y 4t /- ', Zo-tei kokusho kaidai {-* T (I t a ](Annotated bibliography of Japanese books, revised and enlarged), revised by Samura Toshio 4_ *4 IC-. t, Tokyo, Rokugokan, 1926, 2 v. This monumental annotated bibliography of books and manuscripts of pre-Restoration Japan was first published in 1900 and affords the most complete and satisfactory coverage of earlier Japanese historical literature. The body of the work consists of an annotated bibliography of some twenty-seven thousand works listed by title in syllabic order. Annotations contain date of authorship, description of content, information on printed editions, and a note on the author. Volume 2 contains the following useful appendices: 1) An author index which includes pennames. 2) A classified index of works cited in the bibliography. Classification is based on the "traditional" system and hence difficult to use. 3) A title index by strokes, a most useful feature especially when the reading of a title is obscure. 4) A list of major serial publications plus a detailed breakdown of their contents. Indexes 1, 2, and 3 are not complete. Index 4 was prepared by Hamano Tomosaburz (See entry 107). 39. "Sen kyuhyaku [ ] nen no rekishi gakkai 19 [ ] Z o /,. l. ' - (Historical studies in Japan, 19 [ ]," in Shigaku zasshi, v. 58 (1949), no. 1-. This annual special issue of Shigaku zasshi (Entry 578) continues in somewhat abridged form the yearly summary of historical activities in Japan compiled by the Tsukuba KenkyUbu (Entry 50) up to the beginning of World War H. Each issue contains interpretive articles on publications in the fields of Japanese, Oriental, and Western history produced during the previous year in Japan. The section on Japan is divided into the following sections: 1) general, 2) ancient, 3) feudal, 4) Meiji restoration, and 5) recent history. There is no separate bibliographical list or index. 40. Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai Il k.. _ it -, "Shakai keizai shigaku no hattatsu jL '^- fr -Vt it " f (Social and economic history of Japan, its recent development)," Shakai keizaishi aku, v. 10 (1941) nos. 9-10. This is a special number of Shakai keizaishigaku (Entry 612) edited by Ono Takeo. It contains articles by individual specialists on the development of Japanese scholarship in such fields as: agriculture, industry, commerce, thought, society, administration, law, and customs. Though the quantity of bibliographical information varies greatly from article to article, this work constitutes a valuable introductory guide to the general field of history as a social science. It has been widely used by contemporary Japanese historians.

Page  8 8 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 41. Shigakkai. ', Shigaku bunken mokuroku 1946-50 K * -I t * 6 40 1946-50 (Bibliography of historical studies, 1946-50) Tokyo, Yamakawa Shuppansha, 1951, 2+7+204 pp. This work represents one of the most valuable efforts in the field of historical bibliography to come out of postwar Japan. It is a selected and classified list of books and articles by Japanese scholars in the fields of Japanese, Oriental, and Occidental history. Some nine thousand items are listed of which 4800 deal with Japan. Over four hundred journals are represented. An especially valuable feature of this work is its index by author. 42. Shiryo Hensangakari ~ *... *1, (Department of Historiography), Shiryo hensangakari biyg tosho mokuroku f. * 14 f # ~ g ' I (Catalogue of books in the Department of Historiography), Tokyo, Shiryo Hensangakari, 0905, 1498 pp. Since its founding in 1888, the present Tokyo University Historiographical Institute, Shiryo Hensansho, has acquired, through purchase or by hand-written facsimile copy, a vast collection of basic historical materials. These have been used in the preparation of the various documentary series issued by the institute. They have also formed the basis of the research of many of Japan's leading historians. Unfortunately, this catalogue is now seriously dated. But until a more up-to-date catalogue is issued, this one will remain valuable as a list of important documentary materials. 43. Shiryo Hensangakari J- *t.4 - * (Department of Historiography), Shiryo hensangakari biyo shashin gaz5 zugarui mokuroku -#-. * -. i - ] Jt {- -'t 'f 6 f (Catalogue of photographs, portraits, and drawings in the Department of Historiography), Tokyo, Shiryo Hensangakari, 1905, 36+28+182+24 pp. A companion volume to the previous entry. 44. Takahashi Ryuz5o * +t F -, Shiseki kaidai V] * Af t_ (An annotated bibliography of historical sources), in Dai Nihonshi koza a j t - o/ (Series on Japanese history), Tokyo, Y'uzankaku, 1938, v. 18, 173+8 pp. Largely a descriptive bibliography of historically important diaries. Titles are arranged chronologically and are accompanied by notes on contents and authors. Unfortunately, no information is given on how to locate copies. For its limited field, however, the work supplements the more general kaidai. 45. Takagi Shintaro t _$ A ilp, Kokushi shincho kaidai f }t tr * X f t (An annotated bibliography of newly published works in Japanese history), Tokyo, Shunjusha, 1943-44, 2 v. This work, started as an annual undertaking, was apparently interrupted by World War II. Each volume begins with a review article on historical activity during the previous year. Following this the author gives lengthy reviews of approximately five major works published in each of several fields of history: political, economic, intellectual, religious, etc. Volume 1 provides, in addition, a selected checklist of important works published during 1942 in each of the above fields. Volume 2 does the same for 1943 and also lists articles. A very valuable work for the years it covers. 46. Takaichi Yoshio i J+ - t, Meiji bunken mokuroku 0a L i_; f ~ (Catalogue of Meiji literature), TokyU, Nihon.Hyronsha, 1932, 316 pp. Useful primarily for students of Meiji history, this work consists of a classified catalogue of works published from 1868 to 1890. Entries are listed both under subject and by author's name. 47. Tanaka Kei IS t E. and Mori Miyahiko. ~'|; 4, Naigai sanko tosho no chishiki I9 IN - 4 l t~ 0 uo t (Guide to Japanese and foreign reference works), Tokyo, Toshokan Jigy5 Kenkylkai, 1929, 325 pp. The first 216 pages of this work are devoted to an annotated bibliography of Japanese reference works. Useful but less comprehensive than Hatano and Yayoshi's KenkyU chosa sanko bunken soran (Entry 8). 48. Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku Bungakubu Shiryo Hensansho t i ( t K - ~ _ ' L _,*4- t (Tokyo Imperial University, Faculty of Letters, Historiographical Institute), Shiryo s6ran ~ ~- i. A (Main points of the historical materials of Japan), Tokyo, Choyokai 1923+. By 1938, ten volumes of this important index had been completed. Work on the index has paralleled the preparation of the great archival collection by the Tokyo University. Eventually the index will cover the years 888 to 1868. This work is arranged chronologically, recording the important events under each date. For each event an exhaustive list of primary sources is listed, many of which will be generally available only when the Dai Nihon shiry- (Entry 382) is complete. Volume 10 brings the coverage down to 1572. 49. Tokushi Y'Isho * K * f, Shomoku shuran - E -R ~ (A collection of book catalogues), Kyoto, Turin Shobo, 1928-31, 2 v. A facsimile reproduction of five important book dealer's catalogues of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Of use only for the most exacting bibliographical research of pre-nineteenth century literature. 50. Tsukuba Kenkyubu A -{L b! 'f. p, Showa[ ]nen no kokushi gakkai 06 *o [ ] +- ) _ ' I (Historical studies in Japan during the year [ ]), To'kyo, Tsukuba Kenkyubu, 1937-43. Annual. A continuation of the yearly survey of historical literature in Japan begun in Shirin (Entry 37) and subsequently taken over by the Yoyogikai (Entry 52). The volumes edited by the Tsukuba Kenkyubu unfortunately omit the analytical essays which made the previous surveys so valuable. The 1943 issue was edited jointly by Tsukuba Fujimaro and Sakamoto Taro. The Shigaku zasshi has continued this series in somewhat modified form (See entry 39).

Page  9 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 9 51. Wada Hidematsu ~o ~ -- 4', Honchn shojaku mokuroku kosh6o / ~- *R i/,;?(A study of Honcho shojaku mokuroku), TokyS, Meiji Shoin, 1936, 28+29+664 pp. The HonchU shojaku mokuroku (Catalogue of Japanese literature) is a work dated variously from the 13th to 15th century containing valuable bibliographical information for the student of early Japanese history. Professor Wada has added annotations in the light of modern scholarship and discusses the present status of the works listed, whether they are still in existence, and if so where. A title index has been added. 52. Yoyogikai 4\ Xz - -, Showa [ ] nen no kokushi gakkai 9g 8o [ ] 4- 9 f] X t = (National history during the year [ ]), Tokyo, Yoyogikai, 1930-36. Annual. An annual review of Japanese historical literature continuing the series begun by Shirin (See entry 37). In addition to providing the usual critical surveys of the major historical fields the Yoyogikai began the practice of including a separate list of books and articles classified under 17 categories. In 1937 the series was taken up by the Tsukuba KenkyUbu (Entry 50). b. Ministry of Home Affairs and National Diet Library Catalogues Prior to World War II, the Japanese government customarily issued lists of titles submitted to the Ministry of Home Affairs for copyright and censorship purposes. These lists provide a nearly exhaustive coverage of all commercially published books, especially for the period after 1924. Before that date the coverage was somewhat spotty. Following World War II the book collecting function of the Home Ministry was partially taken over by the National Diet Library. As yet, however, the bibliographical lists published by this library are not as complete as those of the prewar Home Ministry. This is due to the fact that the National Diet Library lacks legal powers to require all new publications to be deposited with it. While the above category of bibliographical materials is important for the completeness of its coverage, the scholar will find it somewhat difficult to use because of the lack of cumulative volumes prior to 1948. Thereafter the Zen-Nihon Shuppambutsu s-mokuroku (General catalogue of works published in Japan) (Entry 59) affords one of the most complete and accessible repositories of current bibliography available. The entries which follow have been chronologically listed since in a sense they constitute a single series. 53. Naimusho Toshokyoku; -A * Ii) -t -) (Ministry of Home Affairs, Bureau of Books), Hanken shomoku 4 -t A ~ (Catalogue of copyrights), Tokyo, Naimusho Toshokyoku, 27 nos. in 6 v., 1876-83 and 1921-23. This is the first of the Home Ministry's catalogues of books deposited for copyright purposes. The series is of interest chiefly for the historian of the early Meiji period. Titles contained in this series are cumulated in the Naimusho Toshokyoku's Toshokyoku shomoku (1883, 2 v.) and the Dai ni Toshoka shomoku (1886, 3 v.). The present series was succeeded by the monthly bulletin described in the following entry. 54. Naimusho Toshokyoku ~ ~ I' ~t 'k (Ministry of Home Affairs, Bureau of Books), Shuppan shomoku geppG h *I.t j 8 tO- (Monthly bulletin of publications), Tokyo, Naimusho Toshokyoku, 114 nos., 1878-87. A continuation of the Home Ministry's listings of books deposited with it. Most of the entries in this series were accumulated in the Toshokyoku shomoku and Dai ni Toshoka shomoku (see previous entry). This series was succeeded after a break by the Naimusho noohon geppo series (Following entry). 55. Naimush5 nohon gepp - t A,t- * 4 (Monthly list of books deposited with the Ministry of Home Affairs), Tokyo, Tosho Kenkyukai, v. 1-3, 1926-29. Monthly. Privately compiled under authorization of the Home Ministry this series continues a practice begun in 1912 and carried on by a number of publishing houses. Because of the complex nature of this series, its previous bibliographical history is condensed under this entry. Originating in 1912 in the Dokusho no tomo,, ~ e s (Readers' world); the Bukkuman 7".y 7 - > (Bookman), TSkyo, Yomiuri, v. 1-2, 1924 -25; the Yomuhito BR L- / — (The reader), Tokyo, Yomiuri, v. 3, nos. 1-6, 1926; the Bukkuman, v. 3, nos. 7-9, 1926; the Bukku rebyu 7 - 7 -- t?- - (Book review), Tokyo, Tosho Kenkyukai, v. 1-2, 1926-28; and again the Bukkuman, Tosho Kenkyukai, v. 2, no. 11-v. 3, no. 5, 1928-29. Bibliographic information is compiled from daily mimeographed releases of the Home Ministry. Contents are divided into 22 subject categories. After October 1930 this series was published under different auspices (see below). 56. Naimusho nohon gepp5o t7 -% * i $- ~ PL.(Monthly list of books deposited with the Ministry of Home Affairs), Tukyo, Osakayag' Shoten, v. 1, no. 1-v. 7, no. 5, October 1930-March 1937. Monthly. A monthly classified version of the daily Naimusho nohon nippo (Daily list of books deposited with the Ministry of Home Affairs). It continues the series described in the previous entry. Actual compilation was performed as before by the Tosho KenkyUkai. 57. Nohon geppo,azz 4-; jL (Monthly report of books deposited), Tokyo, Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan, Sept. 1948-July 1949. Monthly. This series may be said to have revived the work of the Home Ministry and the Tosho Kenkyukai which had been interrupted by World War II. It is a classified list of commercially printed books and journals deposited with the National Diet Library. Classification is by Dewey Decimal System. A quarterly publication, Nohon kiho, was begun concurrently but dropped almost immediately. The Nuhon geppo was superseded by the Kokunai shuppambutsu mokuroku (Following entry). 58. Kokunai shuppambutsu mokuroku 0 P & P- W ~ 1- " (Japanese national bibliography), Tokyo, Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan, Aug.-Sept. 1949-. Monthly. A monthly classified list of copyrighted publications. It continues in more comprehensive fashion the series begun in the N'ohon geppo (Previous entry). Each issue has two major divisions: a classified list of government publications, and a classified list of commercially published books. Some issues also list phonograph records. An alphabetical title index is generally provided.

Page  10 10 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 59. Zen-Nihon shuppambutsu somokuroku /E" E t-2;. t.. ~ E. (General catalogue of works published in Japan), To'kyo, Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan, 1951-. Yearly. A cumulative summary of the monthly index of government and copyrighted publications issued in Nohon geppo (Entry 57) and the Kokunai shuppambutsu mokuroku (Entry 58). Volume 1 covers the period April 1948-March 1949. The work is divided into three major sections: 1) government publications, 2) commercially published books and journals, and 3) children's literature. Later volumes list periodicals and such miscellaneous items as works in braille, movies, film strips, and slides. c. Library Catalogues and Accession Lists The historian will find the catalogues and accession lists of Japan's major libraries of importance in two ways: first as a source of bibliographical information on pre-modern historical materials, especially on the availability of manuscript copies and rare items, and secondly for the coverage they afford of recently published literature. For the latter purpose, other more convenient guides exist, though few are as complete. Most Japanese libraries issue two series of catalogues, one with titles arranged in syllabic order (the kanabetsu or shomei series) the other by classification under broad categories (the bunrui or kemmei series). The latter is more convenient, but categories are often too general for easy use. The value of individual library catalogues naturally varies greatly with the institution. A discussion of the history of library collections and their present status is reserved to Part III, Chapter 1 below. Here it need only be pointed out that for coverage of pre-Restoration materials the catalogues of the Imperial Household Library (Kunaisho Toshokan), the Cabinet Library (Naikaku Bunko), the Imperial Library (Teikoku Toshokan, now the Ueno Library), the Seikad' Library, the Sonkeikaku Library, and the Tlkyo and Kyoto [Imperial] University Libraries are the most complete. For books of recent publication, the catalogues of the prewar Imperial Library and the postwar National Diet Library are most complete, since copies of nearly all commercially printed books are customarily deposited in these two libraries. In the following list, catalogues of only the most important libraries have been entered. Entries are classified by publishing library and thereafter chronologically. 60. Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan I - J ' f 1 ' (National Diet Library), Shusho tsuho 6 -t i., 4i. (Current acquisitions), Tokyo, Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan, Nov. 1948-. The National Diet Library, modeled after the United States Library of Congress, has taken over the government's centralizing activities formerly carried on by the Home Ministry and the Cabinet Library. Most major public libraries of the Tokyo area are now incorporated as branches of this library. The even numbered issues of this series list Japanese books while the odd numbered ones list Western books. Classification is by the Dewey Decimal System. 61. Kunaisho Zushory~o f' \- 1 ~t (Imperial Household Ministry, Librarian), Teishitsu wakan tosho mokuroku, 'iF >'o I 1) t I f (Catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books held by the Imperial Household Library), Tokyo, Kunaisho, 1916 and 1926, expanded ed., 2 v. Volume 1 is a classified list of the library's holdings to the end of 1915. Volume 2 is a classified accession list for 1916-24. Books are listed under 23 general categories encompassing the humanities, social and natural sciences. 6.2. Kyoto Teikoku Daigaku Fuzoku Toshokan A T I - ' M /H ' ~t i t (Kyoto Imperial University Library), Wakansho bunrui mokuroku -fo -* + P' ~. f (Classified catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books), Kyoto, Ky-6to Teikoku Daigaku Fuzoku Toshokan, 1938+. When complete this catalogue will be one of the most important of its type. Five volumes have appeared to date, each volume being devoted to a major field of learning. Volume 1 on general reference works is of use to the historian; the others are on the natural sciences. 63. Naikaku Kirokukyoku I) ~8~ ~L ~ ~ (Cabinet Archives Office), Naikaku Bunko tosho mukuroku. Washomon kanabun {4 P A /* I' 9 q -t P. $1 ' f (Catalogue of the Cabinet Library. Kana index to Japanese works), TMkyl, Naikaku Kirokukyoku, 1889-90, 3 v. A catalogue of works held by the Cabinet Library up to the time of publication. Entries are in syllabic order but are given rough subject grouping under each syllabic section. Valuable for reference to rare historical materials and public documents. Accessions are listed in the following entry. 64. Naikaku Shokikanshitsu Kirokuka OI t ~t $L 1 ' t0?, (Cabinet, Secretariat, Archives Section), Naikaku Bunko washo kanabetsu tsuika mokuroku. Dai ni hen 7 L j.o T 1?. P 8'1 'A. T I f/4; =- ^* (A supplementary kana catalogue of Japanese books held by the Cabinet Library. Volume 2), Tokyo, Naikaku Shokikanshitsu Kirokuka, 1902, 492 pp. An accessions list bringing the coverage of the catalogue listed in the previous entry up to 1901. 65. Naikaku Kirokukyoku 09 M t i. 4 (Cabinet, Archives Office), Naikaku bunko tosho mokuroku. Washomon ruibetsu 9 - A' -fi -9 Q. ' *, Pt F _ $' (Catalogue of the Cabinet Library. Classified index to Japanese works), TokyU, Naikaku Kirokukyoku, 1889-90, 3 v. A classified catalogue with entries arranged under broad categories. Within each category titles are listed in syllabic order. Far more convenient to use than the unclassified list noted above, it is continued by the work listed in the following entry.

Page  11 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 11 66. Naikaku Shokikanshitsu Kirokuka IM '- tL 1tg _ tZ- F. -L (Cabinet, Secretariat, Archives Section), Naikaku bunko washo ruibetsu tsuika mokuroku. Dai ippen \ CA * -' -t ia 1 Q'J ^ --.b (Supplementary classified catalogue of Japanese books held by the Cabinet Library. Volume 1), Tokyo, Naikaku Shokikanshitsu Kirokuka, 1900, 157 pp. A sequel to the catalogue listed above. It continues the coverage down to 1900. 67. Osaka Furitsu Toshokan ). P& -- ( 1U ' ' f Osaka Furitsu Toshokan zoka wakan tosho mukuroku, Pki /q _f 1)- -t t t * D i~o 4 {' 1 i (Classified accession list of Japanese and Chinese books held by the Osaka City Library), Osaka, Osaka Furitsu Toshokan, 1908-. Volumes of this series have appeared at nearly yearly intervals. Volume 31 published in 1942 covers accessions from April, 1940 to March, 1941. Classification is detailed and modern in conception. Consequently this series affords one of the most convenient coverages of recent literature to be found among the library publications. 68. SeikadU BunkO - it '- K (Seikado Library), Seikado Bunko kokusho bunrui mokuroku ~ # t is J 3 -It /9 U' $ ~ (Classified catalogue of Japanese books in the Seikad6 Library), Ttkyy, Seikado Bunko, 1929, 16+1201+227 pp. This library, established by the Iwasaki family, is famous for its possession of a large number of rare historical materials and manuscripts. Items are classified under broad general headings. A title index is provided at the end of the volume. A supplementary volume was published in 1939. A parallel catalogue of Chinese books also exists. 69. Shokokan Bunko d A f/ - / (Shokokan Library), Shoko-kan tosho mokuroku f; A i' t (Catalogue of books in the Shokokan), Thokyo, Shookbkan Bunko, 1918, 1240 pp. A classified catalogue of Chinese and Japanese holdings. This collection is of special interest to the historian since the Shokokan was the library of the Mito branch of the Tokugawa house and was established for the compilation of the famous Dai Nihonshi (History of Japan). 70. Sonkeikaku Bunko - i} ^'. ' (Sonkeikaku Library), Sonkeikaku Bunko kokusho bunrui mokuroku,$ M $ ^ (1 I $-.t l % (A classified catalogue of Japanese works in the Sonkeikaku library), Tokyo, Ishiguro Bunkichi, 1939, 11+795+176 pp. Founded as the library of the Maeda family, this collection is noteworthy for its inclusion of valuable historical manuscripts. This list covers works of national interest. A separate catalogue of works relating to the Kaga domain is planned. There is a title index. 71. Tokyo Toshokan I - l1 t V (Tokyo Library), Tokyo Toshokan wakansho kana mokuroku V. i ~ it 4o -4 ~f 1, I f (Kana catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books in the Tokyo Library), Tokya, Toiky Toshokan, 1886, 428 pp. Before 1894 the Teikoku Toshokan was called the Tokyo Toshokan 4. (' ~t /. After World War II it became the Ueno Toshokan -e-!t l t) ', and was incorporated under the National Diet Library as one of its branches. Its holdings have been listed in various catalogues under several titles. See following entries. The present work is the basic list of holdings of the original Tokyo Library. This catalogue and its supplements are superseded by the later series published during the period (1894-1947) when the library was named the Teikoku Toshokan. 72. Tokyo Toshokan + - 11 -t t (Tokyo Library), Wakan bunrui mokuroku -o is b. ~ l (Classified catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books), Tokyo, To-kyo Toshokan, 1885, 2 v. This is the classified catalogue of the library's basic holdings up to the time of publication. It was supplemented by the three volumes listed in the following entry. This catalogue and its numerous supplements are superseded by the Teikoku Toshokan's revised catalogue published in the period 1900-07 (Entry 77). 73. Tokyo Toshokan t a. I 21 t t (Tokyo Library), Tokyo Toshokan zokasho mokuroku, dai [ ] hen, Wakansho no bu t. I ~ i t tv J [. f [ ],.. I, 4 - a *e~ (Catalogue of accessions to the Tokyo Library, Supplement [ ], Japanese and Chinese books), T-kyo, Tokyo Toshokan, 1889, 1892 and 1894, 3 v. (Supplements 1-3). This series supplements the library's basic classified catalogue noted above and brings coverage down through 1893. The series is continued under different title as noted in the next entry. 74. Teikoku Toshokan, E, [. 1 -+ (Imperial Library), Teikoku Toshokan zokasho mokuroku, dai [ ] hen, wakansho no bu r t{ f] t i s 'm 't i ". i- [ ] 4. Dt 4 ^ p (Catalogue of accessions to the Imperial Library, Supplement [ ], Japanese and Chinese books), Tokyo, Teikoku Toshokan, 1897, 1899 and 1901, 3 v. (Supplements 4-6). After 1894 the To-kyU Toshokan became the Teikoku Toshokan. Supplements to the 1885 catalogue were renamed accordingly. Serial numbering remained continuous. This series completes the coverage through 1899. Thereafter accessions were listed in the library's Teikoku Toshokan wakansho kemmei mokuroku (Entry 76).

Page  12 12 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 75. Teikoku Toshokan t {I 2 ~ T i (Imperial Library), Teikoku Toshokan wakan tosho shomei mokuroku ~ z 1' t ~ to i; i -|- R f t (Title catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books in the Imperial Library), TUky6, Teikoku Toshokan, 1899-1944, 1 basic catalogue plus 10 supplements. The Tokyo Toshokan became the Teikoku Toshokan in 1894. This catalogue lists the holdings of the library as of the end of 1893, while supplements bring its coverage up to 1935. This series thus supersedes the one begun in 1886 by the old Tokyo Toshokan. The classified series which parallels this catalogue is much more convenient to use (See entries 77 and 78). 76. Teikoku Toshokan ' 1 i (l1 I f^' (Imperial Library), Teikoku Toshokan wakansho kemmei mokuroku (Z0kasho mokuroku, dai shichi hen) t Il t 't A o -t i+ @ -f ( t -a t 8 %.! -, — l*) (Classified catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books in the Imperial Library [Catalogue of accessions, Supplement 7]), TokyU, Teikoku Toshokan, 1905, 794+196+35 pp. This classified catalogue, also published as volume 1 of a new series, and its continuation published in 1909, cover accessions since 1899. It supplements the 1900-07 catalogue up through 1907. Thereafter accessions were listed in the Teikoku ToshokampU noted below. 77. Teikoku Toshokan ~ I \ '% t (Imperial Library), Teikoku Toshokan wakan tosho bunrui mokuroku 4 i t ift An ~ * j 3 -, d. A (Classified catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books in the Imperial Library), Tokyo, Teikoku Toshokan, 1900-07, 9 v. This complete classified catalogue of the library's holdings up through 1899 supersedes the previously listed 1885 catalogue and its supplements. The fields covered by the nine volumes are as follows: 1) Religion, Philosophy, Education; 2) Literature; 3) History, Biography; 4) Local History; 5) Law, Economics, Sociology; 6-8) Natural Sciences; 9) General Reference Works and Series Publications. Each volume is classified under elaborate subject headings and has a separate title index. Subsequent accessions are covered by the following entry. 78. Teikoku Toshokampo; ~ 1Z] - i /- (Bulletin of the Imperial Library), Tokyo, Teikoku Toshokan, May, 1908-March, 1944. A classified bulletin of accessions to the Imperial Library published as a quarterly to 1929, then bimonthly, and after 1931 as a monthly. This series affords an unusually complete coverage of books published in Japan since 1908. Unfortunately, there is no cumulative listing. 79. Tenri Toshokan.K I 2i t it (Tenri Library), Tenri Toshokan tosho bunrui mokuroku K lA I' P ' i t 5- t~ 8 / (Classified catalogue of books in the Tenri Library), Tambaichi, Tenri Toshokan, 1932-35, 6 v. A collection of considerable importance, especially for its coverage of religious history. Each volume is devoted to a single broad field of learning as follows: 1) General Reference Works, 2) Spiritual Sciences, 3) Historical Sciences, 4) Social Sciences, 5) Natural Sciences, Technology, Productive Arts, and 6) Literature. 80. Toky5 Teikoku Daigaku Fuzoku Toshokan -T- LI )% I ' T.3 /A 1 ' ' (Tokyo Imperial University Library),....Wakansho bunrui mokuroku.... bm * 't / '5. i ' (Classified catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books in the collection of the Tokyo Imperial University Library), Tokyo, Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku, 1893 -1923. Irregular. The first volume of this series is a classified catalogue of the old Tokyo Imperial University holdings as of 1888. Subsequent volumes bring the coverage up to the time of the destruction of the library in the earthquake of 1923. Twenty-one major classifications and numerous sub-categories are used, and a romanized title index provided. A title catalogue paralleled this classified series. It is, however, much less convenient to use. Since this collection is no longer in existence, these catalogues are useful only as a bibliographical reference. 81. Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku Fuzoku Toshokan ~. [' 2 ] T. A/ (i 't -% (Tokyo [Imperial] University Library, Tokyo [Teikoku] Daigaku wakan tosho mokuroku '.. [' (% 3 ] X D %* (1 ~I 8 X (Catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books in the Tokyo [Imperial] University Library), Tokyo, editor, 1938-. The Tokyo [Imperial] University Library was rapidly rebuilt after 1923, though it still lacks the rare historical materials of the older collection. In 1935 it began to compile a new catalogue of holdings up to that year. Up to the present only a few volumes have appeared. The following is the publication plan. Those entries with publication dates have already appeared in print. Hon mokuroku * D X (Main catalogue 1924-35) The main catalogue will be composed of the following ten volumes: Dai ippen $ -.% (1st fascicle): Soki -- tZ (General) and Zassai ft k' (Miscellaneous..................... 1949 Dai ni-hen: Tetsugaku * ~ (Philosophy), Shu-kyo ~T A-. (Religion) and Kyoiku A. t (Education)......... Dai sampen: Gogaku — a ' (Languages), Bungaku '. T (Literature) and Geijutsu 4f?f (Fine Arts).................... Dai shi-hen: Rekishi,E _ (History) and Chiri - f (Geography)........ Dai go-hen: H6ritsu y.A (Law) and Seiji At.. i (Politics)............ 1943 Dai roppen: Keizai,* p (Economics) and Shakai i.ft k (Sociology)...... Dai shichi-hen: Rigaku i if (Science)..................... Dai hachi-hen: Kogaku - ti (Engineering), Heiji 4 — 4 (Military and Navy Sciences) and Sangy- i d (Industries)..................... Dai kyu-hen; Igaku I ~ (Medicine) and Yakugaku * nr (Pharmacy)....... Dai jippen: Nogyo t- (Agriculture)......................

Page  13 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 13 The main catalogue will be supplemented by yearly listings. The following have appeared to date. Z?5ka dai-ichi A eo * - (1st supplement): Nov. 1935-Oct. 1936.......................... 1938 Z5ka dai-ni: Nov. 1936-Oct. 1937..........................1939 Zbka dai-san: Nov. 1937-Dec. 1938.........................1940 Z'Ska dai-shi: Jan. -Dec. 1939............................1941 Z-ka dai-go: Jan. -Dec. 1940............................1942 Z'oka dai-roku: Jan. -Dec. 1941............................ 1945 82. T-oyo Bunko +, - / (Oriental Library), Iwasaki Bunko wakansho mokuroku t ' - * '4 ~ 9. (Catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books in the Iwasaki Library), Tokyo, Toyo Bunko, 1934, 1102 pp. The Iwasaki collection is of special importance for its holdings of rare manuscripts and old printed works. This collection is now held in the TVyo Bunko. d. Publishers' and Bookdealers' Yearbooks and Catalogues Various yearbooks of publications (Shuppan nenkan) afford an excellent and convenient means of keeping abreast of historical materials published in Japan since the early 1920s. Yearbooks have been issued by the major publishing associations in Japan and contain, in addition to classified lists of a year's publications, valuable information on publishers, authors, libraries, cultural organizations and the like. It should be borne in mind that such yearbooks are not all-inclusive, since they list only the works printed or handled by member firms. However, since the large majority of Japanese publishers belong to a number of associations, the chief yearbooks cover nearly all new commercially printed works for the year. Of the prewar publishers' yearbooks, the Ti'kyodo series (Entries 91, 85, and 86) which began in 1930 and the Toky6 Shosekisho Kumiai series (Entry 92) begun in 1929 are most complete and should be used in parallel to supplement each other. The former series continued under varying auspices until 1948. The only currently available yearbook is the Shuppan nenkan (Entry 89) issued by the Shuppan Nyususha. This series began publication in 1951. Hence books published during the years 1948 and 1949 are not covered by publishers' annuals. Of the publishers' catalogues, the Tokyo Shosekisho Kumiai's Toshoso mokuroku (General catalogue of books) (Entry 93), issued at irregular intervals since 1893, is of major importance. Each issue represents a cumulation of titles currently handled by the association's member firms. It should be mentioned that the major publishers' associations are in the habit of issuing periodic catalogues, generally at monthly, or even more frequent, intervals. Since the yearly volumes are based on these catalogues and cumulate information from them in more convenient form, the prewar monthly and weekly compilations have been omitted from the following list. However, the scholar who wishes to keep informed of new publications as they appear will do well to subscribe to one of three weekly series: the Shuppan Nyususha's Shuppan nyusu (Publication news) (Entry 90), the Shuppan Kyokai's Nihon dokusho shimbun (Japan readers' weekly) (Entry 88), or the Tosho shimbun (Publication weekly) (Entry 95). All three contain news and reviews of current literature. Of them the Tosho shimbun takes a somewhat more liberal editorial stand. The general user will probably find the Shuppan nyUsu most accessible. Although bookdealers' catalogues (Kosho mokuroku) are of primary interest to those who wish to purchase books, they are of considerable use to the research worker in that they often list rare primary and secondary sources and give a great deal of forgotten information concerning them. Certain large book dealers compile price lists of books on hand. These are issued irregularly and are often poorly mimeographed, but they are usually classified. The following is a list of the major book dealers, all of them in Tokyo, which publish catalogues of value to the historian. No attempt has been made to itemize individual catalogues. Bunkydudo Keio ShobU Gannando Shoten Komiyama Shoten Ganshodo Meijido Shoten Isseido Shoten A second-hand book catalogue published in 1950 by the Isseido Shoten entitled Isseido kihon tosho mokuroku (Isseid's catalogue of basic books) (Entry 83) is of special value as a practical guide to basic materials in all publication fields. Since this work was issued as a handbook for bookdealers, the work does not reflect the actual availability of the books it lists. Finally, the historian should find the well-known bookdealers' monthly, Nihon kosho tsushin (Entry 87), of use for the information it contains on the current state of the used book market and on the movement of private library collections. 83. Isseido Shoten - bt *- I X, Isseido kihon tosho mokuroku - i i t A'- - ) - t n; (Isseido's catalogue of basic books), Tokyo, Isseido Shoten, 1950, 96 pp. A convenient check list of basic materials in all fields of Japanese publication. Compiled by a major dealer in second-hand books. Although each item is given a price, this catalogue is not intended as an actual price list of second-hand books but as a guide to book dealers. 84. Kokusai Shichosha (?~ P - t i-, Shuppan nenkan:h ~. t - l (Yearbook of publications), Tokyo, Kokusai Shich-sha, 1927-28. A short-lived standard publisher's yearbook succeeded by the TMkyo Shosekisho Kumiai's Shuppan nenkan (Entry 92). 85. Nihon Shuppan Bunka Kyokai a ~ 1 ) _ f4- +_ ' (Japan Publishing Culture Association), Shoseki nankan ~ - $ (Yearbook of publications), Tokyo, Kyodo Shuppansha, 1942. This yearbook covering the year 1941 is a successor to the TokyUdo's Shuppan nenkan series (Entry 91). It in turn was succeeded by the following entry. ^

Page  14 14 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 86. Nihon Shuppan Ky-od5 Kabushiki Kaisha B i A ) -t [i) A 4' t ~-t (Japan Publishing Association), Nihon shuppan nenkan E; e a f it_ (Yearbook of Japanese publications), Tokyo, Nihon Shuppan Ky-od K. K., 1943-48. This successor to the Tokyodo's Shuppan nenkan (Entry 91) is important for its coverage of the war and immediate postwar years. The 1943 issue covers 1942, the 1947 issue, 1943-45, and the 1948 issue, 1946-47. The over-all size of this series is considerably smaller than that of the prewar Tkydo series, owing in part to the wartime decline in publications. Each postwar volume is divided into two or more parts, each part covering a year. Within the individual parts the make-up of the work is similar to that of other yearbooks. Section 1 surveys briefly the significant activities in each of the major publishing fields. Section 2 relates to the publishing industry itself. Section 3 is a classified but unannotated list of outstanding works for the period covered by the yearbook. Section 4 is a classified list of magazines and journals. Section 5 is a list of publishing houses and their addresses. 87. Nihon kosho tsushin B i $ mI 1i (Japan bookdealers' monthly), Tokyo, Nihon Kosho Tsushinsha, 1935-. Monthly. A useful monthly journal in standard use by all second-hand bookdealers in Japan. Each issue contains a few short essays on items of bibliographic interest and a number of lists of books and prices submitted by major book dealers. A feature of several issues during 1952 has been a list of basic works in all fields of publication, "Kihon tosho mokuroku." 88. Nihon dokusho shimbun B -4 i, t r M (Japan readers' weekly), Tokyo, Nihon Shuppan Kyo-kai, 1933-. Weekly. A publishers' weekly containing review articles and a list of new publications of the week. This weekly and the Tosho shimbun perform a similar function to the New York Times' "Sunday Book Review Section" in this country. 89. Shuppan Nyususha t - - - a —, Shuppan nenkan t - #iL (Yearbook of publications), Tokyo, Shuppan Nyususha, 1951-. One of the most comprehensive yearbooks, and the only one currently available. It devotes over 1000 pages to a single issue. Each number covers publications during the year immediately preceding its issue. Arrangement and coverage are similar to those of the Tokyod- yearbook (Entry 91). This series, however, does not continue the helpful practice of including brief annotations for each bibliographic entry. On the other hand it adds several important new sections: a classified catalogue of government publications, lists of libraries and cultural organizations, and a list of authors, giving pertinent data such as age, address, birthplace, university, specialty, and present occupation. The 1952 edition contains four valuable indexes to 1) titles, 2) authors, 3) subject content of the yearbook, and 4) advertisements. The 1953 edition has dropped the listing of government publications. 90. Shuppan nyusu At H =- -x (Publication news), Tokyo, Shuppan Nyususha, 1949-, 3 times a month. Features notes and reviews on new and future publications. Early issues were somewhat unreliable in their coverage of the publication field. From 1953 each issue has carried a list of new publications classified under the NDC system. Coverage is one month behind the date of each issue. 91. Tokyodo ~. e, Shuppan nenkan A _4 I I (Yearbook of publications), T6kyo, Tokyodo, 1930-41. The best of the pre-World War II yearbooks. Each volume covers the year immediately preceding its issue. Though it lists only works handled by member firms, these include a large proportion of all new books published in Japan. Government publications are not included. Each volume is divided into seven parts. Part 1 covers in survey fashion news of the publishing world and of various fields of publication, lists of banned and outstanding books, and a section on bibliographical materials. Part 2 is devoted to publishing statistics. Part 3 gives a classified bibliographical coverage of the year's publications. All important bibliographical data are included together with a one-sentence description of the contents of each entry. Part 4 is a classified list of magazines and journals published during the year. Bibliographical data are supplemented with a brief note on the general interest or emphasis of each journal. Parts 5-7 concern publishing houses. For succeeding volumes in this series see entries 85 and 86. 92. Tokyo Shosekisho Kumiai I * - 0 + it,- OL ' (Tokyo Bookdealers' Association), Shuppan nenkan & ft. M L(Yearbook of publications), Tokyo, T'kyo Shosekisho Kumiai Jimusho, 1929-. Annual. A standard publishers' yearbook discontinued since World War II. Although somewhat less useful than the Tokyodo's publication by the same name (Previous entry), it should be used in parallel to supplement the latter series. Each issue contains the usual sections on publishing news and statistics and devotes the majority of its pages to a classified, but unannotated, list of the year's publications. 93. Tokyo Shosekishu Kumiai *, 7 ~t I \t ^- ' (Tokyo Bookdealers' Association), Tosho somokuroku (' -~,q-! (General catalogue of books), Tokyo, Tokyo Shosekisho Kumiai Jimusho, 1893, 1898, 1906, 1911, 1918, 1923, 1929, 1933 and 1940. The most important of the general publishers' catalogues. Each issue is a list of books currently handled by the association's member organizations. The listings, therefore, are not cumulative nor restricted to works published since the previous catalogue. Most issues are divided into three sections: a title catalogue, a publisher's catalogue, and a classified catalogue. The 1933 edition added an author's catalogue. Bibliographical information is complete but no annotations are given.

Page  15 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 15 94. Tosho kenkytlkai l- 'I e - /~, Sgj shuppan nenkan A,iT 1 / k }. (General yearbook of publications), Tokyo, Tosho Kenkyukai, 1928-. Annual. A yearbook, now discontinued, with a make-up somewhat different from others listed in this section. It attempts to cover all new commercially published books which appeared in Japan during the year preceding its issue. Bibliographical sections are classified, but entries are listed by month, hence most inconvenient to use. For 1928-29 the series was issued under the title Shinkansho somokuroku 4t +\ ~ r,- t %; for 1930-31 under the title Shuppan nenkan (sogo). The present title was adopted in 1932. 95. Tosho shimbun (.) + 4r rf (Publication weekly), Tokyo, Tosho Shimbunsha, 1949-. Weekly. A weekly newspaper of publications, less useful than the Nihon dokusho shimbun. (Entry 88) because of its lack of any systematic listing of new books. e. Guides to Periodical Literature Unfortunately, there is no single all-inclusive, cumulative bibliographical guide to Japanese periodical literature comparable to the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature in this country. Nonetheless, the field of history is more fortunate than others in this respect, since a number of selective guides to historical literature are available. Periodical guides are of two general types: those which offer information on the journals themselves, and those which analyze the contents of journals. Information of the first variety is best found in the various publishers' annuals (shuppan nenkan) discussed in the previous section. The Tokylod yearbook, for instance, contains a classified listing of journals, giving publication history and information on the editorial slant of each item. Similar coverage is given newspapers by the Shimbun soran (General survey of newspapers).(Entry 99) and the Nihon shimbun nenkan (Japan newspaper yearbook) (Entry 100). More recently the National Diet Library has published annual surveys of periodical publications as special issues of its monthly catalogue of copyrighted works (Entry 98). The above compilations are of little use, however, for journals and newspapers published before the early 1920s. For earlier coverage the catalogue of periodical and newspaper holdings of the Teikoku Toshokan (Imperial Library) (Entry 103) and Seki Hironao's Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku Hogakubu Meiji shimbun zasshi bunko shozo mokuroku (Catalogue of Meiji newspapers and magazines in the library of the Faculty of Law of Tokyo Imperial University) (Entry 102) should be consulted. Despite the existence of these catalogues and yearbooks, the problem of ascertaining accurate publication histories of Japanese periodicals is most difficult. Many prewar journals are now defunct, and most journals had to abandon publication for a number of years during the war. Guides to periodical and newspaper articles are available in many forms. Certain of the general bibliographies noted previously contain selected references to articles. Honjo Eijiro6 s three volumes on economic history (Entries 10, 11, and 12) and the series included in the journal Zinbun (Entry 14) contain references to periodical articles, as do the selected historical bibliography covering the years 1946-50 put out by the Shigakkai (Entry 41) and the annual issued by the Rekishigaku Kenkyukai (Entry 36). To these general works should be added three selective guides which deal exclusively with periodical materials. Indispensable to the historian is the Otsuka Shigakkai's Sogo kokushi rombun yomoku (Combined catalogue- of selected articles on Japanese history) (Entry 101) which covers historical journals published between 1868 and 1938. For articles chosen on the basis of more contemporary interest the historian will find Amano Keitaros two-volume Hosei keizai shakai rombun soran (A guide to articles on law, politics, economics-and sociology) (Entry 96) and the Kobe Kto6 Shogyogakko Shogyo Kenkyujo's Keizai horitsu bunken mokuroku (Catalogue of economic and legal literature) (Entry 147) of value. Since World War II the Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan (National Diet Library) has issued a monthly classified index to the content of all periodicals received by the library. This series, entitled Zasshi kiji sakuin, (Entry 97), is published in two series, one devoted to natural sciences and the other to the humanistic sciences. Though cumbersome to use, this series affords by far the most complete coverage of postwar periodical articles. For an easily accessible check list of articles in the field of history there exists the list of recent articles at the back of each issue of Shigaku zasshi (Entry 578). Beginning with 1951 this list was expanded from an accessions list to a more complete record of -recently published articles. One of the most rewarding methods of acquiring references to historical articles is through the general indexes of the major historical journals, especially since the great proportion of important research is published in only a handful of scholarly periodicals. The following table indicates the location of indexes which will be of most use to the historian. Journal Index Volumes Covered Keizaishi kenkyu v. 19. 2 (1938) v. 1 - 100 Kokka gakkai zasshi v. 42. 10 (1928) v. 1 - 499 Rekishi chiri Nihon Rekishichiri v. 1 - 60 Gakkai (1933) Shakai keizaishigaku v. 11. 2 (1941) v. 1 - 10 Shigaku Mita Shigakkai (1937) v. 1 - 15 Shigaku zasshi FuzambU (1940) v. 1 - 50 Yamakawa Shuppansha (1953) v. 1 - 60 Shigaku kenkyui v. 10. 3 (1939) v. 1 - 10 Rekishi to chiri (1935) v. 1 - 53 Shikai v. 38 (1896) v. 1 - 38 Shirin Shigaku Kenkyulkai (1935) v. 1 - 20 The only regular subject index for a newspaper is that prefaced to the monthly reduced-size editions of the Tokyo Asahi (Entry 104).

Page  16 16 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 96. Amano Keitaro!t - T - K p, Hosei keizai shakai rombun soran 5t t, $-_ > - 4h- tl X. t _. t (A guide to articles on law, politics, economics, and sociology), Tkkyo, Tuok Shoin, 1927 and 1928, 2 v. Volume 1 covers 96 journals of a strictly economic or legal nature down to 1926. Few articles deal with pre-modern Japan. Volume 2 brings the coverage of these journals up to the end of 1927 and adds complete coverage up to this date of 18 journals not previously listed. Among these new additions are the major historical journals. Volume 2, therefore, is of considerable use to the historian. Articles are listed by title and elaborately classified under detailed subject headings. Volume 2 contains an author index for both volumes. Unfortunately, the work as a whole is extremely selective in its inclusion of entries. 97. Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan (I -- Q Z~ / 1E f f (National Diet Library), Zasshi kiji sakuin A. f_ ]! 1 / (Japanese periodicals index), Tkkyo, Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan, 1949-. A monthly classified index to periodical articles appearing in journals received at the library. Two series are now issued concurrently, one dealing with the natural sciences, the other with the humanities and social sciences. Each issue covers a month approximately half a year prior to the time of issue. The first month covered is September, 1948. Entries are classified by subject; a list of journals is included at the end of each issue. This series undoubtedly affords the best coverage of post-World War II Japanese journals of all types. 98. Kokunai shuppambutsu mokuroku, Teiki kankobutsu [1 I~ 0 W t + 11 f. (Japanese national bibliography-Periodicals and newspapers published in 1950), Toky6, Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan, 1951-. A special issue of the National Diet Library's series Kokunai shuppambutsu mokuroku (Entry 58). This volume provides a comprehensive listing of periodical publications appearing during 1950. Government publications are listed under agency, general periodicals are classified by subject, newspapers are listed alphabetically. Each entry provides information on frequency of publication, current volume and issue number, publishing institution, and price. The years 1948 and 1949 are covered in similar fashion by special issues of the NDL's Nohon geppU (Entry 57). 99. Nihon Dempl TsUshinsha E t. i'& - i i - (Japan Telegraphic News Agency), Shimbun soran t T t. 1, (General survey of newspapers), Tokyo, Nihon Dempl TsIshinsha, 1907-. Annual. An annual survey of Japanese newspapers. Metropolitan and local newspapers are arranged by place of publication. Each entry includes information on history, ownership, management, circulation, etc. 100. Nihon shimbun nenkan 4- e f F4 - IV (Japan newspaper yearbook), T-oky, Shimbun Kenky jo, 1922-; Nihon Shimbun Kyokai, 1947-. The 1947 edition of this annual includes a survey of the previous fifteen years of newspaper activity. Detailed coverage is given to current newspapers, their personnel and policies. Non-member publications and specialized papers are also listed. 101. Otsuka Shigakkai Koshi Bukai K )- -. XE 't /f, 1t 2 ' (Otsuka Historical Society, Higher Normal School Branch), S'go kokushi rombun yomoku,^ ~ E -. f. F — ef (Combined catalogue of selected articles on Japanese history), Tokyo, Tok5 Shoin, 1939, 627 pp. This work combines and supersedes two previous bibliographies issued by the same compilers in 1931 and 1934. The single most important selected catalogue of articles on Japanese history, it covers 169 scholarly journals and collections from 1868 to 1938. Entries are classified and listed by author under a wide variety of subjects. 102. Seki Hironao f" 1 ), ed., Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku H'gakubu Meiji shimbun zasshi bunko shozo mokuroku z- *T 'fl ft A (Catalogue of Meiji newspapers and magazines in the library of the Faculty of Law of Tokyo Imperial University), Tokyo, by the editor, 1930-41, 3 v. This series affords the best coverage of newspapers and magazines published during the Meiji (1868-1912) period. It gives complete bibliographic data on a great variety of papers and periodicals first published during these years, and in addition lists books and articles relating to this class of publication. Of unusual interest is the list of special numbers of newspapers and magazines. This series is generally listed under its decorative title Totenk-o +,-. 103. Teikoku Toshokan 1X (i 1 t ', Teikoku Toshokan zasshi shimbun mokuroku; [~ li[ t - t!I -t tT 0 0 (Catalogue of journals and newspapers in the Imperial Library), Tokyo, Teikoku Toshokan, 1937, 157 pp. A list of holdings as of the end of 1935. It constitutes a valuable reference for the history of publication of periodicals and newspapers of the earlier period. 104. Tokyo Asahi Shimbun shukusatsuban *.fl, T * F, 1 Ft (Reduced-size edition of the Tokyo Asahi Newspaper), Tokyo, TOkyU Asahi Shimbunsha, 1920-. Monthly. A bound and reduced-size edition of the Takyu Asahi. This edition provides one of the only regular subject indexes of newspaper articles in Japan. Though limited to articles appearing in only the one paper, news coverage is excellent. Each bound edition contains an elaborate subject index of the volume's contents. 105. Zasshi nenkan t -4- 't- (Yearbook of periodicals), Tokyo, Nihon Dokusho. Shimbunsha, 1939-41. Kyado Shuppansha, 1942. A standard yearbook, it includes a classified list of periodicals published during the preceding year, brief notes on publication policy and pertinent bibliographic data.

Page  17 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 17 f. Guides to Series, Collections and Miscellanies The historian will find a large body of historical literature, both primary and secondary, published in the form of series (sosho), collections (zenshU), lectures (kNza), or miscellanies (zuihitsu). Many of the more general bibliographies considered up to now do not include references to this type of literature, or do so in only superficial fashion. The historian will thus require the use of a number of specialized guides for access to these collections. Guides to collectanea are of two types: those which describe and classify the collections themselves, and those which list the contents of the individual collections. Of the former type Kawashima Gonzabur-'s S'sho zenshu shomoku (Catalogue of series and collections) (Entry 109) is of greatest use. This work classifies nearly all multiple-volume works published between 1868 and 1936. It is supplemented and brought up to 1945 by a similar work published by Kawashima and Yagi Toshio (Entry 110). Indexes to the contents of collectanea are found in a large number of widely scattered places. Naturally many of the collections themselves contain detailed indexes. Some of them are, in addition, annotated. The major series and collections of interest to the historian are also analyzed in some of the general bibliographies such as Kurita Motoji's S-ogo kokushi kenkyu (Entry 24), Honjo Eijiro's bibliographies of economic history (Entries 10 to 12), Endo Motoo and others' Shiseki kaidai (Entry 5), and Samura Hachiro's Kokusho kaidai (Entry 38). Giving more specialized and complete coverage, however, is Hirose Bin's Nihon sosho sakuin (Index of Japanese series) (Entry 108) and Ota Tamesaburf's Nihon zuihitsu sakuin (Index to Japanese miscellanies) (Entries 111 and 112). These two works go beyond the mere listing of individual components of collections, for they provide elaborate indexes to the subject contents of these components. Both works are especially complete in their coverage of pre-Restoration materials. 106. Achikku Myuzeamu T -#., 7 - - t'7 L, Sosho saishu Nihon koten shomoku sakuin j -t ~ e 0 t & - -t. * 1 ~ (Index of Japanese classics contained in series), Tokyo, Achikku Myllzeamu, 1938, 6+205+33 pp. A special issue of the bibliographical series of the Attic Museum, it provides an index to the contents of 86 pre-modern series (sosho). The works are primarily of literary and historical interest. Appendices contain an author index and a list of readings for obscure titles. 107. Hamano Tomosaburo,> l 4 =- ~, Nihon sosho mokuroku / ~~ ~ 4' (A catalogue of Japanese series), TMkyo, Rikugo-kan, 1927, 256 pp. This work is also contained in an appendix to v. 2 of the 1926 revised edition of Samura Hachiro's Kokusho kaidai (Entry 38). It covers series published from the beginning of the Tokugawa period (1600) to 1912. Series are listed by title. Complete bibliographical data are provided together with a breakdown of the contents of each collection. 108. Hirose Bin / ~. -., Nihon sosho sakuin e 4 t~ _ t 31 (Index of Japanese series), Tolkyo, Musashino Shoin, 1939, 2+3+13+65+4+9+573+96 pp. An important reference guide to the contents and subject matter of collectanea. It covers series published in Japan up through 1930. Series are largely of literary and historical interest, having been written before 1878. The following features of the work will be of use: 1) a catalogue of series and collections arranged by title with information on whether works exist in printed form or in manuscript; 2) bibliographical data on the collections listed in section 1 together with a detailed title breakdown of the contents of each; 3) an index of manuscript series; 4) a detailed classified index to the subject contents of the various printed series; under each subject are listed individual works (component parts of series) which contain references to the subject; unfortunately volume and page references are omitted; 6) a content analysis of unpublished manuscript series. 109. Kawashima Gonsaburo '1 *:- =, S6sho zenshu shomoku - /i -. ~ ~ (Catalogue of series and collections), TokyU, Toky5 KoshosekishU Kumiai, 1931-36, 5 v. This work provides the most complete title index to series and collections published between 1868 and1936. Series are listed under a broad system of classification. For each series the compiler gives pertinent bibliographical data and lists the component parts. Volumes 1-2 cover general series and collections, volume 3 those relating to government, law, social affairs and economics, volume 4 those in the field of history and geography, and volume 5 religion, philosophy, and education. For a successor to this work see, Kawashima and Yagi, Zutei zenshu sUsho kakaku soran (Following entry). 110. Kawashima Gonsaburo 'l 2A. - 0t and Yagi Toshio i- -L XY, Zotei zenshu sosho kakaku soran >t t t *- t. - 'J (Enlarged and revised price list for collections and series), T-kyl, Nihon Kosho Tsushinsha, 1947, 18+236 pp. Less detailed but more up to date than Kawashima's S6sho zenshu shomoku (See previous entry), it claims to cover all series and collections printed from 1868 through 1945. The work lists sisho and zenshU in syllabic order with pertinent bibliographic data and list prices. Ten major collections are further analyzed and given a complete content listing. These include collections of special importance to the historian such as the Dai Nihon shiry` and Dai Nihon komonjo. A 1950 edition of this work brings the coverage up to 1949 and adds a special section on post-World War II series publications. 111. 5ta Tamesaburo - t, Nihon zuihitsu sakuin e $?~ # ~ I/ (Index to Japanese miscellanies), T6kyo, Iwanami Shoten, revised ed. 1925, 2+4+803+19 pp. An elaborate content index of 250 well-known miscellanies (zuihitsu), most of them written before the Restoration. The works tend to be literary but there are many of historical value. This book arranges under subject headings references to pertinent chapters of miscellanies. It is unfortunate that contents of miscellanies are not analyzed beyond individual chapter headings. But aside from this defect, since zuihitsu make up the contents of a large number of series and collections, this work affords a convenient content index to many of the best-known series. A supplement was published in 1932 (See next entry).

Page  18 18 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 112. ita Tamesaburl K If E - tp, Zoku Nihon zuihitsu sakuin A 0- J i. t ~ 6/ (Index to Japanese miscellanies continued), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1932, 6+13+895 pp. A supplement tb Ota's previous index (See above), this work covers 178 miscellanies omitted from the earlier work. Emphasis is on works written during the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). 113. Tarumi Nobuhide * I4- L!, Nihon sosho nempyo tsuki bunrui oyobi shomei sakuin a * ~ T - a. i/~-7 / t I' t ' t 1 (Chronology of Japanese collections, with subject and title indexes), Osaka, Mamiya Shoten, 1930, 205 pp. An extremely useful reference work for Japanese collectanea. Part 1 lists all non-manuscript collections by year of publication from 1213-1930 and includes bibliographical data. Part 2 lists manuscript collections and indicates their library locations. Part 3 is a subject index of titles, and Part 4 a syllabic index of titles. 3. SPECIALIZED BIBLIOGRAPHIES While the general and historical bibliographies noted in Section 2 above are sufficient for most purposes of historical research, the scholar may find that the intricacies of his subject require the use of more specialized bibliographic guides. His need in this respect will be first to obtain more detailed information on the premodern sources in a given field, and second to acquire additional specialized references to monographs and articles of a more recent date. Guides to aid in the first task are plentiful and easily accessible. Indexes to current literature in specialized fields, however, are more difficult to come by, since such lists are usually buried in the various technical journals. The location, of specialized bibliographical material prior to 1932 is well covered in Amano Keitar5's Hompo shoshi no shoshi (A bibliography of Japanese bibliographies) (Entry 1) and in Hatano and Yayoshi's KenkyU chosa sanko bunken sUran (General survey of reference works for study and research) (Entry 8). After that date there is no adequate guide to such literature. Each specialist will be obliged to acquire leads to specialized bibliographies through the review sections of the journals in his field or through the various publishers and scholarly yearbooks. The following brief list of only the most obviously important specialized bibliographies has been prepared without pretense to completeness. Annotations have been kept to a minimum, since in most cases the titles alone are sufficient indication of content. a. Historiography Japanese historians have devoted a great deal of attention to the problems of historiography and the philosophy of history. Most of their writings in this field show the direct impact of Western interpretations of history, chiefly of the Southwest German, the materialist, or the recent American schools. The following bibliographies, therefore, refer in large number to Japanese translations of Western works on historical technique and interpretation. Perhaps the most accessible introduction to Japanese historiographical literature is through Kawai Eijiro's Gakusei to rekishi (The student and history) (Entry 670), published as part of the Gakusei sTsho (Student series). 114. K1saka Masaaki " y f h,, "Rekishigaku A- ~-; (Historiography)" and "Rekishi tetsugaku - I t (Philosophy of history)," in Kawai and Kimura, Ky-oy bunken kaisetsu, Tokyo, 1950 (Entry 16), pp. 63-71,72-82. Two excellent annotated and interpretive bibliographical articles on historiography by a modern expert on the philosophy of history. Emphasis is on the impact of Western historiography on Japanese thinking. 115. "Shigakushi kankei bunken mokuroku - I T 1 i, ' ~ (Bibliography of works on historiography)," Shigaku kenkyU, v. 11 (March, 1940), no. 3-4, pp. 435-483. An unannotated list of works, both Japanese and Western, on historiography and historical theory. Classification is by period. 116. Matsumoto Yoshio t t '- and Ariga Haruo 0 V, "Shigaku riron bunken mokuroku ~ P f_ ~ = I e l a (Catalogue of literature on the theory of history)" Shigaku, v. 11 (Feb., 1933), no. 4, pp. 621-78. An unannotated chronological listing of Japanese language works on historiography, many of which deal with interpretations of Western historical theories. Covers from 1868 to 1933. b. Guides to Biographical Literature Because of the general adequacy of Japanese biographical dictionaries, the historian is left with only two possible problems in this aspect of his research. He may wish to acquire additional facts or details on the lives of those individuals in whom he is especially interested, or he may wish to locate material on the lives of individuals who do not warrant inclusion in even the largest dictionaries. A number of the biographical dictionaries provide citations to the sources from which their facts are selected. Investigation of these leads will often turn up a great deal of additional information. The general indexes and guides to series and miscellanies mentioned in 2e above also provide references to the location of biographical materials. For a more specialized and exhaustive coverage, however, the historian will find the works published by the Hibiya Library, notably Hatano Ken'ichi's Denki shiry6 sakuin (An index of biographical materials) (Entry 117), most useful in augmenting his knowledge of major historical figures. The acquisition of information on the lives of little-known persons is naturally a more difficult task. For pre-nineteenth century biographies of lesser historical figures the scholar will need to consult the indexes to such major sources of biographical information as the Rikkokushi (Six national histories), the Dai Nihonshi (History of Japan), the Dai Nihon yashi (Unofficial history of Japan), and the Kansei chUshu shokafu (The Kansei collated genealogies) listed below. These works cover the field of Japanese biography up to approximately the

Page  19 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 19 beginning of the nineteenth century. Beyond this date the task of the historian becomes immensely complicated, for he will find almost nothing in the way of consolidated bibliographical references. This subject will be left to later bibliographies in the Michigan series. 117. Hatano Ken'ichi it f Wt V -, Denki shiryo sakuin t t', t ~ 1\ (An index of biographical materials), Tokyo, Hibiya Toshokan, 1928-29, 2 v. An important index to biographies, articles, portraits, and other types of biographical material, both modern and pre-modern. An appendix in v. 2 lists selected bibliographical references. 118. Hibiya Toshokan 0 L- 3 t f (Hibiya Library), Denki shiryo sakuin f* t $ *4 N 41 (Index of biographical sources), Tokyo, Hibiya Toshokan, 1928-35, irregularly published in parts. 119. Heki Shoichi a0 I e -, Nihon rekishi jimmei jiten g Z /V A. /i a f- (A dictionary of Japanese historical figures), TfkyU, KaizUsha, 1938, 991 pp. The introduction to this work contains a list of biographical sources used for the compilation of the dictionary. Though a bare list of titles, it constitutes one of the most complete listings of such materialsto be found. Titles are grouped by period. 120. "Kansei choshu shokafu sosakuin t,K- ~ t %s ~ - l (Index to the Kansei choshu shokafu)," in Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku Shiryo Hensansho, Tokushi biyo, Tokyo, Naigai Shoseki K.K., rev. ed. 1942, pp. 1259-1445. An index to the most comprehensive bibliographical source for the first half of the Tokugawa period. The difficulty of using the original work has given rise to this index. Names are classified under court and provincial titles. References are to chapters in the Kansei chUshU shokafu. 121. Dai Nihon Y-ubenkai ) B t t # /", Dai Nihonshi kiden jimmei sakuin AK E t4 L - 4 f '- 1] (A biographical index to the annals and biographies sections of the Dai Nihonshi), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Yubenkai Kodansha, 1929. This work makes up volume 17 of the 1929 edition of the Dai Nihonshi. It offers an index to the biographies contained in one of the most important sources for the period prior to 1392. 122. Mori Senz6o S 3, "Kinsei jimbutsu shiryo soran f f-: / A t O t ~. (A survey of biographical materials for the modern period)," Denki, v. 3 (1936). A detailed index to biographical material for the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). Names are entered in syllabic order with all known biographical sources listed under each name. The work appears to have been only partially completed. 123. Saeki Ariyoshi ~- ~, Rikkokushi sakuin (E l t 41 (Index to the Rikkokushi), in Rikkokushi ( 't (Six national histories), Tokyo, Asahi Shimbusha, 1931, v. 10. The six official histories of the Nara and early Heian period cover the history of Japan down to 887. Together they form one of the best sources of biographical information for the eighth and ninth centuries. 124. Yamada An'ei A- ' W 'a- T, "Yashi honden sakuin t '4- f 4 * 4 (Index to biographies in Yashi)," in Iida Tadahiko, Yashi, TZkyU, Yoshikawa K'bunkan, rev. ed. 1909, v. 1, 41 pp. This index to the Dai Nihon yashi provides easy access to biographies in one of the chief sources for the period from 1392 to 1817. c. Local History, Local Government, and Historical Geography Two types of research organization in Japan have been active in preparing specialized guides to material on local history and geography. The first of these are the prefectural or city libraries and historical societies, which in the course of collecting local documents or compiling local histories have issued catalogues of materials at hand. Such materials for the most part cover the pre-Restoration or, at the latest, the pre-twentieth century field of local history and administration. It is interesting to note that these materials are being used increasingly by contemporary Japanese historians. For the non-Japanese, however, the raw materials of local history are most difficult to handle. He will consequently be more concerned with the modern printed editions of local histories and gazetteers published by prefectural or city historical organizations. A comprehensive catalogue of these printed works, which appeared from 1868 to 1950, is fortunately available in Honja Eijir's bibliographies of economic history (Entry 125). A journal of recent origin, the Chihoshi kenkyu (Local history) (Entry 588), published by the nationally organized Chihoshi Kenkyu KyUgikai (Committee for the Study of Local History), is full of recent bibliographical information on local historical studies in Japan. The second type of research organization is primarily concerned with the problems of modern local administration or of urban growth. Of these the most active has been the Tokyu Shisei Chusakai (Tokyo Municipal Research Society) whose publications provide an excellent guide to recent material on modern local development. It should also be borne in mind that all levels of local government in Japan issue quantities of publications ranging from statistics to local histories. The historian will find no systematic guide to this type of literature. 125. HonjU Eijir 4 - A t f 4p, "Chiho shishi bunken f $-' t; (A bibliography of local gazetteers), "in Kaihan Nihon keizaishi bunken, Tokyo, 1932, Appendix, pp. 1-85; continued in Nihon keizaishi shin bunken, Tokyu, 1942, pp. 615-664, and in Nihon keizaishi daisan bunken, Tokyo, 1953, pp. 563-570. The most convenient and complete catalogue of printed works on local history. The three lists cover many hundreds of provincial and city histories and gazetteers compiled and published during the years 1868-1951. Such works are especially important for the study of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). Many of the works are themselves indexes to local historical materials. Entries are arranged by locality and are unannotated,

Page  20 20 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 126. Jimbun Chiri Gakkai /A._ - - iT T (Society for the Study of Human Geography), "Toshi kenkyu shiryU X13 i 6 i. #. (Municipal research materials)" in Toshi chiri kenkyu 1p b _ k_ Ot L (Studies of urban geography), Tokyo, 1929, pp. 253-55. Useful for the post-Restoration period of urban development. 127. Kawaguchi Takeo 1') it k, "Toshi chiri kenkyu bunken ifp 7 t - 4 e 1 e (Literature for research in urban geography)," in Toshi chiri kenkyTi ep i at xt a l (Studies of urban geography), TokyFi, 1929, pp. 237-52. Compiled for the Society for the Study of Human Geography (Jimbun Chiri Gakkai). Emphasis is on recent urban development. 128. "Ken-gun-shi-chu-sonshi mokuroku, t g 'IT t '- ~ ' (Catalogue of prefectural, district, city, town and village histories)," Chihishi kenkyU ti - c - ~n T (The study of local history), v. 4, pp. 6-7. A brief list of local histories published since 1945 or in the process of compilation. 129. Kokubu Goji I3 /5' A '1, "Kyodo shishi mokuroku ko5 4p - I P' 1 4 0 (Draft catalogue of local histories and gazetteers)," Shigaku. t, 8 (1929) 4.607-654. A listing by provinces of books and manuscripts held in the library of Keio University. 130. "Ky-odoshi kenkyu sanko bunken ryakumoku p i t 6- I ~ - - e' ' A (An abridged list of reference works for the study of local history)," Rekishi kyoiku, special number for 1930 entitled "Kyidoshi wa ika ni kenkyu subeki ka Q —? ' f' P {T At a_ I ',s n' (How should local history be studied?)." 131. Nagasaki Kenritsu Nagasaki Toshokan - I 'T 4 - L- 4 t P (Nagasaki Prefectural Library), Kydo shiry-6 mokuroku #p a- - tSt a l (Catalogue of local materials), Nagasaki, Nagasaki Kenritsu Toshokan, 1923-36, 2 v. A bibliography of local records and historical materials of special interest to the student of early relations between Japan and the West. 132. Naimush-o Chirikyoku lo t i 1 t A (Ministry of the Interior, Geographic Section), Chishi mokuroku x it E (Catalogue of local gazetteers), Tokyo, Ookayama Shoten, 1935, 202 pp. A comprehensive catalogue of materials for the study of local historical geography. 133. Kuroita Katsumi.. - -, Kotei kokushi no kenkyu, S'setsu T It _ 9 t %,. t- (Revised study of Japanese history, General introduction), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1931, pp. 89-112, "Rekishi chiri E. & _ I E (Historical geography)." A helpful introductory article on the problems of historical geography is followed by a selective list of old local gazetteers, fudoki, travel diaries, Tokugawa maps, and meisho zue. 134. Sako Keizo - ~ 4 -, Shisei kankei shiryo kaidai Ai i 1 E K S B- (Annotated bibliography of materials on municipal administration), Osaka, Naniwa Sosho Kanko-kai, 1926, 6 pp. 135. Takagi Toshita l t- I' i-, Kazo Nihon chishi mokuroku 1 f, S ' 5 " ~ E- (A catalogue of Japanese geographical gazetteers in the author's collection), Osaka, by the author, 1927-30, 2 v. A valuable study of local histories and gazetteers. Volume 1 contains a brief survey of the compilation of local histories in Japan. The body of the work constitutes a briefly annotated bibliography of nearly 2000 local gazetteers. A large number of the entries are manuscripts or old printed copies. 136. Tokyo Shisei Chosakai f, k t $ ] - / 2 (Tokyo Municipal Research Society), Hobun tosho mokuroku -p S - -i t I It (A catalogue of Japanese books), Tukyo, Thkyo Shisei Chosakai, 1927, 381 pp. A useful bibliography for the study of recent municipal administration and public administration. 137. Wada Mankichi Au E W t, Kohan chishi kaidai i; t Ax - ^F (An annotated bibliography of old printed editions of geographical gazetteers), Tokyo, Wada Tsunashirt, 1916, 2+2+5+332 pp. Descriptions of over eighty gazetteers printed during the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). Entries are listed by locality. d. Government, Politics, and Law The following section includes only a very selective and partial listing of the many specialized biblfographies which exist for the numerous fields' of government and politics. A fuller list will be found in the guide to political science materials published in this series by Robert Ward. For the historian such subjects are generally well enough covered by the more comprehensive general bibliographies of economics, law, and social affairs noted in Section e of this chapter. Of special interest to the historian in the following list is the work by Ikebe Yoshikata entitled Nihon htiseishi shomoku kaidai (Annotated bibliography of the history of Japanese legal institutions) (Entry 139), a work which analyzes pre-Restoration laws and presents an excellent working bibliography of works on legal history. Also the historian will find in the two works listed elsewhere by Ishii Ryosuke excellent selected bibliographic lists. The first, Nihon hoseishi gaisetsu (Introduction to the history of Japanese jurisprudence) (Entry 880), contains references to primary works on various problems of the pre-Meiji period. The second, Nihon hoseishiyo (Essentials of Japanese legal history) (Entry 881), contains a classified list of secondary works in all field of Japanese legal history.

Page  21 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 21 138. Hosokawa Kameichi,Ed "1 1, "Hoseishi seijishi ni kansuru j-uyo bunken i - - S a 1- ha r 3 j J. k- (Significant literature on legal and political history)," Shomotsu tembo, v. 7, July, 1937. The compiler is an expert on medieval law and Tokugawa economic history. 139. Ikebe Yoshikata;t, iA_ A, Nihon hoseishi shomoku kaidai 0 1 -.: Io, - a ~ lf (Annotated bibliography of the history of Japanese legal institutions), Tokyo, Daitokaku, 1918, 1 v. ed., 815 pp. A most valuable reference work for the legal historian, it covers the entire field of pre-Restoration Japanese law. Part 1 comprises what might be termed an annotated source book of ancient legal materials. Beginning with Shotoku Taishi's 17 Articles, the work covers all major collections of laws quoting extensively their main passages. Parts 2 and 3 provide annotated lists of general and specialized works, ancient and modern, on Japanese laws and legal history. Both books and articles are included. 140. Imanaka Tsugumaro ' ':;-t, Seiji shisoshi <, i. - A- (History of political thought), Tokyo, Iwanami, 1927, v. 1, pp. 871-80, "Seiji shishoshi sanko shomoku,m: l'<- t- t. A + 0 (Bibliography of reference works on the history of political thought)." 141. Konakamura Kiyonori 1'- ' 't; _, "Horitsushi kokyu shomoku - {t - 7 ' Q (A bibliography for the study of legal history)," in Kokugakuin (E ', IHsei ronsan;t ~'I. i. (Essays on law and government), Tokyo, Nihon Tosho K.K., 1903, 1 v. An important interpretive article on the bibliography of legal history by one of the pioneer modern legal historians. 142. Paul F. Langer and A. Rodger Swearingen, Japanese Communism, an Annotated Bibliography of Works in the Japanese Language with a Chronology, 1921-52, New York, I. P.R., 1953, 12+95 pp. An important work for the study of Japanese communism. The work is divided into 5 parts dealing with: 1) Marxist theory and interpretation of Japanese society, 2) history of Japanese communism, 3) party organization, 4) strategy, and 5) foreign relations. A list of authors and their writings and a subject index are provided. 143. Ohara Shakai Mondai Kenkyusho X; J 4- ~ ~ I ' % f rT, Nihon shakaishugi bunken 0 ~ _ ~_ -- ~ ^ (Bibliography of Japanese socialism), Tokyo, Dojinsha shoten, 1929. A chronological unannotated list. e. Economic and Social History The specialized interests of the social and economic historian in Japan have been closely related to those of the general historian. The following list of bibliographies repeats to a large extent, therefore, works which were noted above under general bibliographies. One new category of aids has been added. This includes the catalogues of pre-modern materials which form the basis of contemporary research on pre-Restoration economics and social organization. Particularly useful in this respect is Takimoto Seiichi's Nihon keizai tenzekiko (A survey of early works on Japanese economics) (Entry 161) which is an annotated bibliography of the most important works collected in his Nihon keizai taiten (Compendium of Japanese economics) (Entry 460). Ono Takeo's "N5min shiryo kaisetsu (An annotated bibliography of historical materials on the peasantry)" (Entry 153) is useful for its coverage of materials published in the Kinsei jikata keizai shiryo (Materials relating to early modern local economy) (Entry 457) and the Nihon nhmin shiryU shUsei (Collected materials on the history of the Japanese peasantry) (Entry 462). Since many of the following bibliographies are extremely voluminous, it may be worth while to point out a number of more limited and selective guides to works in the field of economic and social history. The student may find, for instance, that for introductory purposes the classified and briefly annotated lists in Horie Yasuzo's Nihon keizaishi (Economic history of Japan) (Entry 967), Miyamoto Mataji's Nihon shogyoshi (History of commerce in Japan) (Entry 1089), and Honjo Eijiro's Nihon keizaishi soran (Collected essays on Japanese economic history) (Entry 966) are of more immediate value to -him than the cumbersome but exhaustive works listed below. 144. "Fuzokushi ni kansuru zasshi yomoku ) f- _ '- 1 i t 3 ' ~ (An index to periodical articles dealing with the history of customs)," Fuizoku kenkyui, v. 105 (1929)-. An annual feature of this journal. 145. Honjo Eijiro ' - A- 13, Kaihan Nihon keizaishi bunken t- K D,- 0 A - - & (Bibliography of Japanese economic history, revised), Tukyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1933, 897 pp. This work previously annotated under general bibliographies (Entry 10), is of greatest use to the social and economic historian. Its coverage of books and articles on such specialized subjects as village and city, population, mining, forestry, fishing, agriculture, taxation, commerce, trade, industry, finance, currency, banking, social classes, and social problems is especially complete. This volume covers material published in Japan from 1868 to 1.931. Supplements bring the coverage up to 1951. (See entries 11 and 12). A special feature is its annotation of the various component parts of the great economic collections such as the Nihon keizai taiten (Entry 460). 146. "Keizaishi nenkan, - j '_ $ i5- (Yearbook of economic history)," Keizaishi kenkyu, v. 48 (1932)-44. This series, previously annotated under Entry 28, began in 1932. Unfortunately, the journal was discontinued during World War II. Volume 1 covers Japanese works on Japanese, Oriental, and Occidental economic history from 1868 to 1931. The succeeding volumes cover a single year span. With volume 3 a review section which summarized and evaluated in essay fashion the main developments within various economic fields was added. The bibliographic contents of this series were cumulated in Honjo's bibliographical series (Entries 10 to 12).

Page  22 22 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 147. Kobe K-to Shogyo Gakko Shogyo Kenkyujo t' t %A tx, 0 -T -,.h il % - T (Commercial Research Institute of the Kobe Higher Commercial School), Keizai horitsu bunken mokuroku ',_ I 5,: X e I A- (Catalogue of economic and legal literature), Tokyo and Osaka, Hobunkan, 1927 and 1932, 2 v. See entry 77 for a complete annotation. This work should be used in combination with HonjU's volumes on economic history (Entries 10 to 12) since it gives primary coverage to recent economic developments. 148. Kokusho Iwao?. - ~ and Kikuta Taro ) LQ X t3, Keizai chirigaku bunken soran.A -^ - - a ~T. it,.-, (General survey of literature on economic geography), Tokyo, Sobunkaku, 1937, 478+ 320 pp. A specialized classified but unannotated bibliography of general economic geography. It is divided into two parts. Part 1 lists Japanese and Chinese materials; part 2 lists Western works. Classifications are precise and coverage is extended to Japanese works on non-Japanese economy. This work should be used to supplement HonjU's bibliographies of economic history (Entries 10 to 12). 149. Matsumoto Jun'ichiro tp 4 4 - g6, Nihon shakaigaku a 4k w ~- ' A (Japanese sociology), Tokyo, Jichosha, 1937, 162 pp. A history and bibliographical survey of sociology as a discipline in Japan. The bibliographical information is excellent for the understanding of the theory, methodology, and development of Japanese sociology. 150. "Nihon keizai koten soran D.0, -; ~ ',, (A general survey of Japanese economic classics)," in Bunken sakuin. '< l l 5 (Bibliographical indices), Tokyo, Achikku Myuzeamu, 1936. This index is contained in the first volume of the Attic Museum's bibliographical series. The work is an annotated index to the contents of the major compendiums of pre-Restoration economic writings, among them the Nihon keizai taiten, the Tsuzoku keizai bunko, and the Kinsei jikata keizai shiryU (Entries 460, 468, and 457). Each work is annotated. Notes are also provided on the authors. 151. Nihon zaisei keizai shiryO sakuin 0 4'- t y,-^ - -- *4 _; I (Index to the Nihon zaisei keizai shiryo), Tokyo, Zaisei Keizai Gakkai, 1925. This is the index to one of the important repositories of materials on Japanese economic history (See entry 465). 152. Nomukyoku, Dai Nihon noshi, Tokyo, HFobunkan, 1891, 274 pp., "Noji sankosho kaidai - $ t + (Annotated bibliography of agricultural reference works)." This work is published as an appendix to the Dai Nihon noshi (Entry 1053). It is an annotated bibliography of some 870 works relating to agricultural matters written from 729 to 1865. Entries are classified under various sub-heads such as land-tax, fisheries, stock farming, silk-worm culture, crafts, etc. 153. Ono Takeo X)- Id ' N, "Nomin shiryo kaisetsu P k V-_ j f 'L (Annotated bibliography of historical materials on the peasantry)," in Nihon shihonshugi hattatsushi koza. Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1933. Professor Ono was a specialist on Tokugawa agrarian history. This is an annotated catalogue of works compiled by the NUshomusho (Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce) and published in such collections as the Nihon Keizai taiten, the Kinsei jikata keizai shiryo, and the Nihon nomin shiryo shusei (Entries 460, 457, and 462). 154. Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku, Keizai Kenkyusho k K - Pk T nt ~X ' % lr (Osaka City University, Institute of Economic Studies), Keizaigaku shojiten t ',- A,a (Concise dictionary of economics), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1951, 1288 pp. The most recent and useful of the general dictionaries of economics, the bibliographical citations at the end of each item provide a useful introduction to the basic literature in many economic fields. 155. Osaka Shoka Daigaku Keizai Kenkyusho '- Pt ) i - ' ~: - 4- t 5 kt (Economics Research Institute of the Osaka Commercial College), Keizaigaku bunken taikan, 4-; Y - - J V (A catalogue of literature on economics), Osaka, Osaka Shoka Daigaku Keizai Kenkyusho, 1934-39, 4 v. While the emphasis of this work is primarily recent and specifically economic, the economic historian may find it of use. Volume 1 deals with finance, volumes 2 and 3 currency and banking, and volume 4 commerce. Works in Western languages are included. 156. Osaka Shoka Daigaku, Keizai Kenkyusho K r& lo 4- _ ~ ii - if (Osaka Commercial University Institute of Economic Research), Shakai kagaku bunken kaisetsu. ' -a ~ a i ^. it (The social sciences: bibliography and notes), Various publishers, 1947-. Twice a year. A survey of books and articles in the social sciences appearing in Japan from the beginning of 1947. Each volume contains a classified bibliography and carries lengthy reviews of a few of the most significant works. Emphasis is exclusively contemporary. There is little of historical interest. 157. Rekishigaku Kenkyukai )i- X t _ /k, Nihon shakai no shiteki kyumei 0 -, /t _ ~ (The historical investigation of Japanese society), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1949, 340 pp. An appendix (pp. 291-340) to this work provides an excellent, though somewhat biased, critical review of Japanese works on social history. It is prepared by Matsushima Eiichi and Nagahara Keiji. 158. "Saikin no keizaishigakkai X ~'- 9 k 'p- )' )X (Recent developments in the field of economic history)," Keizaishi kenkyi, no. 26 (1931)-. A regular feature of each issue of Keizaishi kenkyu (Entry 606) until the termination of the journal during the war. This section contained bibliographical notes and reviews in somewhat more detail than the yearly Keizaishi nenkan (Entry 146).

Page  23 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 23 159. Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai Pi- ' D,E ' t 4 zt, "Shakai keizaishigaku no hattatsu iT~ lk j& r 5 T 9. A, (Social and economic history of Japan, its recent development)," Shakai keizaishigaku, v. 10 (1941), nos. 9+10. See entry 40 for a full annotation. 160. "Shakai keizaishigaku bunken mokuroku t- /i- / t t r ' -. @ (A catalogue of works on social and economic history)," Shakai keizaishigaku, v. 2, no. 4 (1932)- v. 7, no. 1 (1937). An irregular feature of the journal Shakai keizaishigaku (Entry 612). Issues were alternately devoted to Japanese and Western language sources. Entries are classified and include books and journals. This series provides excellent and detailed coverage of the period 1932-36. 161. Takimoto Seiichi{; t. -, Nihon keizai tenzekiko 0,* _ r. 3 t (A survey of early works on Japanese economics), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1928, 454 pp. This work is an annotated bibliography of a large number of pre-Restoration works of economic significance. Most works are to be found in the great economic compendium, the Nihon keizai taiten (Entry 460), edited by Takimoto. Annotations provide bibliographic data, descriptions of contents and notes on authors. 162. Tokyo Shoka Daigaku, Hitotsubashi Shimbunbu (Tokyo University of Commerce, Hitsubashi Newspaper Department), Keizaigaku kenkyu no shiori._ 'r T A %- - (A guide to the study of economics), Tokyo, Shunjusha, 1950, 4 v. A guide to problems, methodology, and bibliography in the field of economics both Eastern and Western. Volume 1 deals with theory, volume 2 with economic policies, volume 3 with economic history of the West, and volume 4 with the economic history of Japan and China. Contributions on Japanese economic history are made by Matsumoto Shimpachiro and Shinobu Seizaburo. Their recommendations thus favor the Marxist school. 163. Uchida Ginzo t7 is i f, Nihon keizaishi no kenkyu, Tokyo, Dobunkan, 1929, 2 v., "Nihon keizaishi kenkyu sankosho e 4+ A-;-A- % -- (Reference works for the study of Japanese economic history). A bibliographical essay of special importance to the study of pre-Meiji economics by a pioneer economic historian. First published in Kokumin keizai zasshi (v. 7, 3 - 11, 6) but most accessible in the above collection of Uchida's essays. 164. Yoshida Hideo iLD - t., Nihon shakai keizai hennenshi 0 A i_ /,^~,4 - (Annals of Japanese social economics), TkyEo, Kaizosha, 1928, 641 pp. This work, though primarily a chronological history, is useful as a general bibliographical guide to economic facts. The work covers Japanese economic development from ancient times to 1925. Each fact is given one or more bibliographical references. A list of all works so cited is contained at the end of the book. f. Education The history of education in Japan has an extensive literature which cannot fully be covered here. The following bibliography, however, should prove sufficient for most needs of the general historian. Compiled in postwar Japan with American bibliographic aid, it is comprehensive and well classified. 165. Kokuritsu Kyoiku Kenkyusho (i i- e 0?' t (National Research Institute of Education), Kyoiku bunken sogo mokuroku._.,tL o~' t (Union list of educational books located in Japan), T'kyo, Kokuritsu Kyoiku Kenkyusho, 1950, 9+380 pp. A comprehensive, classified catalogue of works on education published in Japan from 1868 to 1949. There is an extensive section on the history of education. g. Religion 1) Shinto Pre-modern literature on Shinto is vast and largely inaccessible except to the specialist. The following catalogues attest to the volume of such material but shed little light on the nature of the works listed, since none is annotated to any appreciable degree. Bibliographies of modern scholarship on Shinto are extremely rare. 166. Inoue Tetsujir~o 4t -- P *P and Saiki Yugi Lu 1 A,, Shinto bunrui somokuroku q A, ' t, I f (A classified bibliography of Shinto), Tokyo, Shun'yodo, 1937, 1 v. A classified and partially annotated catalogue of pre-modern works in the field of Shinto. 167. Jingu Shicho i-t ' ) 7I (Office of Shrine Affairs), Jingu bunko tosho mokuroku,; /* li{ t ' (Catalogue of the Ise Shrine Library), Kyoto, Jingu Shicho, 1922, 2+14+682+217 pp. A classified catalogue of the Ise Shrine Library holdings as of 1921. Many of the books are of a general nature but a large percentage deal with Shinto. 168. Shinten sakuin A,+ _- _ 31 (An index to Shinto scriptures) Yokohama,?Ykura Seishinbunka Kenkyusho /K ~~ ~, ~.. _ 't ~t rr, 1937, 396 pp. A subject index to the major Shinto classics. Subjects include names of deities and place names. Entries are listed syllabically; kana readings are given for most names. Thus this work provides an excellent method of arriving at the readings of many difficult names of Shinto deities.

Page  24 24 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 169. Kato Genchi *P 4 A V, Shinto shoseki mokuroku t.- t @ ~ ' (A bibliography of Shinto), Tokyo Dobunkan, 2nd ed. 1943, 17+646+2 pp.. The most complete and thoroughly useful of the Shinto catalogues. It covers works on Shinto written bebefore 1868 only. Entries are classified and arranged chronologically within each category. Each title is followed by its romanization and complete bibliographical information. Location of manuscripts in various libraries is indicated. Author and title indexes in syllabic order are provided. 2) Buddhism The field of Buddhist studies is one of the most complex which faces the student of Japanese history. Undoubtedly much of the field is closed except to the specialist. However, the general historian, especially if his interest is in pre-seventeenth century Japanese history, will find a modicum of knowledge of Buddhist bibliography essential. Hatano and Yayoshi's general bibliography (Entry 8) is unusually complete in its coverage of this field. The following entries have been taken largely from his suggestions. They have been selected to provide a guide to classical Buddhist sources as well as to modern scholarship in the field of the history of Buddhism. Among them Ono Gemmy~Zs Bussho kaisetsu daijiten (Dictionary of Buddhist books with explanations) (Entry 175) is worthy of special mention. This work is a monumental annotated bibliography of Buddhist works in Sanskrit, Chinese, and Japanese. Since the work is arranged in dictionary fashion by title, it is not of use in acquiring bibliographical references to any particular subject. 170. "Bukkyo gakkai soran AX `- t r-, ~ (Survey of Buddhist scholarship)," in Ryukoku Daigaku ronsi $t t- )K t " (Ryukoku University review), Kyoto, Ryukoku Daigaku, 1930+. This annual review feature of the journal Ryukoku Daigaku ronso (Entry 622) appears first to have been carried by the journal Mujint _., ', v. 17-24 (1912-19), and subsequently taken over by Bukkyo kenkyu i- 6t,, -v. 1-8 (1920-27). 171. Bukkyo shoseki mokuroku p+ i t Af P '/ (Catalogues of Buddhist books) [vol. 1 and 2 of Dai Nihon Bukkyo zensho i. + l / - ~ 4 (Complete collection of Japanese Buddhist literature)], T6kyo, Bussho Kankokai, 1913-14, 2 v. These two volumes contain over 75 lists and catalogues of Japanese writings in the field of Buddhism. Useful only to the specialist, they afford a comprehensive index to pre-modern Buddhist literature in Japan. 172. Butten Kenkyukai f+ f_ F '- ' (Association for the Study of Buddhist Texts), Bukkyo rombun somokuroku 1+, a, t. ~ ' (General catalogue of articles on Buddhism), Tokyo, Ushio ShobU, 1931, 648 pp. A classified unannotated catalogue of over 12,000 articles in the field of Buddhist studies culled from the major Buddhist journals published during the years 1868-1930. A revised edition was published in 1935. Perhaps the most useful bibliography of its kind for the general historian. 173. Ogiwara Unrai,, e- ', Daizokyo Nanjo mokuroku hosei sakuin,~_ A H- 4. q 1' 0 Y — \ (English title Japanese alphabetical index of Nanjo's catalogue of the Buddhist Tripitaka), Tokyo, Maruzen,J1930. The most convenient index to the Chinese version of the Buddhist Tripitaka. Based on Nanjo Bun'yu's monumental work published in London in 1883, it supplements and revises the former by making of it an index rather than a mere catalogue. References are to the Japanese Taisho edition of the Tripitaka. 174. Omura Seigan K 2 t \-' ) and Nakano Gisho? yT - B., Nihon Daizokyo bussho kaidai 0 - X;, i4~ t i, (Annotated bibliography of the Japanese Tripitaka), Tokyo, Zokyo Shoin, 1922, 2 v. This work is a revision of the Nihon Daizokyo kaidai (Annotated bibliography of the Japanese Tripitaka): vols. 2 and 3 of the Nihon DaizokyU (Entry 488). 175. Ono Gemmy~o )- W' i -s, Bussho kaisetsu daijiten 4- ~ ~ 1- ~- 4 ~ (Dictionary of Buddhist books with explanations), Tokyo, Daito Shuppansha, 1932, 12 v. A comprehensive annotated bibliography of Buddhist literature. For each entry the following information is provided: name of work in characters, Sanskrit equivalent, number of volumes or chapters, whether still available and if so where, note on author or translator, history or translation, description of contents, history of transmission of ms., history of printed copies, present status of old copies. Volume 12 contains essays on the history of Chinese translations of Buddhist writings and on the history of the Tripitaka. 176. Ryukoku Daigaku Toshokan t A/- AX ' lIl -t / (Ryu-koku University Library), Bukkyogaku kankei zasshi rombun bunrui mokuroku (i ~. ' l 1f b ii- Ai p_ / -f ~ T (A classified catalogue of periodical articles in the field of Buddhist studies), Kyoto, Ryu-koku Daigaku Shuppambu, 1931, 498 pp. 177. Ryukoku Daigaku Toshokan U - -- +T Il - 1 % (Library of Ryukoku University), Ryukoku Daigaku wakansho bunrui mokuroku, BukkyU no bu i,- - F 3_ ~1 1. s 4' v t (Classified catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books held by Ryukoku University, section on Buddhism), Kyoto, Ryukoku Daigaku, 1929, 17+806+100 pp. This catalogue of the library of one of the major Buddhist seminaries in Japan is an excellent bibliographical source for Buddhist literature. The 1929 edition lists holdings as of 1928. A supplement published in 1935 covers accessions up through 1934. 178. Shinsho Hanayama, "Orientation in the Study of Japanese Buddhism," in Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai, A Guide to Japanese Studies, Tokyo, K.B.S., 1937, pp. 87-135. One of the better articles in this book, it is of real value to the historian seeking orientation in Buddhist studies.

Page  25 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 25 179. Showl hobo somokuroku ea f p, T,L- ' V (General index to the Showa edition of the Tripitaka), Tokyo, Taishl Issaikyo Kanklkai, 1929, 2 v., Daizo Shuppan K. K., 1 v. (3 v. in all). Part of the great Taisho Shinshu edition of the Tripitaka, it contains a collection of indices to not only the Taisho edition but to a large number of previous editions and collections of Buddhist materials. 3) Christianity The history of Christianity in Japan has been most widely studied by Westerners. Unfortunately, perhaps because of the long years of anti-Christian persecution in Japan, native materials from which the history of early Christian activities might be studied are extremely scarce. While detailed bibliographic guides to Western language sources have been prepared by such men as Murdoch, Nachod, Cordier, Boxer, and Johannes Laures, no comparable studies have been made of native materials. A search of the writings of such Japanese specialists as Shimmura Izuru, Ebizawa Arimichi, and Okamoto Ry'chi will reveal only a limited amount of new bibliographical information. The following work is chiefly concerned with religious writings. It is not by any means a general guide to Japanese sources on Japanese Christianity. 180. Ebizawa Arimichi +- i W i __, Kirishitan tenzeki soko t e-7 j. 4- - - (Collected essays on books dealing with Christianity), Tokyo, Takubundo, 1943, 261 pp. Notes on Christian writings of the "Christian Century" and the early Meiji periods. Works listed are largely religious in nature and consist of missionary tracts or the works of early converts together with the anti-Christian polemics which paralleled them. h. Literature Because of the specialized nature of the field of Japanese literature, no attempt has been made to cover the subject except in extremely general fashion. Fortunately, however, a number of excellent guides and reference aids are available for the student of Japanese literary history. A recent and extremely handy introduction is to be found in volume 8 of the Kawade Shobo's Nihon bungaku koza (Series on Japanese literature) (Entry 191). This volume, entitled Nihon bungaku kenkyuho (Methodology for the study of Japanese literature), brings up to date the methodological and bibliographical sections of the older Iwanami Shoten's Nihon bungaku (Iwanami series on Japanese literature) (Entry 190). An appendix, "Nihon bungaku kenkyU bunken kaidai (An annotated bibliography for the study of Japanese literature)," lists and annotates the major literary collections and modern studies of literary works. Beyond this work the student will find Fujimura Saku's Nihon bungaku daijiten (Dictionary of Japanese literature) (Entry 331) sufficient for most purposes of identifying literary works. Moreover, the articles in this dictionary are provided with brief but excellent bibliographic references. One work which all students of Japan's early literature will need to know is Ishiyama Tetsuro's Nihon. bungaku shoshi (Bibliography of Japanese literature) (Entry 183), which gives the most thorough annotated coverage of Japanese literary works up to the end of the sixteenth century. Bibliographies of recent books and articles on literary history are numerous. The best of these appear to be the two series appearing in the journals Bungaku (Literature) (Entry 189) and Jimbun kenkyl (Studies in the humanities) (Entry 186). 181. Numazawa Tatsuo, Nihon bungakushi hyoran, Tokyo Meiji Shoin, 1934, v. 1, pp. 166-171, "Bungakushirui chosaku nempy. u; # j X _ (A chronological classified list of works on the history of Japanese literature." Contained in the first volume of the author's Nihon bungakushi hyoran (Entry 329), this list presents chronologically under broad classifications the major studies of Japanese literary history published in Japan from 1868 to 1932. Bibliographical references are incomplete, but the work provides a useful check list. 182. Georges Bonneau, Bibliographie de la Litterature Japonaise Contemporaine, T'okyo, Maison FrancoJaponaise, 1938, 102+280 pp. A useful annotated guide to contemporary Japanese belles-lettres. In an introduction the author discusses collections of literature and historical studies of contemporary literature. The main body of the work is a bibliographical dictionary arranged by author. There is an index. 183. Ishiyama Tetsuro Z a- f p a, Nihon bungaku shoshi Q, )~.. t t- (Bibliography of Japanese Literature), Tokyo, Okura Kobundo, 1934, 6+24+932 pp. The most authoritative annotated bibliography of early Japanese literature, this work covers important works written up to the middle of the sixteenth century. The book is divided into periods and by genre under each period. For each entry it gives kana reading of name, a brief description of contents, a note on the author, a detailed history of its transmission, and present status of manuscript or printed copies, a list of commentaries, and a list of reference works and scholarly monographs concerning the work. 184. Kaito Matsuzo;s \V7 Vi. and Mori Akira i-, 'l, Kokubungaku shomoku shuran. -t ~ * (Comprehensive bibliography of Japanese literature), Tokyo, Meitokud', 6th printing 1934, 19+434+52+20+10 pp. A convenient guide to the study of Japanese literature from an historical point of view. The work is divided into two parts. Part 1 is a discussion of methodology with bibliographical references on each of the points discussed. Part 2 is an annotated bibliography of pre-1868 Japanese literature by genre. Individual titles are arranged by period and are briefly annotated. Appendices provide a breakdown of the contents of major literary collections, a list of reference materials, and a title index to part 2.

Page  26 26 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 185. Katsura Koson f- f +-I, Kanzeki kaidai, % Af IS. (An annotated bibliography of Chinese works), TMkyl, Meiji Shoin, 1922. An authoritative bibliography of classical Chinese works, it is of great use in obtaining information on Chinese titles which so often appear in Japanese pre-Restoration literature. Arranged in standard Ssu-k' u chuan-shu categories. An index makes for easy finding of titles. The Chinese section of Endo Motoo's Shiseki kaidai (Entry 5) performs a similar function for the historian interested in Chinese literature. 186. "Kokubun gakkai tembo I -- '~ ) * d ~ (Survey of the field of Japanese literary studies)," Jimbun kenkyu /a,. 4 _ (Studies in the humanities), Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Bungakkai, v. 1 (1950), no. 7-. A semi-annual feature of a new journal. Material is gathered by Maeda Masato \ -iE - A -. Each survey covers a period of approximately half a year and includes a classified list of books and articles on Japanese literature. Material is largely of non-historical interest. 187. Kyoto Kokubun Gakkai, A it. ' '(Literary Association, Kyoto), Kokugo kokubun zasshi kenkyu rombun sakuin \* t ~. ~ ' b t- i, X tI 6 5 (An index to periodical articles on the study of Japanese language and literature), Kyoto, Bunken Shoin, 1931, 2+2+8+424 pp. The most complete index to native research in the field of Japanese literature, it covers some 300 journals published from 1868 to 1929. Entries are elaborately classified under genre and individual literary works. In addition to literature a number of related subjects such as literary geography and customs are covered. A companion volume was published in 1933 (See next entry). 188. Kyoto Kokubun Gakkai,F, P l St a (Literary Association, Kyoto), Kokugo kokubun kenkyu zasshi sakuin (al by qI A e I b t Cl- ~( (An index to periodicals in the field of Japanese language and literature), Kyoto, Bunken Shoin, 1933. A supplement to the bibliography noted above. It includes materials on myths, customs, court practices, etc. 189. "[ ]nen Nihon bungaku kenkyu bunken mokuroku [ ] - -; 'i t j-. t g ~ (A classified index to materials for the study of Japanese literature published during [ ])," in Bungaku i. ' (Literature), TMkyb, Iwanami Shoten, 1931-. An annual feature appearing usually in the March issue, it covers in classified fashion the output of literary studies, including both books and articles, for the previous year. There is a section on history of literature and a useful list of reference works and series. 190. Nihon bungaku shomoku kaisetsu 0 + t, S t @ i.tL (An annotated catalogue of Japanese literature), in Iwanami koza: Nihon bungaku ) >-t -t -_ a,, t ' (Iwanami series on Japanese literature), Tokyio, Iwanami Shoten, 1931-33, 9 v. Nine pamphlets in this series are devoted to bibliographic descriptions of the major works of Japanese literature. Each pamphlet covers a specific historical period. Writers are authorities of the prewar period. 191. Origuchi Shinobu -f D t A, Nihon bungaku kenkyuho D 4-, X - (Methodology for the study of Japanese literature), in Nihon bungaku koza B; ). ' it, (Series on Japanese literature), v. 8, Tokyo, Kawade ShobW, 1951, 235 pp. The first part of this volume contains five essays on methodology. Pages 101-180 consist of an appendix entitled "Nihon bungaku kenkyu bunken kaidai. (An annotated bibliography for the study of Japanese literature). " The bibliography is divided into six parts: 1) general, 2) early ancient, 3) late ancient, 4) medieval, 5) modern, and 6) recent. Each part is compiled by one or more contemporary specialists. Covers major collections and authoritative aids and studies in the field of Japanese literature. A great deal of attention is given to historical studies and to the lives of writers. i. Art and Science The study of fine arts in Japan is well advanced. Several organizations of national importance have been active in producing reference works in the field. Of these the Bijutsu Kenkyusho (Institute of Art Research) of Tokyo has contributed most to general bibliographical knowledge with its two series listed below. While it is not the purpose of this work to deal with the natural sciences the following work by Yuasa Mitsutomo has been included because of its coverage of literature in the field of history of Japanese science. 192. Bijutsu Kenkyusho - Se >t %- )T (Institute of Art Research), Nihon bijutsu nenkan 0 4 T -E | J (Japan art yearbook), Tokyto, Bijutsu Kenkyusho, 1936-. Each issue of this series contains a lengthy classified bibliographical section which lists both books and articles. Volume 9, published in 1949, covered the years 1944-46. It was compiled by the Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan (National Museum). Volume 10, published in 1952, covered the years 1947-51. Compilation was again by the Institute of Art Research. 193. Bijutsu Kenkyusho 6 f n 1 L rt (Institute of Art Research), Toyo bijutsu bunken mokuroku 4 + i*T f r' a It (Classified bibliography of Far Eastern art), Tokyo, Zayu-fho Kank5kai, 1941-. A-comprehensive index to Japanese research in the field of Japanese, Chinese, and Korean art, this work cumulates the entries of the Institute's annual Nihon bijutsu nenkan (see above), but lists only articles. Volume 1 covers articles in some 550 periodicals published from 1868 to 1935. Entries are classified and cover architecture and archeology as well as the graphic arts. There is a section on art history. Volume 2, published in 1948, covers the years 1936-45 and is better classified.

Page  27 REFERENCE WORKS 27 194. Yuasa Mitsutomo K ' t- / M, Kagaku bunkashi nempyo -, It, l -. (Chronological tables of science and culture), Tokyl, Chuo Kbronsha, 1950, 250 pp. A work packed with information in tabular form on the development of science and technology throughout the world. Pages 241-246 provide an excellent bibliography of the history of Japanese science. 4. LIBRARY SCIENCE The subject of this section is of somewhat marginal interest to the research worker in Japanese history. However, in the course of his bibliographic activities the historian is often faced with problems of library usage and cataloguing technique. The following are a few selected works which will answer problems arising out of the peculiarities of library science in Japan. 195. Amano Keitaro g if t X tp, Toshokan soran }( t —. i (A library handbook), Kobe, Bunkyo Shoin, 1951, 10+242 pp. This work affords a comprehensive survey of the present state of Japanese libraries and library science. Sections deal with: libraries, their history and present condition; library associations; a bibliographical list of works on libraries and library science; library terms and their usages; and men in the library world. 196. Amano Keitaro- f.. X t-, "Toshokan yogo jii no kaidairyaku 1' t I $1 9 -.Fi W g- (Brief annotated bibliography of dictionaries of library terminology)," Toshokan kenkyu, v. 7 (October, 1934), no. 4, pp. 491-500. An annotated bibliography of works on library terminology together with a list of standardized translations for a large number of Japanese bibliographical terms. 197. Mamiya Fujio M&;: - - r f, O-wa taiyaku toshokan jiten et- -D * k - t.Q t T- i A (Dictionary of library terms, European languages to Japanese), Osaka, Bunyudo Shoten, 1925, 118+69+5+4+3+39 pp. 198. Ota Tamesaburo K- t - p, Wakan tosho mokurokuho o {;* $ -( $. (Cataloguing rules for Japanese and Chinese works), Tokyo, Geisokai, 1931. A guide to library technique in pre-World War II Japan. 199. Toshokan nenkan Qv $ f $ d (Yearbook of libraries), Urawa (Saitama), Toshokan Shiryosha, 1951, 263 pp. 200. "Tosho oyobi toshokan kankei rombun ichiran t 4 i @ ~E i t ^ '- V -,- A (Survey of articles on books and. libraries)," Toshokan zasshi, v. 24 (1930), no. 11-. This bibliographical section became a regular feature of each issue after November, 1930. 201. Uemura Ch~zaburo f b tt t tp, Shoshigaku jiten ~ i-. ' ~ ~ -- (Dictionary of bibliographical science), KyUto, Kyoiku Tosho K.K., 1942, 602 pp. This work could more accurately be entitled a dictionary of library science. It is extremely useful for its explanation of library and bibliographical terms and for its coverage of modern Japanese libraries and their histories. It is arranged by subject in dictionary fashion. There is an index of Western library terms used in the text together with their Japanese equivalents and an index of Japanese terms. 202. Uemura Chozaburo 4i x. -Z =-p, Tosho, toshokan jiten (I 1i t 4 ^- (Dictionary of books and libraries), Tokyo, Buntokusha, 1951, 599 pp.

Reference Works

pp. 27-43

Page  27 II. REFERENCE WORKS The Western student of Japanese history will find himself particularly dependent upon reference works such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, and chronologies. This is due first of all to the very nature of historical research which embraces a wide variety of subjects drawn from a diversity of fields. But beyond this the need for general references is accentuated by the fact that the Western scholar constantly meets in his work terms and references with which he is unfamiliar. Broad acquaintance with reference works and a knowledge of their proper selection and use is therefore essential for those who wish to carry on research in the field of Japanese history. Fortunately, the Japanese are prolific compilers of such reference materials. Satisfactory aids exist in almost every field to which the historian will need to turn. The following chapter lists a limited number of such works selected to be of most use to the Western student of Japanese history. Items are listed alphabetically by title. 1. ENCYCLOPEDIAS The compiling of encyclopedias has a long tradition in Japan going back beyond the Restoration. In this the Japanese have followed the lead of the Chinese and their encyclopedic compilations, termed lei-shu Ad f. Pre-modern works of this type are now largely superseded, but a number of them are still of use to the historian for antiquarian purposes. Furthermore, references to such works are frequent enough to warrant their inclusion in the following list. A modern encyclopedia compiled in the lei-shu tradition is the Koji ruien (Encyclopedia of ancient matters) (Entry 207). This work is indispensable to the historian since it brings together quotations from a great variety of sources on every conceivable aspect of pre-modern Japan. Of the modern encyclopedias modeled after the Encyclopedia Britannica the Heibonsha Dai hyakka jiten (Great encyclopedia) (Entry 203) is the latest and most comprehensive. Its companion work, Daijiten (Encyclopedia) (Entry 204), covers in dictionary fashion an encyclopedic number of terms and phrases, personal and geographical names, and literary works.

Page  28 28 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 203. Dai hyakka jiten ), -& 1 (Great encyclopedia), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1931-, 28 v. + supplements. The most complete of the great modern encyclopedias. The main body of the work is in 28 volumes. Supplementary volumes are periodically added to bring the contents up to date. Supplement 3 was published in 1950. Contents deal primarily with Japanese subjects or those general or foreign subjects of interest to Japanese. All articles are signed. Coverage is best for matters of contemporary interest, hence this work.has not superseded for the historian the older Nihon hyakka daijiten (Encyclopedia Japonica) (Entry 209). Since the war an edition of the Dai hyakka jiten, in smaller format, has been in press. 204. Shimonaka Yasaburo -T F A = ~p, Daijiten A,. t - (Encyclopedia), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1934-36, 26 v. In actuality a dictionary, this work nevertheless is of encyclopedic proportions. It covers not only words and terms but biography, geography, and literary titles and phrases. Equally thorough in its coverage of ancient and modern Japan, it is one of the most indispensable research tools for the historian. The last volume is a kana index. Users are cautioned that quotations of literary phrases have not always been verified and hence are sometimes inaccurate. 205. Kitamura Nobutaka - T1 1' It I, Kiyu shoran Ad i't A _ (Survey of interesting and entertaining facts), TS'kyo, Kondo Shuppanbu, ed. 3, 1916, 12+1 v. An antiquarian encyclopedia of rather limited use to the general historian, it was completed some time before the author's death in 1856. The arrangement is haphazard but an index in the modern edition makes the work usable. The emphasis of the work is on the life, dwellings, costumes, customs, and natural environment of the Japanese of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). A two-volume edition was published in 1932 by the Rikugodo. 206. Mozume Takami 1 1 7i, Kobunko /4 (Storehouse of literature), Tokyo, Kobunko Kankokai, 1916-18, 20 v. This monumental work by the author of the Gunsho sakuin (Entry 27) in actuality performs for the research worker the task of looking up the references listed in the earlier index. The work is arranged in dictionary fashion; under each subject, the author has quoted pertinent passages from a large variety of sources. It should be noted that not all of the references listed in Mozume's previous index are quoted here. Thus the earlier work is still of use. The Kobunko is more literary and cultural in its subject content than the Koji ruien (Entry 207). Hence it is of special importance in tracking down early literary allusions and the significance of terms and usages. The lives of a large number of historical persons are also covered in this work. 207. Jingushicho -Ft E 1 N, Koji ruien; i ~. - (Encyclopedia of ancient matters), T'okyo, Koji Ruien Kanko-kai, 1896-1914, 51 v.; revised popular edition 1936, 60 v. A monumental encyclopedic repository of primary materials covering all phases of pre-modern Japan, this work is modeled on the great Chinese encyclopedias. Each chapter deals with a separate field and is introduced by a concise resume of the subject. Following the introduction, selected passages from primary sources are quoted in classified order. Attempt is made to bring together first references or primary laws and ordinances concerning a given subject or institution. A comprehensive subject index (v. 60 of the 1936 edition) makes the work convenient to use. Volumes of special significance include those on the calendar, emperors, court ranks and practices, feudal administration, land-tax systems, law, currency, foreign affairs, military affairs, biography, and customs. 208. Yashiro K6ken _ IN A4 V and others, Kokon yoranko t, I O A (Draft encyclopedia of matters old and new), Toikyo, Kokusho Kankokai, 1905-07, 6 v. An antiquarian encyclopedia compiled by shogunal order between 1821 and 1843. It is based on Yamaoka's Ruiju meibutsuko (Entry 210). 209. Saito Seisuke IN "i t ', Nihon hyakka daijiten 0 } i '4 k- $, (Encyclopedia Japonica), Tokyo, Sanseido [v. 1-6] and Nihon Hyakka Daijiten Kanseikai [v. 7-10], 1908-19, 10 v. An early and extremely authoritative encyclopedia modeled on the Encyclopedia Britannica. It emphasizes matters of special interest to Japanese. Not entirely superseded for the historian by the Dai hyakka daijiten (Entry 203). 210. Yamaoka Shummei La It. A1, Ruiju meibutsuko. 4A- Z V A (Classified notes on names and things), revised by Inoue Raikoku 4 - + X_ and Kondo Heijo 'f T L a,' Tokyo, Kondo Kappanjo, 1903-05, 7 v. An eighteenth century encyclopedia covering a wide variety of practices, customs, and objects common to Japanese life. Each subject item is followed by numerous quotations from related sources. The modern edition is thoroughly revised. Volume 7 is an index. 211. Terajima Ryoan +.A V 4-, "Wakan sansai zue do. t l i' '1 (Illustrations of the three powers from China and Japan)," in Nihon zuihitsu taisei 0 ~- A ~. O, (Collection of Japanese miscellanies), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1927-28, 2 v. The Japanese version of the 16th century Ming encyclopedia of the physical world, San-t'sai t'u-hui -* [ l '-, compiled by Wang Ch'i - fT. This work was first published in Japan in 1713 and contains numerous illustrations and explanations of astronomical, zoological, botanical, and geographical matters, and details on agricultural technique, arts, and crafts of the seventeenth century and therefore for the late pre-modern period in general. A difficult work to use but often quoted by Japanese scholars.

Page  29 REFERENCE WORKS 29 2. DICTIONARIES AND HANDBOOKS a. Japanese Language and Character Dictionaries The historian working with Japanese sources must accept the role of translator, a role which becomes increasingly difficult as he goes back to older or more specialized material. The following dictionaries are undoubtedly familiar to all who have dealt with problems of reading Japanese texts. They have been included, however, because of the necessity of clarifying the special features for which each is valuable. The belief that one "good" dictionary is sufficient for the needs of the historian is hardly valid. Adequate understanding of Japanese texts requires the use of a number of general as well as specialized dictionaries. In the following annotations, the term "Japanese language dictionary" refers to word dictionaries in which ideographs are subordinated to their kana readings. "Character dictionaries," sometimes referred to as Chinese-Japanese dictionaries, are arranged by order of character with compounds listed under each character. Since the titles of many of the dictionaries are decorative rather than functional, translations have sometimes been omitted. 212. Otsuki Fumihiko X T., Daigenkai x. T o, Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1932-37, 5 v. This work is based upon one of the great pioneer modern dictionaries of the Japanese language, the same author's Genkai * -A- published in 1884. Though rather hard to use, the Daigenkai is considered the most authoritative of the large dictionaries. Volume 4 is an index. 213. Ueda Mannen -- X ~ -, Daijiten. ~t i-, Tokyo, Keiseisha, 1940, 25+2602+210 pp. The best-known "character" dictionary, and widely used in this country by virtue of its wartime publication by the Harvard University Press. Most useful for its large number of compounds, the listing of readings of characters when used in proper names, and the convenient feature of numbering the radicals, it is nevertheless deficient in that it does not adequately define the meanings of the various readings of each character. 214. Shimonaka Yasabur -F t 50t -,., Daijiten K e,,, Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1934-36, 26 v. The most exhaustive of the great "Japanese" dictionaries, its encyclopedic character has been described above (Entry 204). As a translation tool this work is of special value for its coverage of quotations and literay-allusions. It is also provided with an index. Users are cautioned, however, that quotations are not always accurately extracted. 215. Ueda Mannen -- ( X - and Matsui Kanji, 4 I, -O, Dai Nihon kokugo jiten X B - if t$ - A,, Tokyo, Kinkodo and Fuzambo, 1915-28, 5 v. Considered the most inclusive of the Japanese language dictionaries, this work is especially useful for the numerous illustrative quotations which it cites. Its inclusion of many dialect terms is also a special feature. Volume 5 contains kana and character indices. 216. Fujii Otoo i ~ z- A, Gengo daijiten / -%- )X a.4 (Dictionary of proverbs), Tokyo, Yuhodo' Shoten, 1926, 1159 +254 pp. 217. Shimmura Izuru: ht i, Genrin K 4, Kyoto, Zenkoku Shobo, 1949, 14+2470+41 pp. A successor to Jien (Entry 218), but not to be confused with it. This work is in some ways more complete, especially in its coverage of modern terms, but the general level is elementary. It lacks the coverage which Jien gave to historical terms. The print is small and hard to read. 218. Shimmura Izuru VT *., Jien t AM, Tokyo, Hakubunkan, 1935, 8+2285 pp. One of the best one-volume "Japanese" dictionaries. Semi-encyclopedic in nature, it is similar to the French Petite Larousse. The work has many references to historical terms, persons, practices, and events. An abridged version of this has appeared under the title Gen'en,. e. 219. Haga Yaichi *f X ) -, Kakugen daijiten -, - *, (Dictionary of proverbs), Tokyo, Bunshokaku, 1916, 1045 pp. 220. Kanazawa Shozaburo /: A - 3 ', K'jirin ^. H Y, Tokyo, Sanseid', 1948, 1936 pp. An encyclopedic dictionary of the Japanese language similar to the Jien (Entry 218). Compared to the latter this has more words of recent and foreign origin. It is perhaps the most used of its kind among contemporary Japanese scholars. 221. Mombush-o A -t V, Kokugo no kakiarawashikata tl ~- ~ - - f e L d- (How to write Japanese), Tokyo, MombushY, 1950, 165 pp. A handbook of the Japanese written language. It is especially useful for its rules on correct kana spellings of words and its lists of abbreviated characters. 222. Kojimachi Koji U. O -, Modan yogo jiten e?- > A ~tI- ~t. (Dictionary of modern terms), Tokyo, Jitsuyyo no Nihonsha, 1930. Useful for its coverage of current words and phrases many of them of foreign origin. 223. Inoue Raikoku 4 --- # I(, Nankun jiten ft, ' J.. (Dictionary of difficult readings), Tokyo, Keiseisha, 1933, 424 pp. A useful source for the reading of difficult proper names.

Page  30 30 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 224. Hattori Unokichi t. 2 - - and Koyanagi Shigita ')- tW J.;, Shokai kanwa daijiten -! E y, FD. t -- (Detailed Chinese-Japanese dictionary), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1929, 3+8+18+2212 pp. A character dictionary, its special merit lies in the fact that it not only gives the readings of characters but defines the meanings of each reading-a feature lacking in Ueda's Daijiten (Entry 213). Its coverage of classical Chinese phrases is also superior. 225. Hoshokai;; j, Zoho gotai jirui H A ' -a_ S- 4 $f (Five styles of writing, revised and enlarged), Tokyo, Seito Shobo, 192I, 615+35 pp. Useful for deciphering hand written manuscripts. 226. Ochiai Naobumi ~ '' i- and Haga Yaichi f.. -, Nihon daijiten kotoba no izumi 9 4 k.,- t > f, Tokyo, <3kura Shoten, revised and enlarged, 1931-32, 6 v. One of the best "Japanese" dictionaries and of invaluable use to the historian dealing with early materials. Its coverage of classical and historical terms is excellent. Definitions are clear and well illustrated. The last volume consists of a character index to the work arranged by stroke. (The radical arrangement is unusual. ) This index thus acts as one of the most useful tools for arriving at the pronunciation of difficult phrases and proper names. 227. T6jo Misao ~ 1J,- 14, Zenkoku hogen jiten /f / a a t ~ - (Dictionary of Japanese dialects), Tokyo, Tokyodo, 1951, 881 pp. b. Historical Dictionaries and Handbooks Japanese historical scholarship has not produced as yet an adequately exhaustive dictionary of Japanese history. Of the prewar works Yashiro Kuniharu's Kokushi daijiten (Dictionary of Japanese history) (Entry 229) is the only completed full-size dictionary. Its approach, however, is outdated and overly formal. The FuzambU dictionary Kokushi jiten (Dictionary of Japanese history) (Entry 230) is, unfortunately, only half complete, though it provides answers to more of the questions which the historian as a social scientist will ask. Of special use in this respect is the Nihon Keizai Kenkyujo's Nihon keizaishi jiten (Dictionary of Japanese economic history) (Entry 291) which includes a great deal of information on matters of political and social history as well as the expected coverage of economic affairs. Postwar Japan has produced two historical dictionaries of note. Heibonsha's Sekai rekishi jiten (Encyclopedia of world history) (Entry 232) gives an eighteen-volume coverage to Japanese, Oriental and Occidental history. The approach is modern and its contributors represent the best of postwar Japanese scholarship. Unfortunately, the work devotes less than one-third of its space to Japan. Wakamori Taro's Nihon rekishi jiten (Dictionary of Japanese history) (Entry 231) provides a less specialized dictionary for the beginning student of Japanese history. The Tokushi biyo (Handbook of Japanese history) (Entry 233), prepared by the Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo, can be of immense use to the historian once he masters its contents. So much miscellaneous information is packed into this work that the scholar will have to be constantly on the alert to make the most use of it. Similar to this work is the Chihoshi kenkyu hikkei (Manual for the study of local history) (Entry 228) which has brought together much information on Japanese local history. 228. Chihoshi kenkyu kyogikai d 7 ~ L - t* O - / A, Chihoshi kenkyu hikkei t y A. f _ (Manual for the study of local history), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952, 316 pp. An extremely handy volume which does for local history what Tokushi biyo (Entr.y 233) does for Japanese history in general. The work is divided according to historical periods. Under each period paragraphs deal with local administrative and economic systems. There are lists of official titles, of peasant uprisings, fluctuations in the price of rice, statistics on tenantry, political parties, national production, education, and almost every conceivable subject which the student of Japanese local history might meet. An appendix is devoted to art forms, the calendar, weights and measures, and a bibliography of published local histories. Coverage is from the origins of the Japanese people to 1951. 229. Yashiro Kuniharu XN \ IE);D, Hayakawa Junzabur-o ' "I,,t - i, and Inobe Shigeo t At i- A 4.Daizotei kokushi daijiten X ^ f iT i X -t -A (Further revised and supplemented dictionary of Japanese history), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1925-26, 6 v. Originally compiled in 1903, this work remains the only complete major dictionary of Japanese history. Unfortunately, it is somewhat dated and stilted in its approach. Its coverage of pre-Restoration political, institutional, and biographical history is most complete. Most articles provide references to primary sources. Illustrated by plates, drawings, maps and charts. A one-volume edition was published in 1936. 230. Kokushi jiten 1 I- t -,- (Dictionary of Japanese history), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1940, 4 v. Unfortunately, this dictionary remains unfinished. Compiled from a social science approach it features lengthy articles on political, economic, social, and cultural developments in each of the major historical periods. A fair portion of the articles gives skeleton bibliographies. Attractively put out and well illustrated. Volume 4 carries only part way through syllable shi. 231. Wakamori Taro -s ft- 4 - -, Nihon rekishi jiten a - - 4 - (Dictionary of Japanese history), Toky-, Jitsugyo no Nihonsha t v D,J-, 1952, 521 pp. Not to be confused with the small pamphlet with the identical title published in the Atene bunko (Athena library), this work is one of the most complete of the recent dictionaries of Japanese history. Somewhat popular in its approach, its easy style makes it ideal as an introductory reference work for the Western student of Japanese history.

Page  31 REFERENCE WORKS 31 232. Sekai rekishi jiten i~ e- _- N. - (Encyclopedia of world history), T'okyo, Heibonsha f )L t, 1950-. Scheduled to run to eighteen volumes, this work represents one of the.most ambitious of Japan's postwar encyclopedic efforts. The encyclopedia unfortunately devotes less than one-third of its space to Japanese history. Articles are contributed by the best of Japan's postwar historians and tend to deal with Japanese history in terms of broad problems. Bibliographical citations are given. 233. Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku Shiryo Hensansho ~. S K ~ X; ^ * ). r (Tokyo Imperial University, Historiographical Institute), Tokushi biyZo I-t l (Handbook of Japanese history), Toky6, Naigai Shosekisha, 1933, 2154 pp. An extremely useful collection of historical data covering all aspects of Japanese history from ancient times to 1932. The following are some of its helpful features: 1) a comparative table of regnal, zodiacal, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Western style dates, 2) a chronological listing of important events in Japanese history, 3) tabular histories of Japanese emperors and their courts, of shogun, and of daimy-, 4) tables of holders of chief offices in the Tokugawa government, 5) charts depicting the administrative system of each period in Japanese history, 6) histories of Japanese kuni and gun, 7) tables of Shinto shrines and Buddhist sects, 8) a calendar of festivals and observances during the year, 9) tables of fluctuations in currency and rice values, 10) genealogies and tables of succession to office of heads of religious sects, schools of philosophy, schools of art and of crafts, acting groups, teachers of military arts, 11) indexes to biographical literature on court nobles, military houses, and priests, and 12) a list of death dates of prominent persons. 234. T-oyo rekishi daijiten r, _ 4 t - (Encyclopedia of Oriental history), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1937-39, 9 v. The most comprehensive and authoritative work of its kind in any language, it represents the combined efforts of the faculties of Tokyo and Kyoto Imperial Universities. Coverage is exclusively continental, but Japanese relations with the continent are also included. c. Antiquarian Dictionaries Specialized terms referring to ancient court titles and official practices and usages are a never-ending source of difficulty to the historian working in pre-Restoration materials. The historian should know of the existence of a number of modern antiquarian dictionaries which deal specifically with such terms. Works of this nature, but of more encyclopedic proportions, have already been noted in the section on encyclopedias. The Koji ruien (Encyclopedia of ancient matters) (Entry 207) is not surpassed by any except the most specialized modern dictionaries. The most useful of these, Wada Hidematsu's Shutei kansoku yokai (Revised dictionary of official titles) (Entry 241), is hardly more than an abridgement of material found in the volumes on titles and ranks (Kan'ibu) of the Koji ruien. The following dictionaries deal primarily with terms and usages current among the pre-modern aristocracy. Works relating to words and customs of more plebeian origin will be listed below in Section h. 235. Sekine Masanao M -3R - i and Kato Teijiro Do, >at tp5, Kaitei yusoku kojitsu jiten t tr Pr '4 t r 1 - (Revised dictionary of ancient practices and usages), Tokyo, Rimpei Shoten, 1940, 2+864+ 73 pp. The standard antiquarian dictionary, its chief emphasis is on early court practices and bureaucratic titles. 236. Kanno Domei M1 r At a, Koji seigo daijiten t 4, A( 4 X -i (A dictionary of archaic Japanese), T6kyo, Meiji Shoin OR;- -t? 1908, 4 ffnc.+2+4+1630+165+[1] pp. A dictionary devoted to the explanation of archaic terms in such fields as astrology, the calendar, court titles, ceremonies, and music. The terms are largely of Chinese origin. 237. Ema Tsutomu,- r.,., Kokubun kojitsu fuizokugo shiushaku: Yogi fukushoku hen (i - - ' )X; t t 4 ' - 1 St it 4, (Commentary on terms relating to ancient practices and customs in Japanese literature: customs and accessories), Tokyo, Kyoritsusha, 1935, 6+8+508+12+4 pp. 238. Amemiya Shinlichiro ij r t - R, Nihon bunkashi jibutsu kigen jiten P $ tt + i A; f (Dictionary of things cultural and their origins in Japan), Tokyo, Toko Shoin, 1933, 356 pp. 239. Matsuoka Shizuo t i1 Ii At, Nihon kogo daijiten 0 $ K A,- (Dictionary of archaic Japanese), Tokyo, Toko Shoin, 1929, 2 v. A dictionary dealing with archaic Japanese words found in such early pieces of literature as the Kojiki, Nihon shoki, and Man'ylshU. 240. Ema Tsutomu,-. ~ -, Shinshu yusoku kojitsu jiten 1 il4 4 15 K 1. J (Newly revised dictionary of ancient practices and usages), Kyoto, Hoshino Shoten, 1930, 329 pp. A work by the leading expert on ancient customs, clothing, and practices. This book covers Japanese history from the Heian period to modern times but emphasizes the Heian. There are numerous illustrations and photographic recreations of early court scenes in authentic costume. Further enlarged in 1937. 241. Wada Hidematsu #- hi * '-, Shutei kansoku yokai 4t -T _ ' s- - f (Revised dictionary of official titles), Tokyo, Meiji Shoin, 1926, 372 pp. A useful and authoritative reference work for the explanation of pre-Restoration officialdom and official titles. Divided into periods, under each period the administrative structure, both court and military, is laid out and explanations given of the functions of each office. There is an index and a conversion table between native Japanese official names and T'ang terminology.

Page  32 32 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 242. Kawabata Sanehide,1,4 ' i, Yusoku kojitsu zufu g n. i I' l (Illustrated manual of ancient practices and usages), Kyoto, Jimbun Shoin, 1941. A useful illustrated handbook of ancient practices, it covers such subjects as cloth, clothing, armor, domestic architecture, and utensils. There is no index. d. Biographical Aids 1. Dictionaries Biographical aids may be considered under three general headings: biographical dictionaries, Who's Whos, and genealogies. Most useful to the historian is the general biographical dictionary which covers eminent Japanese of all periods. Among such dictionaries Heibonsha's Shinsen daijimmei jiten (Newly selected biographical dictionary) (Entry 253) is outstanding for the fullness of its biographical notes. As an aid to arriving at the identity of historical figures mentioned only by their personal names or by one of their numerous pseudonyms, Haga Yaichi's Nihon jimmei jiten (Biographical dictionary of Japan) (Entry 251) is without peer. For names which do not appear in either of these two works the scholar is referred to the indices to the standard biographical sources such as the Rikkokushi (Six national histories), the Dai Nihonshi (History of Japan), Yashi (Unofficial history of Japan), and the Kansei choshu shokafu (Kansei collated genealogies) listed in Part 5, Chapter 4 of this work. 243. Dai Nihon Jimmei Jisho Kankokai X D 4 / ~ 7' 'l T ^ (Society for the Publication of the Biographical Dictionary of Japan), Shinteiban Dai Nihon jimmei jisho 6[ TT at K - /< A A -t (Biographical dictionary of Japan, revised edition), Tokyo, Naigai Shoseki K.K., 1937, 5 v. Originally published in 1885-86 and many times revised, this work covers famous Japanese from earliest times down to the present. Biographical sketches are short but entries are numerous. Volume 5 consists of genealogical tables, lists of swordsmiths and other artisans, and an index. 244. Takamure Itsue M g~ i# ~, Dai Nihon josei jimmei jisho. e t- - 't- f ~ t (A biographical dictionary of Japanese women), Tokyo, Koseikaku, rev. ed., 1942, 20+640+5 pp. Useful for a limited purpose. There is a classified index by type (empresses, writers, etc.) and a character index. Biographical articles all have bibliographical notes. 245. Ogawa Kand )- "I ~ ' I, Kangakusha denki oyobi chojutsu shuran s ' X 1$ s- _a X i i (A general index to biographies and writings of Kangaku scholars), Tokyo, Seki Shoin, 1935, 44+781+12 pp. For each entry the following information is given: name with kana reading, other literary names, birthplace, age at time of death, school or tradition, a list of chief writings, a biographical reference. 246. Takebayashi Kan'ichi JUT 4- -, Kangakusha denki shusei,; A i Ai t ' (Collection of biographies of Kangakusha), Tokyo, Seki Shoin, 1928, 9+7+9+13+1381+37+16 pp. A biographical history of the Confucian movement in Japan, this work covers nearly 400 names. Biographical sketches are made up largely of extracts from Tokugawa biographies. There is an index. 247. Okawa Shigeo K "'l1 a At and Minami Shigeki t, A f., Kokugakusha denki shusei d T X I$ iL t A; (Collection of biographies of Kokugaku scholars), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Tosho K. K., 1904, 7+2+12+10+1700+ 30 pp. This work covers over six hundred writers of the period 1593-1903 who were active in or in any way associated with the Kokugaku movement. Biographical sketches consist largely of quotations from previous biographies. The work is somewhat hard to use but an index prepared by the Nihon Bungaku Shiryo Kenkyukai (see next item) is available. 248. Nihon Bungaku Shiryo Kenkykai 9 + A- ' X fi t_ & (Society for the Study of Japanese Literary Materials), Kokugakusha denki shusei myogo sosakuin t I I t A 4 W.t 1 (A comprehensive personal and penname index to the Kokugakusha denki shusei), Tokyo, Kokuhon Shuppansha, 1935, 47 pp. Prepared because of the lack of completeness in the indices contained in the Kokugakusha denki shusei. (See previous item) 249. Washio Junkei % i- "-,. Nihon Bukka jimmei jisho EB l i - ' / ~ tI (A biographical dictionary of Japanese Buddhists), Tokyo, KIyTkan, 1911, 1317 pp. This is a revised edition of a work originally published in 1903. It covers some 6000 names of priests, nuns, and Buddhist painters and artisans. There are numerous illustrations and charts. 250. Sawada Akira, W A, Nihon gaka jiten (jimmei hen), e ) t -^ ( -,^ 4) (A dictionary of Japanese painters, biographical section), Tokyo, Kigensha, 1927, 700 pp. The first pages of this work consist of genealogies and charts of schools. The bibliographical section is arranged in syllabic order by painters' brushnames. Each biographical sketch gives reference to original sources. 251. Haga Yaichi: e x-, Nihon jimmei jiten - /'z-, A A t- (Biographical dictionary of Japan), Tokyo, Ukura Shoten, 1914, 203+1174 pp. Though only a one-volume work, this is nonetheless the most comprehensive of the biographical dictionaries. A special feature of this work is the stroke index to personal names and pseudonyms-most valuable since historical documents often fail to provide the surname. There is also a character index to surnames. Biographical sketches are short but give essential data on dates and official positions.

Page  33 REFERENCE WORKS 33 252. Nihon tojiki meiko ryakuden 0 - P) a6, A ~- A- it (Short biographies of Japanese pottery and porcelain masters), Osaka, Yamanaka Shoka, 1934, 45 pp. 253. Shinsen daijimmei jiten 4, At..6 t t- (Newly selected biographical dictionary), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1937-41, 9 v. The most satisfactory biographical dictionary because of its size and the lengthy biographies which it provides. It lists fewer names than Haga Yaichi's work (Entry 251). Famous men, both modern and ancient, are included. Many of the sketches contain bibliographical notes. Volume 7 deals with contemporary names. Volume 8 gives selective coverage to foreign names. Volume 9 is an index. 2. Who's Whos The above general biographical dictionaries give only a very selective coverage to contemporary Japanese. For the recent period, therefore, the scholar will need to avail himself of one or more of the Who's Whos and professional directories which exist in considerable profusion. Of these, the Nihon shinshiroku (Who's who in Japan) (Entry 263) has the widest coverage, though its biographical information is limited. The Jinji koshinroku (Information about people) (Entry 261) has a less extensive coverage of names but includes longer biographical sketches. For information on contemporary scholars and writers the historian will find two useful types of publication. The first includes lists of academic personnel and holders of the doctorate. Of these Iseki Kurd's Gakui taikei hakushiroku (Outline of the academic status of persons holding the doctorate) (Entry 257) contains perhaps the most satisfactory biographical and professional information. More specialized lists of scholars are frequently published by the Ministry of Education. The second type of biographical aid includes handbooks of current writers put out by several of the Japanese publishing and copyright associations. Of these the Bunka jimmeiroku (A who's who of persons in cultural activities) (Entry 254) will be found most useful by virtue of its completeness and the fact that kana readings of all names are given. 254. Bunka jimmeiroku It- - - Z 1: (A who's who of persons in cultural activities), Tokyo, Nihon Chosakuken Kygikai, l95l, 787+201 pp. Valuable as a reference work on contemporary scholars, this work covers copyright holders in the fields of art, language, philosophy, economics, law, politics, criticism, history, geography and many other fields. Entries are arranged by discipline and syllabically within each division. Names are written in both characters and kana. Biographical information includes place of birth, present address, education, academic specialties, current position, membership in professional societies, and major publications. Additional sections provide tables of publishers, cultural organizations, publishing houses and the newspapers and journals which they publish. A comprehensive index to the biographical sections is appended. A 1953 edition has appeared. 255. Izeki Kur5o 4 rF ~_ ip, Dai Nihon hakushiroku; 0 - ' V i X (A list of Japanese holders of the doctorate), Tokyo, Hattensha, 1922, 6 v. A who's who of holders of the doctorate. Each entry gives name, dissertation, other publications, and honors. Volume 1 covers doctors of law and pharmacology. Volume 5 covers doctors of literature which includes most scholars in the humanities and social sciences. The other volumes deal with medicine, natural science, etc. An index is appended. 256. Mombusho Semmon Gakumukyoku A.- VP; I t~' X) (Ministry of Education, Special Office of School Affairs), Gakuiroku it- I (List of doctorates), Tokyo, Mombusho, 1922-. Annual. An annual cumulative list of holders of the doctorate. Classification is by discipline and is chronological within each discipline. 257. Izeki Kuro 5t I M L p~, Gakui taikei hakushiroku 'T t' X ~ t (Outline of the academic status of persons holding the doctorate), T-okyo, Hattensha, 1939, variously paged. A who's who of holders of the doctorate in Japan classified by field. Information is given on date of degree, title of dissertation, whether or not published, present position, and address. There is an index. 258. Jimbun Kagaku Iinkai /-A - '4 V t { / -, Gakujutsu Kaigi yuhensha meibo I j t;t 4 A; (Roster of outstanding writers in the Gakujutsu Kaigi), Tokyo, Jimbun Kagaku Iinkai, A convenient selective list of postwar Japanese scholars in the field of humanities. 259. Nihon Shuppan Kyodo Kabushiki Kaisha 6 4 b toi fx l/, A ' Z' / - (Japanese Publishing Association, Ltd.), Gendai shuppan bunkajin soran I t,. 9_ ic /L A,- I (Survey of contemporary writers), TokyT, Nihon Shuppan Kyodo K.K., 1947, 408 pp. A useful reference to contemporary writers and scholars. Part 1 is an index of authors classified by fields. Part 2 is a list of authors who have published books or articles since August, 1945, giving in some instances kana readings and for all entries pertinent data on the career, education, present position and address, professional societies, and major publications. Part 3 is a list of authors who have died since January, 1943. 260. Kyodo Shuppansha Hensambu t' Id a ~.. ~ _ 3 Gendai shuppan bunkajin soran at Hi z 1 2 At_-!- t (Comprehensive survey of contemporary writers), Tokyo, IKyodo Shuppansha, 1943, 848 pp. A valuable source of biographical data on writers and scholars. This work combines the information contained in the Ky-odU Shuppansha's Shoseki Nenkan and Zasshi nenkan (Entries 85 and 105). The following 6 parts comprise the chief features of the work: 1) a list of journals and their editors, 2) a similar list of newspapers, 3) a list of publishers with pertinent data on their publishing activities, 4) a list of chief officers of publishing houses, 5) a list of writers including kana reading of name, pertinent biographical data, and major publications for each entry, and 6) an index of writers classified by fields.

Page  34 34 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 261. Jinji koshinroku /K $ ~ s i (Information about people), Tokyo, Jinji Koshinjo, 1903-. Tre innial. An extremely detailed who's who of contemporary Japanese. Number 15 (1948) is in two volumes and covers over 30,000 persons including Japanese residing abroad. Each entry gives information on careers, business interests, family relationships, etc. Arranged by syllabic order. There is an index of initial characters. 262. Shishido Shinzan P T a, -, Meiji Taisho Showa taikanroku 9X? X i - b v h t F (Roster of high officials of the Meiji, Taisho, and Showa eras), Tokyo, DaitU Shimbunsha, 1931. A detailed reco'rd of the establishment and subsequent changes in the Japanese civil service from 1868 to 1930. It indicates in tabular form names of official posts and their occupants for this period. 263. Nihon shinshiroku 0 {: t * i (Who's who in Japan), Tokyo, Kojunsha, 1889-. Annual Covers about 13,000 prominent Japanese and foreigners living in the chief metropolitan centers of Japan. Selection is based on amount of taxes paid. There are separate lists of highest local taxpayers, members of chambers of commerce, etc. An issue came out in 1950. 264. Igarashi Eikichi -- t Xi,, Taisho jimmei jiten i -e- < A- (Biographical dictionary of the Taisho era [1912-26]), Tokyo, ToyU ShimpUsha, 1914, 38+1868+126 pp. 265. Taishu jinjiroku X /a ' ~ (The popular who's who), Tokyo, Teikoku Himitsu Tanteisha, No. 13 (1940), 5 v. A biennial who's who of very wide coverage. Entries are listed by area within Japan. In the 1940 edition each volume deals with one major geographical region. There is a separate index for each volume. 3. Genealogies Genealogical collections are of primary use only in certain specialized instances. But since most works of this nature offer considerably more than bare genealogical tables, they can be used as well for the general information they contain on the histories of families and their various branches. Of the works listed below Ota Akira's two works entitled Seishi kakei daijiten (Dictionary of surnames and genealogies) and Keizu to keifu (Genealogy) (Entries 271 and 267) are most satisfactory. The first is a dictionary of genealogies with discussions of the origins and development of important surnames. The second is a general discussion of names, their origin, and their study. Besides such general collections it should be realized that Japanese historical literature contains detailed individual genealogies for nearly every historically important family. 266. Ishin Shiryo Hensankai,[ 4 [ *, - a l l (Society for the Compilation of Historical Materials Concerning the Restoration), Gendai kazoku fuyo t it E y %i J- (Genealogies of the contemporary nobility), Tokyo, Nihon Shiseki Kyokai, 1929, 720+73+31 pp. A dictionary of genealogies of 957 Japanese noble families existing in 1928. Brief histories of each family are included along with genealogies. Tables listing the new and old peerage and indices of noble families by type of origin (kuge, buke, etc. ). 267. Ota Akira & e A', Keizu to keifu T. ( {) L O S- (Genealogy), TokyU, Sogensha, 1941, 366 pp. A general discussion of genealogical science in Japan by its foremost authority. Chapters deal with surnames and personal names, their origin and development; genealogies, their transmission and authenticity; and methodology. 268. Heki Shoichi 0 XL E -, Nihon keifu soran a. - t- I, (Collected tables of Japanese genealogies), Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1936, 984 pp. A collection of genealogies classified under the following heads: Imperial family, courtiers, military families, Buddhist sects, chief scholarly schools, art and craft schools. There is a special chart of daimyo and their domains and of the confiscation of fiefs by the Tokugawa. 269. Numata Raisuke?6 ~ - ~F, Nihon monshogaku 0 t, (The study of Japanese heraldry), Toky`, Meiji Shoin, 1926. A comprehensive study of the origin, meaning, and development of Japanese family crests by the foremost expert on the subject. 270. Araki Ryozo,_ + - -', Seimei no kenkyu -a {, 6 in L (Study of names), Kyoto, Asada Bummeido, 1929, 464 pp. A study of Japanese surnames and personal names, their origins, and the complex problem of variant readings. 271. Ota Akira X-;&I, Seishi kakei daijiten -ALv 5 - f -M (Dictionary of surnames and genealogies), Tokyo, Seishi Kakei Daijiten Kanko-kai, 1934-36, 3 v. The most complete treatment of Japanese families and their genealogies. The origin of families and their major branches is minutely discussed together with such matters as crests and genealogical tables. The same author has published a one-volume work entitled Seishi kakei jisho, Tokyo, 1910. 272. Yabuki Masae i X K T- t, Shusei gokeifu ko j 1 A c -t- p, (A study of collected Imperial genealogies), Tokyo, Yabuki Masae, 1916, 4 v. A detailed genealogical history of the Imperial family and its many branches and family connections. Volume 4 covers contemporary members of the family. The introduction to volume 1 contains an excellent list of genealogical sources.

Page  35 REFERENCE WORKS 35 e. Place Name Dictionaries, Atlases and Maps The standard place name dictionary for historical use is Yoshida Togo's Dai Nihon chimei jiten (Dictionary of Japanese place names) (Entry 274). Heibonsha's Nihon chimei jiten (Japanese place name dictionary) (Entry 277) is of more recent date but its entries are generalized and contain little historical information. For the reading of current place names there exists Ogawa Takuji's Shi-cho-son-oaza yomikata meii (Classified list of readings of the names of cities, towns, villages, and hamlets) (Entry 278). The only adequate historical atlas of Japan is Yoshida and Ashida's Dai Nihon dokushi chizu (Historical atlas of Japan) (Entry 275), a work by now considerably dated. The historian will find, on the other hand, that the detailed contour 25,000:1 and 50,000:1 maps formerly prepared by the General Staff and now by the Geodetic Office of the Ministry of Construction (Kensetsusho, Chiri Chasasho) (see Entry 273) are of use not alone to the geographer or the field worker. Because of their precise inclusion of detail, these maps indicate the location of a large number of historical remains, a feature which most other maps lack. Finally, it should be pointed out that reproductions of old maps are most likely to be located in the collections of local historical materials, some of which are listed in Part Im, Chapter 2b2 and Part V, Chapter 3 of this work. 273. Kensetsusho Chiri Chosasho Alt aL ' 1-] T W t #T (Ministry of Construction, Geodetic Office), Chikeizu ii 4t iZ (Contour maps), Tokyo, Chiri Chosasho, 1949-51. Published in several series and constantly being revised, the currently available 25,000:1 series was revised in 1949, while the 50,000:1 series was revised in 1951. These maps are like our Coast and Geodetic Survey maps and provide contours and minute physical details. The 250,000:1 series lacks detail and is of limited value for historical purposes. Key maps are available for each series. 274. Yoshida Togo I fb-_, Dai Nihon chimei jiten x a % e i 4.b —, (Dictionary of Japanese place names), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1922-23, rev. ed., 6 v. The most famous of the great place name dictionaries and of indispensable use to the historian. Arrangement of places is by geographical locality, but an index makes the work easy to use. This dictionary is especially known for the wealth of historical data given for the various places identified. 275. Yoshida Togo v — t * *- and Ashida Koreto Y Il 1t, Dai Nihon dokushi chizu AX B 4 a.!. IJ (Historical atlas of Japan), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 6th rev. ed., 1939, 4+4+27+141 pp. The only adequate historical atlas of Japan, its emphasis is primarily pre-Restoration. Sixty-six maps cover old political boundaries, campaign diagrams of major wars, trade routes, important cities, feudal holdings, etc. 276. Sawada Hisao d LUS 2 At, Nihon chimei daijiten e it O,( X / (Comprehensive dictionary of Japanese place names), Tokyo, Nippon Shobo, 1939, 6 v. A standard place name dictionary arranged in syllabic order. It is of considerable value to the historian for its listing of minor places of historical interest such as shrines, temples, etc., under each larger locality. Of value also are the extensive quotations from historical sources. 277. Nihon chimei jiten 8 4 -Pt Zg tt (Japanese place name dictionary), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1937, 6 v. A standard geographical dictionary for modern Japan and her possessions as of 1937. 278. Ogawa Takuji,)- (1,., Shi-cho-son-oaza yomikata meii ~_ wr Y: X - 4 J~ * (Classified list of readings of the names of cities, towns, villages, and hamlets), Osaka and Tokyo, Seizdodo, 1925, 403+5+ 43+2 pp. A useful postal guide showing characters and kana readings for contemporary Japanese place names down to the aza ~ level. 279. Fujita Motoharu - ED iA -, Shin Nihon zucho t D 4 (E tb (New atlas of Japan), Tokyo, TIko Shoin, 1934. The handiest one-volume modern atlas of Japan. There are 34 colored topographical maps. Detail is excellent and easy to read. A separate kana index to names is provided together with a table of names which are considered difficult to read. 280. Tomimoto Tokijiro %; - ~- a p, Teikoku chimei daijiten I it) H ' 4 i (Great dictionary of place names in the Japanese empire), Tokyo, Yukan Seikad, 1902, 4 v. An old but still useful place name dictionary. Its coverage of places of historical interest is especially good. f. Law, Government, and Politics The following entries represent but a small selection of reference dictionaries in the field of law, government, and politics. Of the general dictionaries of jurisprudence Iwanami's five-volume Horitsugaku jiten (Dictionary of jurisprudence) (Entry 283) is most complete. It, however, does not cover the postwar period and hence should be supplemented by Suekawa's recent H'gaku jiten (Entry 282). For more specialized reference works in this field the scholar is referred to Robert E. Ward's A Guide to Japanese Reference and Research Materials in the Field of Political Science. 281. Kawase Sohoku -4, ~- tL, Atarashii seiji seido no jibiki L, t ' $'\ ' T '3 (Dictionary of the new political system), Tokyo, Jitsugyo no Nihonsha, 1924. Explains legal, social and political terms used in modern Japanese administrative organization and practice.

Page  36 36 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 282. Suekawa Hiroshi {'I +t'. Hgaku jiten?f t _- (Dictionary of jurisprudence), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1951, 1040 pp. The newest and one of the best of the general dictionaries of jurisprudence. 283. Suehiro Izutard A. a X s Rp and Tanaka Kotaro W t" t X Ip, H ritsugaku jiten:; t ' i (Dictionary of jurisprudence), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934-37, 5 v. One of the best of the general legal dictionaries, its coverage is primarily modern. It treats all major fields of law, both Japanese and Western. 284. Watanabe Manz; i _- d<, Horitsu jisho, t (Legal dictionary), T'okyo, Horitsu Jisho KankSkai, 1926 (Supplements in 1928 and 1929). An excellent general dictionary of jurisprudence. Much of the work is given over to the explanation of Western legal terms and Japanese terms of foreign origin. 285. Noda Teruo Tf is.y1 X, IHritsu keizaigo jiten, t,-_ - t f f (Dictionary of legal and economic terms), TSkyo, Hogaku Shoin, 1942, 190 pp. 286. Kobayashi EisaburY / - - PR and Uchino S-oji (V W - _., Kyosanshugi jiten - A $ _ S - (Dictionary of communism), Tokyo, Nisshin Shoten, 1949, 342 pp. A semi-official publication of the Japanese Communist Party, it explains some 1600 Japanese and Western terms on communist social and political theory and gives biographical sketches of leading Japanese party members. A complete index is appended. g. Economics and Economic History Two dictionaries prepared by Osaka University of Commerce and published by Iwanami Shoten dominate the field of general economics. The first, Keizaigaku jiten (Dictionary of economics) (Entry 289), is the more complete, though it devotes most of its space to non-Japanese subjects. The second, Keizaigaku shojiten (Concise dictionary of economics) (Entry 290), is a product of the latest postwar scholarship and gives considerable coverage to Japanese economic history. For the field of economic history, however, the dictionary issued by the Kyoto University Institute of Japanese Economic History stands alone. This work, entitled Nihon keizaishi jiten (Dictionary of Japanese economic history) (Entry 291), is one of the historian's most useful tools because it deals extensively not only with the economic but the social and political history of Japan. 287. Keizai daijisho,. _ X a t (Dictionary of economics), T-okyo, Dobunkan, 1910-16, 9 v. Part of the Dai Nihon hyakka jisho series. It covers the entire field of economics, drawing heavily on Western sources and theory. Sections on Japan are of limited use to the economic historian. A large number of indices make the work easy to use. 288. Minami Nobuyoshi ') ft 4, Eiwa hosei keizai shogyo jiten Y ~P, -,_ - ah t H fa (English-Japanese dictionary of legal, political, economic, and commercial terms), Tokyo, Shun'yodo, 1929, 558+ 918 pp. 289. Osaka Shoka Daigaku Keizai KenkyUsho X & il,: X ',ad - ' T (Osaka University of Commerce, Institute for Economic Studies), Keizaigaku jiten!;-f 'I t (Dictionary of economics), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1930, 6 v. The most c6mplete of the general economic dictionaries, its emphasis is primarily modern and international and hence the coverage of Japan is limited. Articles covering major economic developments devote some space to events taking place in Japan, however. Volume 6 is an index to the set. 290. Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Keizai Kenkyusho K jp hi. K f:t F t 1- 9L -T (Osaka Municipal University, Institute for Economic Studies), Keizaigaku shojiten, y -;,,)- A - (Concise dictionary of economics), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1951, 1264 pp. The best one-volume dictionary of economics and a product of the latest postwar scholarship. Emphasis is primarily modern and international. However, the coverage of Japanese economics and economic history is excellent for such a work. 291. Nihon Keizaishi Kenkyusho TB - E - 4F ~ A - olr (Institute of Japanese Economic History), Nihon keizaishi jiten e t,-_ _ ~ f (Dictionary of Japanese economic history), T-kyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1940, 2 v. + separate index. The outstanding dictionary of Japanese economic history, compiled under the editorship of Honjo Eijiro. The work covers all aspects of Japanese economic life down into the Meiji period. Lengthy articles are included on major topics. All articles include a note on suggested reading. Coverage of the Tokugawa period is especially complete. Indispensable to the historian with a social science approach. 292. Sato Kanji 1I - t;. >, Nggyo daijiten d -~ f * a- (Dictionary of agriculture), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1934, 2 v. Largely a working dictionary for the modern Japanese agricultural technician. The emphasis of this work is on agriculture in general and not specifically on agriculture in Japan. It includes, however, a number of useful articles on Japanese terms and problems. 293. Ono ShirO 7- t? *, Ngyo jibutsu kigen shisei + t * - ~ _ - / - '"(A compendium of agricultural terms and their origins), Tokyo, Maruyamasha, 1935, 594 pp.

Page  37 REFERENCE WORKS 37 h. Ethnology, Sociology and Social Science The fields of folklore studies and abstract sociology are well advanced in Japan. As elsewhere, however, pursuit of the social sciences as "sciences" has been a recent development. Prewar dictionaries in this group of fields tend either to concern themselves with folkloristic details and abstract sociology or to deal with general social problems and theories in the fashion of the Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Dictionaries of the latter type give relatively little coverage to Japan and draw heavily on Western sources. Since the war several excellent dictionaries in the fields of Japanese ethnology and sociology have made their appearance. A general dictionary of excellent scholarly caliber is the Nihon shakai minzoku jiten (Dictionary of Japanese sociology and ethnology) (Entry 299). This work covers a wide variety of subjects in the fields of sociology, politics, economics, custom, art, religion and folklore. Emphasis is strongly historical. Strictly folkloristic and ethnological in coverage is the Minzokugaku jiten (Dictionary of folklore) (Entry 295). Nevertheless, this work is of importance to the historian for its detailed treatment of the history of family and social institutions in Japan. For the field worker, the series of folk vocabularies published by Yanagida Kunio (Entry 294) represent a most valuable tool. These vocabularies are not of much help, however, in reading local historical documents. 294. Yanagida Kunio -fr IlD i, Bunrui noson goi - X X t ~ ~ (Classified vocabularies of agricultural villages), Tokyo, Toyodo, 1948. 2 v. One of the series of vocabularies by the same author. In addition to these two volumes the series consists of the following 11 works: 1. Village vocabularies: Bunrui sanson goi i t1 X *4 i- j (mountain villages) Bunrui gyoson goi ^ i j, ~-. -, ^ (fishing villages) 2. Customs: FukusU shuzoku goi F L I A; t - (clothing) Kinki shlUzoku goi T, ~~ - o (taboos) Kon in shuzoku goi - 1W- t (marriage) MinjU shuzoku goi A, 1 - S~ t- (dwellings),San'iku shuzoku goi hA $ M vi A* (child birth and child raising) Saiji shuizoku goi,. p s S p- ' (yearly observances) Zokusei shuzoku goi tk 1 \ (family system) 295. Minzokugaku KenkyUsho e * ^ t t l t (Institute of Ethnology), Minzokugaku jiten A 4 1 (Dictionary of folklore), Tbokyo, Tokyodo, 1951, 714 pp. Primarily concerned with Japan, this dictionary provides an excellent reference to ethnological terms as applied to Japan. The work covers such matters as customs, festivals, mythology, folklore, house types, social patterns, family organization, and many other similar matters. Articles generally include a note on suggested reading. This work may be thought of as bringing together in convenient form the great mass of data on Japanese life and customs collected by Yanagida Kunio and his school. 296. Nakayama Taro 1 X A tp, Nihon minzokugaku jiten s t Hi- t - - (Dictionary of Japanese ethnology), Tokyo, Showa ShobU, 1933, 921 pp. An early and now somewhat outdated work coming out of Professor Nakayama's school of folklore studies, now superseded by the publication of the Minzokugaku Kenkyusho (Entry 295) and the Nihon Minzokugaku KySkai (Entry 299). 297. Ono Takeo,i- tf 5' K, Nihon Nminshi goi 4 - (A glossary of terms related to the history of the Japanese peasantry), Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1926, 465+8 pp. Arranged in syllabic order. Each entry is followed by quotations from sources which indicate the meaning of the term or the particular use of a given agricultural implement. 298. Keizai Zasshisha,*- k r t- ~i, Nihon shakai jii ae * i-~~+ D t (Encyclopedia of Japanese society), TUkyo, Keizai Zasshisha, 1907-08, 3v. Edited by Taguchi Ukichi, this work is by now seriously outdated. It remains, however, one of the few works specifically concerned with Japanese social affairs. It is of special interest to the historian for its treatment of pre-Meiji government, law, economics, social patterns, customs, religion, and a variety of other subjects. Volume 3 is an index. 299. Nihon Minzokugaku Kyokai B - - e I r 7~ (Japanese Ethnological Association), Nihon shakai minzoku jiten B ~- -~. '- i. t- -F.t (Dictionary of Japanese sociology and ethnology), Tokyo, Seibundo Shinkosha, 1952-, 3 v. Because of its broad coverage of social, political, economic, religious, and folkloristic problems, this dictionary, when complete, will be an indispensable tool for the historian. Contributing scholars represent the best in their respective postwar fields. Articles generally offer notes on suggested reading.

Page  38 38 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 300. Ono Takeo lI N i A, lNson mondai jiten t t p4 4 - - (Dictionary of agricultural village problems), Toky6o, Hibonkaku, 1934. 301. Shimmei Masamichi A(T A,- iA, Shakaigaku jiten. ' f j t. (Dictionary of sociology), Tikyo, Kawade Shobo, 1944, 850 pp. One of the best dictionaries of its kind giving broad coverage to the field of sociology. It is especially useful for its biographies and critiques of foremost Japanese sociologists and for the light it sheds on the development of sociology as a discipline in Japan. 302. Miki Kiyoshi 2 4- +, Shakai kagaku shinjiten J-o I — i 'T A J- (New dictionary of the social sciences), Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1941, 457 pp. Written as a general reference work for the social sciences, this work gives only incidental coverage to Japan. It is nonetheless useful as a guide to the development of social science thinking in prewar Japan. 303. Shakai Shisosha i~- / T.. t~-,, Shakai kagaku daijiten tj *_4 rF t -E - (Dictionary of the social sciences), Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1932, rev. ed., 26+1269+131 pp. An excellent work for its type giving broad coverage to terms related to modern social and political movements, social problems, and social philosophy. Emphasis is universal rather than specifically Japanese. There is a detailed subject index and an index of Western names and phrases. 304. Sugimori KIjiro e/ 4 - B 5p, Shakai kagaku jiten,.t / p- ' -T -(Dictionary of sociology), T5kyo, Shakai Shis5 Kenkyusho, 1929, 907 pp. A general reference to terms and expressions relating to social problems, social movements, education, social theory, and the like. 305. Takahata Motoyuki, A t, z-, Shakai mondai jiten *,t /- Ao1 i t - - (Dictionary of social problems), Tokyo, Shinchosa, 1925, 755 pp. A dictionary giving wide coverage to terms and developments relating to modern political, social, and economic movements and problems. 306. Tadokoro Teruaki ID t i-, Shakai undo jiten ~.t ' _ & it -a, (Dictionary of social movements), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, 1928, 487 pp. i. Philosophy and Religion 1) General General dictionaries of philosophy and religion published in Japan deal mostly with Western intellectual systems. The historian specifically interested in Eastern philosophies or religions will therefore have to turn to more specialized works than those listed below. The following works are mentioned, however, as having some limited value to the intellectual historian. 307. Iwanami tetsugaku jiten 6 A` V r X I -. (Iwanami's dictionary of philosophy), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, rev. ed., 1930, 1015+5+5+104+88 pp. The best of the general dictionaries of philosophy and religion, its coverage is heavily slanted in the direction of Western subjects. There is a romanized index of Japanese subjects, a Western language index, and a Sanskrit index. 308. Miki Kiyoshi -- A ~, Gendai tetsugaku jiten a i\' - X t i (Dictionary Qf contemporary philosophy), TSkyd, Nihon Hydronsha, 1936, 535+73 pp. Treats contemporary philosophical problems in a series of lengthy articles. Each article gives a list of recommended reading. 309. Kido Mantaru A f 'k - & it, Kyoikugaku jiten 4i A t z- (A dictionary of education), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1939, 5 v. Affords a very broad coverage of education in Japan, China, and the West. Considerable space is devoted to Japan. Volume 5 contains a number of useful tables which arrange the entries in the first four volumes in subject sequences so as to provide running histories of education and educational institutions. There is a subject and personal name index. 310. Nihon Shuikyo Remmei /D %,- A V A, Mombusho, Shckyo Kenkyikai -P A. ~-. /; - t ', and Jiji Tsushinsha 4 + ' 1j,-o_ Shikyo benran ~_, f{ u (Handbook of religion), Tokyo, Jiji Tsushinsha, 1948, 496 pp. ' An extremely useful handbook of religious matters in contemporary Japan. The work is divided into four parts as follows: 1) histories and general descriptions of the religious sects still active in Japan; these include Shinto, Buddhist, and Christian sects; 2) the current status of the above-mentioned sects, their activities, and associated institutions; 3) the contemporary religious world; religious problems; 4) bibliographies of writings of and about the active religious sects; tables, statistics, and chronologies. 2) Shinto The following works should be of help to the historian who confronts Shinto names and problems of doctrine in his research. For Shinto in pre-Meiji Japan the Heibonsha Shinto daijiten (Dictionary of Shinto) (Entry 315) is perhaps most generally useful. For the more modern period Ogura Kenji's Kokutai jingi jiten (Dictionary of national polity and Shinto deities) (Entry 313) is of particular value.

Page  39 REFERENCE WORKS 39 311. Sugimori Kichiji + A >D, Dai Nihon jimmei jisho X 5 $ # ji + ~ (A dictionary of the names of Japanese deities), Tokyo, Ganshudo, rev. ed., 1926. This work provides explanations of the numerous names in the Shinto pantheon. Sources from which information was taken are indicated. The work was compiled by members of the Meiji linja Shiryo Hensansho (Meiji Shrine Historiographical Office). 312. Yamakawa Uichi I-,'1 *.. -, Jingi jiten $jT -t -A- (Dictionary of Shinto), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1924, 15+828+2 pp. A general aictionary of Shinto covering a wide variety of subjects such as deities, shrines, festivals, etc. There are two indices, one a kana index, the other a character index by number of strokes. This second index is extremely useful since it provides a method of arriving at the kana reading of obscure Shinto names. 313. Ogura Kenji,, ' _, Kokutai jingi jiten (f iS _? t A- (A dictionary of national polity and Shinto deities), Tokyo Kinseisha, 1940, 142+1656 pp. A most valuable work which brings together the writings of prominent Tokugawa and contemporary scholars on a wide variety of subjects involving national polity and Shinto. Under each entry extensive passages are quoted from a large number of sources, so as to provide a well-balanced treatment of the subject. There is an index. 314. Fujimoto Kozaburo i r S - Ip and others, Nihon shaji taikan p,;: --. XI (Catalogue of Japanese temples and shrines), Kyoto, Hinode Shimbunsha, 1933, 2v. Volume 1 is devoted to shrines and contains a useful preface on the general subject. Shrine names are arranged geographically. Entries give a brief note on the history of each shrine and the related institutions. There is a catalogue by shrine rank and a general index. Volume 2 gives the same coverage to Buddhist temples. 315. Shinto daijiten *t it $- ^ -, (Dictionary of Shinto), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 2nd ed., 1937-40, 3 v. The best and most modern dictionary of Shinto. It covers all aspects of the subject, deities, shrines, ceremonies, terms, etc. 3) Buddhism The field of Buddhist studies is one of the best supplied with reference aids. Undoubtedly the general historian will find Mochizuki's Bukkyo daijiten (Dictionary of Buddhism) (Entry 317) and Ono Gemmyo's Bussho kaisetsu daijiten (Dictionary of Buddhist books with explanations) (Entry 175) sufficient for most purposes. Beyond these two works a host of more specialized aids exists. Every major sect has its own dictionary which may be consulted when the general dictionaries fail to provide the answer to a specific problem. Although somewhat outdated, Rosenberg's Bukkyo kenkyu meijishu (Introduction to the study of Buddhism, vocabulary) (Entry 320) is an aid in locating entries in these more obscure dictionaries. The student of literary history will find Kawakami's Yobun shoroku Daizokyo sakuin (Phrase index of the Buddhist Tripitaka) (Entry 325) of special value. This work provides an excellent means of tracing the origins of Buddhist phrases which appear in literary texts. 316. Ryikoku Daigaku t~ - % ~ (Ryiikoku University), Bukkyo daijii 1+. X B, ~ (Dictionary of Buddhism), Tokyo, Fuzambo, rev. ed., 1935-36, 6 v. One of the most useful of the Buddhist dictionaries, heavily slanted toward the Shin sect. It covers such general subjects as Buddhist terms and doctrines, history of sects, biographies of priests and nuns, iconography, and ceremonial. There are many excellent illustrations. Unfortunately, there is no index. This work was originally published between 1914 and 1922. 317. Mochizuku Shinko -! 1H, Bukkyo daijiten i+;t. x t A- (Dictionary of Buddhism), Tokyo, Bukkyo Daijiten Hakkosho, 1931-36, 6 v. The latest and most scientific of the general Buddhist dictionaries, it is undoubtedly the single most satisfactory work of its kind and largely replaces the earlier Fuzambo dictionary (Entry 316). Articles are clearly written and in most cases list recommended reading. Each entry is followed by its romanization. The work is profusely illustrated. Volume 6 is composed of maps and Sanskrit, Pali, and character indices. 318. Oda Tokun-,. l 4 ", Bukkyo daijiten 1+ A t:,-(Dictionary of Buddhism), Tokyo, Okura Shoten, rev. ed., 1927, 1 v. The best one-volume work, it actually has more entries than Mochizuki's dictionary (Entry 317). Explanatory articles are short but clear and in most cases indicate sources. There is an index. 319. Ui Hakuji $ -t 1f ~, Bukkyd jiten 14 L ~t ~ (Dictionary of Buddhism), T-lkyo, Daito Shuppansha, 1938, 1874+118 pp. A convenient one-volume dictionary with a large number of entries. Definitions are simply written. 320. Rosenberg, O., Bukkyo kenkyu meijishu 14 M * " L f 9 (Introduction to the study of Buddhism, vocabulary), Petrograd, Faculty of Oriental Languages, Imperial University of Petrograd, 1916, 11+527+4+17 pp. A useful though somewhat outdated work which provides a combined index to some 150 dictionaries and collections dealing with Buddhism in Japanese and Western languages. It thus provides a means of arriving at definitions of obscure Buddhist terms not found in the general dictionaries. Indices provide useful information on Sanskrit equivalents to Chinese terms, Chinese readings, and Japanese readings.

Page  40 40 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 321. Dai Nihon jiin s )ran ) + 4 P4 0... V (A dictionary of Buddhist temples in Japan), Tokyo, Meiji Shuppansha, 1916, 2+722 pp. Locates and gives the historical background for all Buddhist institutions in Japan. 322. Tomita Gakujun g 0,t, Himitsu jirin At. 1i 4* (Dictionary of esoteric Buddhism), T5kyo, Kaji Sekai Shisha, 1911, 1134 pp. A dictionary of esoteric Buddhism with emphasis on Tendai. 323. Shishio Bunko Hensambu t' - - -t -,. j,. Honge seiten daijirin $. e j E- X. 1 (A comprehensive dictionary of Honge scriptures), Tokyo, Shishio Bunko, 1918-23, 4 v. A specialized dictionary covering the doctrine and organization of the Nichiren sect. The chief editor was Tanaka Chigaku ti s o. 324. Mikkyo Jiten Hensankai 7 $- -- i.t. (Esoteric Buddhist Dictionary Compilation Society), MikkyU daijiten e. - - (Dictionary of esoteric Buddhism), Kyoto, Mikky- Jiten Hensankai, 1931-33, 3 v. Compiled by the faculty of the Toji seminary, this work covers the special field of esoteric Buddhism with emphasis on Shingon. Entries are in syllabic order and treat such matters as doctrine, sutras, mandala, ceremonies, regulations, and the lives of important priests. Volume 3 consists of indices. 325. Kawakami Kozan /'l -- $k ', Yobun shoroku Daizokyo sakuin!- - 4' - d ',_ A.I S( (Phrase index of the Buddhist Tripitaka), Tokyo, Daizbkyo Sakuin Kankokai, 1927, 4 v. A monumental phrase index to the Tripitaka and many other Buddhist writings. Phrases are classified under subject categories which are sometimes hard to anticipate. The location of each quotation is given. Thus this work is an excellent tool for determining the origin of phrases appearing in literary texts. 326. Yamada K-odo L I l e, Zenshu jiten -.! o- i, (Dictionary of Zen Buddhism), Tokyo, K'yUkan, 1915, 1145 pp. Covers doctrines, terms, expressions, ceremonies, priests, temples, and literature for the field of Zen Buddhism. j. Literature The historian will find that for reference works in the field of literature he will need little more than Fujimura Saku's Nihon bungaku daijiten (Dictionary of Japanese literature), now thoroughly enlarged and revised (Entry 331). While this work should be sufficient for all general needs, a number of other more specialized aids may also be found useful. Numazawa Tatsuo's Nihon bungakushi hyoran (Tables for the study of Japanese literary history) (Entry 329), though now somewhat obsolete, can be of great help to the historian because of its convenient arrangement in tabular form of a great deal of information on literary and cultural history. The more recent Hanawa Shobo's Bungaku benran: Nihon-hen (Handbook of literature: Japan) (Entry 327) is also conveniently arranged to provide easy access to much specialized information. 327. Bungaku benran: Nihon-hen 4 r 1t_ 14 e ' >4 (Handbook of literature: Japan), Tokyo, Hanawa Shobo, 1949. A useful handbook crammed with much information. The following sections will be of special interest: 1) history of Japanese literature together with bibliographies of general and specialized studies of Japanese literary history; 2) an annotated bibliography of important literary works; 3) a glossary of terms; 4) a biographical section on important writers; 5) a chronology; and 6) an annotated bibliography of reference works for the study of Japanese literature. 328. Kindai Bungakusha L- ' - t ' I (Contemporary Literary Association), Gendai Nihon bungaku jiten W B 4 1 -t t t (Dictionary of contemporary Japanese literature), Tokyo, Kawade ShobU, 1949, 568+20 pp. Covers Japanese literary works and writers from 1868 to 1945. Treatment is somewhat overly selective but several features recommend it as a guide to the contemporary literary scene. Of most use is the practice of providing extensive bibliographical citations after each article. There is a chronology and an author index as well as a title and subject matter index. 329. Numazawa Tatsuo, - t A, Nihon bungakushi hyoran D - - K t- - i (Tables for the study of Japanese literary history), Tokyo, Meiji Shoin, 1934, 2v. This work can be of great use to the historian once he has mastered the complicated arrangement. Volume 1 contains the following sections: 1) chronological tables of Japanese literature arranged in columns by genre, 2) tabular descriptions of customs, arts and crafts, and illustrations of ancient practices and usages, 3) a chronology of Japanese literature by periods, 4) a bibliography of Japanese secondary works on Japanese literature classified by genre, 5) an index to contents of lecture series (koza) on Japanese literature, 6) a table of Western translations of Japanese literary works, 7) an index to literary series (sosho) and collections both modern and ancient, 8) an index to works mentioned in volume 1. Volume 2 consists of the following folding charts: 1) an historical chronological table, 2) a chart of major literary schools with diagrammatic explanation of influences between them, 3) a chart of historical periods, and 4, 5) charts of the life span of major writers arranged by literary schools.

Page  41 REFERENCE WORKS 41 330. Shuzui Kenji T?i~. 3 A, Yamagishi Tokuhei a f -- J, and Imaizumi Tadayoshi k ~, A Nihon bungaku jiten: koten-hen 1B r,-., A., + (Dictionary of Japanese literature: the classics), lTokyo, Someisha, 1950, 1027 pp. Largely an annotated bibliography of Japanese literary works from ancient times to 1868. Arrangement is by syllabic order. 331. Fujimura Saku 4 — $. 1Vt, Zoho kaitei Nihon bungaku daijiten zt -e -, IT t ' t Z t t i (Dictionary of Japanese literature, enlarged and revised), Tokyo, Shinchosha, 1950-52, 8 v. The single most important and satisfactory dictionary of Japanese literature giving extensive coverage of all Japanese literature and writers, ancient and modern. Literary works are described and criticized; writers are given full coverage and evaluation. Articles frequently include bibliographical citations. The work was revised after the war and volume 8 of the revised edition contains over a thousand new items. Volume 7 is an index. k. Fine Arts and Crafts While the field of fine arts and crafts is rather specialized, the general cultural historian will wish to have at his disposal a minimum number of reference works on this subject. The following selected works will aid in the identification of artists' names, the history of master works and their present location, and the meaning of technical art terms. While a great many more general dictionaries of art have been published by the Japanese, these have been omitted because they deal largely with Western art and their usefulness to the student of Japanese history is limited. 332. Araki Tadashi AL +- -, Dai Nihon shoga meika taikan;, a A I,g I X. (General survey of famous Japanese calligraphers and painters), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Shoga Meika Taikan Kankokai, 1934, 4 v. Volumes 1 and 2 of this series contain artists' biographies. Names are listed by number of stroke in the first character of the artist's art name. Volume 3 deals with seals and signatures. Volume 4 consists of indices: 1) an index to artists by surname, 2) an index of artists by variant art names, and 3) an index to signatures. 333. Ei-Wa insatsu shoshi hyakka jiten ~ ~D Ey '1 *t. i 4 # A (English-Japanese dictionary of graphic art terms), Tokyo, Nihon Insatsu Gakkai, 1943, 804 pp. 334. Shimizu XIkyo } - f ai, Kantei hiyaku toko tanko jiten it - T t n T At.- A ' (A dictionary of swordsmiths and fitting makers together with a discourse on the evaluation of swords), Tokyo, TaiyMdo, 1928. A standard reference work on the history and evaluation of swords and their fittings. The work contains biographies and lists of swordsmiths, articles on the history of swordmaking and on how to judge fine swords, tables of swords, swordsmiths' signatures, etc. 335. Noma Seiroku Xf Ma1 t L and Tani Shin'ichi I,& -, Nihon bijutsu jiten a +( - A AL - (Dictionary of Japanese art), TVky, Tokyodo, 1952, 726 pp. 336. Nakamura TatsutarU '% t. Ai - P, Nihon kenchiku jii 9 + a t e (Dictionary of Japanese architecture), TkyZo, Maruzen Shuppan K.K., rev. ed., 1931, 1 v. A dictionary of technical architectural terms and techniques. 337. Yamato Kai,X -* ^, Nihon kobijutsu annai D 6 t 4 r (A guide to pre-modern Japanese art), Tokyo, Heigo Shuppansha, 1931, 2 v. A useful handbook which provides information on the location of art objects in private and public collections. This work is especially valuable since much of the best of Japanese art is found in private collections or in scattered temples and monasteries. 338. Ikeda Tsunetar 'tm- f ) - f p, Nihon shoga kotto daijiten 0 t i 4,- (Dictionary of Japanese calligraphy, painting, and art objects), Tokyo, ShUhokaku, rev. and enl. ed., 1926, 2254 pp. A useful illustrated guide to artists and art objects, arranged as follows: 1) a character index to biographical references contained in the book; 2) calligraphic masterpieces chronologically arranged and described; biographies of calligraphers, 3) paintings and painters' biographies; 4) craft objects. There is no adequate index. 339. Nakamura RyUisetsu ~ "t4 _- i., S'sho daijiten t X- ~ -. (Dictionary of sosho), Tokyo, RyTbunkan, 1913, 2 v. This dictionary gives facsimile examples of characters written by a large variety of Japanese and Chinese calligraphers. Arrangement is by character. 340. Ono Ken'ichirl H- ' - ~t - /p, TMki daijiten. %- 4 - ~ (Dictionary of ceramics), Tokyo, Fuzambi, 1934-36, 6 v. A standard illustrated dictionary of ceramics covering Japan, China, and the West. Volume 6 includes a supplement and indices.

Page  42 42 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 3. CHRONOLOGIES a. Comparative Lunar and Solar Calendars Chronologies (nempyo) are an extremely common form of reference work in Japan, doubtless because of the complexities of Oriental calendrical systems. All chronologies have as their basis a comparison by years of at least three methods of recording dates: 1) the Japanese lunar (kigen) system with year 1 set at 660 B.C., the mythical origin of the Japanese state; 2) the Chinese lunar system using the hexagenary cycles; and 3) the Western solar system. Such comparative tables are useful but must be used with care if the historian is to arrive at accurate date equivalents between Eastern and Western events. While most chronologies offer only a yearly concordance, a few specially constructed tables provide a day-to-day comparison between the solar and lunar calendars. The appearance recently of Tsuchihashi's Japanese chronological tables (Entry 342) supersedes the other works of this type listed below. 341. William Bramsen, "Japanese chronological tables, showing the date, according to the Julian or Gregorian calendar, of the first day of each Japanese month from Taikwa 1st year to Mei-ji 6th year (648 A.D. to 1873 A. D.) with an introductory essay on Japanese chronology and calendars," Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 37.3 (1910), 1-131. An easily available work by virtue of its publication by the Asiatic Society of Japan. It is now superseded by Tsuchihashi's tables (Entry 342). 342. Paul Yachita Tsuchihashi, Japanese chronological tables, Tokyo, Sophia University Press, 1952, 128 pp. The latest and most accurate of the comparative tables of the lunar and solar calendars. This work supersedes the volumes by Bramsen (Entry 341) and Kanda (Entry 343) upon which it is based. 343. Kanda Shigeru t (A, Nendai taisho benran narabini in'yoreki taishohyo T f' *t is. t t L pt # tf 5. f X (Handbook of comparative regnal years and lunar and solar calendars), Tlokyo, Kokon Shoin, 1932, 1 v. 344. Morimoto KakuzU I * b ', Nihon nengo taikan B * - -- X, (General study of Japanese era names), Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1933, 850+3+16 pp. An extremely detailed study of the history, practice, and meaning of Japanese nengo (era names). The work explains the origin of the system in China, relationship between Chinese and Japanese practice, Japanese era name changes and their significance, and the actual procedure used in changing them. 345. Naimusho Chirikyoku r9 f X kt_ - (Ministry of Home Affairs, Geographical Office), Sansei soran --,E- it, (Handbook of three chronologies), Tokyl, Teito Shuppansha, 1932, 424 pp. This work compares in tabular form the Japanese and Chinese lunar calendar with the Western solar and Mohammedan calendars. While year equivalents can be told at a glance, equivalent days cannot be arrived at without some interpolation. Covers 214 B.C. to 1903. Japan adopted the solar system in 1872. b. General Historical Chronologies Most chronologies, in addition to providing visual comparison between calendar systems, contain a great deal of other information in tabular form. Such works are of two types, the general chronology and specialized. General chronologies afford data on Japanese and Chinese regnal years and on the names and terms in office of chief ministers. They also list under each year a variety of significant events taking place in Japan and sometimes in China and the West. For most accurate coverage of pre-Restoration history, Tsuji Zennosuke's Dai Nihon nempyo (Japanese chronological table) (Entry 346) is recommended. This work also has a number of special features which are noted below. For post-Restoration Japan the T'yo Keizai Kenkyusho's Sakuin seiji keizai dainempyo (Chronology of politics and economics with index) (Entry 352) is outstanding. 346. Tsuji Zennosuke L- - - v, Dai Nihon nempyo r, e - J AL (Japanese chronological table), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Shuppan K.K., 5th rev. ed., 1943, 390+84 pp. Perhaps the most useful to the historian of the numerous chronologies. Arrangement is similar to others in that the standard calendrical comparisons are made for each year. An added feature is the inclusion of information which makes it possible to compute the exact day-to-day equivalents between lunar and solar calendars. Information is given on emperors, court officials, shogun, feudal officials, and modern cabinets. In each case length of reign or office is indicated by lines to which beginning and terminal dates are affixed. Additional information includes chief events and deaths of prominent persons. For events up to 1868 code words indicate the source from which information was taken. This last feature provides a valuable guide to standard primary sources. There is no index. 347. Yashiro Kuniharu /\ 4'V f j, Hayakawa Junzabur6o T '1,t.- e p, and Inobe Shigeo t A is- A; at Daizotei kokushi dainempyo ~ a IT u. X 4 _ (Revised chronology of Japanese history), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1936, 233 pp. A separate appendix to the Kokushi daijiten (Entry 229) by the same authors. Small but packed with information, 348. Sanseid Henshujo #W ~ A, $ (Sanseido Office of Compilation), Mohan saishin sekai nempyo *_ * V or 1 I~ $ k- (A model chronology of the world, recently compiled), TOkyo, Sanseido, 1934. A very popular chronology because of its conveniently small size. Its coverage and format is similar to the one by 5mori and Takahashi (Entry 353).

Page  43 REFERENCE WORKS 43 349. Kiyohara Sadao 4d ^ R Wt, Kaisen Nihon bunkashi nempyo cx t f + t 1 tW ( (Revised chronology of Japanese cultural history), Tokyo, Chubunkan Shoten, rev. ed., 1931, 387+137+3+2+2+3 pp. A chronological table divided vertically by years and horizontally according to subjects as follows: government, economics, religion, education, art and science, literature, and crafts. Coverage is to 1927. There is a useful index. 350. Heki Shoichi 0 X, -, Kokushi dainempyo If ~. A - ~ (Chronology of Japanese history), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1935-36, 7 v. By far the most detailed of the numerous chronologies of Japanese history. Historical events are recorded in tabular form from the mythical origins of Japan to 1934. The usual comparison between Japanese, Chinese, and Western calendars is provided. Volumes 1-3 cover the period to 1868; volumes 4-6 the period from 1868 to 1934; volume 7 is a general index. 351. Kuroita Katsumi Mf, 1. B, Kotei kokushi kenkyiu nempyo _ p-r ). o; 4- ~&(Revised chronology for the study of Japanese history), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1936, 13+227+61 pp. One of the best known standard chronological tables, its listing of events is rather sketchy. There is a separate index for persons and one for events and places. 352. Toyo Keizai Kenkyusho T t - 4 (Oriental Economic Research Institute), Sakuin seiji keizai dainempyo 1 rXA 8,V I 4, - L (Chronology of politics and economics with index), Totyo, Ty Keizai Shimpisha, 1943, 2 v. Invaluable to the student of post-Restoration history. Volume 1 is arranged as a standard chronology covering the period 1841 to 1943. Listing of events is extremely detailed. Volume 2 is an exhaustive index to the chronology proper. Appendices list events from 1941 through 1942 and provide tabular data on governmental officials, elections, etc. 353. Omori Kingoro, A 4 i tp- - and Takahashi Sh6ozo tt 5- i., Z-ho saishin Nihon rekishi nempy6t tf '. AL VT a *- -.- T -(Revised latest chronology of Japanese history), Toikyo, Sanseid', rev. ed., 1939, 7+14+457+108+177 pp. One of the most complete of the one-volume chronologies, it covers events up to 1933. Marginal and tabular notes provide the usual comparison between Eastern and Western calendars. Under each year the following information is given: reigning emperor, names of court ministers, dates of office, reigning shogun, chief shogunal officers (after 1868, identity of premier, cabinet ministers, chairmen of both houses of the diet, etc.). A series of appendices provide divine, imperial, and shogunal genealogies, tables showing composition of the Tokugawa rEju (Councilors) and post-Restoration cabinets, etc. A great variety of indices by emperors, regnal years, subjects and ideographs makes for easy use. c. Specialized Chronological Tables The Japanese have prepared chronological tables for nearly every conceivable subject. A standard feature of many historical publications is an appended chronology. The following items have been selected to provide as great a variety of subject matter as possible. 354. Mochizuki ShinkU ' K a r?, Bukkyo dainempyo A X, T — (Chronological chart of Buddhism), Tokyo, Mochizuki Hakase Kanreki Kinenkai, 1930, 450 pp. This work serves as an appendix to Mochizuki's famous dictionary of Buddhism (Entry 317). Each page is divided into three parts listing Buddhist events in India, China, and Japan from Sakyamuni's birth to 1929. The section on Japan is most complete. Appendices list genealogies and charts of transmission of various doctrines and sects. 355. Okayama Taishi f1 ^ * tm, Dai Nihon senshi nem!py o. D r e ' t (Chronological table of Japanese military history), Tokyo, Sankyd Shoin, 1941, 6+167 pp. 356. Sait` Shzb - fr I, Gendai Nihon bungaku dainempyo t ~' a 0- E 3. A K ~ ~- (A chronology of contemporary literature), TokyU, Kaizosha, 1932. An exhaustive chronological history of Japanese literature from 1868 to the time of writing. Over 33,000 literary works are mentioned together with a record of the major political and social events which formed a background for the works cited. 357. Yuasa Mitsutomo &;A- )t S, Kaisetsu kagaku bunkashi nempyo h tL $ C - f~ _ L (An annotated chronology of the history of science), T Ikyo, Chud K'fronsha, 1950, 250 pp. 358. Shirai K-taro E *f t tK P, Kaitei zoho Nihon hakubutsugaku nempyo. IT;d ' X; t ';"7 " - &L (A chronological history of the study of natural history in Japan, revised and enlarged), Tikyo, Ookayama Shoten, 1934, 437 pp. 359. Shigakukai -- C /k', Nempyo Nihonshi teiyo -+- Z 1 a _ - -! —(A chronological manual of Japanese history), Tokyo, Yamakawa Shuppansha, 1950, 165+30 pp. 360. Kobayashi Tsuyoshi )f 4- A'l and Fujita Tsuneyo h i._ -t, Nihon bijutsushi nempyu t P -J t j -. (Chronological tables for the history of Japanese art), T'okyo, Sogensha, 1952, 398 pp.

Page  44 44 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 361. Minamoto Toyomune?- - A, Nihon bijutsushi nempyo 0 9 J ff 5 P _ (Chronology of the history of Japanese art), Tokyo, Hoshino Shoten, I940, 9+290+102 pp. Contains the usual comparative calendrical tables. Factual information is divided as follows: works, artists, events of importance to the art world, miscellaneous. There are appended charts and genealogies and a full index. 362. Akabori Matajiro --- JA -t p, Nihon bungakusha nempyo B # - X X ~. (Chronological table of Japanese men of letters), Tokyo, Musashino Shoin, rev. ed., 1926, 242 pp. Covers the period up to 1185, listing some 840 writers in order of their dates of death. Each entry contains a short biography with bibliographical references and a list of the author's major works. This work was first published in 1905 and is continued in the following entry. 363. Mori Kozio 4 *- *, Nihon bungakusha nempyo zokuhen 0 4~ - T ~ i & -t (Chronological table of Japanese men of letters, continued), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Tosho K. K., 1919, 588 pp. This work continues the chronology begun by Akabori (see previous entry) and covers the period 1186 to 1882. A supplement brings the coverage up to 1911. Altogether some 1090 names are included. 364. Yamamoto Kunihiko X- 4 j5,, Nihon Jugaku nempyo + I ~ T 4 (A chronological table of Japanese Confucian studies), Tokyo, Hakubunkan, 1922, 449 pp. 365. Terajima Masashi - A T X, Nihon kagakushi nempyo ( * f ti 4- t (Chronology of the history of science in Japan), Tokyo, Kasumigaseki Shobd, 1942, 442+100 pp. Science is interpreted in extremely broad fashion to include economic and technological developments. There is an elaborate index. (See also the work by Yuasa Mitsutomo, Entry 194.) 366. Hashikawa Masashi ~ 1,) A-, Shinsen Nihon Bukkyo nempyo P -X k ~ s t t (A new chronological chart of Japanese Buddhism), Tokyo, Naigai Shuppan K. K., 1927, 464 pp. Covers events related to Buddhist sects, temples, priests, and writings in Japan from c. 700 to 1927. 367. Otsuki Nyoden OR - _ h _,, Shinsen yogaku nempyo _ A t Y - '- (A newly compiled chronology of Western learning in Japan), Tokyo, Rikugokan; Osaka, Kaiseikan, 1927, 158+16 pp. A detailed chronological listing of events related to the history of Western learning in Japan. One column deals with political events, another with personalities. After 1788 one column is devoted to annotated bibliographical items. 368. Tochiuchi Sojiro';t u3 9 t ~p, Zoho Yojin Nihon tanken nempyo }a it / A 4 0 -to- 4- &(A chronology of Western explorations of Japan, revised), T'kyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934, 179 pp.

Historical Sources

pp. 44-64

Page  44 III. HISTORICAL SOURCES The source materials of Japanese history can be found in three general locations. The vast majority, naturally, lies unknown or unused in storage places long forgotten or largely inaccessible. It is the work of professional Japanese historians and governmental or scholarly institutions to uncover such materials and prepare them for general use. The Western student of Japanese history will rarely need to concern himself with such undiscovered materials, and then only after a period of research in Japan proper. For this reason this guide does not attempt to cover the subject of locating new materials. A second source of materials are the private or official archives or collections of manuscripts and old block printed books. Such collections are accessible to the Western scholar, and custodians generally permit the copying or microfilming of individual works. The scholar who wishes to pursue his subject fully will need to know the types and holdings of such collections, a task made particularly difficult because of the lack of any general guide to Japanese manuscript collections. A third form in which historical sources exist is in modern printed collections. Fortunately, the Japanese have been prolific compilers of documentary and historical collections. Furthermore, adequate indices to these collections are available, so that the Western scholar may find his way to printed sources without much difficulty. Naturally such printed collections are limited in subject matter by the intentions of the editors and by the historiographical styles of the times in which they were printed. Thus many historical subjects in which the contemporary scholar is interested cannot be adequately studied by reference to collections published to date. On the other hand, it should be pointed out that even the Japanese have not made adequate use of many of the great printed collections of source materials which now exist. 1. ARCHIVES AND SPECIAL COLLECTIONS Japan has no national archives comparable to those found in Europe. There exist, however, a large number of specialized collections of original or manuscript materials. Pre-modern collections of this type were created for the most part by the former court or feudal nobility or by ecclesiastical institutions. Long closed to all but privileged individuals, they have now been converted to public use or incorporated into one or another of the modern public libraries. Supplementing such traditional collections, a number of modern organizations are now engaged in collecting historical materials. Unfortunately, no adequate guide to these collections is available, and so the following information, though fragmentary and not strictly of a bibliographic nature, has been included. While it is difficult to categorize the many special collections of historically important materials, it will be convenient to divide them into three general groups: 1) the so-called bunko or traditional libraries, 2) the monjo or traditional documentary collections, and 3) currently expanding collections. The first two categories are termed traditional in that they refer to collections which were brought together at some time in the past

Page  45 HISTORICAL SOURCES 45 and hence are presently maintained in static form. The specialist in Japanese history will wish to know the location of such collections together with their special features. The following is a list of some of the best known traditional libraries. Ashikaga Gakko, Iseki Toshokan -,, *. L & Ii -~ l (Ashikaga City, Tochigi Prefecture). One of the oldest and most famous of the bunko, this collection has been preserved from the time it was patronized by the Ashikaga shogun. It contains many works of the Kamakura and Ashikaga periods. HUsa Bunko - #- (Nagoya, Aichi), established by the first of the Owari daimyo, Tokugawa Yoshinao f*t "I L, (1600-50). This collection contains part of the Tokugawa Suruga Bunko,%;j Xa4, a repository of many pre-seventeenth century books and manuscripts. Jingu Bunko At 9 4. / (Kuradayama, Mie), established in 1915 by the Jingushicho (Department of Shrine Affairs). This collection based upon earlier collections held by the Ise Shrine, is of special importance for the study of Japanese Shinto. Kanazawa Bunko k.,F Lt 4 (Yokohama, Kanagawa), important for its collection of manuscripts dating from the thirteenth century. Kunaicho ShoryUbu Vi / -t ~1 t xp (Imperial Household Ministry, Library Department). Originally called the Zushoryo fi t _, this collection was first established as a function of the imperial government in 701. It was officially removed to Tokyo in 1884 where it remains the single most important repository of books and documents on the imperial family and the early imperial government. Since the Restoration several significant additions have been made to the original collection. These include the SeisokudU Bunko t- f of the Mori:- *1 family (daimyo of Tokuyama), the Shoheiko 0 T T library, and part of the Momijiyama Bunko ^t p- ^! t of the Tokugawa shogunate. The Momijiyama Bunko contains, in addition to copies of rare works held in the Ashikaga Gakko and Kanazawa collections, a great deal of primary documentation on the Tokugawa shogunate. Naikaku Bunko rJ M- it / (Cabinet Library). Located within the Imperial Palace, this collection was established in 1911 upon the foundation of the materials gathered by the ShUshikan Ad-. A, the historiographical office of the early Meiji government. The collection includes most of the former Momijiyama Bunko,,T- C jta3 ) of the Tokugawa shogunate, one of the most important repositories of primary source materials concerning the Tokugawa administration. In addition it contains many original records of the Meiji period. Nanki Bunko 1# 4 i. Originally the library of the Tokugawa daimyo of Kii, it is now deposited in the Library of the University of Tokyo. Onkodo Bunko?-; H t- *. The library of the famous nineteenth century bibliographer, Hanawa Hokiichi i t f. z - (1746-1821). This collection, which became the basis for Hanawa's monumental Gunsho ruij'i j ~ t. ft_, is now held by the Ueno Public Library. Seikad'o Bunko t ) 4 - - k (Tokyo). The library of the well known zaibatsu Iwasaki Yanosuke Z, * 3 Jf - - p, it contains numerous collections of famous Chinese and Japanese scholars such as Lin Shin-yuan At P ',+, Kariya Ekisai If / i] A-, Yashiro Koken, o-\' ~, and Ban Nobutomo D. ShS'k75kan Bunko; At -t 4 (Mito, Ibaragi). The library of the Mito branch of the Tokugawa family, it was built up by Tokugawa Mitsukuni and his successors as the basis of their project for compiling the Dai Nihonshi;) e p ]. Sonkeikaku Bunko ~,l V1 t/ 4 (Meguro, Tokyo). A great collection of old and rare books and manuscripts built up during the Tokugawa period by the Maeda family, daimyU of Kaga. Toyo Bunko / + c 4 (Komagome, Tokyo). The library of Iwasaki Kyuya t 4 Z ^, it is built around the Asiatic Library of George Ernest Morrison. Though it contains many works of interest to the student of Japanese history, its chief attraction is to the orientalist. Yomei Bunko T O t -- (Kyoto). A collection of tenth century diaries and documents produced by the Kyoto court nobility. While the above libraries contain a great deal of historically important material, they are not primarily repositories of records and documents. Raw documentary collections are naturally less accessible and more scattered. Since Japan has so long been politically decentralized, documentary records are found dispersed among a large number of temples and monasteries or in the possession of descendants of the court or feudal nobility. Such collections of monjo are constantly being made public, however, and an increasing number are being gathered into central collections or being edited and published. For the period before the seventeenth century published collections should be sufficient for nearly all purposes. The remaining documents of this early period are relatively few and hence the percentage published is high. Documentation for the post-seventeenth century period is a vastly more complicated problem, since so many records remain and so few have been made available in printed editions. Monjo collections for the Tokugawa period are mostly of two types: daimyU records and village records. Both types have been comparatively neglected until recently when interest in local history has encouraged many civic or educational

Page  46 46 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS organizations to collect and preserve documents concerning their regional heritage. A list of such collections would be out of place in this general guide. Instead, it should be pointed out that documents of the above type are now finding their way to a number of centrally located archival libraries which should be utilized as the starting point of any search for the raw materials of Tokugawa and Restoration history. The following four such libraries are outstanding. Kenseishi Shiryoshitsu t.. Ad 1 4 (Archives on constitutional history) in the National Diet Library, Tokyo. A special library engaged in collecting original manuscripts by men of the Restoration period. Nihon J6min Bunka Kenkyusho D 4 4 v/ - t T E T (Institute for the Study of the Culture of the Common People), Tokyo. This institute, now incorporated into the Fisheries Section of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (NMrinshi, Suisancho - '*,K _ X ), has taken over the functions of the former Attic Museum (Achikku Myuzeamu 7 -.y 7 - - '7 ) established by Shibusawa KeizG?, -. The institute is engaged in the collection, by purchase or by copy, and publication of documents concerning Japan's fishing population. Most of the documents are of the Tokugawa period. Shiryo Hensansho.Q P-t,~w, iT (Historiographical Institute), Tokyo University. This institute stands at the head of historiographical scholarship in Japan. It was established in 1888 as a function of the Tokyo Imperial University (now University of Tokyo) and at that time took over the functions of the Historiographical Section in the Cabinet Bureau. In 1890 it inherited the functions of the Local History Office of the Home Ministry. In 1907 it took over from the Foreign Office the Bakumatsu gaikoku kankei monjo - l S 4 fJ.9 1J e (Documents concerning foreign relations at the end of the shogunate) and in 1949 the Ishin shiryZo Ad *T V - (Restoration documents) from the Ministry of Education. The institute is actively engaged in the collection by purchase or by copy of materials covering all periods of Japanese history. Materials so collected have been the basis of much of the historical research of members of the Tokyo University Department of History. Since 1951 the institute has been formally organized as a research center. The ShiryU Hensansho is engaged in the publication of the following basic documentary series: Dai Nihon shiryo (see Entry 382) Dai Nihon komonjo (see Entry 380) Dai Nihon kokiroku Dai Nihon Ishin shiryo (see Entry 379) Shiryokan i 4- 't (Archives), Tokyo. Now under the supervision of the Ministry of Education, this institution is engaged in collecting daimyo and village documents of the Tokugawa period. Founded on the manuscript collection of the old Mitsui Bunko =_ i 4 (Mitsui Library), it contains much basic material for the study of the merchant class in Tokugawa Japan. The scholar who would inquire more fully into the history of Japanese library collections is referred to the following list of books on the subject. 369. Mori Junzaburo 4 7 ft, Momijiyama Bunko to Shomotsu Bugyo A- r Ad;-' ) &T t W T (The Momijiyama Library and the Commissioner of Books), T-kyo, Shuwa Shobo, 1943, 800 pp. 370. Ono Noriaki -), y.'1 wt, Nihon bunkoshi kenkyu - L _t /4._, (A study of the history of Japanese libraries), Kyoto, Daigado, 1944, vol. 1 of 2, 5+6+714 pp. Volume 2 seems not to have been completed. Volume 1 is a detailed discussion of pre-seventeenth century libraries and book collections. The work by Takebayashi Kumahiko (Entry 374) continues the treatment of this subject into the modern period. 371. Ono Noriaki,), Bt 'J.r, Nihon bunkoshi 0 - tt ~._ (History of Japanese libraries), Kyoto, Kymiku Tosho K.K., 1942, 434 pp. A survey of a more general nature than Ono's book noted above. 372. Ono Noriaki '1- - P'{;,. Nihon toshokanshi 1 - * f. _ (History of Japanese libraries), Tokyo, Ran Shobo, 1952, 329 pp. An authoritative survey of Japanese libraries and their historical development. Appendices provide a bibliography, chronology, and index. 373. Seki Yasushi f t, Kanazawa Bunko no kenEkyu J:_- - Ar ^,T At (A study of the Kanazawa Library), Tokyo, Kodansha, 1951, 758 pp. 374. Takebayashi Kumahiko 'tr7 - _ A, Kinsei Nihon bunkoshi '. V E A- T(A history of libraries in modern Japan), Kyoto, Daigado, 1943, 436 pp. Covers libraries and collections in Japan from 1600 to 1912. It is especially useful for its discussion of the history of post-Restoration libraries and the collections which went into them. 375. Tokyo Daigaku Shiry' Hensansho y ran - z ' T: t A F. I- Hj(The University of Tokyo Historiographical Institute), Tokyo, Published by the Institute, 1952, 45 pp. + charts. A convenient summary of the publication and research program of the Historiographical Institute.

Page  47 HISTORICAL SOURCES 47 376. T5yo Bunko of ~ rip (Oriental Library), Toyo Bunko jugonenshi - it _ t - $ (Fifteen years of the Toyo Bunko), Tukyo, Toyo Bunko, 1939, 883 pp. 2. PUBLISHED MATERIALS While the Japanese have been somewhat remiss about the cataloguing of manuscript collections and providing public facilities for the utilization of these materials, they have been extremely active in the preparation of printed collections of primary and secondary historical sources. Since the Restoration, organizations, both national and local, have energetically published documentary materials drawn from the relatively inaccessible collections of special libraries and private archives. Through such printed collections, the historian is given a fairly complete documentary coverage of Japanese history up to approximately the beginning of the twentieth century. Naturally these printed sources have their limitations. In the case of both local and national collections, material tends to be of a public nature concerning the government and upper classes. Documents which reveal the personal side of history or relate the affairs of the lower classes are largely neglected. Also the documentation of twentieth century Japanese history is seldom found in easily accessible printed series, but must be sought out by painstaking search. Classification of Japanese historical materials presents certain problems. A number of precise terms have been devised by Japanese historians for the handling of written documentary sources. These are generically termed shiry-o T t and are further subdivided into komonjo - ) - (public documents and papers) and kiroku 1t ~ (private records). The great mass of historical materials which occur in published form are not of the above nature, however, and yield to no clear-cut categorization. Such materials, which the Japanese lump under the heading of shiryo -J #, contain documentation of the broadest type: records, personal documents, secondary sources, and even fictional works. Because of the mixed nature of most collections it has been found most practical to divide the following entries by subject rather than by the type of material contained in each collection. In addition, certain limitations have of necessity been applied in the following choice of entries. For instance, the collected works of historical individuals which, especially if they contain letters or diaries, are of much importance in the reconstruction of Japanese history, have been omitted because of their great volume. Most collections of post-Meiji materials such as government documents, collected laws, letters, treaties and statistical literature have also been excluded. These have been partially covered in the bibliography of political science materials prepared for this series by Robert E. Ward and will be further dealt with in future bibliographies covering the several fields of modern Japanese studies. Within these limitations, this chapter contains a selective list of composite collections of historical materials with emphasis on pre-twentieth century Japanese history. While collections such as those listed in this section are certainly the chief source of documentation used by the historian, it should be remembered that two important documentary sources are available in somewhat more accessible form. First are the archival encyclopedias such as the Koji ruien and the Kobunko (Entries 207 and 206) which consist largely of quotations from primary sources. The other is the great mass of histories written in the Chinese tradition of extensive quotation. This category includes most of the histories of prefectures or cities compiled by local historical societies and the official histories of Japanese institutions compiled during the early Meiji era by government committees. Entries in the following sections of this chapter have been arranged in alphabetical order of title, not by compiler or editor. a. General Collections The modern tradition of providing printed collections of important historical materials goes back to the mid-Tokugawa period to the blind bibliographer Hanawa Hokiichi -o 1-,. - (1746-1821). His great classified library of Japanese works entitled Gunsho ruiju (Classified collection of Japanese classics) (Entry 384) was completed in 1819 and was followed shortly after his death by a continuation (Zoku gunsho ruiju) (Entiy 385). Hokiichi's son continued his father's work and began the Shiryo. - (Historical documents), a chronological collection of documents beginning with 887, the year in which the last of the Rikkokushi f. I) T (Six national histories) terminated. It was this project which became the basis of the work of the present Shiryo Hensansho (Historiographical Institute) of Tokyo University and its publication, the Dai Nihon shiryo (Japanese historical materials) (Entry 382). When finished, this vast collection will provide as completely as possible a day-to-day documentation of events in Japanese history from 887 to 1867. Two other serial publications of the Shiryo Hensansho are the Dai Nihon komonjo. a ~ 4. -. - (Ancient documents of Japan) (Entry 380). in which are published documents grouped by institution or subject and the Dai Nihon Ishin shiryo, 0 4 ~* " 4 - (Historical materials relating to the Japanese Restoration) (Entry 379), another chronologically arranged series of documents of a smaller chapter in Japanese history, the period from 1846 to 1871. The above officially sponsored collections provide the most minute and comprehensive documentation of pre-modern J'apanese history. Unfortunately, they are all far from complete; at the present rate of progress it will be many decades before they will approach completion. The historian will thus need to acquaint himself with several other general collections of documents and early historical sources. Of most direct use to the historian are: the Gunsho ruiju and its continuation mentioned above, which bring together several thousand works, generally of a secondary historical nature, from all periods of Japanese history; the Kokushi taikei (Compendium of Japanese history) (Entry 397), which provides the most reliable versions of standard pre-modern historical writings, such as diaries and official histories; the Shiryo taisei (Complete historical materials) (Entry 408), which collects historical diaries from the eleventh through fifteenth centuries; and the Shiseki shuran (Collection of historical works) (Entry 410), which complements the two works just listed by including a large number of lesser known works of historical importance from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries.

Page  48 48 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS It is also essential to know of the activities of two publishing organizations which have been printing Japanese historical materials. First is the Kokusho Kankokai (Society for the Publication of Japanese Texts), which has brought out over 260 volumes (see Entry 398) of pre-modern documentary collections, collected works, and miscellanies of historical importance. The other is the Nihon Shiseki Ky5kai (Association for Japanese Historical Works), which has printed some 183 volumes of materials of largely biographical nature, covering the late Tokugawa and Meiji Restoration periods (see Entry 403). Other collections listed below are either more circumscribed in scope or are more literary in content. Of the latter type the zuihitsu, miscellany collections, need some comment. These series, such as the Nihon zuihitsu zenshu (Complete collection of Japanese miscellanies) (Entry 405), are of a definitely literary nature. They contain, nevertheless, a large number of historically useful materials. 377. Tsuboi Kumazn - t tL,; -and Kusaka Hiroshi 0 T., Bunka Daigaku shishi sosho X ft K, _ -t- & i (Series of historical materials held by the Tokyo Imperial University, Faculty of Letters), Tokyo, Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku, 1908, 27 v. A collection of diaries and records of the court aristocracy, military families, temples, and shrines during the twelfth to sixteenth centuries. Each volume has a bibliographical introduction containing notes on the works contained in it. Commentaries explain the reading of difficult terms and phrases. 378. Kuroita Katsumi X, At P t and Shimomura Miyokichi T * 1- m i, Chokomonjo. ~ (Selected historical documents), Tokyo, Nihon Shuishikyoku, Shiryo Hensangakari, 1896-98, 2 v. These are the only two completed volumes of a contemplated series of ten volumes of collected documents compiled by locality. Volume 1 covers the Kinai region and volume 2 the Tokaido. Within each volume documents are grouped by the family supplying them. 379. Tokyo Daigaku Shiryo Hensansho - Ad - T. ft ir T r, Dai Nihon Ishin shiryo.X 0 1 tt t If (Historical materials relating to the Japanese Restoration), Tokyo, Shiryo Hensansho, 1938-. The foremost collection of primary materials on domestic affairs during the Restoration period. It was formerly published by the Ishin Shiryo Hensan Jimukyoku, a group of scholars working within the Ministry of Education. Documents will eventually be assembled to cover the years 1846-71 and are being published in eight series as follows: 1) 1846-53, 2) 1854-57, 3) 1858-60, 4) 1861-63, 5) 1864, 6) 1865-67, 7) 1868, 8) 1869-July, 1871. Documents are chronologically arranged. Each volume of approximately 800 pages covers from three weeks to three months. Nineteen volumes have appeared by 1952. For a summary index to this material see the Ishin shiryo koyo (Entry 13). 380. Tokyo Daigaku Shiryo Hensansho, X -: I +f T (University of Tokyo Historiographical Institute), Dai Nihon komonjo -< 0 4 ~ - (Ancient documents of Japan), Tokyo, Shiryo Hensansho, 1901-. Companion publication to the Dai Nihon shiryo (Entry 382), this publication of the Historiographical Institute is comprised of three basic series. The Hennen monjo (Entry 381) contains materials of the eighth century. The Iewake monjo (Entry 416) is comprised of a number of collections of documents dealing with single institutions or famous families. The Jiken monjo (Documents concerning events) assembles documents related to some important historical period. In this series the Bakumatsu gaikoku kankei monjo (Official documents of the later Tokugawa era concerning foreign relations) (Entry 445) is currently being published. For fuller annotation of the Dai Nihon komonjo see under the three separate series referred to above. 381. Tokyo Daigaku Shiryo Hensansho K X T ' t -, (University of Tokyo Historiographical Institute), Dai Nihon komonjo, hennen monjo - e; ~ t -,' 4 - - t (Ancient documents of Japan, chronological documents), Tokyo, Shiry- Hensansho, 1901-. A collection of basic primary documents of the eighth century, most of them from the famous Shosoin repository. Documents are arranged chronologically. The first five volumes contain appended glossaries of archaic words found in the texts. Twenty-five volumes had been published by 1940. 382. Tokyo Daigaku Shiryo Hensansho + _- t K 4 S V _-_ rf (University of Tokyo Historiographical Institute), Dai Nihon shiry' -K e - t Tt (Japanese historical materials), Tokyo, Shiryo Hensansho, 1901-. Companion publication to the Dai Nihon komonjo (Entry 380), this is a monumental collection of primary material chronologically arranged. Beginning with the year 887, the last date covered by the last of the Rikkokushi (Six national histories), the work will eventually reach the year 1867. The compilers have divided the intervening period into 16 sections, and publication is continuing independently in the first 12 of these sections. By 1952 a total of 176 volumes had been published with the following distribution. Section Completed to: Section Completed to: Volume Date Volume Date 1(887-986) 11 967 8(1467-1508) 21 1488 2(986-1086) 8 1016 9(1508-1568) 7 1518 3(1086-1185) 10 1110 10(1568-1582) 7 1571 4(1185-1221) 16 1221 11(1582-1603) 8 1584 5(1221-1333) 13 1241 12(1603-1680) 34 1620 6(1333-1397) 29 1368 13-16(1680-1867) not yet begun. 7(1397-1466) 10 1415 Each volume is over 900 pages in length. There is a complete table of contents at the front and marginal tabs point up the gist of important documents. There are numerous facsimile reproductions. Use of these materials is facilitated by a summary index, Shiryo soran (Entry 48).

Page  49 HISTORICAL SOURCES 49 383. Daj'kan i A, Fukkoki f. i tz(Records of the Restoration), Tokyo, Naigaishoseki K.K., 1930 -31, 15 v. A basic collection of materials covering the single year from the tenth month of 1867 to the tenth month of 1868. It was compiled under the auspices of the old Dajo-kan and completed in 1889 by the predecessor to the present Tokyo University Historiographical Institute. Volumes 1-8 comprise the chronological narrative of events during the crucial year of the Restoration. Volume 9 is a supplement, while volumes 10-14, entitled Fukko gaiki;5 7 t(Further records of the Restoration), cover individual battles. Volume 15 contains a summary of the contents of the set and a full index. 384. Hanawa Hokiichi e - L -, Gunsho ruiju T, i ' /L_- (Classified collection of Japanese classics), Tokyo, Keizai Zasshisha, 1897-1902, 1 v. Originally completed in 1819 by the Tokugawa scholar Hanawa Hokiichi (1746-1821), this is a collection of over 1200 miscellaneous writings brought together from all over Japan. Materials are arranged under 25 headings including the following: Shinto deities, emperors, genealogies, biographies, official posts, law, government, literary works, poetry, narratives, diaries, travel accounts, battles, military houses, Buddhist affairs. The work is divided into 530 chapters (kan). The present printing is the most satisfactory modern edition, having been thoroughly edited by Kuroita Katsumi. Chinese passages are punctuated. Volume 1 is a detailed table of contents and index to titles of works. Most indexes to series and collections give detailed coverage to this work and its successors. A more recently edited edition was published in 1928-31 (Naigai Shoseki K. K., 18 v.). For a supplement to this collection see the next entry. 385. Hanawa Hokiichi 1f. - a-, Zoku gunsho ruiju ~. tI I _ (Classified collection of Japanese classics-second series), Tokyo, Zoku Gunsho Ruiu Kanseikai, 1923-30, 72 v. A supplement to the Gunsho ruiju (see previous entry) prepared after the death of Hanawa Hokiichi by his son Tadatomo (1807-62). This collection includes approximately 2300 items arranged under the same 25 headings and divided into 100 chapters. Volume 1 is an index to titles in both series. 386. Kosho Hozonkai At I - ' ~ (Society for Preservation of Historical Works), Zoku zoku gunsho ruiju t z?T t i~. Lt (Classified collection of Japanese classics-third series), TVkyU, Kosho Hozonkai, 1903 -04, 5 v. A collection of 16 historical works considered worthy of inclusion in the Gunsho ruijl series. This work should be distinguished from the much more voluminous one of the same title issued by the Kokusho Kank-okai (see next entry). 387. Kokusho Kankokai C1 ~T i,[ SY (Society for Publication of Japanese Texts), Zoku zoku gunsho ruiju by At ~t l r- (Classified collection of Japanese classics-third series), Tokyo, Kokusho Kankbkai, 1906-09, 16 v. Compiled by a group of scholars working for the Kokusho Kankokai, this work contains over 300 items, largely of the early Tokugawa period, not included in the previous collections of the Gunsho ruijI series or in other similar collections. Material is arranged under 10 headings: Shinto deities, historical biography, records, laws and institutions, geography, education, religion, poetry, songs, miscellaneous. Each volume devotes its introductory pages to bibliographical notes on its contents. 388. Takeuchi Rizo VTf ~ -, Heian ibun i - - _ (Documents of the Heian period), Tolkyo, Tokyod'o, 1947-. The first of a multiple-volume series which proposes to publish over 4000 heretofore unpublished documents of the Heian period (794-1185). Volume 1 includes nearly 300 items chosen for their social, economic, or legal importance. 389. Takeuchi RizUo or t -, Nara ibunt ~[t 9 u (Remaining documents of the Nara period), T6kyo, T-kyod', 1943-44, 2 v. A classified collection of basic documents of the Nara period (710-794). Documents deal with administration, census, taxation, religion, economics, slavery, military conscription, and literature. Short explanatory notes are appended. 390. Ito Hirobumi ~f t -t ^-, ed., Hisho ruisan S ~ t {. (Classified collection of secret documents), Tokyo, Ruisan Kankokai, 1933-36, 25 v. A basic collection of documents drawn from government files covering all aspects of governmental activity during most of the Meiji period. Originally compiled under the editorship of Prince Itd, the present edition has been revised by Kurino Shin'ichiro and 1iratsuka Atsushi. The work brings together documents, texts and drafts of laws, plans, rescripts, ordinances, treaties, etc., under the following broad categories: Imperial household (2 v.), foreign affairs (3 v.), legal affairs (2 v.), governmental organization (1 v.), the Diet (2 v.), finance (3 v.), commerce and industry (1 v.), Formosa (1 v.), Korean affairs (3 v.), military affairs (1 v.), Sino-Japanese war (1 v.), the constitution (3 v.), miscellaneous (4 v.). 391. Yoshikawa Kobunkan -6 ")1 54, Hyakke setsurin 1 - t — -(Collected works of numerous authors), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1905-07, 7 v. A collection of 87 miscellanies and treatises written by prominent scholars of the Tokugawa period. Subject matter is primarily limited to the period in which the authors lived, but there are a number of works of antiquarian and historical interest. Volume 7 consists of title and subject indices.

Page  50 50 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 392. Kokusho Kankokai i1 t '1 SfT, (Society for Publication of Japanese Texts), Hyakke zuihitsu i ~:fS ~ (Collected miscellanies of numerous authors), Tokyo, Kokusho Kankokai, 1917, 3 v. Miscellaneous writings of 22 Confucian and Kokugaku scholars of the Tokugawa period covering a variety of antiquarian subjects. The preface to the collection includes bibliographical notes on the contents. 393. Tanabe Katsuya 0 i* ~S -, Hyakke sosetsu ~ -, i A (Collected essays of numerous authors), Tokyo, Kokusho Shuppan Kyokai, 1911-12, 3 v. Subtitled Chlnsho bunko A- ~j St (Library of rare books), this collection includes essays on history, religion, literature, and thought by prominent scholars of the Tokugawa period. 394. Hashimoto Hiroshi 4|j } t-, Ishin nisshi,At A 5 ai- (Restoration diaries), Shizuoka, Shizuoka Ky~do Kenkyikai, 1932-35, 20 v. Published in 2 series. Series I (10 v.) consists of the diary of the Dajokan from 1868 to 1876. Series II (10 v.) consists of a number of private diaries of the Restoration years plus documents on the Meiji Constitution. The last volume contains bibliographic notes and an index. 395. Kicho Tosho Eihon Kankokai $. V (21 I 4. ~ '1]? m (Society for Publication of Copies of Important Works), Kicho Tosho Eihon Kankokai kankosho F. r 1 t t - '- ' @\ ' ' \T *r ~ (Published works of the Kicho Tosho Eihon Kankokai), Kyoto, Kicho Tosho Eihon Kankokai, 1930-, 14 v. Facsimile reproductions of rare manuscripts prepared for limited distribution. Most of the works are of literary interest but some, such as the Nagasaki kembunshi (Record of visit to Nagasaki), will be of interest to the historian. Detailed commentaries are provided. 396. Kurokawa Masamichi,. I] *- it and Yano Taro K f K tp,, Kokushi sosho X. T t (Japanese historical series), Tokyo, Kokushi Kenkyukai, 1914-18, 51 v. A collection of 62 works written from the late Heian through the Tokugawa periods. Volumes 1-36, edited by Kurokawa, consist primarily of military epics (i.e., Gempei seisuiki, Soga monogatari, etc.). Volumes 37-51, edited by Yano, contain materials on local history and include the six volume Ukiyo no arisama. Each volume contains a bibliographical preface. 397. Kuroita Katsumi, TK. - 4-, Shintei zo-ho kokushi taikei * bT S h' (a Q_; I (Revised and supplemented compendium of Japanese history), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1929-. One of the most generally useful of the great collections of historical materials, this series provides collated and edited copies of the chief works used by modern Japanese historians in their study of preRestoration Japanese history. This revised edition begun in 1929 combines two earlier series edited by Taguchi Ukichi entitled Kokushi taikei and Zoku kokushi taikei (Keizai zasshisha, 1897-1902, 32 v.) and adds other works from time to time. Fifty-eight volumes had been published by 1939. The following are some of the important works included in this series: Rikkokushi, Kojiki, Ruiju kokushi, Fuso ryakki, Eiga monogatari, Mizukagami, Okagami, Engishiki, Azuma kagami, Nochi kagami, Tokugawa jikki, Zoku Tokugawa ikki, and Kugy6 bunin. All works are given an extensive bibliographical preface. There are no commentaries or indices, but individual pages are provided with numerous subject tabs to make easy the task of skimming works in search of subject matter. 398. Kokusho Kankokai sosho I - f')l IT 4 l- I (Kokusho Kankokai series), T'okyo, Kokusho Kankokai. 1906-22, 260 v. The Kokusho Kankokai (Society for the Publication of Japanese Texts) under the chairmanship of Count Okuma Shigenobu published a great quantity of useful historical texts. Many of the individual titles in this series are themselves collections and are listed separately in this chapter. Volumes were published in eight series with no special subject control for each series. Aside from the collected works of numerous Tokugawa scholars, this series is a convenient source for printed texts of such works as Zoku zoku gunsho ruijU, Shin gunsho ruijU, Tokugawa bungei ruiju, Kokon yoranko, Shiseki zassan, Jijitsu sosho, Honcho tsugan, and numerous smaller collections of bibliographies, genealogies, and literary works compiled by members of the society. Most of the indices to collections and series listed in Part I, Chapter 2e cover the contents of this series. 399. Koten Hozonkai I - 1t- 4E i (Society for Preservation of Classics), Koten Hozonkai kankosho -4 1.- -. T \'] t -t (Publications of the Koten Hozonkai), Tokyo, Koten Hozonkai, 1923-, 56 v. This is a series of de luxe collotype reproductions of manuscript copies of Japanese classics. Works singled out for reproduction are generally rare manuscripts of well-known classics such as the Tosa nikki, Hojoki, 1Jei shikimoku, etc., though a few texts of greater historical interest are included. 400. Yoshino SakuzU -~- T, Meiji bunka zensh-u V P -- 4- 4 (Complete collection on Meiji culture), T'okyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1928-30, 24 v. A comprehensive collection of documents and essays on all aspects of Meiji culture. Each volume covers one subject and includes introductory notes, reprints of important documents, newspaper and magazine articles, and specialized articles by leading Japanese scholars. A valuable source of documentation for the Meiji period. 401. Mitamura Engyo - ( ~t,S f,, Mikan zuihitsu hyakushu T tr|, t i ~t (Collection of unpublished miscellanies), Tokyo, YoneyamadU, 1927-29, 23 v. Collected miscellaneous writings of authors chiefly of the Tokugawa period. The collection is of interest primarily to the student of Tokugawa history and social conditions. Each volume contains a bibliographical preface. Volume 23 contains an index to titles of works.

Page  51 HISTORICAL SOURCES 51 402. Kyto Daigaku Nihonshi Kenkyuikai t- A t B - t ft '_ / (Kyoto University, Society for the Study of Japanese history), Nihonshi kenkyu shiryo aB $ q f $.t (Materials for the study of Japanese history), T'kyo, Haneda Shob, 1949-. The first volume of a series of selected documents on Japanese history. 403. Nihon Shiseki Kyokai B 4 t- 4 1 a (Association for Japanese Historical Works), Nihon Shiseki Kyokai kankvsho,: t + F \ 11, 'fy % (Books published by Nihon Shiseki Kyokai), Tokyo, Nihon Shiseki Kyokai, 1915-, 183 v. Primarily a collection of biographical materials on individuals prominent in the Meiji Restoration, this series constitutes a valuable source for the study of late Tokugawa and early Meiji history. Materials include diaries, correspondence, collected private documents, and the like. 404. Nihon zuihitsu taisei E - PA - K A' (Collection of Japanese miscellanies), T'Ikyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1927-31, 37 v. A collection of 108 miscellanies written by Tokugawa authors, some are duplicated by the Nihon zuihitsu zenshu series (see following entry). Useful primarily for commentaries which they provide on the life and thinking of the Tokugawa period. Publication was in three series of 11, 12, and 13 volumes each. Small print and the lack of furigana make this series less desirable to use than the following. 405. Kokumin Tosho Kabushiki Kaisha ( A, ( 1 4 / 4 F~, Nihon zuihitsu zenshu DB 4 ^ '; (Complete collection of Japanese miscellanies), Tokyo, Kokumin Tosho K.K., 1927-30, 20 v. Contains over 90 miscellanies by Tokugawa writers. The subjects covered range from purely literary matters to antiquarian studies, Shinto studies, and observations of the life and affairs of the time. Useful primarily for the study of Tokugawa history. Each volume contains an excellent bibliographical preface. Printing is excellent and kana readings are provided in difficult spots. Volume 20 provides a subject index to the contents of the other volumes. 406. Nakayama Yasumasa ' _$ f. ~, Shimbun shusei Meiji hennenshi fF P A 0 9 a 4-. (Chronological history of the Meiji era compiled from newspapers), Tokyo, 1935, 15 v. An extremely valuable coverage of Meiji history as seen through contemporary newspapers. Detailed day-by-day accounts are given in the form of reprints of articles, editorials, cartoons, etc., from a large number of newspapers. The last volume contains a detailed subject and proper name index. 407. Takagami Chu-zo V,. it, Shiry taikan, kirokubu f A X i- is P (General survey of historical materials-private records), Tetsugaku Shoin, 1898-1900, 4 v. Contains the diary of Fujiwara Yorinaga (1120-56) and other early materials. 408. Yano Taro 9 e XA tp, Shiryo taisei Z *{t A A' (Complete historical materials), T'okyo, Naigaishoseki K.K., 1934-. This collection absorbed Sasagawa Taneo's Shiryo tsuran (see next entry) and carried on the plan of publication begun by the earlier work. Thirty-nine volumes had appeared by 1940. These reproduced the diaries of court nobles covering the interval from 1194 to 1469. 409. Sasagawa Taneo 4 ")] 4 t /, Shiryo tsuran V t[t ' (Survey of historical materials), Tokyo, Nihon Shiseki Hozonkai, 1915-18, 18 v. This work represents an ambitious plan to publish in chronological arrangement the diaries of court nobles whose observations would span the late Heian through the Ashikaga periods. The 18 volumes completed by Sasagawa carried the coverage only to 1194. However, the project has been continued by the Shiryo taisei series (see previous entry). Printing is extremely readable, and each volume has an extensive bibliographical preface. 410. Kondo Heijo ifr- R- & iL \, Kaitei shiseki shuran ek L - F =. (Collection of historical works, revised), T`kyo, Kondr Kappansho, 1900-02, 33 v. A revised and enlarged edition of a collection first published between 1881 and 1885. This work constitutes an extremely valuable source of primary and secondary historical materials. Not all works included in the original edition were reprinted. The revised collection comprises 464 documents, diaries, records, narratives, private and official letters, and historical studies covering the fourteenth through eighteenth centuries. Included are such important works as: Gukansho, Jinno shUt'ki, Nihon meiso den, Zenrin kokuh'ki, Meiryo tairoku, En'eiroku, Haizetsuroku. The last volume is a general index and annotated bibliography to the set. 411. KondU Heijo i_- i- t A_, Zoku shiseki shuran i t * r > (A collection of Japanese historical works-second series), Tokyo, Kondo Shuppambu, rev. ed., 1930, 10 v. A supplement to the Shiseki Shuran (see previous entry) containing 70 titles of ancient records and historical works written during the Tokugawa period. 412. Kokusho Kankokai (131 I f1 T 4 (Society for Publication of Japanese Texts), Shiseki zassan _ e'. (Miscellaneous collection of historical works), Tokyo, Kokusho Kankokai, 1911-12, 5 v. A collection of 40 basic historical materials gathered from religious institutions and feudal and court families and covering the twelfth through eighteenth centuries.

Page  52 52 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 413. Yutoku Zaidan ~ It. Pt R] (Yutoku Foundation), Sonkeikaku so-kan 4,__ t- j $ '1 (Sonkeikaku Library series), Tokyo, Yutoku Zaidan, 1926, 36 v. Facsimile reproductions of rare manuscript editions contained in the famous Sonkeikaku Library of the Maeda family. Most of the works are of purely literary interest, but a few historical texts such as the Joei Shikimoku and Ruiju kokushi have been reproduced. Commentaries on some of the texts have been provided by outstanding Japanese scholars. 414. Kondo Heijo L k _- 4. ', Zonsai sosho 4 4~ J * (Selected series), Tokyo, Kondo Kappansho, 1885-88, 130 v. A collection of historical records gathered by Tokugawa scholars together with historical writings of outstanding Tokugawa scholars. Much of the material covers non-Tokugawa subjects. Volume 130 is a general index to the set. b. Specialized Collections 1) Family and Institutional Collections A large number of formerly important families or religious and craft institutions have published collections of the documents in their possession. The following items are but a small selection of this type of material. One problem with documents published by private families is that they are often too carefully selected or that they present only materials relating to certain important events. Thus the published documents of many of the Tokugawa daimyo families cover only the important but limited Restoration period (c. 1853-1871). However, the collections contained in the Dai Nihon komonjo, iewake monjo (Ancient documents of Japan, documents arranged according to ownership) (Entry 416), edited by the Historiographical Institute of Tokyo University, are generally quite complete. So also are the published documents of the Maeda family (Kaga-han shiryo) (Entry 417) and of the Kii branch of the Tokugawa house (Nanki Tokugawashi) (Entry 419). It should be remembered that the various series published by the Nihon Shiseki Kyokai (see Entry 403) contain a large number of family and personal documents limited largely to the Restoration period. These collections have not been individually mentioned below. 415. Koshaku Hosokawa-ke Hensansho 1 t AIR "I,'{ 4t N,fT (Compilation Office of the House of Marquis Hosokawa), Kaitei Higo-han kokuji shiry5o Z - T ye A F I t - (Historical materials on the political affairs of Higo domain, revised), Koshaku Hosokawa-ke Hensansho, 1932, 10 v. An amalgamation of an earlier work by this name and another collection entitled Kumamoto-han kokuji shiryo. This work presents original documents in full or in condensed form to provide chronological historical coverage for the 19 years from 1853 to 1871. Materials are drawn from domain records and contain imperial decrees, shogunal directives, memorials, reports, and correspondence between daimyo and domain officials. The work thus provides a detailed record of the activity of the important Higo domain during the Restoration years. 416. T'kyo Daigaku Shiryo Hensansho ~ 1 - ~K t [ t A, T of (Tokyo University Historiographical Institute), Dai Nihon komonjo, iewake monjo K a; X ~ I, t " ~ r t (Ancient documents of Japan, documents arranged according to ownership), Tokyo, Shiryo Hensansho, 1904-. One of the three divisions under which the Tokyo University Historiographical Institute has been publishing old Japanese documents. To date 54 volumes have appeared containing primary documents related to the following institutions and families: Koyasan (8 v.), Asano-ke (1), Date-ke (10), Iwashimizu (6), Sagara-ke (2), Kanshinji (1), Kongoji (1), Mori-ke (4), Yoshikawa-ke (3), TFji (4), Kobayakawa-ke (2), Uesugi-ke (2), Aso (3), Kumagaya-ke, Miura-ke, Hiraga-ke (1), Yamanouchi-ke (1), Shimazu-ke (1), Daitokuji (2), and To-nan'in (2). Each collection contains old family records or documents generally chronologically arranged. The editors provide a large number of photographic reproductions. For letters, both envelopes as well as contents are reprinted. Marginal tabs indicate the nature of documents and major subjects of interest. 417. Maeda Koshaku-ke G 1~ ~ -; (The House of Marquis Maeda), Kaga-han shiryZo ~.;, (Historical materials of the Kaga domain), Tokyo, Ishiguro Bunkichi, 1929-. The published documents of the famous Maeda family, next in importance to the Tokugawa during the Edo period. Arrangement of materials is chronological and format is similar to that of the Dai Nihon shiryo (Entry 382). Coverage begins with the year 1538 and will continue to 1871. By 1943, fifteen volumes had been completed, covering the years to 1847. A supplementary volume contains genealogical charts and chronological tables. The importance of the Maeda family makes this one of the basic source materials for the pre-Restoration history of Japan. 418. Mito-han shiryo 7- ' t- (Historical documents of the Mito han), privately distributed, 1915-17, 5 v. The collected records of the important Mito branch of the Tokugawa family covering the years 1853-71. 419. Horiuchi Makoto I (9 4-, Nanki Tokugawashi \i,L i "'I 9- (History of the Tokugawa branch family in KishU), Wakayama, Nankai Tokugawashi Kankokai, 1930-33, 18 v. Though primarily a history of the Kii branch of the Tokugawa family, this work contains a great deal of documentary material. Volumes 1-4 constitute a chronological history of the family from 1607 to 1871. Volumes 5-17 contain biographical materials and documents on various domain institutions. Primarily historical materials are extensively quoted in both sections. Volume 18 is a general index.

Page  53 HISTORICAL SOURCES 53 420. Ressei Zenshu Hensankai P'1 \ I ',i j _ / (Society for Compilation of the Complete Works of the Successive Emperors), Ressei zenshU,J t (Complete works of the successive emperors), Tokyo, Ressei Zenshu Hensankai, 1815-17, 25 v. The collected rescripts, records, letters, 'poems, and other writings of all Japanese emperors down to the emperor Meiji (1868-1912). 2) Local Historical and Geographical Materials Pre-modern Japan, especially the late Tokugawa period, produced a vast quantity of writings on local history and geography. These consisted of histories of daimy~ families, local gazetteers, travel guides, and records of local habits and customs. These materials, together with actual local documents, have formed the basis of literally hundreds of modern prefectural, district, and city histories. As a by-product of such historical efforts, local historical associations have frequently prepared for publication collections of local materials. These vary considerably from mere series of secondary writings by local scholars to collections of primary documents. A few of the larger and more important of such collections have been listed below. 421. Akita sosho Akt H (Akita series), Akita, Akita Sosho Kankokai, 1928-. Collected historical works related to the Satake daimyo family and the pre-modern history of Akita prefecture in northern Honshu. Ten numbered volumes and six supplementary volumes had been published by 1940. Materials are mostly of a secondary nature relating to outstanding historic figures, religious affairs, customs, battles, and political affairs. 422. Buso sosh~o f- M,!t - t (Series of materials on Awa, Kazusa, and Shimosa provinces), Chiba, Boso S'sho Kankokai, 1940, 14 v. Volumes contain: 1) old documents, 2) military annals, 3-5) biographies, 6-7) geographical gazetteers, 8) diaries and travelogues, 9) feudal documents, 10-11) miscellaneous tables and indices. 423. Ishino Akira )6 T Pk*, ed., Buso sosho i' @~ ~ ~ (Series of materials on Musashi and Sagami provinces), Buso Kokokai, 1929-36, 6 v. Contains a number of pre-modern works and documentary collections concerned with the old Musashi and Sagami provinces. Of special interest are materials on Odawara and Hakone. 424. Dai Nihon Rekishi Chiri Gakkai X 9 t - - -- M- T 't a (Historical Geography Society of Japan), Dai Nihon chishi taikei X. e ~ Pr t- K r, (Compendium of Japanese geographical gazetteers), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Chishi Taikei Kankokai, 1914-17, 14 v. 1929-, 40 v. A voluminous collection of local gazetteers written during the Tokugawa and early Meiji periods. The collection covers all major areas of Japan. Gazetteers give geographical information, detailed notes on local produce, taxation and local government and other data of use in reconstructing local history. There is no general index, though each work is given a bibliographical preface. 425. Harada Miki t_- 1D, Dai Nihon meishozue K *- > rjT ' y (Illustrated gazetteers of Japan's famous sites), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Meishozue Kankokai, 1918-22, 20 v. Modern printed reproductions of 12 famous illustrated gazetteers compiled during the late Tokugawa period. They cover in detail well-known sites of the major cities (Edo, Kyoto, Osaka) and the great public thoroughfares (notably the Tokaido). Pictures provide a wealth of material on the life and customs of late Tokugawa Japan. 426. Edo susho,1- 7 ] -t (Edo series), Tokyo, Edo Sosho Kankokai, 1916-17, 12 v. A collection of works, charts, and illustrations portraying the history, life, customs, and geography of old Edo. One of its most valuable items is the BukU nempyU by Saito Yukinari (1804-1878), a chronological history of events occurring in Edo during the period 1590-1873. 427. Takahashi Yoshihiko % ~ A;, Essa shiryo AL 1 i t (Historical materials of Echigo and Sado), Niigata, 1925-31, 6 v. Modeled after the Dai Nihon shiryo, this collection presents documents on the history of the two provinces of Echigo and Sado in chronological order from ancient times to 1569. 428. Etchu shiry6o M, t - (Historical materials of Etchu province), Toyama, Toyama-ken, 1909, 4 v. + 1 v. Historical documents concerning the history of Etchu province cut up and distributed chronologically. Coverage is from ancient times to 1878. A supplementary volume contains illustrations and a revised index of works used in the compilation. 429. Ina shiryU sosho f p -_ t ~ t (Series of historical materials relating to Ina district), Nagano, Shinano Kyoikukai Shimoina Bukai, 1914-32, 11 v. Historical documents relating to Ina district of Shinano province. Many are of a primary nature and offer information on feudal institutions, local administration, and economic aspects of the Tokugawa period. 430. Kagawa sUsho I- I'} ~i i (Kagawa series), Takamatsu, Kagawa-ken, 1939-43, 3 v. Materials collected for the compilation of the history of Kagawa prefecture. Volume 2 is especially valuable for the primary material it presents on feudal institutions and on the Takamatsu, Marugame, and Kompira domains.

Page  54 54 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 431. Hagiwara Yorihira fK. i. Ad, Kai shiryo shusei i t s t _ A (Collected historical materials on Kai province), Kofu, Yamanashi-ken, Kai Shiryo Kankokai, 1932-35, 12 v. A classified collection of materials on the history and geography of Kai province. Materials are distributed under the following headings: diaries, travel accounts, gazetteers, histories, education, religion, biography, arts. and miscellaneous. 432. Kibi gunsho shusei - 5 t A I ^ (Collected works on the Kibi area), Okayama, Kibi Gunsho ShUsei Kankokai, 1921-31, 10 v. A valuable collection of old histories, biographical works, gazetteers, etc., covering the, area of old Bizen, Bitchi, Bingo, and Mimasaka. Of special interest is the Kibi onko (Vol. 5-9) which gives detailed information on the Okayama domain. 433. Kyo ssho. A p t t (Kyoto series), Kyoto, Kyoto S5sho Kankokai, 1914-17, 16 v. A collection of old gazetteers, illustrated travel guides and descriptions of the life and customs of Kyoto. Volume 1 is an index. 434. Kondo Heijo i_- H -i I A, Shiryo tsushin soshi 1 't 5 f ~ 1i-(Series of historical materials collected by correspondence), Tokyo, Shiryo Tsushin Kyokai, 1893-97, 29 v. A collection of over 1500 records and documents brought together from all parts of Japan. Materials are grouped by locality and relate to all aspects of Japanese history from ancient times to 1853. The compilers have added reproductions of pictures and descriptions of folk tales. The historical value of some of the materials is rather small. Volume 29 is a general index to the set. 435. Nambu sosho i -*p % t (Nambu series), Aomori, Nambu Sosho Kankokai, 1927-31, 11 v. Collected records and local gazetteers dealing with the old Mutsu province, domain of the Nambu family. There is a good deal of important material on local administration, peasant uprisings, commerce and trade, etc. Volume 11 contains an index, chronological tables, and a table of contents for the set. 436. Funagoshi Seiichir-o D 3 iL - #p, Naniwa sosho b _ j- f 1 (Naniwa series), Osaka, Naniwa Sosho Kankokai, 1926-30, 17 v. Materials on the history of Naniwa (Osaka) beginning approximately with the year 1615. The collection is especially rich in its coverage of the merchant class and commercial practices. 437. Sendai sosho ^ V & ~ (Sendai series), Sendai, Sendai Sosho Kankokai, 1922-26, 16 v. A valuable collection of materials concerning the old Sendai, domain of the Date daimyo. There are records, genealogies, collections of laws, notes on taxation, currency, local production, etc. Twelve volumes make up the main body of the collection: 4 volumes are supplementary. Volume 12 has a general index to all 16 volumes. 438. Shinano shiryo sosho St, _ t V -t (Series of materials on Shinano province), Nagano, Shinano Shiryo Sosho Hensankai, 1913-14, 5 v. Contains historical and geographical material on pre-modern Shinano province. These include documents relating to Suwa, Matsumoto, Ueda, Matsushiro, Takatd, Iida, and other domains and several temples (Zenkoji etc. ) and shrines (Suwa jinja etc.). 439. Shizuoka-ken shiryo `A t ~. _ -f (Historical materials relating to Shizuoka Prefecture), Shizuoka, Shizuoka-ken, 1932-, 5 v. Historical documents relating to Shizuoka arranged chronologically by geographic area. Coverage begins with the Heian period. 440. Suwa shiryo sosho f*. a. t. ~t (Series of historical materials related to Suwa county), Nagano, Suwa Shiryo Sosho Kankokai and Shinano Kyoikukai Suwa Bukai, 1932-. Documents relating to the Suwa domain and Suwa shrine arranged topically. By 1950, volumes published in this series numbered 36. 441. Yamato shiryo K L-v,- (Materials relating to Yamato province), Nara, Nara-ken Kyoikukai, 1914, 2 v. Pre-modern historical materials of Yamato province arranged geographically by county. 3) Foreign Relations Documents No single collection covers the entire range of Japanese foreign relations. Beginning with the renewal of Japanese intercourse with China in the early fourteenth century, however, fairly complete documentary coverage of the official relations of Japan with other foreign countries is to be had by putting together a number of separate works. These include the Zenrin kokuhoki (Entry 452), which with its sequels covers the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries; the Tsuko ichiran (Survey of foreign relations) (Entry 451), which covers most of the Tokugawa period; the Dai Nihon komonjo, bakumatsu gaikoku kankei monjo (Ancient documents of Japan, official documents of the later Tokugawa era concerning foreign relations) (Entry 445), which covers the years 1853-67; and the Dai Nihon gaiko bunsho (Documents on Japanese foreign relations) (Entry 444), which carries on from 1868. For the period prior to the Tokugawa (1600-1867), and even for certain aspects of Tokugawa foreign relations, the most convenient source is the Gaikobu (Foreign relations) section of the Koji ruien (Entry 207). This work should always be consulted when working in pre-Meiji foreign relations, since its pages not only contain a great deal of information but help to lead the historian to other fruitful sources.

Page  55 HISTORItCAL SOUR~CES 55 442. Bakumatsu Ishin gaiko shiryo shUsei 4.,it Tr A Z = t f ^'(Classified historical records on foreign relations: 1853-68). Tokyo, Gaimusho, 1942-44, 6 v. A collection of basic foreign relations documents covering the years 1853-68 and classified under broad encyclopedic headings. A total of twenty volumes were planned. 443. Asakura Musei *~ k... Pi, Bummei genryu sosho A b d, p- (Series on the sources of Japanese civilization), Tokyo, Kokusho Kankokai, 1913-14, 3 v. A collection of accounts of travels and of foreign countries recorded by Japanese who went abroad before the Restoration. Many were shipwrecked. There are bibliographical prefaces, supplementary charts and an index to the title of works. 444. Gaimushi 9A -fA $, Dai Nihon gaiko bunsho X s E - 9; ~< (Documents on Japanese foreign relations), Tokyo, Nihon Kokusai Kyokai, 1936-. Basic foreign relations documents released for publication by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Materials are arranged chronologically beginning with 1868; each volume covers a year. This series thus carries on where the Dai Nihon komonjo series (see next entry) will leave off. Arrangement and format is similar. Appendices provide tables of important public officials concerned with foreign affairs. Each volume contains an index. By 1952 some 21 volumes had been published covering the period 1868 to 1888. Post-World War II volumes carry the title Nihon gaiko bunsho. A supplementary series of 6 volumes dealing with the treaty revision problem was published between 1941 and 1950. 445. T-ky' Daigaku Shiryo Hensansho t A ~ t At * f ~ (Tokyo University Historiographical Institute), Dai Nihon Komonjo, bakumatsu gaikoku kankei monjo; D t -. 4. ~. S] f' t it, g (Ancient documents of Japan, official documents of the later Tokugawa. era concerning foreign relations), Tbkyo, Shiryo Hensansho, 1910-. One of the three divisions under which the Tokyo University Historiographical Office has been publishing old Japanese documents. Arrangement is chronological and will cover the period 1853-67. Material includes state papers of the shogunate, correspondence with the imperial court, between daimyo, and with foreign powers, reports and advisory memorials, texts of treaties, and the like. Marginal tabs point to major subject matters. Twenty-seven volumes published by 1939 covered the period up to 1863. 446. Ikoku sosho t-, ) t (Series of writings by foreigners), Tokyo, Sunnansha, 1927-31, 13 v. A collection of 13 works by foreign visitors to Japan describing the country and their impressions of it. Accounts begin with the Jesuits, include Kaempfer, Thunberg, von Siebold, Kreutzenstern, and other later travellers. The works are translated and extensively annotated. There is a detailed subject index. A collection of pre-Restoration correspondence between Japan and various foreign countries entitled Ikoku ofuku shokansh-U T ~ A A ~ ~ ~ is contained in volume 11. 447. Gaimusha Joyakukyoku? 1- b I:: P.), (Foreign Office, Treaty Division), Joyaku isan fVI,7 'A.(Classified collection of treaties), Tokyo, Gaimushu J'yakukyoku, 1926-29, 9 v. A collection of current treaties arranged in three parts. Part 1 (vols. 1-3) consists of treaties and notes signed between Japan and various foreign powers. Part 2 (vols. 4-6) includes general international agreements to which Japan was a party. Part 3 (vols. 7-9) deals with the Versailles peace treaty and the many agreements which resulted from it. 448. Shimmura Izuru f[T,'. Kaihyo sosho,T- _ ~. ~- (Series of writings on Japan's contact with foreigners), Tokyo, KIseikaku, 1927-28, 6 v. A valuable collection of Japanese works dealing with Westerners and Western relations beginning with accounts of the Portuguese and ending with the Dutch. Each volume begins with an extensive bibliographical preface. Volume 6 includes a general table of contents. This series was republished in 1930 under the title Namban komo shiry` ] * f- o -. I et (Materials for the study of the relations with the West.) 449. Sumida Shoichi fSt W _ -, Kaiji shiryo sosho 7-~- ~ f- A t (Series of historical materials on maritime affairs), Tokyo, Ganshhodd, 1929-31, 20 v. An important collection of materials, laws, documents, reports, and correspondence, concerning Japan's foreign relations from the sixteenth century to the Meiji period. Volume 20 contains a table of contents and general index to the set. 450. Sumida Shoichi At- l i --, Nihon kaibo shiryo sosho;? -- 7 f j ~ (Series of historical materials on Japanese coastal defence), T'kyo, Kaibo Shiryo Kanko-kai, 1932-. A companion work to the Kaiji shiryo sosho (see previous entry) compiled by the same editor. It contains works dealing strictly with the problem of Japanese national defence by middle and late Tokugawa writers. By 1940, ten volumes had been published. 451. Hayashi Ko 4t 4, Tsuko ichiran A - A (Survey of foreign relations), Tokyo, Kokusho Kankokai, 1913, 8 v. A basic collection of documents on foreign relations compiled by shogunal order during the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate. Subject matter is divided by foreign country: China, Korea, countries of Southeast Asia, Portugal, Spain, Holland, and Russia. For each country the origins of intercourse between that country and Japan are traced, and basic laws and documents governing the relations between the two countries are quoted.

Page  56 56 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 452. Nakajima Sho q A JA, ed., Shintei zenrin kokuho-ki X- t - F4 C1 t. e (Newly edited Zenrin kokuhoki), Tokyo, Bunkyodo, 1932, 200 pp. The basic text for foreign relations, primarily with China and Korea, of the early Ashikaga period (14th and 15th centuries) prepared by Zuikei ShIho 4 >* (i /.L, a monk of the Sh'kokuji temple in 1466. This text plus several works which continue the work of the monk Shuho are included in volume 21 of the revised Shiseki shuran (Entry 410). 4) Collected Laws The following collections of legal materials deal only with pre-Meiji Japan. Modern collections of laws and ordinances are so numerous and voluminous that they have been omitted from this section. Those who would consult post-Restoration materials of this type are referred to Robert E. Ward's bibliography of political science prepared for this bibliographical series. Of the items listed below, Kimura Sh6ji's Kempo shiryo (Historical materials on administrative law) (Entry 454), Takayanagi and Ishii's Ofuregki kampo shusei (Collection of Tokugawa laws of the Kampo era) (Entry 455), and the Ministry of Justice's Tokugawa kinreiko (Survey of Tokugawa laws) (Entry 456) are most useful. Together they cover the entire space of pre-Restoration administrative law. In the last collection the historian must, unfortunately, be on his guard against corrupted texts. 453. Takigawa Masajir-o? ") 1 p, ed., HIsei shiryo komonjo ruisan t WI * t. -: (Classified collection of documentary materials on the history of law), Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1927, 707 pp. A select collection of some 460 collections of laws and documents covering the history of Japanese legal development from the eighth through nineteenth centuries. Classification is under four headings: 1) official documents, 2) semi-official documents, i. e., legal documents of feudal lords, estates, and religious institutions, 3) private documents, 4) documents concerning foreign affairs. 454. Kimura Shoji * '-t v- A, Kempo shiry~o. & P. P (Historical materials on administrative law), Tokyo, Shihoshi, 1877, 37 v. A classified collection of legal materials covering Japanese history from ancient times to the seventeenth century. It was compiled for the Ministry of Justice. Classification is under four broad categories:, civil and military law, Shinto affairs, the Buddhist priesthood, agriculture and commerce. Within each category laws are arranged chronologically. An index is appended. This collection takes its place as the basic source for pre-Tokugawa legal systems. It is followed by the Tokugawa kinrei k-d series listed below (Entry 456). 455. Takayanagi Shinzo i ) T A E and Ishii Ryosuke T T f A, Ofuregaki kampo shusei i tV,4- 'A (Collection of Tokugawa laws of the Kampo era), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934, 1356 pp. This is a modern collated edition of the first major official collection of Tokugawa laws and injunctions compiled by the Tokugawa Hyojosho (Supreme Court of Justice). The work contains some 3500 laws issued from 1615 to 1743. Laws issued after 1743 were periodically brought together by the Tokugawa government and these have been published by the same editors as follows: Ofuregaki Horeki shusei (covers to 1760) - 1935. Temmei " ( " " 1787) - 1936. Tempo " ( " " 1836) - 1937-41. Together these works provide a definitive coverage of Tokugawa government legislation. The lack of index or convenient classification makes them difficult to use. For this reason the classified collection of Tokugawa laws listed below is of more general service, though not as complete. 456. Shihosh6o f,/ 4 (Ministry of Justice), Tokugawa kinreiko Tt "I t / ~ (Survey of Tokugawa laws), Tokyl, Yoshikawa K6bunkan, 1931-32, 6 v. Second series 1931-32, 6 v. A classified collection of Tokugawa laws compiled by Kikuchi Shunnosuke and first published in the present form in 1894. The 1931-32 edition is a photolithograph version of the earlier printing. The first series consists of general administrative and civil laws. These are classified under broad headings such as court nobles, military houses, temples, shrines, commoners, and foreign affairs, and a number of subheadings. Laws are listed chronologically within each section. This is not an official edition of Tokugawa laws. Many of the texts are corrupt and the coverage is not complete. But it is the most conveniently arranged of such collections. Series II (Tokugawa kinreiko koshu ft 4 ) consists of criminal laws classified by offences. The last volume contains records of trials and sentences. 5) Collected Materials on Social and Economic History Next to the general collections of historical materials listed above, the most valuable to the historian are the great compendia of materials on Japanese social and economic history listed in this section. Undoubtedly, the best known of these works are Honjo Eijiro's Kinsei shakai keizai sosho (Documentary series on modern society and economics) (Entry 458) and Takimoto Seiichi's Nihon keizai taiten (Compendium of Japanese economics) (Entry 460). Both of these collections deal primarily with the Tokugawa period, and their contents complement the more formal documentary collections which deal largely with the affairs of the ruling class. In both these works economics is interpreted in its broadest sense to include almost all aspects of the material life of the people. One problem of the Honjo and Takimoto collections is that they do not contain much primary material. Their volumes are filled largely with treatises by Tokugawa scholars on economic and social problems and secondary materials on agrarian affairs, village administration, mercantile affairs, and other similar matters.

Page  57 HISTORICAL SOURCES 57 More strictly collections of primary source materials than the above two series are such multivolume works as Ono Takeo's Kinsei jikata keizai shiryo (Materials relating to early-modern local economy) (Entry 457) and Nihon nomin shiryU shUsui (Collected materials on the history of the Japanese peasantry) (Entry 462), Ouchi Hyoe's Meiji zenki zaisei keizai shiryo shusei (Collected historical materials relating to finance and economy during the early Meiji period) (Entry 459), and the Ministry of Finance's Nihon zaisei keizai shiryn (Source materials on Japanese financial and economic history) (Entry 465). These works contain a great deal of raw historical material covering Japan's economic development especially during the Tokugawa and Meiji eras. In the following list only the works published by the Attic Museum (Entries 467 and 469) are solely concerned with primary records. These works present in printed form a number of collections of village records, which, though they are somewhat limited in their subject content, are useful for the examples they offer of materials not found in other collections. 457., Ono Takeo,). B ^ A, Kinsei jikata keizai shiryo 'i ' e -,-4 - 4 ~ (Materials relating to early-modern local economy), TSkyo, Kinsei Jikata Keizai Shiryo Kankokai, 1931, 9 v. A valuable collection of laws, memoranda, reports, and diaries giving primary documentation to the landtax system of the Tokugawa period together with secondary discussions and treatises on land problems. Volume 9 contains materials on the land system in the Ryikyls. 458. Honjo Eijiro * At- ' $ ~p and others, Kinsei shakai keizai sosho j.. t *t * h - " t- (Documentary series on modern society and economics), Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1926-27, 12 v. Like the Nihon keizai taiten (Entry 460) this series brings together numerous texts on the social and economic life of the Tokugawa period. Its contents have been extensively used by the Kyoto school of contemporary economic historians. 459. Ouchi Hyoe X- 09 --?JT and Tsuchiya Takao -i-. i 7T, Meiji zenki zaisei keizai shiry~ shusei, S} a8 o.f t_ -L i t- f A ' (Collected historical materials relating to finance and economy during the early Meiji period), Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1932, 21 v. An exhaustive collection of basic materials on the development of national and private finance during the Meiji period. Essential for any study of Japan's post-Restoration economic development. 460. Takimoto Seiichi ~*& 4 1 -, Nihon keizai taiten 1 3,.^ - 4 -X (Compendium of Japanese economics), Tokyo, Shishi Shuppansha, Keimeisha, 1928-30, 54 v. A monumental collection of pre-modern works on economic affairs. This edition combines two previous series by the same editor, the Nihon keizai sosho and its supplement. The series contains primary source materials and treatises written by Tokugawa scholars on all aspects of pre-modern economics, finance, agrarian affairs, village administration, mercantile affairs, and the like. Works in this series have formed the basis of a great portion of recent scholarship on pre-modern Japan. Each volume contains extensive bibliographical prefaces on the works contained in it. Most works either refer to or were written during the Tokugawa period, though a few touch on the pre-Tokugawa economic scene. A large quantity of materials contained in the series is of general historical value. 461. Nihon kotsu shiryo shusei D E &, t Ad t t (Collected materials for the history of transportation in Japan), Tokyo, Kokusai Kotsu Bunka Kyokai, 1938-39, 3 v. Basic texts and materials on the history of communications and transportation in Japan. Volume 1 covers post stations on the five main thoroughfares in Japan, volume 2 contains laws dealing with post stations and horse relays, and volume 3 covers inns, transport guilds, etc. 462. Ono Takeo,) It \'., Nihon nomin shiryo shusui a ~, v - - 7- 1 (Collected materials on the history of the Japanese peasantry), Tokyo, Ganshodo, 1941, 7 v. The completed volumes of this series are numbers 2, 4, 6, 8A, 8B, 9 and 11. Contents include basic primary materials on the Japanese peasantry during Tokugawa times plus secondary accounts and treatises by Tokugawa writers. Materials cover local laws and admonitions governing the peasantry, problems of land improvement, agriculture, technology, and peasant uprisings. 463. Norinsho Sanrinkyoku % [ a_,;- ~, (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Bureau of Forestry), Nihon rinseishi shiryU E it ~;'l A - -. A (Source materials on the history of Japanese forest administration) 1929-33, 30 v. A collection of materials for the study of forest administration in Japan from early times to the Meiji Restoration. The documents are arranged chronologically. Volume 1 covers the pre-Tokugawa period. Volume 2 deals with imperial estates and lands of religious institutions. Volume 3 contains laws on forest administration issued by the Tokugawa shogunate. Volume 4 contains material on shogunal lands. The remaining volumes cover forest lands of the several daimyU during the Tokugawa period. Subject indices are provided for each of the main sections of the series. 464. Takimoto Seiichi i; A - and Mukai Shikamatsu (X 4~ PL,i^, Nihon sangyo shiryo taikei 0 t-. - - t. (Compendium of materials on Japanese industry), Tokyo, Chugai Shogyo ShimpUsha, 1926-27, 13 v. An imposing collection of materials consisting of historical surveys, documents, extracts from industrial reports, and government studies relating to the growth of modern Japanese industry. The materials cover the pre-modern origins and Meiji development of the commercial production of such commodities as fertilizer, silk, cement, and sugar as well as the development of fisheries, mines, and modern industrial and trading firms. Volume 13 is a detailed subject index.

Page  58 58 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 465. UkurashU 7 ' (Ministry of Finance), Nihon zaisei keizai shiryo f.. A,~ 4 -. - (Source materials on Japanese financial and economic history), Toky, Zaisei Keizai Gakkai, 1922-25, 11 v. This invaluable collection is the result of the work of a committee established by the Ministry of Finance to prepare materials on the history of economy and finance in Japan. The original work was completed in 1886. Documents are classified under the following headings: finance, economy, civil engineering, transportation, population, island territories, and police systems. Each category is further subdivided and materials are arranged chronologically within the subdivisions. Volume 11 contains an index. 466. Kuroha Heijiro, ^? - 4- S, Osaka shogyo shiryo shusei PX p d ~ fe A f $ ' (Collected historical materials relating to commerce in Osaka), Osaka, Osaka Shoka Daigaku Keizai Kenkyusho, 1934-40, 6 v. A basic collection of primary and secondary materials relating to the pre-Meiji development of commerce and finance in Osaka. 467. Shakai keizai shiryo zassan t- - ^ it- ',- f. (Miscellaneous materials on social and economic history), Tfkyo, Achikku Mylzeamu, 1938, 2 v. Collected primary records concerning fishing and agricultural villages of northern and central Japan. 468. Tsuzoku keizai bunko Aj,~ a >, (Popular economics library), Tokyo, Nihon Keizai Shosho Kankrkai, 1916-17, 12 v. A collection of materials, mostly from the Tokugawa period, dealing with the economic life of the people. Subjects treated include commercial ethics, management, agrarian methods, frugality measures, lives of merchants, etc. 469. Shibusawa Keizo;. _, t' -., Zushu Uchiura gyomin shiryo E )-,I ^ i -'. t (Historical materials relating to the fishing population of Uchiura in Izu), Tokyo, Achikku Myuzeamu, 1937-38, 2 v. Materials held by the Okawa family of the Izu peninsula. They relate to the fishing and agrarian population of the Uchiura area during Tokugawa times. Unfortunately, the series is not yet complete. If completed it will stand as perhaps the only printing of a representative collection of village records. 6) Collected Educational Materials 470. Kurokawa Masamichi,. '" I it. and Odaki Jun )-,'. 4, Nihon kyoiku bunko D f 4, J., (Japanese education library), Tokyo, Dobunkan, 1910-11, 13 v. A collection of 424 works on educational and instructional matters selected from pre-Restoration Japanese literature. Classification is by broad subject category: for example, house codes, injunctions, instructions for women, filial piety, schools, textbooks, morals, hygiene, etc. The editors have provided aids to the reading of difficult passages. 471. Mombushu -. I-j (Ministry of Education), Nihon kyoikushi shiryo -. a.t Jr * (Source materials on the history of Japanese education), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1890-92, 9 v. + 2 supplements. A collection of documents and reports prepared for the Ministry of Education by the several prefectures on the history of education in their local areas. It provides material for the study of educational systems developed in the chief daimy. domains of the Tokugawa period. Supplements provide illustrations and drawings of pre-modern schools and Confucian temples. Volume 9 contains biographies of prominent educators. 7) Collected Materials on Religion, Ethics, and Thought One of the largest categories of Japanese printed series deals with the broad field of thought and religion. Although the general historian may find such works somewhat too specialized, it is nonetheless essential that he have access to the basic writings in this field. The following items have been selected for their general usefulness. In the section on Buddhism the various editions of the Tripitaka are listed in chronological order. a) General 472. Adachi Shir-okichi 2- D- >, Dai Nihon fUkYo ssho X WD Il K X (Series on public morals of Japan), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Ffkyo Susho Kank5kai, 1919-21, 10 v. Collected works on morals and ethics selected from all periods in Japanese history. The compilation begins with the writings of Shutoku Taishi, makes selections from the writings of great Buddhist priests and Shinto and Confucian scholars, and concludes with the works of Tokugawa townspeople and leaders in the Shingaku school. 473. Uemura Katsuya -t- PT 4-, Dai Nihon shiso zenshu Jr 9 4 -. - t ' (Complete collection on Japanese thought), TOky'd Dai Nihon ShisU Zenshu Kankokai, 1932-34, 17 v. This work brings together selections from 173 books, essays, and miscellanies by over fifty scholars and thinkers of the Tokugawa period representing the Confucian, Kokugaku, Shingaku, and Dutch studies schools of thought. The original texts are paralleled by translations into modern Japanese. Glossaries of difficult words are provided after each work. Each volume contains biographical sketches of the authors whose works are found in the volume. 474. Kinsei shakai keizai gakusetsu taikei 'LI -.A a f 'H Ad ~- f. (Compendium of early-modern social and economic theories), TOkyU, Seibundo, 1935-37, 18 v. A valuable series of collected works of prominent Tokugawa social and economic theorists. Each volume contains a selection of work by one or two authors. Lengthy introductory prefaces are provided by foremost Japanese economic historians. The collection begins with Kumazawa Banzan and ends with Fukuzawa Yukichi.

Page  59 HISTORICAL SOURCES 59 475. Fujita Tokutar1 5 fDE ta and Fujisawa Chikao iS y4 IfQ, Nihon seishin bunka taikei 0{ t I t it- t. (Compendium of Japanese spiritual culture), Tokyo, KinseidS, 1934-, 9 v. A chronologically arranged anthology of works expressive of Japan's spiritual culture. Each volume covers a major period of Japanese history and begins with a preface on the characteristics of the age. There follows a series of quotations illustrative of the general spiritual currents of the period. Marginal notes aid in the reading of the quoted texts. 476. Date Mitsuyoshi 4 i L jE, Nihon shikyo seido shiryo ruiju ko a - _ ~ U 4. t J (Classified and annotated collection of historical source materials on Japanese religious institutions), Tokyo, Ganshodo, 1930, 758 pp. A brief collection of basic materials for the study of religious institutions in Japan from the sixth to the twentieth centuries. Part 1 contains classified historical materials; part 2 contains laws dealing with religious institutions. The major emphasis is on Buddhism. b) Shinto, the Emperor System, and Patriotism 477. Inoue Tetsujiro - - - t p and Arima Sukemasa A,. H _t, Bushid' sosho ~ t t (Series on Bushido), Tokyo, Hakubunkan, 1905, 3 v. A collection of 63 essays and writings on Bushido and the code of the warrior, dating from early times to the end of the Tokugawa period. Each work is given a bibliographical preface containing a brief biography of the author. The last volume contains a bibliography of contemporary writings on Bushido. 478. Kurita Kan T is w, Jingi shiryo i, I t (Historical materials on Shinto), Tokyo, Kocho Hikyu Kankokai, 1926-27, 4 v. A collection of texts and materials gathered for the preparation of the essay on Shinto for the Dai Nihonshi. Volumes 1 and 2 were first published in 1876. Volumes 3 and 4 are later supplements. 479. Nakajima Hakko -t,, 4 ~and others, Shinto sosho t ~- (Series on Shinto), Tokyo, Jingii KyUin, 1896-98, 8 v. Collected historical materials on Shinto selected from Japanese writings of the ninth through nineteenth centuries. 480. Saeki Ariyoshi f- fb - A, ed., Jingi zensho /?, / tJ (Complete collection of Shinto affairs), TokyU, Koten K5kyUsho JingT Hosaikai, 1906-08, 5 v. A collection of over 90 works on Shinto shrines and Shinto affairs in general selected from pre-Restoration literature. 481. Nihon kokusui zensho D ' + (Complete collection of Japanese patriotic writings), Tokyo, Nihon Kokusui Zensho Kankokai, 1915-18, 24 v. A collection of works selected from all periods of Japanese history, including post-Restoration Japan, expressing patriotic sentiment. The emphasis is on writings of the Tokugawa Kokugaku school. 482. Mozume Takami V %,, Shinchu ko.u Qssho f i- t' ~ - (Newly annotated series on the emperor system), TokyW, KIbunko Kankokai, 1927-31, 12 v. An annotated collection of 70 texts basic to the study of Japanese nationalism and the imperial tradition. Beginning with such works as the Kojiki and the Engishiki, the collection places its main emphasis on the writings of the members of the Tokugawa Kokugaku school. Each volume contains a bibliographical preface. c) Buddhism 483. Bukkyo taikei 14 4 k. (Compendium of Buddhist works), T'okyo, Bukkyo Taikei Kanseikai, 1918-30, 130 v. A collection of Buddhist literature considered most important from the point of view of Japanese Buddhism. Works are classified by sect and subject and hence are conveniently arranged for the student of Japanese Buddhism. 484. Bussho Kanko-kai t 't '11 IT / (Society for Publication of Buddhist Texts), Dai Nihon Bukkyo zensho K D - 4 ~ 4 - ~ (Complete collection of Japanese Buddhism), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Buky Zensho Hakkosho, 1913-22, 151 v. Supplement 10 v. A great compendium of over 1300 sutras, commentaries, histories, and records relating to the history of Buddhism in pre-Restoration Japan. It includes the collected writings of a large number of Japanese priests. Materials are grouped by sects and general subject headings. This series affords an exhaustive coverage of the religious and institutional development of the Buddhist church in Japan, materials on doctrines, iconography, the lives of priests, and the like. An elaborate set of indices to the series and to personal names and the titles of writings is provided. 485. Washio Junkei I '. '"k, Kokubun Tho Bukkyo ssho 1 3 - K T (Series of Eastern Buddhist Books in Japanese), Tokyo, Kokubun ThW Bukkyo Sosho Kankikai and TMhU Shoin, 1925-, 18 v. A chronological anthology of 281 works by pre-Meiji Japanese Buddhists written in Japanese. The editor has provided explanatory notes to aid in the reading of difficult passages. Publication is still in progress.

Page  60 60 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 486. Iwano Shin'yu t I t AK, ed., Kokuyaku Issaikyl [ Ad - rv _L(The Tripitaka in Japanese translation), Tokyo, DaitU Shuppansha, 1915-. A partially complete translation into Japanese of the Chinese Tripitaka. One hundred fifty-five volumes have been published so far covering the original Indian portion of the Tripitaka. 487. K6so meicho zenshiu # St, 4 4 (Complete works of important priests), T'kyo, Heibonsha, 1931, 18 v. The collected biographies and works of famous pre-modern Buddhist priests such as Dengyo Daishi, KMbo Daishi, Honen, Shinran, Rennyo, Ikku, etc. 488. Nihon Daiz5kyo Hensankai D. ),,. /A (Society for Compilation of the Japanese Tripitaka), Nihon Daizokyo p X, J i - (Japanese Tripitaka), T'kyU, Nihon Daizakyo Hensankai, 1914-21, 51 v. A collection of 759 sutras and writings considered basic to the various Japanese Buddhist sects. 'Two hundred Japanese priests are represented by their selections of texts, their commentaries, and writings on doctrine. Coverage is from the sixth century to c. 1890. The series concludes with two volumes of annotated bibliography of the works contained in the collection. These volumes constitute a reasonably complete and valuable bibliographical dictionary (Entry 174) for the understanding of Buddhist texts most frequently referred to in Japan. There is a volume devoted to table of contents and other lists. 489. Dai Nihon kotei Daizokyo K DQ 4- a tT A K,. (Japanese collated edition of the Tripitaka), Tokyo, Koyo Shoin, 1880-85, 419 v. The first modern Japanese reproduction of the Chinese Tripitaka, sometimes referred to as the "To-kyo" or "Shukusatsu zokyo,, +X1 A }_ & (Reduced size Tripitaka)" edition. The text is punctuated and well collated. 090. Dai Nihon kotei Daizokyo KX 4 - T,_A v_ (Japanese collated edition of the Tripitaka), Kyoto, Zokyo Shoin, 1902-06, 347 v. The "KyOto" or "Manji (reY)" edition of the Tripitaka. 491. Dai Nihon zoku Zokyo X B 4,/,^_ (Supplement to the Japanese edition of the Tripitaka), Kyoto, ZukyU Shoin, 1905-12, 75 v. A collection of Buddhist works by Chinese monks which were preserved in Japan. This collection supplements the Chinese version of the Tripitaka. Referred to as the "Manji (ar) zokukyo" or the "Zoku issaiky- (, - tp, )." 492. Takakusu Junjir-o ~ t i "'.; p, Watanabe Kaikyoku A ' i — hA, and Ono Gemmyo 1- ' T?, ed., Taisho shinshU DaizZkyo X _J _ ad - t )J.,,L (Newly revised Tripitaka of the Taisho era), TMkyo, DaizO Shuppan K.K., 1924-32, 100 v. -Referred to as the "Taisho Issaikyo" or the "Showa hobo 9 r o - (Buddhist treasures of the Showa era)" edition. This is the most modern edition of the Chinese Tripitaka well collated and punctuated. It contains select items from the "Zoku Issaiky"' (see previous entry). d) Confucianism 493. Hattori Unokichi O- p7?, ed., Kambun taikei ~- _ A e (Compendium of Chinese classics), Toky', Fuzambo, 1910-16, 22 v. A conveniently arranged collection of the standard Chinese classics and their chief commentaries. Annotations in Japanese aid in the reading of difficult passages. 494. Kokumin Bunko Kank'kai 1 & A o 'l 1 T X:, Kokuyaku kambun taisei (2 t: $ L ~- Y 1 (Compendium of Japanese translations of Chinese classics), TbkyO, Kokumin Bunko Kankokai, 1920-24, 40 v. The major Chinese classics in Japanese translation. Each Chinese passage is punctuated and a translation appended. Difficult passages have explanatory notes. 495. Seki Giichiro J it - -, ed., Nihon jurin sosho s 4- 1. V- t (Series of Japanese Confucian writings), Osaka, T'oy' Tosho Kankokai, 1927-29, 6 v. Second series, 1930-33, 4 v. A collection of 167 works by Japanese Confucian philosophers of the Tokugawa period. Each volume has an introductory bibliographical section. The selected works themselves are presented without commentaries or annotation. The second series contains 46 similar works. 496. Inoue Tetsujiro f t - V 't /p and Kanie Yoshimaru v;'- 2 a, ed., Nihon rinri ihen 9 4- 1E r A (Collected works on Japanese Confucianism), Tokyo, Ikuseikai, 1901-03, 10 v. A collection of 77 works by Tokugawa Confucian scholars. Arrangement is by philosophical school, i. e., Sung school, Wang Yang-ming school, Ku Hsiieh school, etc. The editors have provided bibliographical and biographical prefaces together with aids to the Japanese readings of Chinese passages. 497. Waseda Daigaku Henshubu $ l -I K, 11 -p (Editorial Office, Waseda University), Sentetsu isho kanseki kokujikai zensho - A { t,- i 4 [- ^ ~ t (Complete collection of Japanese codimentaries on the Chinese classics by former scholars), Tokyo, Waseda Daigaku Shuppambu, 1909-20, 53 v. ' An exhaustive collection of Japanese commentaries on Chinese classics prepared by Tokugawa Confucianists. All passages are punctuated and translated into modern Japanese with annotations for difficult words and phrases.

Page  61 HISTORICAL SOURCES 61 8) Collected Literary Works While belles-lettres are not to be confused with historical sources, they are, nevertheless, of great importance to the historian. First of all, the Japanese include in their general collections of literary works many classical histories or diaries which are admittedly historical in nature. Furthermore, any literature is primary evidence of its own content, revealing many facts about the thoughts, feeling, and customs of the people producing it. Thus the cultural historian, in particular, will need to be familiar with the works included in the modern collections of literary works. The following, list includes the basic multi-volume series of Japanese prose and poetry available today. It should be used in conjunction with the general indices to series contained in Part I, 2, e of this bibliography. The scholar will naturally find a great deal of overlapping in content between the various series listed below. In his selection of texts, therefore, he will wish to pay special attention to authenticity, availability, readability, and the nature and quality of explanatory notes. The annotations for the following items have attempted to provide information so that a wise selection of texts may be made. Since World War II, with the great changes which took place in the publication world, a number of new publishing houses have begun the issuing of literary series. The author does not have sufficient acquaintance with these series to offer annotated entries below but offers the following list of such new series for the reader's information: Atene bunko T f t- A / Kadokawa bunko i "I ~ + Mikasa bunko _- F L ). Shincho bunko 4. / Sogen bunko 'r, *e ~ k Shun'yo bunko p 498. Dai Nihon bunko + D. t ) (The Japanese library), Tokyo, Shuniyodo, 1934-38, 93 v. A collection of standard Japanese classics printed in very convenient form. Type is excellent, and all works are rendered into modern Japanese with furigana and commentaries added. The works are divided into 5 main groups: Confucian, Buddhist, Shinto, history and belles-lettres. Each volume begins with a lengthy bibliographical preface. 499. Kaizusha et _ *_ ~, Gendai Nihon bungaku zenshu A; B 4- y 4 4i (Complete collection of contemporary Japanese literature), Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1927-31, 63 v. A great series of collected works of over 100 contemporary Japanese writers. Volume 63 is a chronological table of contemporary Japanese literature. This series is being continued by the Kaizosha's Nihon bungaku daizenshU (Entry 512). 500. Heibonsha - AL gt^, Gendai taishu bungaku zenshu _ V-V X- Ml, ~ (Complete collection of contemporary popular literature), TMkyo, Heibonsha, 1927-32, 60 v. The collected works of over 50 popular Japanese authors active during the first quarter of the twentieth century. This series contains numerous authors not included in the Kaizosha series (Entires 499 and 512). 501. Iwanami Shigeo At Y L A, Iwanami bunko 4 -: t. J, (The Iwanami library), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1927-. A series of paper-bound pocket-size reprints of classical Japanese works in literature, philosophy, and the social sciences. Each volume is devoted to a single classic or a part thereof. Introductory comments are provided by authorities in Japanese literature. Many of the more obscure works such as the Kojiki are rendered into modern Japanese. Annotations have also been provided. Coverage attempts to be all-inclusive. 502. Kaizdsha Ze j_ am, Kaizo bunko t ' - y (The Kaizo library), To- ky, Kaizosha, 1930-. A library of inexpensive reprints of Japanese classics and standard modern monographs published in two series. Series I contains reprints of recent scholarly studies of Japanese history and society: works by HonjU EijirU, Takimoto Seiichi, etc. Series II consists of reprints of early classics with annotations and commentaries by modern scholars. 503. Kokumin Tosho K. K. ll i [ 2 t Q ~- t A. F Kindai Nihon bungaku taikei i_ f\' D 9 ' t ~; _ (Compendium of early-modern Japanese literature), Tokyo, Kokumin Tosho K.K., 1926-29, 25 v. A comprehensive series of collected works of the major writers of the early-modern period in Japan (1600-1868) together with collections of various popular genres such as ukiyo zoshi, kyakuhon, senryU, kyoka, etc. Volume 25 contains a chronological table of the early Japanese novel, biographical sketches, and indices. 504. Kokusho Kankokai 1 T ( '|? A', Kinsei bungei sosho i ' - & 4 - ~ (Series of literary works of the early-modern period), Ttkyo, Kokusho Kankokai, 1910-12, 12 v. A classified collection of popular and vulgar literature of the early-modern period in Japan (1600-1868). This collection was compiled to succeed the Shin gunsho ruiju (Entry 516) and contains examples of short stories, comical poems, ballads, guide books, and diaries written for popular consumption. This series is followed by the Tokugawa bungei ruisan (1914-16, 12 v.) and the Edo jidai bungei shiryo (1916, 5 v.),

Page  62 62 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS both compiled and published by the Kokusho Kankokai. These series all have more than literary interest since they represent the tastes and sentiments of the Tokugawa common people. The editors have provided lengthy prefaces explaining the material contained in each volume. 505. Kokumin Tosho K.K. A n v i t I A ' t~, Kochu kokka taikei _t -t K F k,f- (Annotated compendium of Japanese songs and poetry), T'kyo, Kokumin Tosho K.K., 1927-31, 28 v. A collection of 190 poetical anthologies and books on poetics written from ancient times through the Meiji period. Each anthology is provided with a bibliographical preface and the poems are annotated. Volumes 24-28 consist of an elaborate phrase index to the poems contained in the series. This makes it possible to identify quotations or to locate poems when the first lines are given. 506. Kokumin Tosho K.K. I O, F f- t: t' l --, K'ochu Nihon bungaku taikei t.t- / f- t i X. (Annotated compendium of Japanese literature), Tokyo, Kokumin Tosho K.K., 1925-28, 25 v. A collection of 558 chronologically arranged literary works written from ancient times through the Tokugawa period. Each work is provided with a bibliographic note and marginal annotations explain difficult passages. Volume 25 contains indices to literary works and poems included in the set. 507. Matsushita Daizaburd +^, T;k - and Watanabe Fumio v. - It r, Kokka taikan ( Y K $O, (A comprehensive survey of Japanese poetry), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Tosho K.K., 1903, 2 v. Second series, Kigensha Shoten, 1924-25, 2 v. A standard collection of the chief classical anthologies of Japanese poetry. An elaborate phrase index makes it possible to locate poems when only one line is known. 508. Origuchi Shinobu t P SD k, Kokubungaku chushaku sosho E 7 i t )-t- A K t (Series of commentaries on Japanese literature), Tokyo, Meicho Kankokai, 1929-30, 19 v. A collection of commentaries on Japanese classics written for the most part by Tokugawa scholars. Literary works are largely those of the Heian period. Volumes 18 and 19 consist of subject indices for the works contained in the series. 509. Muromatsu Iwao X,, AS, Kokubun chushaku zensho i t t v. rk ~ ~ (Complete commentaries on Japanese literature), Tokyo, Kokugakuin Daigaku Shuppambu, 1907-10, 20 v. A collection of pre-modern commentaries, mostly of the Tokugawa period, on Japanese classical works of literature. 510. Kokumin Bunko Kankokai t L 3- t:'1;T /, Kokumin bunko ( i, 5t f (People's library series), Tokyo, Kokumin Bunko Kankokai, 1909-12, 36 v. Second series, 1912-13, 18 v. One of the more conveniently printed collections of standard Japanese classical works. Series I covers well-known works and anthologies from early times through the Tokugawa period. Series H contains a few lesser known works and collections of popular works of the Tokugawa period. Kana are added to characters to facilitate reading. 511. Shun'y-odo * y A, Meiji Taisho bungaku zenshu ON - L - - t (Complete collection of Meiji and Taisho literature), T'kyo, Shun'yodo, 1928-32, 60 v. A series of collected works of Japanese authors active from 1868 to 1925. 512. Kaizosha M it T-~, Nihon bungaku daizenshu D E A it iX t (Complete collection of Japanese literature), Tkkyo, Kaizosha, 1931-. A continuation of the great series of collected works of contemporary Japanese authors published as the Gendai Nihon bungaku zenshu (Entry 499). It adds new authors and supplements the collected works of those authors still actively writing. 513. Katsumine ShimpU N $- -4 - -, Nihon haisho taikei 0 ~ iTh ~.. (Compendium of Japanese haiku), Tokyo, Nihon Haisho Taikei Kankokai, 1926-28, 17 v. An exhaustive collection of haiku anthologies, mixed prose and haiku journals, and essays covering the great haiku masters of the Tokugawa period. Explanatory notes are appended to each volume. Volume 15 contains genealogical tables and biographical notes. Volume 16 consists of 3 indices: personal names, place names, and poems of Basho, Buson, and Issa. Volume 17 is a supplement. 514. Takano Tatsuyuki 4i ft _ Z-, Nihon kayo shusei 0; %e l; _ A (Collection of Japanese songs and ballads), Todky, ShunjtUsha, 1927-29, 12 v. A valuable collection of Japanese folk songs, religious songs, and ballads grouped by period and by type within each period. The collection begins with songs of ancient times and concludes with a compilation of currently preserved folk songs. The editor has written introductory chapters to the various sections. An index is appended. 515. Masamune Atsuo -.? E.,A, Nihon koten zenshu ~ -,- /' 4- (Complete series of Japanese classics), Tokyo, Nihon Koten Zenshu Kankbkai, 1925-, 183 v. A collection of the most representative classical texts of pre-modern Japan printed in pocket-size editions. Many volumes are photolithographic reproductions of early woodblock editions. Original illustrations are thus retained. A number of early works of historical importance are contained in the series. Editors have provided a minimum of marginal annotations. In general the small size of the volumes makes this series inconvenient to use.

Page  63 HISTORICAL SOURCES 63 516. Kokusho Kankokai T ' T / ', Shin gunsho ruili t[r 'L L L(New collection of classics arranged by subjects), T6kyo, Kokusho Kankkai, 1906-08, 10 v. A collection of popular works of literature, poetry, and drama written during the Tokugawa period. This collection was followed by several other similar series all compiled by the Kokusho Kankokai to provide material for the study of the culture of the popular masses during the Tokugawa period (see Entry 398). 517. Hakubunkan tt A i, Teikoku bunko / ( k (Imperial library), Tokyo, Hakubunkan, 1893-97, 50 v. Second series, 1898-1903, 50 v. An old but extremely complete and useful collection of Japanese classical texts covering the entire preRestoration period of Japanese literary history. Single classics as well as collections of short works, poems, songs, dramatic scripts, diaries, and travelogues are included. Kana have been added to characters in difficult spots. 518. Yuihdodo p R _, Yllh-ido bunko X * t _ '(Y'ihlodo library), 1911-27, 121 v. A standard collection of pre-Meiji literary classics and anthologies conveniently printed with furigana and marginal annotations. Volume 121 consists of a general index and provides bibliographical annotations for the nearly 500 works in the series. 9) Collected Materials on Art and Architecture The Japanese have published a remarkable number of fine illustrated books on art, architecture, and crafts. While many of these are compiled for purely aesthetic reasons, others present valuable visual documentation for the history of Japanese art or the development of architectural forms and social customs. The following is but a small selection of art books selected to provide the widest possible coverage of the subject for the general historian. 519. Nezu Art Museum, Illustrated catalogue of the Nezu Collection, Tokyo, Nezu Art Museum, 1939-43, 10 v. The catalogue of one of the finest private art collections in Japan. It embraces both Chinese and Japanese art, though the emphasis is on Japan. Many plates are in color. 520. Meiji-Taisho-Showa sandai meisaku bijutsu tenrankai zuroku 9 ~. ) -' z - - ft P f Z j Wf /#_ e /a- II i (Catalogue of the exhibit of masterpieces of art of the Meiji, Taisho, and Showa eras), Tokyo, Asahi Shimbunsha, 1937, 3 v. 521. Nanto jUdaiji okagami A - X t 4 b y4 (Survey of the art of the ten great temples of Nara), TMkyo, Otsuka K5geisha, 1932-35, 27 v. A comprehensive pictorial coverage of the architectural monuments and art objects of the great temples of Nara. This work combines the collection on the HIryuji (HIryuji okagami) with a former coverage of seven Nara temples (Nanto shichidaiji okagami) published by the T'kyo Bijutsu Gakko in 1919-29. Photographs of buildings, sculpture, painting, and documents are accompanied by explanatory notes. 522. Bijutsu Shiryo Kankokai -~ S * ~t F'{ ~ /, Nihon bijutsushi shiryo 0 4 4 W' 4. 4 (Materials on the history of Japanese art), Nara, Asukaen, 1935-36, 15 folders. Each folder contains over 30 large photographic reproductions of Japanese art through the ages. 523. Nihon emakimono shusei D 4,. ~ p 4, (Collection of Japanese emakimono), Tokyo, Yuzankaku, 1930, 22 v. An extensive collection of Japanese narrative scroll paintings, which are especially valuable for their illustrations of Japanese life. 524. Amanuma Toshiichi t. - ft -, Nihon kenchikushi zuroku 0 +- f- t 1 -1 (Pictorial records of the history of Japanese architecture), Kyoto, Hoshino Shoten, 1934-39, 6 v. A pictorial history of Japanese public architecture. The series is arranged by periods and covers to the end of the Tokugawa period. Each plate is provided with an explanatory note. 525. Mombusho Shaikyokyoku Z -p i - t )' (Ministry of Education, Religions Section), Nihon kokuho zensh u 0 3 4- t - (Complete collection of national treasures), Tokyl, Nihon Kokuho Zenshu Kankokai, 1923-38, 84 v. A comprehensive collection of collotype reproductions of Japanese national treasures. All plates are accompanied by explanatory comments. Unfortunately, there is no systematic order to the way the material is presented. 526. Ishihara Kenji 1 6 - -- E, Nihon nomin kenchiku 0 4- % 'v - (Japanese peasant architecture), Tokyo, Shurakusha, 1934-43, 16 v. A comprehensive collection of photographic views of house exteriors and interiors and of general and detailed studies of peasant architecture. Excellent as a source for the study of house types and material environment of Japanese farm communities. 527. Shigemori Sanrei _ W- t P, Nihon teienshi zukan E l- _ 1 {'- 19).(Pictorial history of Japanese gardens), T-okyo, Yiukosha 1936-39, 26 v. A comprehensive pictorial survey of Japanese gardens, past and present. The collection is arranged chronologically. Each volume contains an introductory chapter, and individual plates are accompanied by explanatory notes.

Page  64 64 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 528. Sakado Miichirio m ) Wt - %p, ed., Ukiyoe taika shusei; — t z, i J A 'fi(Collection of paintings by ukiyoe masters), Tokyo, Taihokaku Shobo, 1932, 20 v. Supplement 1933, 6 v. A comprehensive survey of the lives and works of ukiyoe masters. Each volume deals with one artist. Biographical sketches are provided as well as explanatory notes for the many reproductions. 3. DIPLOMATICS The study of historical sources, their types, transmission, and deciphering, in other words, the science of diplomatics, is termed komonjogaku in Japan. Numerous works are devoted to this subject, but few of them are of much value to the Western scholar. The majority of Japanese works on diplomatics are overly theoretical in their approach or are limited to a narrow facet of the subject. Few such works, for instance, treat the documentary sources of the Tokugawa period. The majority deal only with the difficult problems confronting the historian of the Nara through Kamakura periods. Again the foreign scholar will find little guidance in the practical problems of reading old documents. To the native scholar the possibility of explaining by paraphrasing is so easy that seldom is enough information given for the more precise needs of the translator. The reading of old documents of whatever period is still largely a craft which is becoming more and more specialized as those trained in such work die off. 529. Aida Jiro AS a - tp, Nihon no komonjo B j i X (Old Japanese documents), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1949-. The latest and one of the best works on Japanese diplomatics but covering only up to 1600. Two volumes are scheduled. The author discusses types of documents and gives examples and explanations of each. 530. Igi Juichi i$; ~ -, Nihon komonjogaku D 4 "Z. ' t (Japanese diplomatics), Tokyo, Yiuzankaku, 1930. [Dai Nihonshi koza $Z * T -f,w (Japanese history lecture series), v. 13.] An excellent introduction to the study of old documents. The author discusses types, writing materials, forms, signatures, and vocabulary used in ancient documents. 531. Katsumine Gekkei - / z >i, Komonjogaku gairon it - ~ X -f ^*(An introduction to the study of diplomatics), Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1930, 787+16 pp. One of the most complete studies of old documents, and one of the few to cover documents of the Tokugawa period. The author discusses types and the problems of reading pre-modern materials. His classification is systematic and usable. 532. Kawase Kazuma r' ), -,To, Nihon shoshigaku no kenkyu D - T -- a --- f t(The study of Japanese books and writings), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Y-ubenkai Kodansha, 1943, 1983+46 pp. A voluminous study of early Japanese manuscripts, printed works, and general bibliography. Pages 72 -82 contain a history of bibliographical research in Japan. An appendix contains a glossary of terms used in the book collecting trade. There is an index. 533. Kyoto Teikoku Daigaku Kokushi Kenkyushitsu,- P O A t. T k X t (Kyoto Imperial University, Department of National History), Kyoto Teikoku Daigaku Kokushi Kenkyushitsu-zo shiry~shu -, I; 1 ' ~ lN ~ ~u ~ t A' - At, (Collection of historical materials held by the Kyoto Imperial University, Department of National History), Kydto, Hoshino Shoten, 1933, 67 plates + 66 pp. A collection of 55 photographic reproductions of old documents chosen for their historical importance and their illustration of documentary styles. Commentaries are provided by Professor Nishida Naojiro. 534. Nakamura Naokatsu 0 Aft ii ~, Komonjogaku - 8 ~ ~ (Diplomatics), Tokyo, Bunken Shoin, 1929, [in Kokushi koza (E p A /- (Lectures in Japanese history)]. A brief introduction to the study of old documents by a foremost expert on medieval history. The work begins with an introduction on general diplomatics and then proceeds to a detailed discussion of preKamakura official and semi-official documents, describing their types, uses, and reading. Unfortunately, the discussion does not go into later types of document. 535. Shiryo Hensansho e F t If (Historiographical Institute), Komonjo jidai kagami }t L. - t d', (Survey of old documents by periods), Tokyo, ShiryU Hensansho, 1925-27, 4 v. A collection of over 400 collotype reproductions of significant historical documents selected in order to illustrate the handwriting of important individuals. The four volumes are divided into two series of two volumes each. Each series covers the period from ancient times to the Meiji era. Each volume is provided with a supplement which reproduces the manuscripts in modern print and adds necessary annotations. One of the best collections of its kind. 536. Shushikyoku and Shiryo Hensangakari it-~ I- T, t.F V tit7(Bureau of Historical Compilation and Office of Historiography), Shicho bokuho I_ IVL, I - (A treasury of historical handwritings), T'okyo, Taiseikan, 1887-94, 196 plates. Commentaries 1887-94, 6 v. Lithographic reproductions of 167 historical documents selected on the basis of the importance of the document or of the individuals writing them. Detailed commentaries are provided separately. 537. Uematsu Yasushi:- ' —, HompU shoshigaku gaiyo v ' - % - - tt -T (An introduction to Japanese bibliography), TokyU, Toshokan Jigyo KenkyUkai, 1929. A scientific inquiry into the problems of pre-modern bibliography in Japan. The work is divided into: 1) a general introduction, 2) a study of early manuscripts and their transmission to the present, and 3) a study of early printed copies of books.

Page  65 PERIODICALS 65 538. Yoshimura Shigeki i ft 4 yt, Komonjo no hanashi t ] ^ -l (Talks on old documents), Tokyo, Nihon Shuppan HaikyU K.K., 1943, 238 pp. A popular discussion of the problems of handling and reading old documents. The author presents a great deal of useful and interesting material on the general nature, materials, and shapes of old documents. 539. YEuzankaku HenshUkyoku At* 4 "r,, '- (Editorial Office, Yuzankaku), Komonjo no kenkyuho- ~ -; 0) _, (Methods for the study of old documents), Tokyo, Yuzankaku, 1938, 245 pp. A collection of essays by over 20 experts on the problems of handling and reading ancient documents. 540. Yuzankaku A[ft i- M, Nihon meihitsu zenshu 4- A, & ' (Complete collection of famous Japanese calligraphy), Tkyo, Yiuzankaku, 1930-33, 16 v. Photographic reproductions of Japanese writings from ancient to Restoration times chosen primarily for the beauty of their calligraphic style. Writings are classified according to subject matter. Volumes 13 -15 contain historical documents and letters. Each volume contains an appendix in which the documents are translated and annotated by a prominent authority on literature or diplomatics. 541. Yuzankaku iA L. 1, Shiryo kenkyu no jitsurei to sono hoho! f' [ t_ 9 t a -- ~ ' (Examples of the study of historical materials and the methodology for such study), Toky6, Y-uzankaku, 1939, 3+ 386 pp. A number of actual examples showing the techniques of using ancient documents in historical research. Most examples are taken from the pre-seventeenth century period.

Periodicals

pp. 65-75

Page  65 IV. PERIODICALS A great deal of the most significant research of Japanese historians is published in scholarly journals. This is especially true of the period since 1930. By that time the number of historical journals had greatly increased, and Japanese scholarship had matured to the point where the investigation of refined and detailed problems had taken the place of broad survey type studies. In general, the student of Japanese history will find articles in periodicals better organized and better documented than the usual run of historical literature in book form. The number of journals carrying articles of historical interest in Japan is truly amazing. Honjo Eijiro in his Nihon keizaishi shin'bunken (Entry 11) cites bibliographical references from some 400 journals. So also does the Shigakkai's Shigaku bunken mokuroku (Entry 41). The Otsuka Shigakkai's Kokushi rombun y~moku (Entry 101) draws from over 160. Naturally many of these journals are of extremely limited interest or have had short publication lives. In actuality the general historian will find that a rather small handful of major publications carries the greater portion of articles in which he is interested. It is only as he becomes more specialized in his interest that the more unusual journals need be consulted. One of the encouraging yet exasperating developments of the postwar period is the mushroom growth of academic journals published by the newly established prefectural universities (shinsei daigaku). Such journals are generally of an interdisciplinary nature and hence contain historical articles in combination with those on many other extremely unrelated subjects. No single such journal can be considered of special interest to the historian. Furthermore, such publications have a limited circulation, so that for all practical purposes many excellent articles published by local historians are unavailable to the scholar who does not have access to the larger libraries. The following section presents a selective list of journals useful to the non-specialist student of Japanese history. Emphasis has been placed on those periodicals which are strictly in the historical field, but a selection of the most outstanding journals in each of the fields of geography, government, economics, sociology, religion, literature, and art has also been made. The preparation of even this selective list has been a matter of considerable difficulty, chiefly because of the inadequacy of periodical files even in Japan. In general, the publication history of journals is not well documented. Practically all scholarly periodicals were forced to abandon publication as a consequence of the Pacific War. Most of them ceased operations during 1944 and resumed at the earliest in 1946 but more generally not until 1947 or 1948. Some have failed to reappear. In the following list the author has designated with asterisks those journals which are definitely being published today. Note that where Japanese editors have provided their own English titles, these have been retained and enclosed in quotation marks. 1. GENERAL The student of Japanese history will often find material of interest to him in the files of some of the better journals of general coverage such as ChUb6 koron (The central review) (Entry 543), Kaizo (Reconstruction) (Entry 544), or Bungei shunjU (Literary annals) (Entry 542). These magazines are semi-popular but of high quality, containing articles by leading authorities in a great variety of fields. Most of Japan's better known historians have contributed to such periodicals; their articles often consist of interpretive summaries of research appearing in more scholarly form elsewhere. 542. *Bungei shunju TZ 4 4- (Literary annals), Tokyo, Bungei Shunjusha, 1923-. Monthly. A semi-popular magazine of general coverage. Since World War I, its pages have included a high percentage of articles on political affairs and current opinion. 543. *Chuo koron T *. '4 -% (The central review), Tokyo, Chuo Kfronsha, August, 1887-. Monthly. A semi-popular monthly journal of general coverage. Articles are of a high quality and range in subject matter from current political discussions to matters of art and literature. Authors are frequently men of high academic reputation. A few articles during the year deal with historical subjects, though the general slant of the journal is contemporary. There is no cumulative index.

Page  66 66 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 544. *Kaizo X ' (Reconstruction), T'okyo, Kaizosha, April 1919-. Monthly. A monthly journal of general coverage similar to Chug koron (Entry 543). Occasional articles of a historical nature appear, though the chief emphasis of the journal is on contemporary political affairs. Kaiz6 had a reputation for expressing liberal views before World War II. 545. "Nippon hyoron" D; -t Ad (Japan review), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, May, 1936-51. Monthly. First published as Keizai orai H, 5j At ~ in 1926. This is a popular journal of general coverage emphasizing current economic and political problems. 546. *Sekai -Lt, (The world), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, Jan., 1946-. Monthly. A post World War II journal similar to Chuo6 koron (Entry 543). Coverage is of a general nature, though contemporary political problems predominate. Occasional articles by outstanding Japanese historians appear in its pages. These tend to be on controversial subjects such as the early Meiji liberal movement or interpretations of the Meiji Restoration. 547. Temb6 /, - (Survey), To'kyo, Chikuma Shobo, Jan., 1946-Sept., 51. Monthly. A short-lived semi-popular monthly journal of general coverage with emphasis on thought and literature. Articles are somewhat more scholarly than those in Chiu kdron or KaizU and the incidence of works of an historical nature relatively high. These are by reputable historians, generally on problems of contemporary interest. 2. HUMANISTIC SCIENCE Postwar Japan has seen the appearance of a number of scholarly journals devoted to the humanistic sciences (jimbun kagaku). In actuality the field represented by the Japanese term "jimbun kagaku" is a combination of the humanities and social sciences, so that it is perhaps more accurately translated as "the cultural sciences." Journals in this field often contain a great deal of historical material. This is especially true of Jimbun gakuho (Entry 548) which has published outstanding articles on the history of Japan's modernization. 548. *Jimbun gakuho /<K S t tl ("Journal of Humanistic Science"), Kyoto, Kyoto Daigaku Jimbun Kagaku KenkyUsho, Dec., 1950-. A scholarly journal published by the Japanese section of the Institute of Humanistic and Social Sciences at Kyoto University. This group headed by Sakata Yoshio is concentrating on the study of the modernization of Japan. Articles so far have dealt with interpretations of the Meiji Restoration and early Meiji political movements. Contributors are especially distinguished by the freshness and independence of their thought. 549. *Jimbun kagaku /-.. ti ("Quarterly Journal of Humanistic Science"), Kyoto, Jimbun Gakkai, July, 1946-. Quarterly. Organ of the Society of Humanistic Science, Research Institute of Humanistic Science, Kyoto University. Articles are of a general nature and are written from a social science approach. A few articles appear on Japanese cultural history. 550. *Jimbun kenkyu A A _ $ t ("Studies in the Humanities"), Osaka, Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Bungakkai, 1950-. Journal of the Literary Association of Osaka City University. Individual issues are apparently edited in rotation by several departments. Thus each year a number of issues are devoted to historical or economic studies. Articles are scholarly and many utilize the field study approach. 551. *"Zinbun" /A _ ("The Cultural Sciences"), Tokyo, Jimbun Kagaku Iinkai, 1947-50; Nihon Jimbun Kagakukai, 1951-. See Entries 14 and 684 for annotations of this journal during its period of publication by the government sponsored Jimbun Kagaku Iinkai. Since 1951 it has passed into private hands and is edited by the Japan Cultural and Human Science Society. The first issue was devoted to field studies on the island of Tsushima. 3. GENERAL HISTORY The field of history has been dominated by a few major journals. Senior in this group have been the organs of the historical associations of Japan's two leading universities, the Shigaku zasshi (Journal of historical science) (Entry 578) of Tokyo University and Shirin (Journal of history) (Entry 580) of Kyoto University. Both journals have maintained high scholarly standards in publishing articles by the political and cultural historians of their respective institutions. It was largely in protest over what was felt to be their overly academic approach that Rekishigaku kenkyu ("Journal of the Historical Science Society") (Entry 568) was begun in 1933. Since that year Shigaku zasshi and Rekishigaku kenkyU have represented two rival schools of historical research in Japan, the "academic" and "progressive." Since the war another "progressive" journal, Nihonshi kenkyu (Journal of Japanese history) (Entry 563) has begun publication in Kyoto. Aside from such major journals, there are a large number of university publications similar to Shigaku zasshi, all more or less limited in their scope and seldom publishing more than a few articles a year of interest to the general historian. Furthermore, each of the rival historical schools has also produced journals of more popular appeal. Such are "Nippon-rekishi (The Journal of the Japanese History)" (Entry 562), sponsored by Tokyo and Kokugakuin University members, and Rekishi hyoron (Historical review) (Entry 566), published by the Minshushugi Kagakusha KyUkai (Association of Democratic Scientists), representing the right and left respectively. Though the historian must keep in mind the political slants of these periodicals, he will find a great deal of useful material in them.

Page  67 PERIODICALS 67 552. *Bunkashigaku Lt t _, ("Studies in the Cultural History"), Kyoto, Bunkashi Gakkai, 1950-. Semiannually. Published largely through the single efforts of Ishida Ichiro of the Faculty of Letters, D6shisha University, this journal represents an attempt to balance the overly materialistic approach of so much of recent Japanese historical scholarship. Articles cover both European and Japanese subjects. Ishida himself is a specialist on art and intellectual history. 553. *Bunkashi kenkyu jt it- ~t ft (Cultural history review), T'kyo, Hokuryukan, Sept. 1947-. 3 times a year. A popular journal largely devoted to non-Japanese subjects and seldom containing articles of scholarly worth. 554. Chuo shidan t i J ` (Central historical review), Tokyo, Kokushi KoshUkai, May, 1910-June, 1928. Monthly. A popular historical journal of wide coverage. Few of the articles are of a scholarly nature and most are undocumented. One feature of this journal was its many special issues devoted to single topics in Japanese history such as the imperial enthronement ceremonies, archeology, biographies of Meiji statesmen, etc. One important series of articles lists damage to libraries and loss of historical materials as a result of the 1923 Tokyo earthquake and fire. 555. *Denki l tZ (Biography), Toky5, Denki Gakkai, Oct., 1934-. Monthly. Features articles on Tokugawa and recent Japanese historical figures with frequent bibliographical articles. Important also for its printing of biographical sources. 556. Gunjishi kenkyu E T ~ at f_ (Studies in military history), Tokyo, Gunjishi Kenkyikai, Mar. 1936-. Bimonthly. Organ of the Society for the Study of Military History, this journal contains a large proportion of scholarly articles useful to the historian. Publication was discontinued during the war. 557. *Historia t x F ' 7 (Historia), Osaka, Osaka Rekishi Gakkai, 1950-. A somewhat popular journal patronized by scholars of the Osaka-Kobe area. 558. Kamigata Y-, Osaka, Kamigata Kyodo Kenkyukai, Jan., 1931-. Monthly. Organ of the Society for the Study of the Kamigata (Kyoto-Osaka) Area. Generally contains articles on the cultural history and folklore of Kyoto and Osaka. Publication ceased during the war. 559. *Kokogaku zasshi 6 ' t - (Journal of archaeology), T'kyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, May, 1896-. Monthly. The senior archeological journal in Japan, organ of the Japan Archeological Society (Nihon Koko Gakkai), National Museum, Tokyo. Between 1900 and 1910 the journal changed its name several times but returned to the original title as above. Articles are scholarly and deal with both Japanese and continental Asiatic archaeology. 560. Kokumin no rekishi j A - - ti (People's history), Tokyo, Kokumin no Rekishi Kenkyikai, Jan., 1947-49. Monthly. A short-lived popular journal aimed at teachers of Japanese history in primary and secondary schools and sponsored by the post-World War "old guard" historians and educators. It carries articles by such men as Tsuji Zennosuke, Orui Noboru, Nakamura Koya, and others. Articles are of a general nature and undocumented. 561. *Kokushigaku (I i' (Japanese history), Tokyo, Kokugakuin Daigaku Kokushi Gakkai, Nov., 1929-. Quarterly. Organ of the Japanese History Society of the Faculty of Letters, Kokugakuin University. Pre-World War I issues featured articles on Shinto and national polity. Since the war the scope of the journal has expanded considerably. 562. *'Nippon-rekishi" B IJ- _,T ("The journal of the Japanese history"), Tokyo, Jikkyo Shuppan K.K., 1946-. Monthly. A somewhat popular journal with a conservative editorial policy similar to Kokumin no rekishi (Entry 560). Articles are short and are generally written to appeal to teachers of history in secondary schools. Contributors are generally members of the Tokyo University Historiographical Institute, for instance, Ienaga Saburo, and Kokugakuin University together with such men as Takeuchi Rizo (Kyushu U.) and Toyoda Takeshi (Tthoku U.). A rather large percentage of articles deals with local history and folklore. There are book reviews but no scholarly annexes. 563. *Nihonshi kenkyu 6[ -,P_ f 1 (Journal of Japanese history), Kyoto, Nihonshi Kenkyikai, 1946-. Quarterly. Organ for the Society for the Study of Japanese History of Kyoto, a post-World War I counterpart of the Rekishigaku KenkyUkai (see Entry 568) of Tokyo. Active in this group are such scholars as Naramoto Tatsuya and Hayashiya Tatsusaburo (Ritsumeikan U.). Articles tend to be somewhat popular and often contain a Marxist bias.

Page  68 68 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 564. Rekishi E- t. (History), Tbkyo, Rekishibunka Kenkyukai, Nov., 1926-. Monthly. A pre-World War I journal by this name, organ of the Society for the Study of Japanese Culture, was published by Hakuyosha. Editorial policy tended to be nationalistic. The journal ceased publication during the war. 565. *Rekishi L- Z (History), Sendai, Tohoku Shigakkai, 1949-. Monthly. Journal of the Tohoku Historical Association, Faculty of Letters, T-ohoku University, Sendai. Articles on Tokugawa local history are especially good. 566. *Rekishi hyoron J,_ J - (Historical review), Tokyo, Minshushugi Kagakusha Kyokai, May, 1946-. Monthly. Published by the Association of Democratic Scientists, the chief organization of the Marxist school of historians in Japan. Leading contributors are such men as Hayashi Motoi, Ishimoda Masashi, Tama Seita, and Matsumoto Shimpachiro. After the first year of publication articles tended to become more scholarly. Many of them concern technical problems of Marxist interpretation of Japanese history. Issues contain a large number of reviews and periodic surveys of the year's historical scholarship as viewed by the Marxist historian. 567. *Rekishigaku geppo,E_ _L rf f, (Historiographical monthly), Tokyo, Rekishigaku Kenkyikai, Oct., 1950-. Monthly. A small pamphlet (from 10 to 15 pages) which contains short notes by the leading contributors to Rekishigaku kenkyu on matters of historical interpretation, recent trends in historical scholarship at home and abroad, and critical reviews. Frequent features are a list of newly published books in the historical field and a list of leading articles in current historical journals. 568. *Rekishigaku kenkyU EI. i 1 1 ("Journal of the Historical Science Society"), Tokyo, Rekishigaku Kenkyikai, Nov., 1933-, monthly; June, 1946-, bimonthly. One of the leading historical journals in Japan, organ of the independent Historical Science Association. This association was organized by young historians in protest against the overly academic approach of the Historical Association (Shigakkai) of Tokyo University. Up to 1939 the Rekishigaku kenkyU represented only a more vigorous variation of the mother organization, containing articles written from a more social science point of view. In 1939, with the disbanding of the Rekishi Kagakkai (Historical Science Society), members of this Marxist oriented group entered the Rekishigaku Kenkyukai and strongly influenced its editorial policies. Since World War I this organization and its journal have been extremely active. Leading members of the group include Hani Goro, Mishima Hajime, Inoue Kiyoshi, Ishimoda Masashi, Toma Seita, Toyama Shigeki, Matsushima Eiichi, and Fujita Gor5. Many are concurrently members of the Minshushugi Kagakusha Kyokai (Association of Democratic Scientists); on the other hand, a large number are concurrently members of the conservative Shigakkai. Rekishigaku kenkyu contains articles of excellent quality, well documented. There are a number of valuable scholarly features which include bibliographical lists (Rombun yomoku), surveys of scholarship in various fields (Gakkai d'ko), and a yearly summary of historiography in Japan (see Entries 35 and 36). Rekishigaku kenkyu covers Japanese, Chinese, and Western history, but the emphasis is on Japan. 569. Rekishi kagaku /A- Z * I (Historical science), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, June, 1933-39. Monthly. A scholarly journal featuring interpretative articles by historians of the Marxist school. There are a large number of excellent articles on Japanese national and local history. A journal of this name is now published by the Historical Science Society of Meiji University. 570. Rekishi koron __ -t '- ~1 (Historical review), Tokyo, Y'uzankaku, 1932-. Monthly, then bimonthly. A somewhat popular historical journal in the Chuo shidan tradition. It contains a number of specialized articles on Japanese history of high quality as well as interpretive articles by leading historians. It ceased publication during the last war. 571. Rekishi kyoiku _ J ~ (Teaching of history), Tokyo, Rekishi Kyoiku Kenkyukai, November, 1925-. Monthly. A journal slanted to the interest of teachers of history in primary and secondary schools. Articles are general and undocumented but are written by many of Japan's foremost historians. 572. Rekishi to seikatsu t T_ 5 - (History and life), Tokyo, Keio Gijaku Keizaishi Gakkai, 1938-. Triannual. Contains stimulating articles on economic history and local institutions. 573. *Shich L;o (Currents of history), Tokyo, Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku Otsuka Shigakkai, Feb., 1931-. Triannual and later quarterly. Organ of the Utsuka Historical Association of the Tokyo Bunrika University (now Tokyo Ky6iku Daigaku). Articles are raher general in nature and cover Japanese, Oriental, and Occidental history. Each number carries a review section and notes on recent events in the historical world. The first number of each year carries a brief survey of the previous year's major historiographical developments. Publication has been irregular since the war.

Page  69 PERIODICALS 69 574. *Shien t _ (Journal of history), Tokyo, Rikkyo Daigaku Shigaku Kenkyikai, April, 1928-. Quarterly. Organ of the Historical Research Association of RikkyU (St. Paul's) University. Articles cover Japanese, Oriental, and Occidental history with a strong emphasis on the Occidental. The journal has been active in making available to Japanese Western views on historiography. 575. *Shien k. -1-( ("Journal of History"), Fukuoka, Kyudai Shigakkai, 1929-. Irregular. Organ of the Historical Society of Kyushu University. Articles cover Japanese, Oriental, and Occidental history. Those on Japan tend to deal with topics of local interest. Fifty numbers had been published by Dec., 1951. 576. *Shigaku _ ' (History), Tokyo, KeiM Gijuku Daigaku Mita Shigakkai, Oct., 1921-. Quarterly. Organ of the Mita Historical Association of Keio University. Coverage is general and includes a large percentage of works on non-Japanese history. There is an extensive review section. Historians will find the articles by Nomura Kanetaro of special value and the chief attraction of this journal.' An index to volumes 1-15 was published in 1937. 577. *Shigaku kenky'u L- T Z ("Review of Historical Studies"), Hiroshima, Hiroshima Bunrika Daigaku Shigaku Kenkyikai, Oct., 1929-. Triannually and quarterly. Organ of the Historical Society, Hiroshima University, it covers Japanese, Oriental, and Occidental history. Occasional articles of significance appear in the field of Japanese history. The chief pre-war feature of this journal is its excellent bibliographical section, entitled "Saikin shikai j ih_, - (The recent historical world)," a classified list of books and articles published during the previous third of a year. Up to 1942 this section provided one of the most complete bibliographical coverages of historical literature in Japan. Publication ceased from 1942 to 1948. An index to volumes 1-10 was issued in 1930. Postwar issues deal more fully with Japanese history, especially local history. 578. *Shigaku zasshi Z ~ ft., ("Journal of Historical Science"), Tokyo, Tokyo [Teikoku] Daigaku Shigakkai, Dec., 1889-. Monthly. The senior historical journal in Japan, organ of the Institute of Historical Science of Tokyo University. This journal has carried on the scholarly tradition begun by the German historian, Ludwig Riess. Articles deal largely with Japanese history, though Chinese and Western subjects are also treated. A tendency to academic scholarship was especially noticeable during the 1930s and early 40s. Recent issues contain more articles written from a social science point of view. Special features of this journal are an extensive review section, a section devoted to notes and news of the field, and a bibliographical section. From 1889 to 1916 each issue contained an unclassified bibliographical survey entitled "Saikin naikoku shikai & i(rL t9 l1 {t W (The recent Japanese historical world)" which offered a selective coverage of Japanese historiography. Later, this feature was replaced by two somewhat irregular sections entitled "Shinkan shomoku ff '1l -t (List of newly published works)" and "Shincho zasshi shin'yumoku t X ff t t- Z t t ~4 (Selected index to newly issued journals)." During the years of World War H these features were discontinued. Since the war Shigaku zasshi has compiled a yearly survey of historiography in Japan entitled "Sen kyUhyaku [ ] nen no rekishi gakkai 19[ ] - -) it s t I * or "Historical studies during the year 19[ ]." Beginning with 1950 the journal brought out several new annexes besides the regular review section. These include a review of scholarly articles entitled "Kokunai shikai" or "Historiography in Japan," notes on academic society meetings, a selected index to the content of journals received, and English summaries of leading articles of each number. An index to volumes 1-60 was published in 1953. 579. *Shikan ~t (Historical review), Tokyo, Waseda Daigaku Shigakkai, Feb., 1931-. Irregular. Organ of the Historical Society of Waseda University. Coverage is given to Japanese, Oriental, and Occidental history. Articles on Japanese history are rather few. Publication has been at the rate of 2 or 3 numbers a year with a complete lapse from 1944 to Oct., 1949. 580. *Shirin _ f (Journal of history), Kyoto, Kyoto Teikoku Daigaku Shigaku Kenkyikai, Jan., 1916-. Quarterly. Organ of the Historical Research Society, Kyoto University. It has the best reputation as a "University" journal after the Shigaku zasshi of Tokyo University. Coverage is extremely broad, including Japanese, Oriental, and Occidental history, archaeology, and geography. Hence relatively few articles are on Japanese history proper. Between 1916 and 1930 this journal carried a valuable yearly survey of publications in the field of history, archeology, and geography (see Entry 37). Since 1950 it has featured an extensive bibliographical list of recent Japanese books and articles on Japanese, Chinese, and Western history. An index to volumes 1-20 was published in 1935. 581. Shizengaku zasshi,_ '- '~ A- (Journal of prehistory), Tokyo, Shizen Gakkai, 1929-35. Bimonthly. A leading archeological journal. 582. *Toho gakuho - 7 - ff (Journal of Oriental studies), Kyoto, Toho Bunka Kenkyusho, 1931-. 3 times a year. Organ of the Kyoto Institute of Oriental Culture (Toho Bunka Kenkyusho), an organization which has since been incorporated into the Kyoto Institute of Humanistic and Social Sciences (Jimbun Kagaku KenkyUsho). Articles are of a scholarly nature and occasionally touch on subjects of Japanese history or Japanese relations with the continent. The separately published bibliography of Oriental history is extremely complete and can be of value to the historian working in Japanese relations with the continent.

Page  70 70 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 583. *Toho gakuho - X T-.(Journal of Oriental studies), Tokyo, ToSho Bunka Gakuin, Mar., 1931-. 3 times a year. Organ of the Tokyo Academy of Oriental Culture (TohYo Bunka Gakuin), an organization since incorporated into the Institute for Research in Oriental Culture (Toyo Bunka Kenkyusho). Articles are of a scholarly nature and occasionally touch on subjects of Japanese history or Japanese relations with the continent. 584. *Toy6 bunka `f, t (Oriental culture), Tokyo, Tyo5 Gakkai, Jan., 1950-. Quarterly. Organ of the Oriental Society, it was published from 1946 to 1950 under the title Toyo bunka kenkyU. Contains scholarly articles, a very few of which concern Japanese history. 585. *Toyo gakuho 0 >4f ("Report of the Oriental Society"), Tokyo, T'yo Gakujutsu Kyokai, 1911-. Quarterly. Organ of the Research Department of the Oriental Library (Toyo Bunko). Articles are primarily sinological and technical. 586. *Toyoshi kenkyuH P 4t. e t (Journal of Oriental research), Kyoto, Ibundo Shoten, Oct., 1935-. Bimonthly. Organ of the Oriental History Research Center, Kyoto University. Exclusively sinological in its approach. Features a yearly survey of Japanese sinological literature. 587. *Yuibutsuron kenkyiu ID %p $ f t (Studies in materialistic philosophy), T-kyo, Yuibutsuron Kenkyukai, Nov., 1932-Mar. 1938, monthly; Yuibutsuron KenkyUsho, Oct., 1947-, monthly. The post-World War II journal claims not to be a successor to the earlier publication, but it is backed by the same names and carries identical material. Articles are largely interpretations of current and historical problems from the intellectual Marxist point of view. In 1951 the name of the journal was changed to Yuibutsuronsha o{k Tr I -. 4. LOCAL HISTORY Interest in local history has given rise to a large number of journals devoted to regional subjects. In prewar Japan, such journals were largely of a non-scholarly nature, concerned primarily with local legend and folklore. Few of them were of national significance or contained the work of trained historians. Most such journals had short publication lives, and few survived the last war. For this reason the earlier prewar local publications have not been included in the following list. The historian should be aware of their existence, however. And if the subject of his investigation has local roots, he should not be content with the organs of centralized scholarship published in Tokyo or Kyoto. Since the war, local history has entered a new and more scholarly phase of development. This has been due first of all to the decentralization of scholarly personnel brought about by the creation of the new prefectural universities and secondly to a new-found interest in local history among centrally located historians. The establishment of a new journal, Chihoshi kenkyT (Local history) (Entry 588), has done much to encourage and coordinate the activities of local historians. The following list of journals is a selection of locally published periodicals which have demonstrated more than local importance. 588. *Chihoshi kenkyU et' s t o (Local history), Tokyo, Chihishi Kenkyu Kyogikai, Mar., 1951-. Three times a year. A new journal, organ of the Committee for the Study of Local History, a group of Tokyo scholars under the leadership of Nomura Kanetarl. The prime purpose of the journal is to stimulate and coordinate the activities of local historians. Its pages are packed with a great deal of valuable information: short articles by leading historians on the state of local historical research, news of local historical institutions, and bibliographies of recently published books and articles on local history. 589. *Iwate shigaku kenkyu, 4. t;t %' (Iwate history), Morioka, Iwate-ken, Iwate Shigakkai, 1947-. Biannual. A journal containing scholarly articles on subjects connected with the northern frontier region of Japan. 590. *Nishi Nihon shigaku e 4- Z j T (The Western Japan historical review), Fukuoka, Nishi Nihon Shikai, Sept., 1949-. Three times a year. Organ of the Western Japan Historical Society associated with Kyushu University. This journal contains studies of local history and Japan's early relations with the continent and the West. 591. *Shinano ft:_ ("The Shinano"), Matsumoto, Nagano-ken, Shinano Kyodo Kenkyikai, 1932-. Monthly. One of the most active journals specializing in local history and archeology. Contains a high percentage of historical'field studies. Since its origin the journal has passed through three publication series. The present series began in 1949. 5. GEOGRAPHY The Japanese have long linked geography and history together in their bibliographical categories. Hence a number of journals exist which combine the two subjects. Of these, only Rekishi chiri (Historical geography) (Entry 597) survives today. This periodical, one of the oldest in modern Japan, is as much a journal of history as of geography. Journals of purely geographical coverage are of less interest to the historian but frequently contain materials on local history or historical geography. Of these, the Chirigaku hyUron (Geographical review of Japan) (Entry 593) is the oldest and most respected. The newly organized Jimbun chiri (Cultural geography) (Entry 596), however, is more in touch with current developments in the geographic field.

Page  71 PERIODICALS 71 592. *Chiiki At ' (Regionalism), Tokyo, Nihon Shoin, 1952-. Monthly. A recent journal inspired by the example of American geographers. 593. *Chirigaku hyoron _ - sf *(Geographical review of Japan), Tokyo, Nihon Chiri Gakkai, 1925-. Monthly. One of the foremost academic geographical journals in Japan, organ of the Association of Japanese Geographers, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University. Occasional articles deal with subjects of local historical interest. A general index to volumes 11-20 (1935-44) was issued in 1951. 594. *Chirigaku ronsa -t"- at it * i t (Geographical studies), Kyoto, Kyoto Teikoku Daigaku Bungakubu Chirigaku Kyoshitsu, Nov., 1932-. Semiannual. Organ of the Geographical Institute, Faculty of Letters, Kyoto University. This journal was replaced after World War I by Jimbun chiri (Entry 596). 595. Chiri to rekishi _t e L Et (Geography and history), Tokyo, Kyoiku Chiri Rekishi Remmei, 1919-. Monthly. Contained some scholarly articles on local history and biography. Publication ceased during World War n. 596. *Jimbun chiri,< nf_ _ (Cultural geography), Kyoto, Jimbun Chiri Gakkai, May, 1948-. Quarterly. The post-World War H journal of the Institute of Human Geography, Faculty of Letters, Kyoto University. Contains occasional articles on local history. This journal is now. considered the foremost geographical publication in Japan because its pages have kept up with the latest developments in the field of geography. 597. *Rekishi chiri Ti t t - (Historical geography), Tokyo, Nihon Rekishi Chiri Gakkai, Oct., 1899-. Monthly. One of the first historical publications of modern Japan, this journal may be thought of as a sister publication to the Shigaku zasshi (Entry 578). It contains a high percentage of scholarly articles on Japanese history; volumes 40-60 are especially significant. In addition each number has several editorial features of great value. These include a list of newly published books, a list of significant new articles, and a section on local historical materials. An index to volumes 1-66 was published in 1936. 598. Rekishi to chiri A t t t!_ t (History and geography), Kyoto, Kyoto Shigaku Chirigaku Dokoikai, Nov., 1917-Nov., 1934. Monthly. Contains a large number of stimulating articles on Japanese local history. An index to numbers 1-53 was published in 1935. 6. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Although a large number of journals are published by the law departments of Japanese universities, the contents of these are generally too specialized to warrant inclusion in this section. Articles on political and administrative history are to be found in historical journals rather than those in the legal or political science field. Those who are interested in problems of contemporary political science and law are referred to the section on periodicals in Robert E. Ward's A Guide to Japanese Reference and Research Materials in the Field of Political Science. The following journals have been selected for their special interest to the historian. Among them the Hgshakaigaku (Sociology of Law) (Entry 599) represents a new departure in the study of legal institutions. The historian should welcome its studies of the sociological background to the development of legal institutions in Japan. \j 599. *HIshakaigaku, t t: (Sociology of law), Tokyo, Nihon Hoshakai Gakkai, 1951-. A recent journal of irregular appearance sponsored by such men as Kawashima Takeyoshi and Kaino Michitaka. Articles deal with the mutual interaction of law and society. 600. *Jurisuto _- '/ z F (Jurist), Tokyo, Y'uhikaku, Jan. 1952-. Twice a month. A new journal devoted to contemporary problems of jurisprudence. 601. *Kokka gakkai zasshi (K X - 4 r -t at ("Journal of the Association of Political Science"), Tokyo, Kokka Gakkai, Mar., 1887-. Monthly. The senior political science journal in Japan, organ of the Political Science Association of the Faculty of Law, Tokyo University. Articles tend to be highly legalistic, and since World War II a rather large portion deal with Western law. Occasional articles deal with the history of Japanese legal or political institutions. J 602. Toshi mondai dP 1 tf (Municipal problems), To'kyo, Tokyo Shisei Chosakai, May, 1925-42. Monthly. The foremost journal devoted to local administration and municipal problems. Its coverage was primarily contemporary and only occasionally included articles of historical interest. 603. *Waseda seiji keizaigaku zasshi s f& tor c al T e et(Waseda journal of political science and economics), T.kyU, Waseda Hagakkai, Oct., 1922-. Irregular. An excellent journal with a social science approach to the problems of politics and government; contains occasional articles of historical interest.

Page  72 72 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 7. ECONOMICS 'Two journals listed below are of special interest to the historian. These are Keizaishi kenkyu (Studies in economic history), (Entry 606) and Shakai keizaishigaku ("Journal of the Social and Economic History Society") (Entry 612). These periodicals contain scholarly articles on Japanese social and economic history and rank along with Shigaku zasshi and Rekishigaku kenkyU as the most valuable in the entire field of history. Unfortunately Keizaishi kenkyU is no longer published and Shakai keizaishigaku has lost a good deal of its pre-war vitality. But even the early issues of these journals contain articles of lasting value. Another journal apt to be overlooked by the general historian is NWgy5 sdgo- kenkyu ("Quarterly Journal of Agricultural Economy") (Entry 609). This journal is published by one of the most active research organizations in Japan today and contains a wide variety of articles on the economic history of Japan and other Asiatic countries. 604. *Keizaigaku ronshu, ~-; (Collected essays on economics), Tokyo, Tokyo [Teikokul Daigaku Keizai Gakkai, Series 2, 1931-. Monthly. Organ of the Tokyo University Economic Society, the journal began publication in 1923. Its interests are primarily contemporary, though a few articles of an historical nature are sometimes included. 605. *Keizai rons5,yi;4 r 5 ("Economic Review"), Kyoto, Kyoto Daigaku Keizai Gakkai, 1951-. Monthly. Organ of the Kyoto University Economic Society. Most articles are on contemporary subjects, but a few deal with historical problems. 606. Keizaishi kenkyU,_ - ~ t t (Studies in economic history), Kyoto, Nihon Keizaishi Kenkyusho, 1929-44. Monthly. Organ of the Institute of Japanese Economic History of Kyoto University and the journal through which such men as Honjo Eijiro, Kokusho Iwao, Nakamura Naokatsu, Horie Yasuzd, and Miyamoto Mataji published many of their articles. This journal together with Shakai keizaishigaku (Entry 612) is outstanding in the field of economic history. Articles are scholarly and are almost exclusively devoted to the study of Japanese problems. The excellent bibliographical sections of Keizaishi kenkyu became the basis for HonjfSs three bibliographies on Japanese economic history (Entries 10-12). The regular feature "Saikin no keizaishi gakkai A' 9.^_ ~- ~ ~ " or "Recent developments in the field of economic history" continued to 1944 and is of great value in supplementing these bibliographies. The journal has not been revived since 1944. An index to numbers 1-100 was published in 1938. 607. Kotsu bunka,_ iL (Communication culture), Tokyo, Kokusai Kotsu Bunka Kyokai, Jan., 1938-. Quarterly. Contains some excellent articles on cultural exchange between the West and Japan. 608. *Mitagakkai zasshi =-,J / ' tr- (Journal of the Mita Institute), Tokyo, Keio Gijuku Daigaku Rizai Gakkai, Jan., 1909-. Monthly. Carries occasional articles of interest to the economic historian, especially those by Nomura Kanetaro. 609. *Norinsho, Nogyo SogbkenkyUsho _ 44- - ' -u,t, ' 'f; 1_ *t (National Research Institute of Agriculture, Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry), Ngyo sogo kenkyu ("Quarterly Journal of Agricultural Economy"), Tlkyi, Nogyo Sogo Kenkyusho, 1947-. Quarterly. An excellent scholarly journal containing a wide variety of articles on Japanese agricultural economics. A large percentage deals with the historical development of Japanese economy. Articles on comparative developments in Japan and the United States, China, or Soviet Russia are particularly interesting. An English language Summary Report of Researches issued irregularly by the Institute provides summaries of leading articles in this journal. 610. Rlno t " _ (Workers and farmers), Tokyo, Ronosha, Dec., 1927-. Monthly. A journal which carried as its subtitle "Sento-teki Marukushisuto riron zasshi (A fighting journal of Marxist theory)." A number of leading Japanese economic historians, among them Tsuchiya Takao, wrote for this journal, developing their theories of the economic causes of the Meiji Restoration. Hence this journal has given its name to the Rln?6 school of historians. 611. *Nogyo keizai kenkyu t I,- $, ' - (Studies in agrarian economy), Tokyo, Nogyo Keizai Gakkai, 1924-. Quarterly. Organ of the Association for the Study of Agrarian Economy, Agricultural Department, Tokyo University, it contains scholarly articles on agrarian problems. A high percentage deals with the historical aspects of Japanese agrarian economy. 612. *Shakai keizaishigaku T-:t /L-. -f - - T ("Journal of the Social and Economic History Society"), Tokyo, Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai, May, 1931-. Monthly. Organ of the Tokyo Social and Economic History Society, organized under the leadership of Ono Takeo. This journal ranks along with Keizaishi kenkyu (Entry 606) as the foremost scholarly publication in the field of social and economic history. It features well-documented studies of local and national social or economic institutions by the best Japanese scholars in the field. During the years 1933-36 the journal carried a regular bibliographical section devoted to a classified list of recent books and articles in social and economic history. After a wartime lapse from 1944 to 1949 the journal has returned to publication but it has lost a great deal of its prewar vitality.

Page  73 PERIODICALS 73 8. SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND FOLKLORE Journals in this field tend to be of two types, the technical journals of sociology and the more general folkloristic publications. Of the former, the Shakaigaku hyiron (Sociological review) (Entry 618) is perhaps the most respected. Its offerings, however, are somewhat too technical for the general historian. In the latter category the Minkan denshU (Folklore) (Entry 615) published by the group led by Yanagita Kunio is the best known. Recently two new journals, H6shakaigaku (Sociology of law) (Entry 599) and Shakaigaku (Sociology) (Entry 617), have adopted the social science approach to problems of Japanese society. These journals are unfortunately not well established and have had considerable difficulty in maintaining publication. 613. Fuzoku kenkyu )L i- &- t i (Studies in Japanese customs), Kyoto, Fuzoku Kenkyusho, Mar., 1916-33. Monthly. A popular journal of antiquarian studies, historical costumes, and folklore under the sponsorship of Ema Tsutomu. Publication has now ceased. 614. *Jinruigaku zasshi /<- i t t — ("Journal of the Anthropological Society of Japan"), Tokyo, Nihon Jinrui Gakkai, 1886-. Monthly. The leading journal in the field of general anthropology, organ of the Japan Anthropological Society, Tokyo University. It emphasizes studies in physical anthropology and archeology of Japan. 615. *Minkan densh6o PBl 1t z. (Folklore), TokyU, Minkan DenshY no Kai, Sept., 1935-. Monthly. The central journal of folklore studies in Japan. It is representative of the group of folklorists led by Yanagita Kunio. The journal emphasizes reviews, notes, and reports on the activities of folklore studies organization in Japan. 616. *Minzokugaku Kenkyiu i, i f f, _ (Japanese journal of enthnology), Tokyo, Nihon Minzoku Gakkai, Oct., 1935-. Monthly. This journal succeeded Minzokugaku (July, 1929-) when the Minzoku Gakkai became the Nihon Minzoku Gakkai (Japanese Society of Ethnology). It is the chief ethnological journal in Japan today, featuring scholarly articles, reviews, notes, correspondence, news of field studies, etc. Leading members of the group are Oka Masao and Ishida Eiichiro. 617. *Shakaigaku _ /'- t (Sociology), T'kyo, Tokyo Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho, Oct., 1948-. Biannually. Organ of the Tokyo Institute of Social Science. A technical journal of sociology but useful for bibliographies on various broader sociological subjects such as the family system, village life, etc. The journal is called a quarterly but to date only two issues have appeared annually. 618. *Shakaigaku hy6ron?~- / X 3f 4 (Sociological review), Tokyo, Nihon Shakaigakkai, 1924-. Organ of the Japan Sociological Association, Sociological Institute, Tokyo University. 9. THOUGHT AND RELIGION Journals published by Japanese religious organizations or seminaries are often of a limited sectarian nature. It will be found, however, that such institutions have sometimes organized historical associations which publish journals of a more general appeal to the historian. The following list of periodicals in the field of thought and religion has been selected with the interests of the historian in mind. 619. *Bukkyo shigaku 1{ Ji T t (Buddhist history), ToSkyo, Taisho Daigaku Shigakkai, Sept. 1949-. Formerly the Odai shiho. 8 -A (1933-), organ of the Taisho University (Tendai) Historical Society. 620. *Kirisutokyo bunka 4 - e< I ~L (Christian culture), Tokyo, Shinkyo Shuppansha, 1946-. Monthly. 621. *Ryiikoku shidan I kf- — _ (Ryukoku University historical review), Kyoto, Ryukoku Daigaku Shigakkai, June, 1928-. Semiannual. Organ of the Historical Society, RyUkoku (Buddhist) University. Articles are on Japanese and Chinese history with an emphasis on Buddhist subjects. 622. *Ryiukoku Daigaku ronshui - e Y " -' (Ryikoku University review), Kyoto, Ryukoku Gakkai, 1932-. Bimonthly. Journal of one of the leading Shinshu sect seminaries in Japan. 623. *Shibun 1 - (Confucian culture), Tokyo, Shibunkai, Feb., 1919-. Monthly. The foremost journal of Confucian studies. Emphasis is on philosophical and ethical problems. An increasing number of articles gave Confucian sanction to Japan's nationalistic slogans after the late 1930s. Since the war the journal has begun a new series. 624. *Shinto shigaku it _ *i_ X (Shinto history), June, 1949-. Contains articles of a general interpretive nature on Shinto history. 625. Shinti shukyo T- j_ - -t- (Shinto religion), Tokyo Kokugakuin Daigaku, Shinto Shiikyo Kenkyushitsu.

Page  74 74 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 626. *Shisgo. d. (Ideas), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, Oct., 1921-. Monthly. A journal of general cultural coverage emphasizing matters of philosophical interest and contemporary problems of interpretation. Frequent articles deal with historical problems. Contributors are often scholars of high reputation. 627. *Shiso no kagaku E. *. 9 5 tI (The science of thought), Tokyo, Senkusha, May, 1946-. Irregular. A scholarly journal dealing with problems of thought and popular opinion from the survey analyst's point of view. Articles analyze popular trends, discuss mass communication problems, social myths, and general climates of thought. 628. *Shflky kenkyu. jA 6F (Journal of religion), Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuikyogaku Kenkyukai, 1916-. Bimonthly. Academic studies in religious problems, the history of religion, folk religion, myths, etc. Organ of the Institute of Religious Studies, Tokyo University. 629. *"Yamato bunkwa" 0 J t t- (Yamato culture), Tambaichi, Nara-ken, Tenri Toshokan, Aug., 1934-. Quarterly. Contains studies in Japanese religion and philosophy. A special feature of pre-World War II numbers of this journal was an extensive classified bibliography of articles in the field of religion. 10. LITERATURE The study of Japanese literature is essential to the historian not only for what it reveals about the Japanese people in terms of their life and ideals, but also because so many early literary works are the only written sources remaining for the early history of Japan. The following journals put out by various scholarly literary societies, while containing a large percentage of articles of a purely interpretive nature, also deal with literary history and the analysis of historically important literary works. 630. *Bunga.lu 9. T (Literature), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, Apr., 1931-. Monthly. Organ of the Nihon Bungaku Kyokai (Japan Literary Association), this journal carries a large number of articles by young scholars. Of special value are the survey and bibliographical sections. The March issue of 1950 contains a classified bibliography covering the period Sept., 1948-Dec., 1949. A rather large percentage of articles are of interest to the historian or the general social scientist. 631. *Bunka k Lt- (Culture), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, Jan., 1934-. Monthly. Organ of the Literary Society, T6hoku University. Articles treat of religion, philosophy, and literature in both East and West. Only a few deal with the history of these fields in Japan. 632. *Kokugakuin zasshi f|, p~ t - - (Journal of the Kokugakuin College), Tokyo, Kokugakuin Daigaku, Dec., 1894-. Monthly. One of the early professional journals of Japan, this organ of the Kokugakuin College emphasizes Japanese literary history and Shinto studies. 633. *Kokugo kokubun fQ -t- jE) -.t (National language and national literature), Kyoto, Kobundo Shobo, Apr., 1931-. Monthly. Successor to Kokugo kokubun no kenkyu (1926-30), this journal is the organ of the Japanese language and literature departments at Kyoto University. It is one of the foremost scholarly journals of Japanese literature and language. 634. *Kokugo to kokubungaku [fi - ( _ t 'I (National language and literature), Tokyo, Shibund6, Apr., 1924-. Monthly. Journal of the Japanese language and literature departments, Tokyo University, this is one of the foremost professional journals of Japanese language and literature. Articles tend to be exclusively literary in scope. But a. number of professional features such as bibliographical lists and news of the field make this journal important to the historian. 11. ART AND SCIENCE The Japanese are famous for their many beautifully illustrated journals of fine arts and crafts. The few titles which follow have been selected for their scholarly quality. It should be pointed out that almost every field of Japanese art and drama is supplied by numerous journals of a more popular nature. Recently, profusely illustrated journals of drama and architecture have increased in numbers and quality. They have not been listed here because of their rather popular slant. 635. *Bijutsu kenkyu J ti'Y f (Journal of art studies), Tokyo, Bijutsu Kenkyujo, Jan., 1932-. Monthly. This journal, published by the Tokyo Institute of Art Research, is, along with Kokka (Entry 639), the best of the illustrated art journals. It carries numerous full color reproductions together with technical articles on art evaluation and museum techniques. Much of each issue is of historical interest. 636. *Bijutsushi 4- iy._ (Art history), Tokyo, Bijutsushi Gakkai, 1949-. A new publication of the Tokyo Institute of Art Research, this journal carries numerous excellent articles by younger writers in the field.

Page  75 SURVEY HISTORIES 75 637. Bukkyo Bijutsu 1* k I 'T(Buddhist art), Nara, Bukkyo Bijutsusha, 1924-35. 20 issues. 638. Kg ei - (Industrial art), Tokyo, Nihon Mingei Kyokai, 1931-. Monthly. Published by the Japan Folk Art Association. This journal features articles and illustrations of Japanese folk art. 639. *Kokka @ 4 ("Kokka"), Tokyo, Kokkasha, 1889-. Monthly. World famous for its excellent large reproductions of Japanese art masterpieces, this is the foremost art journal of Japan. It was long edited by Taki Seiichi. An index was published in 1933. 640. *Shiseki to bitjutsu ~ X k -t 47 (Historic remains and art), Kyoto, Shiseki Bijutsu Dokoikai, 1930-. Monthly. Contains articles on art monuments by foremost scholars in the fields of archeology, Buddhist iconography, and general fine arts. 641. *Kagakushi kenukyu if * a; f (Studies in the history of science), Tokyo, Nihon Kagakushi Gakkai, 1942-. Bimonthly. Organ of the Japan History of Science Society, Institute of Technological History, Tokyo Industrial University. 12. LIBRARY SCIENCE The following journals, though largely of a technical nature, are of some importance to the historian for the information which they publish on library collections and bibliography. 642. Toshokan kenkylT [ -X i H, (Library research), Osaka, Mamiya Shoten, Jan., 1928-. Quarterly. Organ of the Seinen Toshokan'in Remmei (League of Young Librarians). It contains general articles on cataloguing, bibliographical technique, and a regular list of works of bibliographical interest accessioned to the Mamiya Library. 643. *Toshokan zasshi i j % 5, -.(Library journal), Tokyo, Nihon Toshokan Kyokai, Oct., 1907-. Monthly. The organ of the Japanese Library Association. It regularly carries a classified list of new publications. 644. *Shomotsu tembU -~ 7,/ (Bibliographic survey), Tokyo, Shomotsu Tembosha, July, 1931-. Monthly. Carries a regular index of articles relating to books and bibliography. 645..Shoshigaku 7 t- t (Bibliography), Toikyo, Nihon Shoshigakkai, 1933-41. Monthly. A journal of literary and antiquarian interest, it carried occasional articles on historical sources and surveys of current bibliographical literature.

Survey Histories

pp. 75-158

Page  75 V. SURVEY HISTORIES So much has been written by the Japanese even in the nature of surveys of their national history, that the Western historian is faced with an overwhelming problem of orientation and selection. As a first step in acquiring some basis for intelligent selection, he will do well to learn something of the tradition of historiography in Japan and its contemporary development. Historical works produced in Japan prior to the advent of modern scientific historiography were largely the product of Chinese methodology. It was this tradition of rigorous presentation of historical data in chronological order that produced the Rikkokushi (Six national histories, 720-901), the Nihon kiryaku (Records of Japan, c. 1050-1100), the Azuma kagami (Mirror of the East, 1266), Nochi kagami (Later mirror, c. 1843), and the Tokugawa jikki (True records of the Tokugawa, 1849). Such works rank even today as major repositories of historical fact on early and feudal Japan. Out of the Chinese tradition, also, came the HonchU tsugan (Complete mirror of Japan, 1670), the Dai Nihonshi (History of Japan, 1709), and other works which were to form the starting point of modern historical scholarship. With the opening of Japan to Western intellectual influence after the middle of the nineteenth century the Japanese rapidly absorbed Western historical theory and methodology. The turn into the Meiji period (1868 -1911) saw Japanese historiography enter her modern era. Since that time Japanese historical scholarship has passed through a number of distinct phases of development each of which should be recognized by the historian who would use Japanese materials. The first phase, embracing the first thirty years of the Meiji period, was largely a time of transition. During it the state-sponsored historical bureaus, and such scholars as Shimizu Seiken and Kurita Kan continued to produce histories in the old Chinese style. Concurrently other men led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Taguchi Ukichi began to experiment with the new methodology imported from the West. With the 1890s these historiographical techniques were put on a firm foundation by the establishment under German tutelage of a chair of history at Tokyo Imperial University and the organization of the Shigakkai (Institute of Historical Science), Japan's first and foremost scholarly historical association. The addition to Tokyo University of the Historiographical Institute (ShiryU Hensansho) established the university as the center of historical research in Japan. During the interval between the Sino-Japanese war of 1894 and the end of World War I, Japanese historiography as a modern science reached maturity. A new generation of historians began the combination of factual material drawn from the many old-fashioned, but well-documented, historical works of the early Meiji period with new ideology and methodology. Leading interpretative scholars of this period, such as Hara

Page  76 76 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS Katsuru, Miura Hiroyuki, and Uchida Ginzo, succeeded in developing the general cultural survey history of Japan, while on a more rigorously academic level, Kuroita Katsumi in his Kokushi no kenkyu (Study of Japanese history) laid the methodological foundation for his own and succeeding generations of Japanese historians. During these years Tokyo University emerged as the fountainhead of "academic" historiography, while Kyoto University became the center of the "cultural history"approach. World War I gave rise to a deep change in the Japanese intellectual atmosphere. The war had stimulated Japan's industrialization. Termination of the war plunged Japan into a series of periods of prosperity and depression. Social and economic problems became uppermost in the minds of Japanese intellectuals. The period from roughly 1920 to 1940 thus marks a third phase in the development of modern Japanese historical science. During these years the academic and cultural historians were overshadowed by new men working in the fields of economic and social history. This shift in interest had already been evident in some of the earlier historians, notably Uchida and Miura, but it remained for such men as Honjo Eijiro, Ono Takeo, KokushU Iwao, Tsuchiya, and Yanagida Kunio to bring to fruition the new schools of economic and social historiography. The establishment of three new scholarly organizations during the 1930s, the Nihon Keizaishi KenkyUsho (Institute of Japanese Economic History) of Kyoto, the Rekishigaku KenkyUkai (Historical Science Society) of Tokyo, and the Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai (Social and Economic History Society) of Tokyo, marked the ascendancy of this new trend. Toward the 1930s Marxism also made its impact on the Japanese academic world, and a fringe of writers began the active analysis of Japan's modern history under the Marxist formula. The war years (c. 1937-45) constitute a fourth phase of historical development. These, as can be imagined, were circumscribed years for all scholars. Historians were obliged to trim their writings to the nationalistic tone of the times or keep silent. Many of Japan's ablest historians including Hiraizumi Cho and Akiyama KenzU took the former choice, and were subsequently purged by the Allied Occupation. Of those who remained silent, many became more radical in their thinking. The post-World War II phase of Japanese historical scholarship has naturally been one of great flux. Many of the old guard historians were purged and have been replaced by younger men of ability and enthusiasm. The new freedom of expression has invited the revaluation of many controversial aspects of Japan's history, while new methodology, especially in the social science fields, has improved the quality of research work done by native scholars. The first few years after the war saw most Japanese historians groping for new methods and philosophies of history. The most enthusiasm and the greatest volume of work came from the Marxist writers who led the way in revisionist literature. Since about 1950, however, their dominance appears to have given way to more balanced scholarship. By keeping the above periods in mind the historian will obtain some clue to the quality of the books he finds at his disposal. It is not necessarily true that only the most recent works are of value to him. Each period mentioned above has its specialties. Many of the works of Chinese inspiration prepared during the early Meiji period are of lasting value today. This is especially true of the government-sponsored histories of administrative and legal institutions, the encyclopedias such as the Koji ruien (Encyclopedia of ancient matters) (Entry 207) and the local histories of this and later periods. Such works are old fashioned in their structure, but are accurate and usable. The period from 1895 to 1920 produced some of the best political and cultural histories we have. In particular, the SUgo Nihonshi taikei (Synthetic survey of Japanese history) (Entry 748) has yet to be surpassed for factual content and excellence of documentation. Characteristic of the period of the 20s and 30s are the great joint enterprises which resulted in such works as the Iwanami koza: Nihon rekishi (Iwanami series on Japanese history) (Entry 725), the Sekai rekishi taikei (Comprehensive survey of world history) (Entry 739), and the Nihon bunkashi taikei (Survey of Japanese cultural history) (Entry 731), works which are standard even today. Thus the historical scholarship of pre-World War II Japan has still a great deal to offer us. On the other hand, the books coming out of postwar Japan frequently have to be watched for excessive ideological content either in the form of artificial "democratic" sentiment or for doctrinaire Marxism. This problem of historical ideology and bias thus adds another dimension to the historian's basis for evaluating his materials. It will be found, for instance, that certain university departments of history or certain academic associations have reputations for conservatism or liberalism, for sound scholarship or amateurishness. Thus the historical societies of Tokyo and Kyoto Universities, of Kokugakuin University and the Tokyo University of Education are known for their conservative adherence to the "academic" and "cultural" schools while the Rekishigaku Kenkyukai (Historical Science Society) of Tokyo and the Nihonshi KenkyUkai (Society for the Study of Japanese History) of Kyoto generally uphold the so-called "progressive"' or intellectual Marxist tradition. Even the names of publishing houses offer clues to the quality of books, for it is a matter of common knowledge that certain houses tend to handle works with strong political bias either to the right or left. Familiarity with general problems of historical interpretation and of the development of historical studies in Japan thus constitutes an important introductory step towards orientation in Japanese history. The works listed below under Historiography will aid in acquiring this familiarity. As explained in the preface, the following section on survey histories comprises a highly selective list of secondary materials in the various fields of Japanese history. In selecting materials for this section the author decided against the adoption of some rigid scheme advocated by either Japanese or Western bibliographers, but permitted categories to evolve as material was collected. This has resulted in a somewhat unorthodox grouping of subjects but one which reflects the major divisions under which modern Japanese historians have published. As to the material itself, a number of limitations have necessarily been applied. Excluded from consideration were all works written before 1868 and works on archeology, natural science, and Japan's former continental and island possessions. In general, works of recent publication were selected over those of early publication unless the living value of the earlier works could be demonstrated. Generally, the individual volumes of historical series have not been mentioned singly. In each of the fields of history an attempt has been made to select a minimum number of the most essential surveys which will cover the subject from earliest times to the present. As a rule those books dealing with only a limited time span were eliminated. But this was not always practicable, since in many fields few survey works were found to cover pre-Restoration and post-Restoration periods equally well. This

Page  77 SURVEY HISTORIES 77 disparity has necessitated the selection, in a number of instances, of works limited to the pre-Restoration period together with those limited to post-Restoration coverage, the two groups serving to complement each other. In selecting representative publications in the postwar period it has also been extremely difficult to avoid inclusion of works of a limited monographic nature. One reason for this is the increasing specialization evident among contemporary Japanese historians. Present day Japanese historical scholarship tends furthermore to concern itself with limited, albeit complicated problems rather than with broad fields. For instance studies of village life, feudalism, manufacturing, capitalism, or imperialism are now more common than general studies of Japanese political, social, or economic history. Strictly speaking, such subjects are limited ones and hence should not be included in this bibliography. However, because of the fact that so much recent scholarship has taken the form of problem studies, it was determined to provide space for these subjects. Justification may be found in the fact that these problems are often treated in broad survey fashion. 1. HISTORIOGRAPHIES AND GUIDES TO HISTORICAL RESEARCH The following selection of books on historiography and research techniques has been divided for convenience into three parts. The first includes works on historical theory in general. Such works will be of only secondary interest to the Western student since many of them merely repeat theories derived from Western literature. Nevertheless, they are important for what they reveal of the degree to which Japanese historians rely on Western theories and for their indication of the articles of faith of many of Japan's leading historians or historical schools. Thus Imai Toshiki's pamphlet, Rekishigaku kenkyuho (Historical methodology) (Entry 647), represents the German-oriented thinking of the Tokyo University "academic" group, while Ishimoda Tadashi's article "Rekishigaku no hoho ni tsuite no kanso (Thoughts on historical methodology)" (Entry 648), reveals the creed of the intellectual Marxists. In the second section are listed studies of the history of Japanese historiography with an emphasis on the pre-Restoration period. These works describe and evaluate the major historical writings upon which the Japanese have based their research. Most of the works in this section are fairly standard, but Kuroita Katsumi's Kotei kokushi no kenkyu (Revised study of Japanese history) (Entry 664) is outstanding. The third group contains works on practical methodology and on the contemporary development and present state of historiography in Japan. Among the most complete and practical guides to research in Japanese history are the previously mentioned works by Kuroita (Entry 664) and Kurita (Entry 24). These works must be supplemented, however, both for more up-to-date coverage and for information on several recently developed historical fields. For the first purpose the Tokyo Daigaku Kyodo Kumiai Shuppambu's Nihonshi kenkyu nyUmon (Introduction to the study of Japanese history) (Entry 683) is most useful. This in turn may be supplemented for more current information by reference to the annual evaluations of the previous year's academic accomplishments published by a number of scholarly journals. The reader is referred to the series now carried in Shigaku zasshi (Entry 39) and Rekishigaku kenkyu (Entry 36). For more specialized information on the development of social and economic history, the Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai's Shakai keizaishigaku no hattatsu (Social and economic history of Japan, its recent development) (Entry 40) and the Tlkyo Sho-ka Daigaku's Keizaigaku kenkyu no shiori (Guide to the study of economics) (Entry 162) are of special value. Information on the present status of academic institutions is not easily available. An extremely handy though limited guide to this subject is the Kyoto Daigaku Shimbunsha's Gakkai no jiten (Dictionary of the academic world) (Entry 674). It should be supplemented by the Ministry of Education's Gakuky.kai ichiran (List of scholarly organizations) (Entry 675). For research recently completed, the same ministry's MombushU chokkatsu oyobi kokuritsu daigaku kenkyusho kenkyu gyoseki yoran, 1950 (List of research completed by Ministry of Education and National University research organs) (Entry 676) is most exhaustive. a. Historical Theory 646. Hani Goro 1 1- t, Rekishigaku hihan josetsu P-..t P1 ik tPL(An introduction to historical criticism), Toky6, Kindai Shisosha, 1948, 181 pp. This is a reissue of a group of essays first written between 1929 and 1932 and published shortly thereafter. They concern general historical philosophy and represent the thinking of an influential contemporary Japanese scholar who has absorbed concepts from both Croce and Marx. 647. Imai Toshiki ' ~ ~, — 4, Rekishigaku kenkyuh~o _ _ t ~ - ' (Historical methodologyl[in case 18 of Iwanami koza, Nihon rekishi,g,. $ - _ 4 - _ _ (Iwanami series on Japanese history)], Takyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1935, 82 pp. A discussion of major Western schools of historical theory, especially the German, together with basic problems of historical criticism and the evaluating of materials. The author concludes with a short illustrative problem taken out of Japanese history. 648. Ishimoda Tadashi G -- 1 I-F, "Rekishigaku no hoho ni tsuite no kanso - a -,.. < o iV!-(Thoughts on historical methodology), in Rekishi hyoron, v. 4 (1950), nos. 7, 8. A discussion of theory and historical approach by one of the most active contemporary historians in the intellectual Marxist school. 649. Kaba Toshio $4 1 #t;, Rekishi no riron _ g 3W - (Historical theory), Tokyo, Toko Shoin, 1941, 375 pp. Discussion of historical theory and periodization by a leading historical philosopher. The author has translated numerous German works on historical theory.

Page  78 78 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 650. Matsui Hitoshi '^ t - and Orui Noboru ) At iq, ed., Gendai shiaku taikei q A t X, (Survey of contemporary historiography), Toky-, Kyoritsusha, 1931-2, 15 v. A series of studies of problems of contemporary historiography. Most of the series is made up of works on Western historical theory or translations of Western historiographical literature. A few of these volumes have been listed in this section. 651. Nonomura Kaizo f t - ', Shigaku gairon (General treatise on historiography), Tokyo, Waseda Daigaku Shuppambu, 1929, 394 pp. A general discussion of historiography, its theory and methodology largely from the point of view of the west-German school. 652. Orui Noboru X ftf, Shigaku gairon T - go ' (Introduction to historiography), Tokyo, Kyoritsusha, 1932, 274 pp. One of the Gendai shigaku taikei series (Entry 650). A general discussion of modern historiography by one who has been influenced by Ernst Bernheim. This work has been extremely influential in Japan. 653. Utsuka shigaku hihan 7t; t ~ 't I(A critique of the Otsuka view of history), Tokyo, Daigaku Shimbun Remmei Shuppambu, 1948, 197 pp. A series of articles by Hattori Shiso, Izu Kimio, Inoue Kiyoshi, and others of the intellectual Marxist school criticizing Otsuka Hisao and his use of the theories of Max Weber in his interpretation of the modern capitalist revolution. 654. Rekishi no shomondai t 9 - tt t (The problems of history), special number of Shiso, v. 30, April, 1932. A special number of the journal Shiso containing articles by leading Japanese historians on history and historical theory. 655. Tsuboi Kumazo JF + -,., -, Kaitei zoho shigaku kenkyuho Z ttr ' M it H t H (Historical methodology, revised and enlarged), Tokyo, Kyobunsha, 1926, 430 pp. A revised edition of one of the first noteworthy modern studies of historiography in Japan. Tsuboi Kumazo, pupil of Ludwig Reiss, was professor at Tokyo University. His theories were based largely on those of Ernst Bernheim. 656. Tsuda Sokichi $t D T - t D, Rekishi no mujunsei iE t 9 t- fp At (The inconsistency of history), Tokyo, Toyodo, 1947, 132 pp. A provocative essay by one of the foremost experts on Japanese intellectual history. Tsuda is generally described as an independent liberal. 657. Uchida Ginzo mt a~ ~ '., Shigaku riron - W- T; (The theory of historiography), Tokyo, Dibunkan, 1922, 340+119 pp. A series of eleven essays by one of Japan's senior historians. The author deals with theory, methodology, contributing sciences such as geography, biography, etc. A product of the Taisho and early Showa periods, the author is especially influenced by the British historical tradition. 658. Yanagida Kunio W 1 (i) -, Kokushi to minzokugaku E j E, - (Japanese history and ethnology), TokyU, Rokininsha, 1948, 243 p. A discussion by a leading ethnologist of the relationship between history and ethnology. b. History of Japanese Historiography 659. Chiyoda Ken t 1\' s ', Matsumoto Hikojir it, t 4; t p, and Matsui Hitoshi A' ~ I, Shigaku meicho kaidai t i J/ Pf I (An annotated bibliography of famous books on history), Tokyo, Kyrritsusha, 1931, 137+149+75 pp. Volume 15 of the Gendai shigaku taikei (Entry 650). The central section by Matsumoto Hikojiro constitutes an historiography of Japan as seen through the major pre-Restoration works of history. 660. Izu Kimio I sL 'a X, Nihon shigakushi E3 X _ (A history of Japanese historiography), Tokyo, Getsuyo Shob6, rev. ed., 1949, 398 pp. First published in 1936, this work, now considerably revised, is a critical evaluation of Japanese historiography written from the materialist point of view. The work begins with a survey of Japanese historiography and contemporary scholars, and then proceeds to analyze the various periods of Japanese historical scholarship in reverse chronological order. 661. Kawaguchi Hakuho l'Il o 5(, Nihon kokushigaku hattatsushi e ~- s - % i. — (History of the development of historical studies in Japan), Tokyo, Kembunsha, 1936, 309 pp. A standard survey of Japanese historical studies from early times down to the 1930s. The work is arranged by periods. An introductory statement describes the spirit of each period and is followed by a detailed study of the major historical works produced during the period. 662. Kiyohara Sadao, ' * At, Nihon shigakushi a / t4- # z(A history of Japanese historiography), Tokyo, Chubunkan, rev. ed., 1944, 342+24 pp. This work, first published in 1928, is by one of the best known pre-World War II historians. The work is divided into two parts. Part 1 treats the development of Japanese historical studies from ancient times to the Meiji Restoration. Part 2 discusses the development of modern historiography during the

Page  79 SURVEY HISTORIES 79 Meiji erg outlining the major problems faced by the modern historian and the various solutions advanced by Meiji scholars. The work contains a great deal of bibliographic information, and an index is appended. 663. Konakamura Kiyonori,1 +T St 6.-, Kokushigaku no shiori X ~ ~ > ~ (Guide to Japanese historiography), Tokyo, Benkyodo, 1900, 162 pp. An early guide to the chief materials necessary for the study of pre-Meiji Japanese history. 664. Kuroita Katsumi.. Q 4 A, K'tei kokushi no kenky.l Sosetsu t- T - t ~' f it ' t, t it (A study of Japanese history-revised. General introduction), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1931, 500 pp. This is the introductory volume on general historiography of Kuroita's work, which was first published in 1909 and is undoubtedly the single most famous product of modern historiography in Japan. The introductory volume begins with the discussion of diplomatics, historical geography, chronology, genealogy, archeology and other subsidiary sciences. The main portion of the work is devoted to a chronological analysis of the chief sources for the study of pre-Meiji history. It concludes with a chronological list of major contributions in the field of Japanese history between the years 1868-1930. This is followed by a discussion of topical problems: periodization and period histories, local histories, history of law, culture, economics, art, customs, religion, etc. For each of these special fields the author lists important sources, early and recent, and describes their uses. (See also Entry 695.) 665. Miura Kaneyuki -f 'i) t, "Nihon shigakushi gaisetsu B - { t O - tt.(An introduction to the history of Japanese historiography)," in Nihonshi no kenkyu 0a s o %_ (The study of Japanese history), Second series, Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1930, 1338+71 pp. A survey of Japanese historiography treated by periods. 666. Okubo Toshiaki )i X.. 1 'l ',, Nihon kindai shigakushi 0 i.. A It t (History of recent Japanese historiography), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, 1940, 277 pp. A detailed analysis of the emergence of modern historiography in Japan. The author traces the background of Japanese historical studies into Tokugawa times, describes the impact of Western thought on Japan, and concludes with a discussion of the formation of the various schools of modern Japanese historiography. 667. Shigakkai _ J /, Hompo shigakushi ronso * }p 4. -4 t(Essays on the history of Japanese historiography), Tokyd, Fuzambo, I939, 2 v. An important collection of essays on historiography and historical works by top level Japanese historians. The first article by Tsuji Zennosuke gives a concise resumd of the development of historiography in Japan up to contemporary times. The work concludes with studies of the influence of Dutch studies on Japanese historiography, the development of library science, etc. The bulk of the work consists of excellent critical studies of individual works of Japanese history from the Kojiki to Taguchi's Nihon kaika shoshi. c. Methodology and Guides to Contemporary Historical Research in Japan 668. Akiyama Kenzo, "Orientation in the Study of Japanese History," in A Guide to Japanese Studies, ToIkyo, Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai, 1937, pp. 3-54. Though in English, this work was considered of sufficient merit to include in this bibliography. Not all essays in this volume will be of help to the historian. This one by Akiyama Kenzo, however, provides excellent orientation for the beginner in the field of Japanese history. 669. Endo- Motoo t jS 5L $, Nihon rekishi nyumon Q - /6 - P I tJ (Introduction to Japanese history), Tokyo, Mikasa Shobo, 1941, 369 pp. An excellent series of introductory essays on Japanese history by competent experts in the field. Part 1 presents a survey of Japanese history. Part 2, entitled "Problems and methodology for the study of Japanese history," contains essays by Nakamura Kichiji, Kaba Toshio, Okubo Toshiaki, and Endo Motoo on the history and contemporary problems of Japanese historiography. 670. Kawai Eijiro -' -,;,, p, ed., Gakusei to rekishi _ - E L (The student and history), Tokyo, Nihon Hy~ronsha, rev. ed., 1946, 399 pp. A revised and somewhat shortened version of a work first published in 1940. In its present form the work contains sixteen articles by leading authorities on historiography, historical methodology, historians, and the special characteristics of Western and Oriental history. Meant for Japanese university students, it provides a handy summary of the general field of historical theory and methodology for the beginner in Japanese history. 671. Konakamura Kiyonori 1)- t f- B, Kokushigaku no hoho f y _ T e;X (Methodology for the study of Japanese history), Tokyo, Togakusha, 1936, 233 pp. A simply written introduction to the chief sources used by modern historians in their study of Japanese history. Chapters deal with general history, law, survey histories, the emperor system, bureaucracy, genealogy and biography, local history, and geography. 672. Kurita Motoji ~ W X ~-, SUgo kokushi kenkyu _ ( i~L ~, / L(General guide for research in Japanese history), Tokyo, Dobun Shoin, 1935, 3 v. Strictly speaking, an annotated bibliography of Japanese history, this work nevertheless contains a great deal of historiographical information. Volume 1. pp. 1-134, presents a general survey of Japanese premodern historical sources, while the prefaces to each section discuss the major primary materials in each field.

Page  80 80 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 673. "Kyodoshi wa ika ni kenkyu subeki ka 4 -. It i0 l~,I- i It -* 1 ' ' (How should local history be studied?)," in Rekishi kyoiku i_ ~; ~ (The teaching of history), Tokyo, Rekishi Kyiku Kenkyiukai, 1930. A special issue of Rekishi Kyoiku devoted to the problems of studying local history. 674. Kyoto Daigaku Shimbunsha., A; [ I[ R ~, Gakkai no jiten ' s t4* (Dictionary of the academic world), Tambaichi, Nara-ken, Yotokusha, 1951, 220 pp. An extremely useful guide to academic fields and institutions. Part 1 provides brief resumes of scholarly activity, trends and factions in the fields of law, government, literature, history, economics, the natural sciences, and geography and agriculture. Part 2 is a list of universities by location with pertinent information on history, specialties, chief officers, etc. Part 3 lists academic associations and research groups. Part 4 lists principal faculty members with information on specialties, degrees, present position, major publications, etc. 675. Mombusho Daigaku Gakujutsukyoku k f - X. t ~ Jo 4, (Ministry of Education, University Research Bureau), Gakukyokai ichiran T t4 4 - ~ (List of scholarly organizations), Tokyo, Mombusho, 1951, 59 pp. A list of academic and research organizations classified by field. For each organization the following information is provided: name, address, telephone number, number of members, name of president, and name of publication organ. 676. Mombushu Shokan Kenkyushocho Kaigi Chosa Iinkai Z 1P I T M;t $ A -~f 1 f t- 4- _ 4^, (Investigating Committee for the Council of Directors of Research Organization Under the Ministry of Education), Mombusho chokkatsu oyobi kokuritsu daigaku kenkyUsho kenkyl gyoseki yoran, 1950 4- ~ H A t / eA' i ~ f, ~_ [ / _ J,.r it ~, -o at -- _t _o(List of research completed by Ministry of Education and National University research organs, 1950), Tokyo, Since much recent research is subsidized by the Ministry of Education, this pamphlet is of considerable value as an index to current Japanese scholarship. 677. Nihon Rekishi Chiri Gakkai a + X. xt- - 'I /,'(Japanese Society of Historical Geography), Kyodoshi kenkyu no chosa to hZho Pp _- 7 0 L_ e s / I _k E a (Research and methodology for the study of local history), Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 1944, 369 pp. A series of excellent articles on methodology and source materials for the study of local history. The book contains a great deal of bibliographical information. 678. Ono Takeo ), '' 2 i A, Kyido keizaishi kenkyu teiyo 4p.,;< - - ' [ _ _ r -(Manual for study of local economic history), T'ky', Asano Shoten, 1932 285 pp. A guide to the study of local economic history by one of Japan's foremost scholars in the field of village economic history. 679. Rekishi Kyoiku KenkyUkai- AT..: i: A (Society for Historical Education), Meiji igo ni okeru rekishigaku no hattatsu P -f,.. L -- jt It 3 i,- ) i e ~ _ (Development of historical studies since Meiji), Tokyo, Yonkai Shobo, 1933, 680 pp. A survey of historical studies in Japan from 1868 to c. 1925. The work consists of a series of articles by major historians on various aspects of historical research including economic history, thought, law, foreign affairs, government, and Japanese studies of other Oriental countries. 680. Shakai keizaishigaku no hattatsu ~s A,- F- A ' % ~ 4 _ (Social and economic history of Japan, its recent development), special issue of Shakai keizaishigaku p t ~ _ r X (Social and economic history), v. 10, no. 9-10 (Jan. 1941), 272 pp. A survey of the development of social and economic history in Japan roughly up to 1940. For a full annotation see Entry 40. 681. Takamura Shohei b) 2 ~_ f- and Komatsu Yoshitaka ')- ^, 3, Nihon ni okeru keizai shigaku no hattatsu B - I 3~,? +,;F e t, 4.(The development of the study of economic history in Japan), Tokyo, Kaname Shobo, 1949, 148 pp. Volume 2 of the Jimbun kagaku kenkyu sosho (Cultural sciences research series) edited by the Committee on Cultural Sciences attached to the Ministry of Education. It surveys the development of the study of economic history in Japan from 1868 to the time of writing. 682. Tamura Eitaro6 M '4 f iK t, Kyodoshi kenkyu no tebiki t p --! - h - ' 9 3 (Handbook for the study of local history), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, 1938, 428 pp. A guide to the solution of the chief difficulties met in the study of local history. Chapters deal with the reading of documents, study of names, labor service, taxation, farm villages, homes, shrines, social organization, customs and yearly festivals. 683. Tikyo Daigaku Kyodo Kumiai Shuppambu *. K. f- XT W \a!,> 5-. )D 5 (T'okyo University Cooperative Publication Department), Nihonshi kenkyu nyumon B9 4- - 9 (Introduction to the study of Japanese history), Toky5, Tokyo Daigaku Kyl5d6 Kumiai Shuppambu, rev. ed., 1951, 384 pp. One of the most useful introductory surveys to come out of post-World War II Japan. This book, first published in 1949 under the editorship of Toyama Shigeki, is now augmented by an extensive selective bibliography of books and articles covering all phases of Japanese history. The main body of the work consists of essays by members of the Shiry-a Hensansho and the Minshushugi Kagakusha Kyokai (Society of Democratic Scientists) on various aspects of Japanese historiography. Each essay introduces books

Page  81 SURVEY HISTORIES 81 and theories concerning a field or period of Japanese history. While it is sometimes necessary to discount the doctrinaire materialism of some of the writers, in general this work provides one of the best introductory guides for the student of Japanese history. 684. "Zinbun" (The cultural sciences), Tokyo, Jimbun Kagaku Iinkai, March, 1947-50. This journal regularly carried articles on the state of scholarship in various academic fields. These included surveys of recent research, lists of outstanding scholars, and similar information. A special issue of Zinbun in 1949 was devoted exclusively to a survey of the cultural sciences in Japan. 2. GENERAL HISTORICAL SURVEYS The great era of general survey histories of Japan was unquestionably the period of the late 1920s and 30s. It was during these years that there appeared the chief multi-volume series upon which we rely today: the Iwanami koza: Nihon rekishi (Iwanami series on Japanese history) (Entry 725), the Sogo Nihonshi taikei (Synthetic survey of Japanese history) (Entry 748), the Sekai rekishi taikei (Survey of world history) (Entry 739), the Nihon bunkashi taikei (Survey of Japanese cultural history) (Entry 731) and the Shinko Dai Nihonshi (New lectures on Japanese history) (Entry 744). These works, while emphasizing the political or cultural side of Japanese life, also included the latest findings of the social and economic historians. Because of their broad approach they are still of great use to the student with a general interest in Japanese history. Since 1946 the Japanese have been actively producing two types of general historical writings. Most numerous have been the short surveys of the "Shin Nihonshi (New Japanese history)" type which seek to reinterpret Japanese history in the light of the new-found freedom of expression which came to Japan with the end of the war. Perhaps the most widely mentioned of these "new histories" is the Kuni no ayumi (The progress of our country) prepared for primary school use by a group under the direction of Ienaga Saburo'. Its publication set off an immediate controversy between leftist and rightist groups in Japan. The split between the self-styled "progressives" and the so-called "academicians" continues to divide the historical field. In this context nearly every major historian and each of the major historical factions in Japan have written "new" histories. These have often been prepared for popular appeal, but others have been substantial enough to list below. Another feature of postwar publication in the historical field has been the various series dealing with socio-economic systems. The Shin-Nihonshi koza (New series on Japanese history) (Entry 746) issued by the Chug? Knronsha and the Nihon rekishi k'za (Japanese history series) (Entry 734) are obviously patterned after the earlier Iwanami series (Entry 725). These new publications differ from the old in that they treat Japanese history primarily through a study of political institutions and socio-economic systems such as ancient slavery, feudalism, capitalism, etc. The swing from political and cultural history to social and economic history noticeable in the prewar decade is thus complete. Today few survey histories divide their chapters to conform with the conventional political turning points but according to the development of economic or social patterns. The following selective list of general survey works on Japanese history includes both the category of general history (ippanshi) and cultural history (bunkashi) as distinguished by Japanese historians. So many worthwhile works are to be found among this list that the author has hesitated to single out any for special consideration. It is hoped the annotations will provide a sufficient basis for selection. It should be pointed out, however, that not all of the works listed below have been singled out for their excellence. Some have been included because they represent the work of an important historian or of an active historical school. In the first instance, the works may now be completely superseded; in the second, they may be of an extremely biased nature. It will be noticed that in the following list a distinction has been drawn between works of 1) single authorship or those which consist of collected essays by a limited number of authors and 2) the great multi-volume series of multiple authorship. The latter type should be thought of more as reference histories. a. Single Authorship 685. Akiyama Kenzio - ' A;, Nihon no rekishi ~ ~ L, (Japan's history), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1941, 411 pp. A standard survey of Japanese history by an historian who made his name in prewar days by his scholarly studies of Japanese foreign relations of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. His wartime writings tended to be nationalistic. 686. Hagino Yoshiyuki L ~ L 7, Nihonshi kowa 9; j io 't (Lectures on Japanese history), Tokyo, Meiji Shoin, 1920, 2 v. Based on the author's lectures in history at Tokyo University. Professor Hagino (d. 1924) was well known for his analysis of Japan's political history. 687. Haga KIshirZo d ' w p, Nihonshi shin-kenkyu Q ~, AT ) ~ (A new study of Japanese history), Tokyo, Ikeda Shoten, 1950, 358 pp. A survey history written for non-scholars and instructors in secondary schools. Useful for its short classified bibliography of works on Japanese history. 688. Hayakawa Jiro I =- tp, Yuibutsushikan Nihon rekishi tokuhon pc' r A 1 - - ~ (A reader of Japanese history from the materialistic point of view), Tokyo, KObunsha, 1948, 489 pp. Reprint of a work first published in 1937. It represents one of the pioneer attempts to fit Japanese history into the Marxist formula. The work is weak on facts. 689. Higo Kazuo 9. jo %, Saishin Nihonshi. Ef 6 4 (Latest history of Japan), Tokyo, Yuhodo, 1950, 259+25 pp. A postwar history of Japan by an expert on Japanese thought and folk religion

Page  82 82 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 690. Ienaga Saburo % -; _, Shin-Nihonshi * a ~ ~ (New history of Japan), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1948, 10+326 pp. A simplified survey of Japanese history by the man credited with editing the new "purged" textbook of history for elementary schools, the Kuni no ayumi. This work thus reveals the "official" approach to the rewriting of Japanese history. 691. Inoue Kiyoshi 4 - - *, Nihon no rekishi a * E - (The history of Japan), Tokyo, Naukasha, 1950, 452 pp. A revised edition of a work which appeared in 1947 under the title "Kuni no ayumi" hihan (Critique of "Kuni no ayumi"). This work injects a strong note of political bias to the usual intellectual Marxist attack on the new official elementary school textbook of Japanese history. 692. Izu Kimio it k, A, Nihon bunkashi kenkyU B 4 x it ( 3 _ (Studies in Japanese cultural history), Tokyo, Getsuyo Shobo, 1948-. Volume 1 of a projected series presenting miscellaneous articles on Japanese culture by an active leftist historian and poet. Chapters deal with Japan's world position, art, music, no drama, the society of the Manyo period, Edo society, haiku, etc. 693. Kawakami Tasuke HI '- A t-p, Nihon rekishi gaisetsu p 4.._ tL t} at (Introduction to Japanese history), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1937-40, 2 v A detailed political history of Japan from ancient to contemporary times written with a minimum of reference to economic and social development. The work is sometimes referred to as the best in the immediate prewar academic tradition and largely replaces Omori Kingoru's more voluminous history (Entry 708). 694. Kurita Motoji ' t t _ >, Sog Nihonshi gaisetsu,. a Qt e S (Synthetic introduction to Japanese history), Toky, Ch-ubunkan, 1926-28, 2 v. A detailed cultural history of Japan. Volume 1 covers the field from ancient times to 1600. Volume 2 deals with the Tokugawa period. The author's interpretations are often stimulating. A unique feature of this work is its extensive classified bibliography of works on Japanese history. Though now seriously outdated, this bibliography represents one of the first attempts at systematic classification of secondary sources. The work has had numerous reprints most of which combine the two volumes in one. 695. Kuroita Katsumi,. & Of-, Kotei kokushi no kenkyu 1 iT 3 P s 4 t - (A study of Japanese history-revised), TokyU, Iwanami Shoten, 1931-36, rev. ed., 4 v. This work, first published in 1909 and extensively revised several times, stands as a monument to the influence of the German school of historiography in Japan. Volume 1 (general introduction) deals with historical methodology and is annotated separately (Entry 664). The next two volumes constitute a detailed political history of Japan from ancient times to approximately 1918. The historical narrative is rigorously divided into periods and sub-periods. The author cites the titles of primary sources used throughout the study. Volume 4 is a standard historical chronology. 696. Kuroita Katsumi,- K 8 &, Kyoshin bunshu, - / t i (The collected works of Kyoshin), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1939-40, 8 v. The collected works of Kuroita Katsumi, one of the best known of the pre-World War II historians and an outstanding representative of the Tokyo University academic school of historiography. 697. Maruyama Jiro IL a =- tp, Saishin Nihon rekishi fr f - J- ~ (Latest history of Japan), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1950, 329 pp. A "new" history by a leading contemporary follower of Kuroita Katsumi and specialist on the early written histories of Japan. 698. Matsumoto Hikojiro r, 1, ip, Nihon bunkashiron Q t > tL - _t V (Essays on the cultural history of Japan), TokyU, Kawade ShobU, 1942, 12+466+32 pp. A collection of 23 essays by one of Japan's foremost cultural historians. The author is a professor emeritus of Tokyo Bunrika University. 699. Miura Kaneyuki - h ) Z fl, Nihonshi no kenkyu B - _ e it ~(Studies in Japanese history), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1922-30, 2 v. The collected historical essays of one of the leading historians of the last generation. These essays are surprisingly pertinent today and cover a remarkable diversity of subjects. The following are but a few examples:. studies of agrarian uprisings; popular assemblies in the Sengoku period; Omi in economic history; the Tenryuji ships; the development of medieval cities; the ports of Sakai, Kohama, and Hyogo; social history of Japan; medieval culture; modern culture; studies of historical individuals; studies of foreign relations. 700. Muraoka Maretsugu 1. ). ^ia, Nihon bunkashi gaisetsu B 4 t - - }t $-(Introduction to Japanese cultural history), TokyS, Iwanami Shoten, rev. ed., 1949, 141 pp. A work first published in 1938 by the foremost specialist on the history of Japanese thought. 701. Naito Konan I*-) n Al, Nihon bunkashi kenkyl fQ t i t a -_t E (Studies in Japanese cultural history), Kyoto, KIbunda Shobo, rev. ed., 190, 420 pp. Essays on Japanese culture, largely in art, thought, religion, and Chinese influence during the Nara and Heian periods by a well-known expert on Chinese history. He is more commonly known as NaitU TorajirU.

Page  83 SURVEY HISTORIES 83 702. Nakamura Koya ~ - t., Shin-kokushikan t l Q t! t (A new view of Japanese history), Tokyo, YUzankaku, 1947-49, 10 v. A cultural history of Japan up to contemporary times written in the post-World War I "new history" tradition. The author, an officer of the Tokyo University Historiographical Institute and professor at Meiji University, attempts to place Japanese history in proper world perspective and to give due emphasis to the development of the lower classes in Japan. 703. Naramoto Tatsuya P g. i+ a t-, Shin-Nihonshi gaisetsu *- B e -f ft It (New introductory history of Japan), Kyoto, Ran Shobo, 1949, 322 pp. An excellent short survey of Japanese history from ancient times to the present. Naramoto has edited the entire work but individual chapters are written by others. A short list of suggested reading is provided. Naramoto is one of the leading "progressive" historians of the Kyoto area. 704. Nezu Masashi ~ -f A — *-, Atarashii Nihon rekishi f t A- 0 L - X (New history of Japan), TUky', Minshu HyUronsha, 1949, 2 v. A "new history" written from the intellectual Marxist point of view by a specialist in archeology. The emphasis is on social development and the approach is strongly anti-authoritarian. 705. Nishida Kitaro 9 99 tp, Nihon bunka no mondai e * _ itt 6elX (Problems in Japanese culture), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1940, 151 pp. A philosophical discussion of the meaning and characteristics of Japanese culture. The essay has been extremely influential among Japanese thinkers. 706. Nishida Naojiro? Il A- = tp, Nihon bunkashi josetsu a + f it- t 4 tt (An introduction to the history of Japanese culture), Tokyo, Kaizsha, '1932, 645 pp. One of the best known cultural histories. The first part consists of a discussion of the meaning of cultural history. The remainder of the work is an interpretive coverage of Japanese history era by era down to the end of the Meiji period. Each chapter catches the spirit of a period of Japanese history. The author's interpretations of Nara, Heian, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa cultures are particularly brilliant. 707. Nishimura Shinji i 1t _ -, Nihon bunkashi gairon D t it t w L e (General survey of Japanese cultural history), T1kyU, T'kyod3, 1930, 548 pp. This work consists of a collection of scholarly essays covering such subjects as the Japanese race, the nation, historical periods, language, religion, technology, economics. Emphasis is on the Nara and Heian periods. Articles are heavily documented. An index is provided. 708. 5mori Kingoro X 4.J __L Vp, Dai Nihon zenshi. 0 X, _ (A complete history of Japan), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1921-22, 3 v. A textbook of Japanese history written for a non-academic public. The emphasis is primarily political, and a great deal of attention is given to periodization. Kana are affixed by the side of proper names to aid in their reading. This work is of value as a reference history because of the quantity of factual information it contains and for the index provided in volume 3. A fourth volume entitled Gendai Nihonshi (History of recent Japan), issued in 1937 by the same publisher, continues the historical treatment down to 1890. 709. Sano Manabu IA- P it, Nihon rekishi kenkyu 0 F i- A F L ~ (Studies in Japanese history), Tokyo, Kibokaku, 1930, 381 pp. This is volume 2 of Sano's collected works and consists of two parts: "History of Japan" and "Outline of Japanese economic history." Both present a doctrinaire Marxist interpretation of Japanese history through various stages of social and economic development, primitive communities, patriarchal-slave state, feudalism, and the Restoration. These works have become classics of the Marxist historical school in Japan. Sano Manabu was active politically until his bolt from the Communist party in 1933. 710. Sakamoto Taro at 4k )X IP, Nihonshi gaisetsu a ~ g ]_ tL (Introduction to Japanese history), Toky-6, Shinbundt, 1950-, 2 v. A postwar history of Japan by the leading contemporary scholar in the Tokyo University academic tradition. His specialty is the Taika period. He is now director of the Shiryo Hensansho. 711. Shiroyanagi ShUko 6 OPF - $f, Minzoku Nihon rekishi F^ A q i A- (History of the Japanese people), Tokyo, Chikura Shobo, 1935, 5 v. A somewhat popular narration of the origin and development of the Japanese people. The volumes are divided as follows: 1) the Plain of High Heaven to the establishment of the Yamato state; 2) the conquest of Honshu to the Taika Reform; 3) problems of reform, the Nara and Heian periods; 4) the rule of the HIjo to that of Oda Nobunaga; 5) Hideyoshi, Tokugawa and the period of inflationary finance. 712. Taguchi Ukichi ) D 4p,, Nihon kaika shoshi 0 + ^fl it- - St (A short history of Japanese civilization), T1kyU, 1877-82; 35th ed. Keizai Zasshisha, 1917, 457 pp. Recognized as the first history of Japan to be written under the influence of Western historiographical and economic theories, this work marked a new era in Japanese historical scholarship. Its continued popularity as a classic is attested to by the large number of popular editions. 713. Tamaki Hajime t i o, Nihon rekishi e + X- t (Japanese history), Kyoto, Taigadol 1948-49, 2 v. One of the better post-World War II "new histories. " The work is a general survey of Japanese history from early to recent times written in non-technical style by a historical materialist.

Page  84 84 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 714. Takekoshi YosaburU " _ -. - -4, Shin-Nihon rekishi e - e - i (New history of Japan), Tokyo, TVkyU Taimususha t e. v -, 1947-49, 2 v. A postwar work by a somewhat unconventional scholar well known to Western readers. This work is based on the same author's monumental economic history of Japan. In it he succeeds in maintaining a position apart from any of the major schools of historiography in Japan today. 715. Toyoda Takeshi -~ t A', Gaisetsu Nihon rekishi ft t_ a _-, (An outline history of Japan), Osaka, Osaka KyOiku Tosho K.K., 1947-49. 2 v. A "new history" by one of the non-Marxist school of historians. The work is written as a textbook and is somewhat over-simplified. Toyoda gives as his guiding principle the writing of a history with balance between political, social, economic, and religious aspects of society. He attempts to place Japan in proper world perspective. Citation of reference works is given throughout, thus enhancing the usefulness of the work. 716. Tsuji Zennosuke..- _ t, Nihon bunkashi es i t ltL (Cultural history of Japan), Tokyo, Shunjusha, 1950, 7 v. A voluminous cultural history of Japan by one of Japan's most respected historians, formerly head of the Tokyo University Historiographical Office and Historical Society. The writing, however, lacks the brilliance of the author's more scholarly studies of Buddhism and foreign influence on Japan. The work is organized along standard chronological lines and there is no citation of reference. 717. Uchida Ginzuo (M) W l *, Kokushi soron ( ~,. t (General survey of Japanese history), Tokyo, Dobunkan, 1921, 189 pp. An important general survey by one of the most influential historians of the Taisho era. 718. Wakamori Tarl An d A* r, Shinko Nihonshi Tr 4 B: A (Newly drafted history of Japan), TMkyo, YUseidt, 1949. A "new history" by a specialist in Japanese social customs and religious practices. 719. Yashiro Kuniharu /A IV' f) f, Kokushi sosetsu IJ 8 ], (Collected essays on Japanese history), T1kyu, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1925, 518 pp. The collected historical essays of one of the foremost historians of the last generation. Subjects include the detailed study of medieval manors, imperial estates, the imperial family, Shinto deities, and festivals. Most of the essays are of a technical and scholarly nature. b. Series Under Multiple Authorship 720. Waseda Daigaku Shuppambu I *6f3 A. t $ *A p (Waseda University Publications Dept.), Teisei zOho Dai Nihon jidaishi 1T - - it B' PC s (History of Japan by periods, revised and enlarged), 1TSky7, Waseda Daigaku Shuppambu, 1915-16, 12 v. This series was republished in 1926-27 under the title Nihon jidaishi (History of Japan by periods) in 14 volumes. It is a collaborative effort of history professors at Waseda University. The approach is popular and by now somewhat outdated. But the series can be of value for the somewhat original interpretations of political and cultural affairs which it contains. 721. Yuzankaku /;4t ^ ti, Dai Nihonshi koza X k tat fb (Japanese history series), Tokyo, Yuzankaku, 1928-30, 18 v. One of the less satisfactory of the multiple-volume series on Japanese history. Ten volumes are devoted to a period analysis of Japanese history, the remainder to topical histories covering foreign relations, diplomatics, religion, customs, thought, Japanese history through Chinese sources, and a chronology. Each volume is by a different author. The general approach and the style of writing are overly formal. 722. Gendai Nihon bummeishi -i A - DaPR (History of contemporary Japanese civilization), T6kyo, TUyu Keizai Shimposha, 1940-44, 18 v. A series of topical histories covering the development of Japan from the Restoration period to the time of publication (roughly 1853-1940). Each volume is written by an expert in a particular field of history. The general level of the entire series is high despite the fact that it came out during a period of limited academic freedom. 723. Yanaihara Tadao * lt' /i-. - /a, ed., Gendai Nihon shoshi - ' V I }' - (Short history of modern Japan), TokyU, Misuzu ShobU, 1952, 2 v. These two volumes edited by the president of Tokyo University present six chapters on Japanese history, politics, economics, law, labor, and education from the Meiji Restoration to the present. Writing is of a high quality and the treatment is well balanced. Chapters are undocumented but reading lists are appended. 724. Honda Tatsujir-o 4 } / i - P, Hanami Sakumi it -, T, and Sakai Yuzuru:,: At., Isetsu Nihonshi -.t 0 - -P- (Divergent theories on Japanese history), Tokyo, Y'uzankaku, 1931-33, 25 v. An extremely useful series worthy of more general recognition than it has received to date. It is especially valuable for Western students of Japanese history. The contents of the volumes are arranged as follows: 1-12) biographies; 13) historical monuments and temples; 14) myths; 15-16) battles; 17) government; 18) economics; 19) society; 20-21) religion; 22) arts; 23) historical documents; 24) general interpretation; 25) index. Each volume consists of a series of articles each of which is devoted to some controversial aspect of Japanese history. The editors cite major theories and theses, quoting from books and

Page  85 SURVEY HISTORIES 85 articles to present various sides of each controversy. Each article thus consists of a resume of the chief scholarship concerning some important figure or incident in Japanese history. 725. Iwanami koza: Nihon rekishi,,!. 4I _ / ' E5 t (Iwanami series on Japanese history), To'ky, Iwanami Shoten, 1933-35, 18 cases. The most ambitious of the "lecture series" publications. The work was prepared under the general editorship of Professor Kuroita Katsumi. Each case contains between five and ten pamphlets written on specific problems of Japanese history by selected specialists. The entire range of Japanese history from early times to the end of the Meiji period is covered. Generally for each period of history one pamphlet provides a survey, others deal with more limited topics. Contributors are well-established historians of the academic schooL Social and economic developments receive scant attention. The general level of scholarship is high. Unfortunately, there is no general table of contents or index. Thus it is extremely difficult to locate material. Articles are unannotated. As a reference history, however, it is of great value. 726. Nihon Kindaishi Kenkyukai 0 L! f ' I- 5 _ t, Kindai hyakunenshi J f-' i _ 4 _ (History of the last hundred years), TokyU, Kokusai Bunka Johosha, 1951-. 727. Kindai Nihon rekishi koza j. ~I' 4-, /, tJ (Series on contemporary Japanese history), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, 1939-40, 6 v. A series of general political histories covering Japan's development from 1868 to the 1920s. Volumes include: The Korean problem and the Satsuma rebellion (Tanaka S'goro); The liberal movement anrd the parties (Suzuki Yasuz-); The first Diet and treaty reform (Shizutani Hakuji); The Sino-Japanese war (Matsushita Yoshio); The Russo-Japanese war (Hori Makoto); and The Taisho political shift (Kyoguchi Motoyoshi). 728. Shigeno Yasutsugu _t - f, Kume Kunitake A P ',. and Hoshino Hisashi IT A t-, K'Ohon kokushigan o4... (Draft survey of Japanese history), Tokyo, Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku Shigakkai, 1890, 7 v. An historically important work by three pioneer historians of modern Japan. 729. Waseda Daigaku Shuppambu ~ T- lk X T I W *P (Waseda University Publications Dept.), Kokumin no Nihonshi l / -, B 4+ / (A popular history of Japan), T5kyo, Waseda Daigaku Shuppambu, 1922-23, 12 v. More popularly written than the other Waseda history series (Entry 720), this work is nevertheless of value for the rather free interpretations given to Japanese history by its several authors. Kana are supplied at the side of characters to aid in reading. 730. Nihon bunkashi D k. *. Z t (Cultural history of Japan), Tokyo, Daitokaku, 1922, 12 v. An outdated but still valuable survey of Japanese cultural history by twelve outstanding scholars. The volumes are divided according to standard period divisions as follows: 1) Ancient period (Ando Masatsugu); 2) Nara (Nishimura Tamenosuke); 3) Early Heian (5ta Akira); 4) Mid-Heian (Nishioka Toranosuke); 5) Late Heian (Takeoka Katsuya); 6) Kamakura (Ryo Susumu); 7) Namboku (Nakamura Naokatsu); 8) Muromachi (Uozumi Sogoro); 9) Azuchi and Momoyama (Hanami Sakumi); 10) Early Edo (Shirazawa Kiyoto); 11) Late Edo (Kiyohara Sadao); 12) Meiji (Tokinoya Tsunezaburo). The volumes are of unequal quality but the series stands as one of the best interpretive surveys of Japanese history. The series was republished in 1941-42 by the Naigai Tosho K.K. under the title Nihon shin-bunkashi. 731. Nihon bunkashi taikei t f i. L.. (Survey of Japanese cultural history), Tokyo, Seibundo Shinkosha, 1937-42, 12 v. The most useful general history of Japan for the survey historian. The series covers Japanese history from early times to the end of the Taisho period (1925). Each volume treats a period in Japanese history and is divided into sections dealing with politics, economy, society, religion, literature, customs, and foreign relations. Each of these sections is written by an expert on the subject. A large number of high-ranking historians contributed to the series, and while individual articles are unannotated each is quite authoritative. The work is profusely illustrated. 732. Nihon gendaishi zensho I - TL a ' It ' tZ (Complete series on contemporary Japanese history), T5ky?, Mikasa ShobU, 1941-45. This series complements the Nihon rekishi zensho (Entry 737) series issued by the same publisher. Sixteen volumes were projected. At least nine were issued before the war intervened to stop publication. These cover the following subjects: Meiji Restoration, contemporary politics, economics, continental policy, agricultural policy, southward expansionism, religion, education. Each volume is separately titled and is by an expert in his field. 733. Todai Rekishigaku Kenkyikai - X1 '- ~ - ' (Tokyo University Historical Research Society), Nihon rekishigaku koza E) + E- r,, _ (Lectures in Japanese history), Tokyo, Gakusei ShobU, 1950, 284 pp. Based on a series of lectures given during 1947 at Tokyo University under sponsorship of the Rekishigaku Kenkyukai, this volume supplements the work entitled Nihon shakai no shiteki kyumei (Entry 738). Writers are mostly the same, but individual essays differ. 734. Nihon rekishi kgza 8 4- TR- t'- v (Japanese history series), T'Ikyo, Kawade Shobo, 1952-. A postwar series of short essays on Japanese history similar to the Iwanami series (Entry 725). Eight volumes are contemplated. These cover: 1) historical theory; 2) archaic history; 3,4) middle ages;

Page  86 86 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 5,6) modern history; 7) contemporary history; and 8) the teaching of history. Each volume contains a general survey essay, several essays on particular aspects of the period, and a series of biographies of leading historical figures. Writers are leading "progressive" historians of the postwar period. Most essays are well documented. 735. Endo Motoo A_ - j, ed., Nihon rekishi no kosei to tenkai 0 R - [ e F J' A c[ $ (The structure and development of Japanese history), Tokyo, Koronasha, 1948, 315 pp. An introduction to the study and analysis of Japanese history edited by End' Motoo. Chapters deal with periodization, social and economic structure, structure of the state and politics, Japan's world view, Japanese ideology, and Japanese characteristics. Each chapter is plentifully documented. 736. Endo Motoo i, v 7A- ~, Nihon rekishi ny'umon a _ JE? X (Introduction to Japanese history), T1kyo, Mikasa Shobo, 1941, 369 pp. A guide to the study of Japanese history consisting of chapters contributed by a number of competent scholars. Part 1 discusses major turning points in Japanese history with chapters by Nakamura Kichiji, Okubo Toshiaki, Matsumoto ShimpachirU and others. Part 2 deals with historical methodology (see Entry 669). Part 3 discusses Japan's place in world history. This work is credited with giving birth to much of recent Japanese historical scholarship. 737. Mikasa Shobw _ = IL Nihon rekishi zensho (Complete series on Japanese history), Tokyo, Mikasa ShobU, 1939-. Twenty-four volumes were planned in this series, though the war prevented the publication of the last three or four. Each volume covers a period of Japanese history or some specific field. The following are some of the outstanding volumes: General cultural history of Japan (EndU Motoo), Japanese medieval history (Watanabe Tamotsu), Japanese modern history (Kitajima Masamoto), The sheen system (Imai RintarZ), The refeudalization of Japan (Nakamura Kichiji), and Japanese Confucianism (Mampa Masatomo). Other volumes cover archeology, capitalism, arts, thought, the contemporary period, technology, and foreign affairs. The series as a whole is of high quality. Individual volumes carry extensive lists of suggested readings. 738. Rekishigaku KenkyUkai A- ~ 't 't f; (The Historical Science Society), Nihon shakai no shiteki ky~imei Q t )- I t eR _ v (Historical study of Japanese society), Ti' kyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1949, 340 pp. This volume contains eight essays by postwar materialist scholars such as Nezu Masashi, Ishimoda Tadashi, Hayashi Motoi, Hani GorS, and others. Articles by Furushima Toshio on "Feudal characteristics of Japanese agriculture" and Maruyama Masao on "The ideology of the Meiji state" are outstanding. The last fifty pages are devoted to a bibliographical essay on Japanese social, economic, and intellectual history. 739. Nihonshi B0 a (History of Japan), Tskyo, Heibonsha, 1935-36, 3 v. These are volumes 12, 13A, and 13B of the Sekai rekishi taikei (Survey of world history). The three volumes present a running history of Japan. Volume 1, edited by Nishioka Toranosuke, covers ancient times to the Kamakura period; Volume 2, edited by Akiyama Kenzo, the middle ages; Volume 3, edited by Inobe Shigeo, Tokugawa and Meiji Japan. Each volume brings together chapters by a number of scholars dealing with the political, cultural, social, and economic aspects of Japan's history. Quality of scholarship is high and the social and economic development of the Japanese people is well handled. Chapters conclude with lists of recommended reading. One of the best of the general surveys of Japanese history. 740. Shigakkai t T /' (Institute of Historical Science), Nihonshi gaikan 1 * _. I_. (Outline of Japanese history), Tokyd, Yamakawa Shuppansha, 1950, 347+17 pp. Written by Sakamoto TarT, HUgetsu Keigo, and eight other members of Tokyo University's historical association, this work represents the "new history" views of the conservative faction of Tokyo University historians. The work, prepared for middle school use, is simply but well written. An index is provided. 741. Izu Kimio If '4S ', Nihonshi nyumon a I -? - J (Introduction to Japanese history), Tokyo, Seikisha, rev. ed., 1950, 270 pp. First published in 1947, this work presents seven introductory essays on Japanese history from primitive times to the present. Writers are all of the Marxist school and include Tama Seita, Ishimoda Tadashi, Shinobu Seizaburo, and Moriya Fumio. The last is a member of the Communist party. Emphasis is on socio-economic development. There is an appended annotated bibliography of reference works. 742. Nijisseiki Nihon bummeishi -t- e 0 _ 4- P R,_ (The history of Japanese civilization during the twentieth century), TukyU, Jiji TsUshinsha, 1950-, 10 v. A series covering the last fifty years of Japanese history from ten different aspects. The first volume entitled Seiji gojUnen (Politics during the last fifty years) is by Oyama Ikuo. Other similarly titled volumes cover: economics (Sakisaka Itsuro), social tbught (Maruyama Masao), literature (Kataoka Yoshikazu), education, art, science, music, drama, and sports. The general quality is high. 743. TUyama Shigeki e - ' "A ^ T and others, Sekai no rekishi, Nihon T- - fiE- B. 1 (History of the world, Japan), TokyU, Asahi Shimbunsha, 1949, 3+352+10 pp. A short survey of Japanese history from early to recent times by several members of the Minshushugi Kagakusha Kyo-kai (Association of Democratic Scientists). The emphasis is on interpretation of the major problems of Japan's social development such as the structure of Nara society, feudalism, the nature of the Tokugawa control system, etc. There is an index.

Page  87 SURVEY HISTORIES 87 744. Nakamura KIya ' I't ' t., ed., Shinko Dai Nihonshi #fT T-, t_ (New lectures on Japanese history), T1ky YUlzankaku, 1941-43, 11 v. Of much more value than the earlier series published by Yuzankaku (Entry 721), this series assembles contributions by some of the ablest of pre-World War II historians. Unfortunately, only 11 out of 18 projected volumes were completed. Five volumes cover the history of Japan by periods from ancient times to 1926. Each of these is by an individual author. The remaining volumes present collaborative coverage of the history of Japanese legal institutions, economy, thought, literature, and art. 745. Shin-Nihonshi * + - (History of new Japan), Tokyo, Manchoho-sha, 1926-27, 5 v. An encyclopedic history of Japan from 1868 to 1925. Volumes are devoted to: 1) politics, law, foreign affairs, military affairs, communications; 2) trade, commerce, industry; 3) education, religion, literature, art; 4) the sciences, labor, sports, amusements, etc. Each volume contains essays covering a multitude of subjects by individual experts. 746. Nishioka Toranosuke flb 1N) J eg p, ed., Shin-Nihonshi koza -f e o t* ~ /a (New series on Japanese history), Tokyo, Chu-5 Kronsha, 1947-. A new lecture series comparable to the older Iwanami series (Entry 725). In comparison with the prewar work, this one draws on contributions from the younger so-called "progressive" historians. Titles of pamphlets are not dictated by the old political and cultural categories but originate in the newly popular theories of class structure and economic development. Problems of ancient slavery, Asiatic absolutism, feudal development, growth of capitalism, the modern revolution, the emperor system, modern absolutism, feudal remnants in modern Japan, etc., are some of the points of departure for the individual pamphlets. By summer, 1952, 12 cases containing over 60 pamphlets had been published. This series gives excellent coverage of the new theories developed in recent years by the younger Japanese historians. It can be used to good advantage to complement the older Iwanami series. 747. Shin-Nihonshi taikei Oft p T, ~, (New survey of Japanese history), Tokyo, Asakura Shoten, 1952 —. Six volumes are projected for this series which will cover: 1) emergence of the Japanese state; 2) ancient society; 3) middle ages; 4) modern society; 5) the Meiji Restoration, and 6) contemporary society. Each volume contains four or five lengthy essays on general aspects of the period. Writers are drawn from the conservative school and include Wakamori Tarn, Takeuchi Rizu, Toyota Takeshi, Kodama KIta, Horie Yasuzo, lenaga Saburo, and Okubo Toshiaki. This series is especially valuable for its balanced writing. Essays are documented. Each volume contains a chronology of main events and an index. 748. Sgo Nihonshi taikei it )Z J X (Synthetic survey of Japanese history), Tokyo, Naigai Shoseki K. K., I926, 8 v. The most scholarly of the multi-volume surveys of Japanese history. It is regrettable that the volumes covering the pre-Nara, Kamakura, Muromachi, and Restoration periods were never published. The eight completed volumes deal with the following periods: Nara (Nishioka Toranosuke), Early Heian (Kawakami Tasuke), Late Heian (Sakurai Hide), Namboku (Uozumi SUgora), Azuchi Momoyama (Hanami Sakumi), Early Edo (Kurita Mototsugu), and Late Edo (Tatsui Matsunosuke). Emphasis is on political and cultural history with little attention to social or economic affairs. Each volume is unusually well annotated with references to primary and secondary materials. 749. Taikan Nihon bunkashi sensho.K VB Q; j t_ L. ~4 (Survey of Japanese cultural history series), Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 1940, 19 v. A valuable series written by top-ranking cultural historians of the immediate prewar period. The following are some of the titles and authors of the individual volumes: Outline of cultural history (Nakamura Koya), Thought (Kiyohara Sadao), Confucianism (Takahashi Shinji), Christianity (Shimmura Izuru), Agriculture (Ono Takeo), Bushido (Hashimoto Minoru), Customs (Ema Tsutomu). Most of the volumes carry valuable lists of suggested reading. The general quality is high and many of the individual volumes constitute the best introductory survey available on the subject. c. Illustrated Histories 750. Kishiro Shuichi * t-' 1i- -, Nihon bunkashi zuroku d L.. { ~ m (Illustrations of Japanese cultural history), Tokyd, Shikai Shobo, 1938, 28+240+221 pp. The most useful one-volume illustrated history of Japan. Plates cover archeological objects, architectural monuments, art objects, and documents. The end of the book contains a brief but stimulating outline of Japanese cultural history with plate numbers integrated with the text. Plates are somewhat small but clear. 751. Kokushi daizukan [( W f. l{i it (Illustrated compendium of Japanese history), Tokyo, Yoshikawa K6bunkan, 1932-34, 6 v. Representing the collaborative efforts of a number of foremost historians this series brings together an impressive collection of illustrative material on Japanese history. Volumes 1-5 each cover a major period of Japanese history. Plates include historic sites, buildings, art and craft objects. Each plate is followed by an explanatory page. Volume 6 deals with customs and clothing. Each volume contains an index to plates. 752. Nishioka Toranosuke tf li) / _ Bj, Shin-Nihonshi zuroku fr ~. '. i I (New illustrated history of Japan), Tokyo, ChU5 K'ronsha, 1952, 2 v. The latest and most satisfactory of the illustrated histories.

Page  88 88 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 753. Tokyo Daigaku Shiryo Hensansho T.K, - t * t.'T(Tokyo University Historiographical Institute), E de miru Nihonshi, t B 3 B i. (Japanese history seen through pictures), Tambaichi, Naraken, Ytokusha, 1949, 2 v. A carefully edited selection of illustrations covering all aspects of Japanese history. Volume 2 contains lucid explanations and interpretations of the illustrations contained in volume 1. 754. TOy1 Bunka Kyokai M Pt t t- /' (Oriental Culture Association), Rekidai bunka kikokushi taikan E A' ~ IL _ D (] x _ (A visual survey of Japanese cultural history through the ages), Ttkyo, Toy' Bunka Kybkai, 1934, 94+720+116 pp. This work presents in chronological order photographs of historical relics and of reconstructed scenes from the past. A number of plates reproduce the annual Jidai Matsuri (Festival of History) of Kyoto. Coverage is from ancient times through the Meiji period. Each plate is given a full annotation on the facing page. There is an index. d. Source Books 755. Haga Koshir~o - ~ t a *f, Shiryo ni yoru Nihonshi kenkyu Z f -- l: 3 8!_ a T (The study of Japanese history through primary sources), TVkyo, Ikeda Shoten, 1951, 124 pp. This work written for beginning Japanese students is of special value because of its careful explanations of the materials presented. The author selects primary sources from documentary collections as well as from the popular literature of each period. These are translated into modern Japanese, annotated, and explained. 756. Kuroita Katsumi, I }/ &, Shiryo tekiroku kokushi gaikan - * ~ * 1 f ( -t # *(Documentary survey of Japanese history), Ttikyo, Yoshikawa KSbunkan, 1936, 381 pp. The right-hand pages of this survey reproduce selected historical documents used by Professor Kuroita in the preparation of his Kokushi no kenkyU. The selection is overly restricted, and there are no explanatory comments. 757.~Maruyama Jiro. =- *, Ky'ju shiry' Nihonshi yosetsu. t. =f t ' - WL (An outline history of Japan with instructional documentary materials), T1kyU, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1949, 425+10 pp. The author worked with Kuroita Katsumi in editing the Kokushi taikei (Entry 397) and aided in the preparation of the Shiryo tekiroku kokushi gaikan (Entry 756). This work is arranged similarly to Kuroita's with running text on odd pages and documents on even. The selection is much more satisfactory, however. The author provides a bibliographical index to the primary sources quoted. 758. Okubo Toshiaki k t 1X -1 *l. and others, Shiryo ni yoru Nihon no ayumi 4, I=j B r e (A documentary history of Japan), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1951-. The first volume of a proposed multi-volume documentary history of Japan. This volume covers the postRestoration period. It presents selected documents on the development of the modern Japanese state, the constitution, capitalistic expansion, international affairs, internal political movements, cultural affairs, etc. Marginal tabs indicate important facts found in the documents. 759. Tokyo Daigaku Shigakkai 4 g- ) T 'W t ' (Tokyo University Institute of Historical Science), Shiryo Nihonshi a _ p - L (A source book of Japanese history), Tokyo, Yamakawa Shuppansha, 1951-52, 2A useful, chronologically arranged collection of Japanese historical documents for use by college instrucv. tors. 3. LOCAL HISTORY AND HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY Material on Japanese local history is extremely voluminous but is seldom of a general survey variety. The bulk of such writing occurs in two specialized forms: either as 1) scholarly articles in such journals as Rekishi chiri, Rekishi to chiri, Shakai keizaishigaku, and other localized journals; or as 2) prefectural, district, city, or village histories. Such local histories have a long tradition in Japan beginning with the fudoki IL ~t _,(local gazetteers) of the eighth century. During the Tokugawa period (1600-1868) nearly every major feudal domain ordered the writing of official local histories and gazetteers. Besides these, large numbers of histories, descriptions of customs, guides to famous spots, and records of local production or topography were prepared privately by local scholars or publishers. After the Meiji Restoration these Tokugawa works became the basis of modern histories and gazetteers produced by various local historical associations. Today nearly every pre-modern province, every modern prefecture, every major city, gun (district) and even an occasional village has a history or gazetteer to its credit. Such works are somewhat old fashioned in their methodology, but they nevertheless remain as important repositories of factual information not only on local institutions in general but on such diverse subjects as Japanese foreign relations, the life of special groups such as merchants or minorities, and pre-modern feudal administration and economic organization. When used properly they can be of considerable use to even the general historian. Because of the great volume of such material, only a few of the most significant local histories have been listed below. The reader is referred to the bibliographies of HonjU Eijird (Entries 10 to 12) for a more complete list. Since World War II the establishment of prefectural universities and the government's attempt to decentralize education in Japan have stimulated new activity in the local history field. On the one hand several series of local histories for higher school use have made their appearance. The Shakaika ky:do shiriizu (Social science local community series) (Entry 778) is published under Ministry of Education sponsorship and proposes to print 46 volumes on local communities in Japan. On the other hand, professors in the new prefectural universities are applying the skills of centrally trained historians to the study' of local materials. The

Page  89 SURVEY HISTORIES 89 result has been the publication of numerous local studies of high technical quality. The founding in 1950 of the Committee for the Study of Local History (Chihoshi Kenkyu Kyogikai) illustrates the growing importance of local history in Japan today. 760. Aichi-ken * Up i40 (Aichi Prefecture), Aichi kenshi | CD Aft t (History of Aichi Prefecture), Tokyo, Yoshikawa K5bunkan, 1935-40, 5 v. A detailed history of the important prefecture of Aichi which has Nagoya as its central city. Edited by Kuroita Katsumi and EndU Masao, it maintains a high standard of scholarship. Volume 1 covers the early history up to 1600. Volume 2 deals with the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). Volumes 3-4 treat the post-Restoration period up to 1926. The last volume contains historical sources. 761. Chiri Kyoiku KenkyUkai e 4i K f f _ a (Society for the Study of the Teaching of Geography), ShUraku chirigaku rombunshUl t - me t -o - s (Collected essays on village geography), T'kyol, Chirikydiku Kenkyikai, 1935, 5 v. A collection of articles by recognized Japanese authorities on such topics as: The nature of the Japanese village, castle towns and villages, Tokushu buraku, cities and geography, etc. 762. Fujita Motoharu -. ^ _ tL, Nihon chirigakushi 0 - L I t (History of geographical studies in Japan), TVkyU, TokU Shoin, 1932, 442+50 pp. A collection of individual essays on early local gazetteers, maps, and the development of geographical knowledge in Japan. 763. Fukushima shigaku kenkyIr U a t sir (A study of the history of Fukushima), Fukushima, Fukushima-ken Shigakkai, 1951. A scholarly history of the Fukushima area. 764. Hokkaid'-chU.L A 5- I )j (Hokkaido Territorial Office), Shinsen Hokkaid-oshi ff1 -. i it - - t (New history of Hokkaido), Sapporo, HokkaidU-chu, 1936-37, 7 v. Volume 1 is a general survey of Hokkaido history. Volumes 2-6 contain a more detailed history and original documents. Volume 7 is made up of genealogies, chronologies, and an index. This work is extremely important for the study of early Japanese relations with the Russians. 765. Ishikawa-ken b) "') * (Ishikawa Prefecture), Ishikawa kenshi, ii_ * (History of Ishikawa Prefecture), Kanazawa, Ishikawa-ken, 1927-33, 5 v. A local history of the area around Kanazawa. The area is of special significance as headquarters of the Kaga domain in feudal times. This history, used in conjunction with the Kaga-han shiry' (Entry 417). affords a most complete coverage of one of the key geographical areas of Japan. Volume 1 covers the pre-Tokugawa era. Volumes 2-3 deal with Tokugawa government, economics, and culture. Volume 4 treats the Meiji period. The last volume deals with geography and contains reprints of ancient local gazetteers. 766. Kagoshima-ken, % A. (Kagoshima Prefecture), Kagoshima kenshi,/ it j e _(History of Kagoshima Prefecture), Kagoshima, Kagoshima-ken, 1939-43, 5 v. An historical survey of an important area of feudal Japan and one which gave leadership to the Meiji Restoration. This work was edited by Kuroita Katsumi, senior historian of the last generation in Japan. Volume 1 covers the period up to 1600. Volumes 2-3 offer a detailed description of political, economic and cultural institutions of the period from 1600 to 1877. Volume 4 completes the historical coverage to 1935. Volume 5 contains charts, tables, and historical sources. 767. Koda Shigetomo t E A'., Edo to Osaka a E 7A (Edo and Osaka), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1934, 333+14 pp. A lively description of the cities of Edo and Osaka and the trade which flourished between them during the 17th through 19th centuries. Several chapters of this book have been translated by Neil S. Smith, Tokugawa Japan, Tokyo, 1937. 768. Kyoto no kenkyu _ sp y JT _ (Studies of Kyoto), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1931, 116 pp. [=Keizaishi kenkyu (Studies in economic history), special issue, no. 19]. Scholarly articles deal with the economic development of Kyoto from the fourteenth to twentieth centuries. 769. Kyoto Shiyakusho, $ip _;L t'f (Kyoto City Office), Kyoto shishi t_ /p p I (History of Kyoto), Kyoto, Kyoto Shiyakusho, 1944-. A detailed chronological and documentary history of Kyoto. Of the volumes published so far the map supplement (1946) is of special interest. 770. Nagasaki shishi - O[ il I (History of Nagasaki), Nagasaki, Nagasaki Shiyakusho, 1935-38, 3 v. Divided into sections on the city, relations with Oriental nations, and relations with Westerners, this work combines both collected source materials and excellent interpretive articles by Japanese scholars. The work is of great importance for the study of Japan's foreign relations from 1568 to the end of the Tokugawa period. Editors included such well-known scholars as Murakami Naojir- and Yano Jin'ichi. 771. Okayama Shiyakusho '] -' ' {- A (Okayama City Office), Okayama shishi 19 aL p _ (History of Okayama), Okayama, Okayama Shiyakusho, 1936-38, 6 v. A standard and detailed history of the Okayama area from early times to the time of writing. The work is heavy on statistics and extracts quoted from local archival materials. Volumes 1-2 deal with place

Page  90 90 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS names and Okayama history up to the seventeenth century. Volumes 3, 4, and 5 cover the Tokugawa period. Volume 6 deals with the Meiji period and brings coverage down to approximately 1930. 772. Osaka no kenkyu. K f i g; L (Studies of Osaka), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1931, 106 pp. [=Keizaishi kenkyi (Studies in economic history), special issue, no. 15]. Scholarly articles deal with the economic development of Osaka since the Restoration. 773. Usaka shishi ) Z Pk t (History of Osaka), Osaka, Osakashi Sanjikai, 1911-15, 8 v. Edited by Koda Shigetomo, this series consists of two volumes of narrative history, four volumes of documentary materials, one of index, and one of plates. The historical section covers the development of the city from archaic times through the Tokugawa. Economic growth of the city is dealt with in great detail. Documents are drawn largely from the Tokugawa period. Plates depict old maps, charts, plans, and drawings of the old castle, etc. This work is particularly important for the light it sheds upon the development of the Osaka merchant community. 774. Sakai Shiyakusho )l- - ". F[ (Sakai City Office), Sakai shishi 4 t_ (History of Sakai), Sakai, Sakai Shiyakusho, 1929-31, 8 v. A voluminous history of one of the most important port cities of pre-modern times. The editor was Miura Kaneyuki, one of the best known scholars of the 1920s. Volumes 1-3 deal with the history of Sakai from its origins to the time of writing, describing the development of political, economic and cultural institutions. Emphasis is on the 14th through 19th centuries. Volumes 4-6 contain historical materials, volume 7 deals with persons and religious institutions, and volume 8 comprises an index and chronology. 775. Sekai chiri taikei, Nihon -tI -- - K,. 0 - (A survey of world geography, Japan), Tokyo, Kawade Shobd, vol. 2 of the series, 1951, 5+327+19 pp. A clearly written synthetic geography of Japan edited by Ishida Tatsujiro and Watanabe Akira. Part 1 deals with the natural environment of the Japanese people. Part 2 treats social forces such as population, production, land use, etc. Part 3 consists of a regional treatment of Japan's geographical, economic, and social problems. Separate chapters are written by individual specialists. Each chapter is followed by a bibliographical list. 776. Sendai Shishi Hensan Iinkai 0- J O. I - | 4 (Committee for the Compilation of the History of Sendai), Sendai no rekishi 1fLs o i- Am (History of Sendai), Sendai, Sendai Shiyakusho (Sendai City Office), 1949, 222 pp., separate maps. Compiled by a group of scholars at work on the voluminous Sendai shishi (next entry), this work is an abridged history of the city of Sendai and its surrounding territory. One-half of the volume deals with the Tokugawa period, another third with the development of the city since 1868. The treatment is extremely detailed yet at the same time arranged to give a clear picture of the development of local political, economic, and social institutions. 777. Sendai Shishi Hensan Iinkai H- v ~ 44. 4- @ 4, Sendai shishi A4, I i (History of Sendai), Sendai, 1949-. Scheduled to run to ten volumes, this series constitutes one of the best city histories to come out of postwar Japan. It is being compiled by scholars of excellent repute. The abridged history (see previous entry) published by the same group gives some idea of the scope of the finished series. 778. Shakaika kyTdo shiriizu ~.f / * } -- _ (Social science local community series), Tokyo, Shimizu Shoin, 1949, 46 v. A series of local community studies covering most prefectures and large cities. Written for students below the college level, the studies nonetheless contain a great deal of factual material in extremely usable form. While they are not historical in approach, they describe many local features or peculiarities which have historical origins. Sections in each volume treat such subjects as geography, demography, rural areas, cities, natural resources, industry, communications, natural disasters, local culture, and political institutions. 779. Tokyo Shiyakusho * -' If Ifs f (Tokyo Municipal Office), Tokyo shishi ko - 1. TJ. f (Draft history of Tokyo), Tftky6, Hakubunkan, 1911-. Sixty-six volumes of this series had been published by 1940. The work is divided into several topical sections as follows: the imperial castle, the city, water works, the port and bay, relief, disasters, parks, graveyards, etc. Each chapter begins with an introduction and then cites original sources in chronological order. Coverage is from early times to the end of Meiji, but the Tokugawa years are naturally the fullest. There are a great number of illustrations and charts. 780. Yamaguchi-ken Bunkashi Hensan Iinkai ak. Dt e v it - 7- / '(Committee for the Compilation of the Cultural History of Yamaguchi Prefecture), Yamaguchi-ken bunkashi a a it l. t _ (Cultural history of Yamaguchi Prefecture), Yamaguchi, 1951-. An excellent history of Yamaguchi Prefecture written with a modern interpretive approach. Volume 1 (688 pp.) is a general history from prehistoric times to the middle of the Meiji period. Subsequent volumes will contain historical materials.

Page  91 SURVEY HISTORIES 91 781. Yanagida Kunio tiP (t t~, Chimei no kenkyu;t (, ~ ~,(A study of place names), Tokyo, Kokon Shoin, 1936, 368 pp. Contains a great deal of miscellaneous information on place name origins. Chapters are entitled: legends and place names, geography and place names, history and place names, place name origins as derived from reclaimed land, branch villages, and shoen. There is an index. 782. Yokohama shishi-ko ~, St p -; (Draft history of Yokohama), Yokohama, Yokohama Shiyakusho, 1931-33, 11 v. Divided into sections on administration, temples, shrines and churches, customs, education, geography and production, this work assembles a great deal of material vital to the study of early Western trade with Japan. Volume 11 is an index. 783. Yoshida Togo- w f -_, Chiriteki Nihon rekishi -_ -T- t 6 ~ - K (Japanese history from the geographic point of view), Tokyl, Nambokusha, 1914, 476 pp. This work treats the history of Japan from early times to the time of writing giving special emphasis to the influence of geography upon the course of history. Each chapter takes a separate phase of Japanese history: political, economic, military, literary, etc. A revision of this work was prepared by Yokoi Haruno in 1929. 784. Yoshida Togo - W E 1^ -, Nihon rekishichiri no kenkyiu B f _ 4 _ t. A 9 ' x, (Studies in Japanese historical geography), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1923, 1011 pp. Selected essays of Japan's foremost historical geographer. Essays deal with: levee work and flood control, Musashi during the Nara period, maritime rights in the Inland Sea, the Kamakura manorial system, and many other subjects. 785. Y'zankaku At~ X J, Kybdoshi kenkyu koza p _ j t a_ b, (Series on the study of local history), TokyU, Yu'zankaku, 1931-32, 15 v. A collection of unscholarly essays on regional history and geography. Essays treat local materials, history of shrines, villages, etc., but tend toward folkloristic subjects. 4. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORIES Biographical literature is plentiful in Japan but exists mostly in the form of individual studies. Because of the limited scope of individual biographies they have been excluded from this bibliography and will be listed in the more detailed historical bibliographies which follow. The present list includes a few modern and premodern sources which consists of retsuden, collected biographies. 786. Hotta Masaatsu ir As _- t^c, Kansei choshfl shokafu T. T- it fl ~ ~ t (Kansei collated genealogies), TkylE, Eishinsha, 1917, 9 v. Prepared at official shogunate request during the years 1799-1812, this work gives genealogies of the families of all daimy' and officers of the Tokugawa government. Of special value are the lengthy notes on the official careers of each individual. An index to this work is provided in Tokushi biy' (Entry 233). 787. Hotta Shozayu;: D D Ad X- * and Kawakami Tasuke 1I' -- f -P, ed., Nihon ijin genko shiryo Ta;* 4 A t I- lT (Materials on the words and lives of eminent Japanese), Tokyo, Kokushi Kenkyukai, 1915-17, 24 v. Collected autobiographies, biographies, and writings of daimyo and scholars of the Tokugawa period. 788. Honda Tatsujir 4- * / k — - tpand others, Isetsu Nihonshi I E3 - ~ _ (Divergent theories on Japanese history), T1kyU, Yuzankaku, 1931-33, 25 v. Volumes 1-12 of this series are devoted to divergent interpretations of famous historical individuals. (See Entry 724 for a fuller annotation. ) 789. Iida Tadahiko /& a t.- 4, Dai Nihon yashi; 0, ' t 9 (Unofficial history of Japan), 3rd ed., TUkyo, Zuihitsu Taisei Kanko-kai, 1930, 6 v. Completed in 1853, this work is an "annals and biographies" style history of Japan from 1392 to the beginning of the nineteenth century. The lives of emperors, consorts, court nobles, feudal lords, priests and scholars are related in great detail. References indicate the use of primary sources. There is an index. The work is written in Kambun. 790. Ruiju denki Dai Nihonshi Af V 1 It L;r t. (A biographical history of Japan), Tokyo, Y'zankaku, 1934, 15 v. This series contains biographies of eminent Japanese from early times to 1926. Volumes are classified as follows: 1) Court nobles, 2) Shogun, 3) Daimyo, 4) Loyalists (largely of the Restoration), 5) Generals, 6) Artists and craftsmen, 7) Priests, 8) Shinto priests, 9) Authors and poets, 10) Men of moral integrity, 11) Meiji political figures, 12) Modern industrialists, 13) Eminent modern naval officers, 14) Eminent modern army officers, 15) Women. Each volume carries lengthy biographies of the most outstanding figures and ends with a short biographical dictionary of lesser known individuals. 791. Saeki Ariyoshi L fib ~y W K-tei hyochu rikkokushi._ A1T,T- P t I- t_ (The six national histories collated and annotated), Toky, Asahi Shimbunsha, 1931, 11 v. The Rikkokushi (Six national histories), written between 712 and 901, cover Japanese history from earliest times to 887. They comprise the most complete source of biographical information for the Nara and early Heian periods. This modern edition has an index.

Page  92 92 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 792. Toin Kimisada 'i] at Z X, Sompi bummyaku A f W (Genealogies of main and branch families), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1903-04, 12 v. A voluminous collection of genealogies of the chief noble and feudal aristocratic families. Considered the most authoritative reference work on the subject. An index was published by the same publisher in 1924. 793. Tokugawa Mitsukuni l — "I )t [ and others, Dai Nihonshi 0. ~e J (History of Japan), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1900-17, 13 v. Known as the Mito history of Japan, this work is written in the Chinese dynastic history style of annals, biographies, and essays. The work covers Japanese history from early times to 1392. In the modern edition volumes 1-5 contain imperial annals and biographies. Text is written in Chinese but a Japanese translation by Yamaji Aizan L F~ |9- j, entitled Shakubun Dai Nihonshi and published in the Daishiso zenshu (1929-30) is available. 5. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Survey histories of political institutions in Japan are for the most part far from satisfactory. Most works of this type are hardly more than political histories. Their analyses of the development and articulation of Japanese government are rudimentary and generally incomplete. To obtain a picture of the origin and growth of Japanese administrative institutions, the distribution of political power, and the actual functioning of the various organs of Japanese government, the historian must consult a wide variety of works. These should include studies of the various stages of political development from the early clan period, the period of sinicized bureaucracy, the period of feudal-military rule, modern constitutionalism and absolutism, as well as works on various governmental institutions: the state, the emperor, the bureaucracy, administrative and legal devices, etc. It is only through such a composite reading that a satisfactory history of Japanese government and politics may be obtained. The following section includes selected works in most of the categories which the historian of political institutions will wish to consult. They should be augmented, however, by the listings under socio-economic systems included in Chapter 6, Section c of this part. As usual the emphasis in the following selection has been on works relating to the pre-Restoration period, though certain representative works on the post-Restoration era have been included in each category. Those whose chief interest is modern government and politics will find fuller coverage in Robert E. Ward's A Guide to Japanese Reference and Research Materials in the Field of Political Science. a. Political History As stated in the previous paragraphs, much of the survey literature in Japanes history is actually written in the form of political history. Pre-modern works in the Chinese tradition as well as products of the Tokyo University's modern geschichtswissenschaft school of historiography are largely concerned with history as seen through the deeds of rulers and the events of government. For this reason many of the best works in the field of political history are to be found among the general survey histories previously listed in Chapter 2, Sections a and b of this part. Outstanding among early works in this category are Kuroita Katsumi's Kokushi no kenk y (A study of Japanese history) (Entry 695) and the S'go Nihonshi taikei (Synthetic survey of Japanese history) (Entry 748). Both are largely descriptive in their approach but contain a wealth of detail. Later survey histories of the prewar period were less detailed but attempted a greater degree of analysis chiefly through the eyes of the economic historian. Recent Japanese political historians have been inclined to pay more attention to the problems of political power structure and political movements. Unfortunately, no good general survey has come out of the postwar period, as most contemporary scholars prefer to specialize in limited fields. The collected views of many such specialists will be found, however, in a number of the more recent historical series, particularly in the Shakai k~seishi taikei (Comprehensive outline of the history of social structures) (Entry 1156). The pioneer attempt to write a history of political institutions rather than a mere political history was made by Imanaka Tsugimaro in his Nihon seijishi taiko (Outline of Japanese political history) (Entry 795). Like most products of prewar scholarship, this work takes a primarily static view of governmental structure. Postwar historians have attempted to analyze more fully the forces behind change and development of Japan's political institutions, often, however, with the aid of Marxist theories of political dynamics. Their views are most readily accessible in the various historical series of recent origin and in the symposium published by the Rekishigaku Kenkyukai entitled Kokka kenryoku no shodankai (Stages of national power) (Entry 796). 1) General 794. Hosokawa Kameichi.] pI "_ j, Nihon seijishi At; _ _(History of Japanese politics), Tokyo, Nank-sha, 1939, 14+286 pp. A general political history of Japan from early times to 1890. The work is organized by periods; within each period subsections treat political theories, concepts of national polity, political structure, and administrative practices. 795. Imanaka Tsugimaro ' N / i, Nihon ishi t aik (Outline of Japanese political history), To'kyo, Nankosha, 1936, 495 pp. A pioneer attempt to study the history and development of political institutions in Japan. Sections are given the following titles: the clan state, the imperial state, the feudal state, the people's state. There is an index.

Page  93 SURVEY HISTORIES 93 796. Rekishigaku KenkyUkai,E. Z " F 5-_ ^- (Historical Science Society), Kokka kenryoku no shodankai A % it 9 a' 7t- (Stages of national power), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1950, 144 pp. A summary of the 1949 annual meeting of the society, this work contains a large number of brief reports on studies and theories on the various stages of Japanese national development from ancient times through the feudal period until modern times. 797. Sato Kiyokatsu It_., -+ 0-, Dai Nihon seiji shisbshi X B O K D E.,(History of Japanese political thought), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Seiji Shisoshi Kankokai, 1939, 2 v. An interpretation of the development of Japanese political philosophies with emphasis on the central position of the emperor. 798. Shakaishugi Kyoiku Kyokai It /t I_ t' i A fT - (Socialist Education Society), Nihon Seiji no henkaku katei s i; a. i.1- - (The process of change in Japanese government), Tokyo, Sangensha, 1948, 222 pp. [=Shakaishugi koza (Series on socialism), v. 1]. Contains essays by a number of contributors. 799. Uchida Shigetaka 1* s p_, Nihon shakai keizaishi B +?.~- 7 A * (A social and economic history of Japan), Ttkyi, Bun'eed, rev. ed., 1940, 354 pp. This work is actually a political history of Japan with emphasis on governmental structure at various stages of Japanese social and economic development. 800. Watanabe Tamotsu;){ i'!- f,. and Takahashi Shin'ichi Z -f Bi -, Nihon no seiji 4k;;' (Japanese politics), Tokyo, Keisetsu Shoin, 1940, 16+155+137 pp. A standard political history of Japan from early times to the Meiji period. 801. Yoshino Sakuzio f e._, Seijishi ffAX. 5!,(Political history), Tokyo, Bunshinsha, 1926. The chief work of one of the pioneer political scientists in Japan. The book is based on the author's lectures in Japanese political history at Tokyo University. 2) The Taika Reform and the Sinicized Bureaucracy Prior to the end of World War II the standard interpretations of the Taika Reform (645 A. D.) and the sinicized bureaucracy of the seventh through twelfth centuries were found in the major historical series, particularly in the Iwanami koza: Nihon rekishi (Iwanami series on Japanese history) (Entry 725) and the ~Sgo Nihonshi taikei (Synthetic survey of Japanese history) (Entry 748). Both contain works by accepted prewar authorities such as Nishioka Toranosuke, Kawakami Tasuke, and Sakamoto Taro. The following list presents a limited selection of works of leading postwar scholars in the field of ancient political institutions. Among them Ishimoda Tadashi and Toma Seita represent the new school of Marxist interpreters. Recent scholarship in this field has attempted to formulate a more comprehensive explanation, in terms of social, economic, as well as political forces, of the Taika Reform and the bureaucratic government which resulted from it. Thus, while the relationship of state to aristocracy and state to the serf class is dealt with in great detail, comparatively little is written upon the actual articulation of the post-Taika bureaucracy. 802. Inoue Mitsusada * _- j_ 4, Nihon kodaishi no shomondai E A ~ at' E_ a ~ Jo (Problems of ancient Japanese history), Tokyo, Shisakusha, 1949, 358 pp. Contains seven essays dealing with the ancient be, the Yamato state and its military policy, the clan system, and the Taika reform. 803. Ishimoda Tadashi e -a- F ED-, "Kodai makki no seiji katei oyobi keitai t fS' $ AL J a " s_. &A iA t " l'.- (The development and structure of political institutions during the late ancient period)," in SHokai koseishi taikei s- / j t' T i, (Series on the history of social structures), TOkyo, NihosHyoronsha, 1950-51. The most accessible of the many works by a prolific and influential intellectual Marxist. The work analyzes the political structure of Japanese society during the Heian period as the aristocratic bureaucratic government gave way to feudal institutions. 804. Kitayama Shigeo t- - \ A', Naracho no seiji to minshiu 4 - i q i a., f t (Government of the Nara period and the people), Kyoto, KIto5 Shoin, 1948, 251+30+9 pp. Contains five chapters dealing with changes in administration and life of the people occasioned by the Taika reform. 805. Sakamoto Taro i_& 4 K i, Taika kaishin no kenkyu. ita l? f_ % n L(A study of the Taika reform), Toky5, Shibundo, 1938, 606+26 pp. The standard analysis of the political, social, and economic history of the Taika Reform by the director of the Tokyo University Historiographic Institute. 806. Toma Seita -W P _t *, Nihon kodai kokka E > i4 ' V ' (The Japanese nation in ancient times), Tokyo, It5 Shoten, 1946. An influential work on the early Japanese aristocratic state. The author is primarily interested in the position of the cultivator class which he compares to the slave class of ancient Europe. In Japanese society, however, the village and patriarchal family were the foundations of the state. There was little individual slavery as in Europe but rather a village-centered communalism.

Page  94 94 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 807. Watanabe Yoshimichi A -p A, i@,, Nihon kodai shakai B 4 P '~ S (The society of ancient Japan), Tokyo, Mikasa ShobU, 1947, 200 pp. First published in 1936, this work describes the structure of ancient Japanese society. 3) Military Rule and the Shogunal System The period of shogunal rule, from the twelfth to nineteenth centuries, has been studied chiefly in terms of the broader feudal institutions of the times. Works on Japanese feudalism will be found listed in Chapter 6, Section c 3 below. Among historians specializing in the feudal period, however, a number have given primary concern to the structure of military government. Of the older historians, Shimmi Kichiji, RyU Susumu, Maki Kenji, Nakamura Naokatsu, Takigawa Masajiro, Endo Motoo, Nakamura Kichiji, and Kurita Motoji are the most widely accepted today. Their works are most readily available in the standard prewar historical series. Since the war, outstanding contributions to the field of feudal government have been made by Sato Shin'ichi whose specialty is the Kamakura shogunate, Watanabe Seisuke who specializes in the Ashikaga shogunate, and Ito Tasaburo whose chief concern is the Tokugawa shogunal system. 808. Ishimoda Tadashi 5 -- D I ~L, Chuseiteki sekai no keisei V d ' -t M - " '(Formation of the medieval world), Tokyo, Ito Shoten, 1950, 475 pp. A representative and influential work of the Marxist school which explains the emergence of feudal military rule in Japan through an analysis of the changing pattern of land holding. The author uses detailed studies of four locales as the basis of his generalizations. 809. Ito Tasaburo i ~ ~ -; "Bakuhan taisei A? - $'1 (The structure of the bakufu)," in ShinNihonshi koza lT 6 f ' (New series on Japanese history), Tokyo, ChUH Koronsha, 1948, v. 1. A lucid exposition of the establishment and structure of the Tokugawa system of government by a specialist in the rise of the modern daimy. 810. Shimmi Kichiji f I ~, Buke seiji no kenkyu ' % i> > n. (Studies in military administration), Tokyo, Chubunkan Shoten, 1936, 301+19 pp. This work contains three famous works by a pioneer student of Japanese feudal government: 1) "Nihon ni okeru buke seiji no rekishi (The history of feudal military rule in Japan)," originally written in German for the University of Leipzig in 1911; 2) "Kamakura Muromachi jidai no kosaku seido (Tenancy system of the Kamakura-Muromachi periods)"; and 3) "Nanushi no kenkyu (Study of landowners). " Essays are copiously annotated. Professor Shimmi's interpretations are based on thorough research, and in many instances have made academic history. 811. Sato Shin'ichi 4f- * A -, "Bakufuron # / O- (Treatise on the bakufu)," in Shin-Nihonshi koza Ir E it it ~ (New series on Japanese history), Tokyo, ChMU Koronsha, 1949, v. 7. The most accessible of the many works by one of the most active medievalists of Japan. The author describes the establishment and development of the Kamakura bakufu, its political and legal institutions. 812. Watanabe Seisuke X iaz ~- }, Muromachi jidaishi t mT p' J' t (History of the Muromachi period), Tokyo, SUgensha, 1948. 4) The Meiji Restoration Unquestionably no aspect of Japanese history has been more vigorously studied or hotly debated than that of the Meiji Restoration. Interpretations of the Restoration have differed widely and continue to divide the Japanese scholarly world. Roughly speaking, it is possible to distinguish three main groups of interpreters: those who emphasize the political nature of the Restoration, those who stress the importance of foreign influence upon Japan, and those who analyze the Restoration as a social and economic revolution. Each of these groups in turn has developed numerous refinements. The officially favored view of the Restoration, prior to the end of World War II, was that of a political restoration of power to the emperor, a view most characteristically expressed in the works emanating from the Office for the Compilation of the Restoration Documents, (see Entry 818). Emphasizing the political aspecWs of the Restoration, yet more realistic in its treatment of political movements and motivations, is the work of the great legal and constitutional historian, Osatake Takeshi. Analysis of the foreign influence upon the Restoration is characteristically handled by Inobe Shigeo (Entry 816). Widest divergence has existed among those who see the Restoration as an economic and social revolution. So great has been the controversy of interpretation among this group that several entire books have been written on the history of the controversy alone. Early writers in this group were the pioneer economic historians such as HonjU Eijiro, Tsuchiya Takao, Nakamura KIya, and others who emphasized the economic aspects of the collapse of the Tokugawa regime. During the late 1920s, however, Japanese historians began to expand the scope of their study of the Restoration to include comparisons with European revolutionary movements and social and economic developments. The impact of Marxist thought gave impetus to this line of approach and added ideological fervor to the divisions of opinion concerning the nature of the social participation in the Restoration, or of the stage of economic maturity Japan had reached in 1868, or of the nature of the Japanese capitalistic state. A pioneer writer in the Marxist tradition was Hani Goro. After the publication in 1932-33 of the Nihon shihonshugi hattatsushi koza (Series on the history of the growth of capitalism in Japan) (Entry 1032), the Japanese academic world became divided into two camps. The rUno (Farm-labor) group, taking its name from the journal RUno (Entry 610) and under the leadership of Tsuchiya, considered the Restoration a bourgeois revolution and explained the authoritarian nature of post-Restoration Japanese society as due to the persistence of feudal remnants. The koza (Lecture series) group including Hani, Noro

Page  95 SURVEY HISTORIES 95 Eitarn,' Yamada Moritaro, Hirano Yoshitaro, Hattori Shiso and others who had published in the above series, advanced the concept that the Restoration was basically a movement towards absolutism and that modern Japanese capitalism was by nature semi-feudal and authoritarian. This basic division in interpretation continues to exist, though fewer adherents of the rono group are found today. (For further remarks on this controversy see the preface to Chapter 6, Section c 4 below.) The outstanding work on the Meiji Restoration to come out of post-World War H Japan is Toyama Shigeki's Meiji Ishin (Meiji Restoration) (Entry 822). This work not only synthesizes the views of earlier scholars but in its preface and appendix narrates the history of the scholarly controversy on the Restoration and provides excellent bibliographic notes. Toyama's interpretation of the Restoration as a movement towards political absolutism is now fairly generally accepted. Other works bearing on the Meiji Restoration period will be found listed in Section 6, c 4. 813. Hani Goro ' -i- -, Meiji Ishin oa >A ft fr (Meiji Restoration), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1946, 177 pp. A reprint of the controversial article first included in the Iwanami historical series (Entry 725). 814. Hattori Shis-o 8 ~ i_ ^, Meiji Ishinshi 06 S-,;t *ff t (History of the Meiji Restoration), T1kyo, Ueno Shoten, 1929, 237 pp. Reprint of the author's essays contributed to the Marukusu shugi koza (Series on Marxism), this work has become a classic among the Marxist interpretations of the Restoration. 815. Hirano Yoshitaro ff A kP, Burujoa minshushugi kakumei 7-^ " - i~ t A -. O (The bourgeois-democratic revolution), T6kyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1948, 324 pp. Collected essays on "democratic revolutions" in Europe and Japan by a leading intellectual Marxist. Articles deal with the decline of Tokugawa feudalism, the rise of the early Meiji democratic movement, the rise of Japanese nationalism, etc. 816. Inobe Shigeo 4t. i. At, $, Ishin zenshi no kenkylf Ojt l. XT L _ (Studies in the historical background of the Restoration), Tokyo, ChUbunkan Shoten, 1935, 4+17+546+16 pp. A chronological study of Japan's foreign relations from the 1750s to the Restoration. 817. Irimajiri Yoshinaga X 3 +} l, Meiji Ishinshi kenkyu no hatten P A!,*j- +l it,' ^ 9_ - (Development of the study of the Meiji Restoration), T6kyo, D6bunkan, 1949, 199 pp. A detailed study of the bibliography of the Restoration together with an analysis of the major theories concerning the Restoration. 818. Ishin ShiryU Hensan Jimukyoku,.t4 4 ~ 4-~ ^A *. R T~ ) (Office for the Compilation of the Restoration Documents), Gaikan Ishinshi 4t A, ff * t._ (Introduction to the history of the Restoration), TokyU, Meiji Shoin, 1940, 881+65 pp. A one-volume abridgement of the same office's six-volume history of the Restoration. This work is extremely detailed in its coverage of political maneuvering behind the Restoration. There is little interpretation but the approach is emperor-centered. 819. Osatake Takeshi,;_ ~t - T _, Meiji Ishin A,~ t jf (The Meiji Restoration), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, 1942-49, 4 v. A work terminated by the author's death, this study nevertheless represents one of the most informed and unbiased studies of the Restoration. The author is an academician rather than a theorist. The four volumes were published as part of the Kindai Nihon rekishi koza (Entry 727). 820. Shibuzawa Eiichi o t- ' -, Tokugawa Keiki-ko-den I.) "I ' X f-(Biography of Prince Tokugawa Keiki), Tokyo, Ryumonsha, 1918, 8 v. More than a biography of the last shogun, this work casts valuable light on the history of the Restoration period. 821. Shigakkai T_ T, Meiji Ishinshi kenkyu D X,,,f Of L '.t (Studies on the Meiji Restoration), Tokyo, FuzambU, 1929, 823 pp. Contains 27 interpretive articles on all aspects of Restoration history by members of the Tokyo University Institute of Historical Science. Most of the well-known "academic" historians are represented. A special feature of this work are the two bibliographical articles, one on Japanese and one on Western sources. 822. Toyama Shigeki i. A' f t, Meiji Ishin 9,flJ ' t - (The Meiji Restoration), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1951, 7+368+8 pp. An outstanding interpretive work on the Meiji Restoration. Emphasis is on political causes underlying the Restoration which the author traces from the time of the Tempo reforms. The driving force of the Restoration, according to the author, is the trend toward political absolutism. The work is copiously documented and concludes with a valuable bibliography and an index. 823. Watanabe IkujirU 'L> i 0' -D p, Meijishi kowa p~ p L ~t ji (Lectures on the history of the Meiji period), TLkyU, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1936, 373 pp. A traditionalist view of the Restoration and early Meiji politics.

Page  96 96 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 5) Constitutionalism and Political Parties The political history of Japan since 1868 has been abundantly studied in reference to the legal background of the establishment of the constitution and to the public activities of individual parties. More discerning studies of the actual operation of constitutional government or of the pressure groups or interests behind party activity have been slow to appear. The following list contains some of the outstanding prewar sources on Meiji and Taisho politics together with representative works of leading postwar scholars in the field such as Oka Yoshitaka, Royama Masamichi and Shinobu Seizaburo. Two men whose names do not appear below, because they have as yet contributed little in the form of book-length publications, are Maruyama Masao and Toyama Shigeki. Both have established themselves through their research as outstanding interpreters of recent Japanese politics. Students of the politics of this period will also find a great deal of useful material in such collections as Shimbun shusei Meiji hennenshi (Chronological history of the Meiji era compiled from newspapers) (Entry 406) and the Meiji bunka zenshu (Complete collection on Meiji culture) (Entry 400). 824. Aono Gon'emon - f 4~ t i (f, Nihon seito hensenshi B a; It - ~ _(History of changes in Japanese political parties), Tbkyo, Ankusha, 1935, 10+346 pp. A chronological treatment of the development of modern Japanese political parties from 1874 to 1932. The work assembles texts of party programs, pronouncements, speeches of party leaders, etc. 825. Fujii Jintaro i- 4- -F tp, Nihon kempo seiteishi B 4- *- - 4 V.-._(History of the establishment of the Japanese constitution), TUcy, Yzankaku, 1929, 2+6+312 pp. This work discusses the historical background of the constitutional movement in Japan. Part 1 covers the subject from early times to the end of the Tokugawa, and describes concepts of the roles of the several social classes in government. Part 2 covers the Meiji constitutional movement to 1890. 826. Hayashida Kametaro' 1- RI [ ", Nihon seitoshi 4D - 0 t. 't - (History of Japanese political parties), Tbokyo, Dai Nihon Yubenkai Kodansha, 1927, 2 v. A detailed history of the development of political parties in Japan from 1867 to 1926. A great deal of factual material together with quotations from party literature and political speeches makes this work a valuable reference. But it is weak on interpretation and critical analysis. For a work which carries on from 1926 see Entry 833. 827. Oka Yoshitake I/) ~' A\, Kindai Nihon no keisei Q.~ it' / * - -, ^T (The formation of modern Japan), Toky6, Kobundo, 1947. 828. Osatake Takeshi. t — S tA-, Nihon kenseishi taik~o Q R. 4 -,. (Outline of Japanese constitutional history), Tokyo, Nihon Hy'ronsha, 1938, 2 v. The most detailed of Osatake's numerous treatments of the constitutional movement of the Meiji period. The work is based on the extensive use of primary sources and gives a step-by-step analysis of the stages through which Japan's post-Restoration government passed in its movement toward constitutionalism. 829. Utsu Jun'ichirt X, By 4- - P, Dai Nihon kenseishi AX e 4. K _ (Constitutional history of Japan), Toky', Hobunkan, 1927-28, 10 v. A voluminous chronological history of Japanese government and politics from 1867 to 1926. Each major political or constitutional event is discussed in great detail. Extensive quotations are made from primary sources. Statistical tables give information on Diet sessions, rosters of officers, etc. 830. Royama Masamichi /tv a i, jt, Seijishi At -i _ (Political history), Tokyo, T-oy Keizai Shimposha, 1940, 476 pp. [-Gendai Nihon bummeishi, v. 2]. This work by one of Japan's foremost political scientists gives a detailed and unbiased coverage of Japanese political history from 1868 to 1932. 831. Shinobu Seizabur6o 1 - 5 _ ip, Meiji seijishi by, a / I (Political history of the Meiji era), Tokyo, Kenshinsha, 1951. 832. Shinobu Seizaburo f- K i P, Taish6 seijishi o J_ ~,, ~ (Political history of the Taisho era), Tokyo, Kawade Shob6, 1951-53, 4 v. Volume 4 of this work contains an excellent detailed bibliography covering the author's entire research. 833. Shiroki Masayuki 6 - -s- _i, Nihon seitoshi Q -- K t O (History of Japanese political parties), Tokyo, Chuo KIronsha, 1949, 327 pp. An analysis of Japanese political parties and their activities from 1925 to'the Suzuki cabinet of 1945. 834. Suzuki YasuzU. - A - ', Jiyuminken E, 4 (Popular rights), Tokyo, Hakuydsha, 1949, 494 pp. An analysis of the "Popular rights" movement during the Meiji period. 835. Suzuki Yasuz ' ^ ' - -4- d, Kempo no rekishiteki kenkyu.;; a 9_ t t (Historical study of the constitution), Tokyo, Sobunkaku, 1934, 487 pp. An interpretive study of the Meiji constitution and its promulgation. The work discusses influences which helped to shape the constitution, the views of Japanese officials, and popular opinion regarding the constitution, contemporary scholarly views on the constitution, and the actual operation of the constitution.

Page  97 SURVEY HISTORIES 97 6) Absolutism, Nationalism, and Fascism While the politics of Japan's ultra-nationalistic expansion was almost totally neglected prior to the termination of World War I, there has been a rash of material on this subject since the war. Much of this work has appeared as revaluations of the emperor system; these are listed in Section c below. The following list includes a few of the better knpwn analyses of nationalism and fascism in Japan. 836. Asada Koki $: w A t;$ and Nakamura HideichirZo t I - p, Nihon fuashizumu no shomondai 6 7 r -, A z ~ pi, "(Problems of Japanese fascism), T1kyU, Iwasaki Shoten, 1949, 231 pp. 837. Hattori ShisU C J t,E., Zettaishugi-ron It - _ ~. t (Essays on absolutism), Tikyo, Getsuyo Shobo, 1948, 230 pp. The author, one of the leading interpreters of the Meiji Restoration, develops the thesis that postRestoration Japan represented a refeudalization of Japanese socio-political structure; after a brief struggle for freedom, the masses of Japanese society were subdued under a new absolutism similar to that of feudal times. 838. Kada Tetsuji Do i -, Nihon kokkashugi no hattatsu se * e L i i - ^ i (The development of Japanese nationalism), Tokyo, Keio Shobo, 1938, 390 pp. A scholarly discussion of the origins and growth of nationalism in Japan from Tokugawa times. The author emphasizes the role of the Meiji leaders in consciously fashioning a new emperor-centered patriotism and concludes with the Kokusui (ultra-nationalistic) movement of the thirties. 839. Kaino Michitaka;' 1 i )., Boryoku-Nihon shakai no fuasshizumu kiko - Z - B Y-, 77 -y/ >- 4 A- 4A (By force-Japanese society and the structure of fascism), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1950. 840. Kawano Kenji E f =-, Zettaishugi no k-ozo. ~.: ^ A(The structure of absolutism), T5kyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1950, 266 pp. An analysis of Japan's modern absolutist government and the movement towards fascism. 841. Suzuki Takeo 4 M;', At and others, Nihon teikoku shugi koza 0 E 3 f tL - ^ /_ (Series on Japanese imperialism), Tokyo, Hakujitsu Shoin, 1949, 8 v. A rather mediocre series of essays, many of them highly biased, on problems of Japanese imperialism. Some of the titles are as follows: history of Japan's imperialistic government, labor movements and the communist party, nationalism, military diplomacy, general crisis and depression, the imperialist state and finance, credit, land, agriculture, commerce and trade. 842. Nihon Keizai Kiko Kenkyusho D p it 5' ' }_ y T (Institute for the Study of Japanese Economic Structure), Nihon kokka dokusen shihonshugi no k-ozo e i E j ^ 6 X ~ E (The structure of Japanese national monopoly capitalism), TokyU, Aoki Shoten, 1948. b. The State and National Polity (Kokutai) The ideological core of Japan's prewar nationalism was found in the concept of national polity (kokutai), the classical expression of which was presented in the Ministry of Education's Kokutal no hongi (The true meaning of national polity) (Entry 849). Prior to the termination of World War II many historians lent their energies to the creation of a historical rationale around the concept of kokutai. Little has been written on the subject of the state and kokutai since the war. Most revisionists have concentrated their attention on the institution of the emperor, for which works see Section c below. 843. Higo Kazuo Z it i %f, Nihon kokka shisU D 4- t ' 4. w -(Theories of the Japanese nation), Tokyo, Kobundo, 1940, 171 pp. An historical analysis of the development of Japanese theories of state. Chapters cover the mythological basis, imperial system, influence of Buddhism, feudalism, Meiji and post-Meiji developments. 844. Hiramatsu Ichizu + Al i A, Kokkaron W 6 AD (Essay on the nation), Tokyo, 1936, 196 pp. An analysis of the concept of sltate and nationalism, its theoretical bases, the nature of the state, contemporary theories of state, patriotism, the Japanese empire. 845. Ito Chimazo '4 8- T _ _-, Nihon kokutai semmeishi D 4- 1 PP t (Explanatory history of the Japanese polity), Tokyo, Hobunkan, 1926. 846. Kiyohara Sadao - A.. i t, Kokutai ronshi 1| -- - (History of the theory of national polity), TokyU, Toyo Tosho K.K., 1939, 8+252 pp. An historical survey of the development of the Japanese concept of emperor and national polity. 847. Kuroita Katsumi.- t - 4, Kokutai shinron (j ift r ~ (A new essay on national entity), Toky', Hakubundo, 1925, 265 pp. This is a somewhat nationalistic analysis of the Japanese theory of state by one of Japan's foremost historians. Chapters deal with the establishment of the Japanese people, early theocratic government, divinity of the emperor, the rights of the people, the principle of harmony, Japanization of Buddhism, Bushido, breakdown of.the Japanese system, and restoration of "the original work of Emperor Jimmu," i.e. the Meiji Restoration.

Page  98 98 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 848. Maki Kenji. l^ -, Nihon kokutai no riron aB /o fr- 3 9;t(The theory of Japanese national polity),,TkyU, Yuhikaku, 1944, 20+582+10 pp. An analysis of the historical background of the development of Japanese ideas of state, the emperor, and the position of the citizen by an expert on feudal law. Chapters deal with national polity as expressed in Japanese history, Japanese characteristics, national polity and the family system, feudal military rule and national polity. 849. Mombusho. -O; (Ministry of Education), Kokutai no hongi 1f 9 4- ^' (True meaning of national polity), TOkyo, MombushU, 1937, 156 pp. The official expression of the ideas of national polity and the duties of the citizen, prepared for use as a school text. Chapters deal with the establishment of the state, imperial virtues, the special nature of the Japanese subject, harmony, truth, unity of religion and state, imperial mission, etc. In a conclusion Japan's special characteristics are contrasted with those of the West. An official commentary by Miura Tosaku 5,'? i Hi entitled Kokutai no hongi seikai J Af (Tokyo, Toyo Tosho, 1937, 387 pp.) is helpful in reading the many difficult passages in the original. An English translation also exists. See R K. Hall, Kokutai no Hongi, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1949. c. The Emperor The aura of mystery and authority built around the emperor since the Restoration of 1868 has given rise to a voluminous literature on the history and institutional status of the Japanese sovereign. Objective analysis of this subject prior to 1945 was naturally taboo, and such a courageous scholar as Minobe Tatsukichi suffered for his advocacy of the theory that the emperor was an organ of constitutional government. Since the lifting of these taboos after 1945, there has appeared a flood of revisionist literature directed at the institution of the emperor. Much of it has come from the pens of Marxist writers and is extremely bitter. The following list attempts to include both the more authoritative and useful of prewar works on the emperor system together with some of the more sober postwar publications. 850. Akamatsu Keisuke z, t- ^, Tennosei kigen shinwa no kenkyu;z & V '1 — I -_- T-t /f ^ f: (Study of myths concerning the origin of the emperor system), Tokyo, Miwa Shorin, 1948, 176 pp. An iconoclastic study of the mythological traditions of the emperor system by a specialist in Oriental archeology. 851. Meiji TennU B; /. ~ _ (Emperor Meiji), Chokuyu s -t (Imperial rescripts), Tokyo, Rikugunsho, 1882. Important utterances of the Meiji emperor which became the basis of much of modern Japanese political development and helped shape Japanese political behavior. 852. Higo Kazuo RE Yf *p p, Tennoshi;. _ 6 (History of the emperor), Tokyo, FuzambU, 1950, 343+ 6 pp. A relatively impartial and factual treatment of the origins and history of the emperor system. Chapters are entitled: origin, the emperor as a court noble, the emperor and the feudal warrior class, the emperor in modern (Tokugawa) times. The author writes in both the fields of history and folklore studies. 853. Ihara Yoriaki t /t *. 1, KOshitsu jiten O - t- (Dictionary of the imperial house), Tokyo, FuzambU, 1938, 64+372+37 pp. This work is more a series of essays than a dictionary. Such subjects as the emperor, the empress, imperial household, succession, memorials, ceremonies, military powers, festivals, etc., are briefly treated. 854. Ishii Ry-suke e f yp, Tennro K (The emperor), Tokyo, Kobund', 1950, 250 pp. An objective analysis of the origin and development of the emperor system in Japan by an authority on institutional and legal history. 855. Izu Kimio IE._ '4 K, Tennosei no rekishi V )1 9 - B - (The history of the emperor system), Tokyu, Tamba Shorin, 1947, 178 pp. The Japanese emperor system analyzed according to the Marxist formula. Chapters are devoted to the emperor system and Asiatic absolutism, the Meiji Restoration and capitalism. The final chapter deals with contemporary problems concerning the nature and position of the emperor. 856. Kamiyama Shigeo:-, A' a _, TennUsei ni kansuru rironteki shomondai K. I_ V = = t 3 3t i 74 it M l5 (Problems concerning the theory of the emperor system), TokyU, MinshU Hyoronsha, 1947, 246 pp. A partisan criticism by a JCP member of the use of the emperor for nationalistic purposes at the time of and following the Meiji Restoration. 857. Kuroita Katsumi T $ H 5, ed., KIshitsushi no kenkyu t - T - _ fi - (Studies in the history of the imperial household), Tokyo, Higashifushimi no Miya-ke, 1932, 258 pp. Collected essays by ranking historians on the cultural contributions of the imperial household in Japan. Essays treat of the imperial household's relationship to Shinto, social welfare, literature, national morals, etc.

Page  99 SURVEY HISTORIES 99 858. Minobe Tatsukichi it - k, Chikujl kempg seigi i #. i. * A (Article-by-article commentary on the constitution), Toky6, Yihikaku, ed. 2, 1928, 739+13 pp. A fundamental work by one of Japan's greatest students of constitutional law. Professor Minobe developed the theory of the emperor as an organ of constitutional government. 859. Nakamura Naokatsu t * +TA ^ 4, TennU to kokushi no shinten A E- - 4 i, (The emperor and the development of Japanese history), TfkySo Kembunkan, 1934, 410 pp. A study of the influence of forceful emperors such as Uda, Daigo, Goshirakawa, and Gotoba upon the course of Japanese history. The work develops the theme that the emperor is central to Japanese national growth. The author is an authority on the medieval period. 860. Rekishigaku KenkyUkai E- V it z _ ' (Historical Science Association), Rekishika wa tennosei o do miru ka LE t $ t. _ tL I t" 3 " (How does the historian view the emperor system?), Kyoto, San'ichi ShobU, 1949, 187 pp. A symposium of historians' views on sovereignty and sovereigns. Essays discuss the Japanese, British, French, and other systems. Pages 1-115 are devoted to an essay by Inoue Kiyoshi on the history of the Japanese emperor system. This essay expresses the position of the intellectual Marxist school with respect to the Japanese emperor, outlining the concept that the emperor was used first by the feudal warrior class, then by recent authoritarian groups, as a means of dominating the people. 861. Sakamaki Yoshio l ~ ~ lf, Kgshitsu seido kowa t, 1 %. 4 $i (Lectures on the imperial system), Thkyu, Iwanami Shoten, 1934, 369 pp. Discusses the relationship of the imperial house to the people, the state, and to the legal structure of modern Japan, the status of the emperor, court ceremonies, imperial succession, tombs, imperial revenues, special laws and practices of the imperial household, and many other aspects of the emperor system. 862. Shiba Kuzumori 7-, A-, KIshitsu seido v 1 I'| A (The imperial household system), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934, 61 pp. An historical discussion of the emperor as an institution. Parts of the book deal with the throne, the imperial heir, empresses, and the imperial household. 863. Takigawa Masajiru,4 "I1 ' >t itP, Nihon rekishi kaikin B - F / t. A. (Uncensored Japanese history), Tokyo, Sogensha, 1950, 260 pp. The author, an outstanding authority on Japanese social structure, legal history, and slave systems, seeks to dispel the myth surrounding certain aspects of Japanese history. He discusses in objective fashion the formerly taboo subjects of the three sacred treasures, the early slavery system, and the Namboku period, about which traditional attitudes had developed and become part of the nationalistic emperor-centered version of Japanese history. 864. Tanaka S'gorUo 1 t $ f-. trp, Tenno no kenkyu d ~ 9 h ~$ (A study of the emperor), Tokyo, Kawade ShobU, 1951, 318 pp. An objective study of the nature and development of the emperor system during the Meiji, Taisho, and Showa periods. Considerable attention is given to the emperor's post-World War II status, to the emperor as human rather than divine. 865. Teikoku Gakushiin X) T PiL (Imperial Academy), Teishitsu seidoshi,r 't {'1 A. ~ (History of the imperial system), Tokyo, Herarudosha, 1938-45, 6 v. A detailed documentary study of the origin, development, status, and powers of the emperor. Volumes 1 and 2 treat Kokutai (national polity); volumes 3 and 4 deal with the imperial succession; volume 6 concerns the imperial title, honorific names, etc. The general style is chronological and under each subject numerous quotations are cited from primary sources. 866. Teishitsu Rin'yakyoku 1_. * t A A/ (Office of Imperial Estates), Goryochi shik'o Stf V t - (Draft history of imperial estates), Tokyo, Teishitsu Rin'yakyoku, 1938, 416 pp. An authoritative history of the origin and development of imperial estates which were the economic bulwark of the imperial house in Japan. 867. Toda Shintaro t) I,., Tennosei no keizaiteki kiso bunseki t- 1\ ' - ) ~- _ ' [f (Analysis of the economic base of the emperor system), Kyoto, San'ichi ShobU, 1947, 229 pp. A Marxist analysis of the Japanese emperor system and its economic supports. 868. Watanabe Ikujiro?_ i_ Z i. t., Koshitsu shinron y I_ t - (New essays on the imperial household), Tokyo, Waseda Daigaku Shuppambu, 1929, 342 pp. A somewhat eulogistic discussion of the place of the emperor in Japanese society. The author believes all major crises in Japanese history and social development were solved by reference to the throne. 869. Yokota Kisabur;o s.B 1 - a, Tennosei ~ 'I j (The emperor system), Tokyo, Rodo Bunkasha, 1949, 286 pp. A general discussion of the shifting status of the emperor from the Meiji period to the present. An exposition is given of the emperor's position under the old constitution and the changes which the new constitution forced upon the emperor and upon the concept of national polity (Kokutai).

Page  100 100 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS d.. The Court and Bureaucracy For students of pre-Restoration political history, the intricacies of the court and bureaucratic systems in Japan present a constant problem. However, information on ranks, titles, functions, etc., is not difficult to obtain. For reference purposes the antiquarian dictionaries listed in Part II, Chapter 2 c above, together with the Koji ruien (Encyclopedia of ancient matters) (Entry 207) and the Tokushi biyo (Handbook of history) (Entry 233) provide excellent coverage. Analytical works on court and bureaucracy in Japan are less satisfactory. The pioneer and still standard work in this field is Konakamura Kiyonori's Kanshoku seido enkakushi (History of the bureaucratic system) (Entry 872). For the post-1868 period Tanaka SogorO's works (Entries 875 and 876) are as yet the only studies available. 870. Hagino Yoshiyuki t ~ t ~ Z- and Konakamura Yoshikata 14 't 4't 4 ~, Nihon seidotsU a 4 '1 W J (Complete institutions of Japan), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobundo, 1929, 268 pp. First published in 3 volumes, 1889-90, this work is an outline survey of Japanese court, administrative, and military institutions from early times to c. 1890. Besides the. usual coverage of bureaucratic systems, the work touches upon official salaries, census, land tax systems, currency, weights and measures, communications. Though outdated, this work is accurate and still useful. 871. Hashimoto Hiroshi t k tf, Daibukan;, i^' $_ (Great military mirror), Tokyo, Taikosha, 1935-36, 13 v. This work reproduces a number of Bukan (Military mirrors), a type of semi-official register of the feudal bureaucracy during the Kamakura and Tokugawa periods. Volume 1 includes material on the Kamakura period. Volumes up to number 11 cover the period from 1699 to 1869. Volume 12 is an index, and number 13 a supplement. Each Bukan contains rosters of officials arranged in hierarchical order, information on ranks, special privileges, lineage, family crests, domains, fiefs, and various other matters for each official. 872. Konakamura Kiyonori 4' t 4' 4. h, Kanshoku seido enkakushi 't ' i'\I,/ t- _(History of the development of the bureaucratic system), Tokyo, Benkyodo, 1901, 526 pp. A standard descriptive survey of Japanese officials and their functions from early times to the Meiji period. A more popular work by the same author was published posthumously under the title Nihon kanshoku seido enkakushi, Tokyo, Togakusha, 1935, 358 pp. 873. Matsudaira Taro Z T A tp, Edo jidai seido no kenkyu -z t W' 1 '1 /? ' q_(A study of the Edo period administrative system), Tokyo, Bukeseido KenkyUkai, 1919, 1100 pp. The most authoritative study of the Tokugawa shogunate and its bureaucratic organization. The author describes minutely the life of the shogun, the administration of the shogun's private and public affairs, etc. Unfortunately, a second volume which was to deal with organs of local government was never completed. 874. Naimusho Keihokyoku t*7 f- 4 If- /i (Ministry of Home Affairs, Police Office), Ch`fuken keisatsu enkakushi 4 k?. ~.f a i ~ (History of the development of the prefectural police), T6kyI', Naimusho Keihokyoku, 1927, 4 v. A detailed history of the modern Japanese police system. Two volumes are devoted to the Metropolitan Police Bureau and the other two to the history of the police force in each of the prefectures. 875. Tanaka Sogoro E t 7 - i p, Kindai Nihon kanryoshi it V\ s ' 4 t #t _(History of the Japanese bureaucracy in recent times), Tokyo, Toy? Keizai Shimposha, 1941, 479 pp. A historical and analytical discussion of the establishment, function, status, and development of Japan's post-Restoration bureaucracy. 876. Tanaka Sogoro '. s-. - ( p, Nihon kanryG seijishi e '; ~- ' E_(History of Japanese bureaucratic government), Tokyo, Sekai Shoin, 1947, 289 pp. Continues the discussion of Japan's modern bureaucracy down to the World War II period. e. Administration and Law Studies of Japanese administrative practices as distinct from the laws and ordinances which form their basis are seldom found in Japan. Administration must be viewed, therefore, largely in ideal terms through the histories of legal institutions. For pre-Restoration laws the outstanding pioneer authorities were Miura Kaneyuki and Nakada Kaoru, many of whose studies are still standard. In recent years Ishii Ryosuke has dominated this field, and his works are to be recommended both for the general and specialized student. PostRestoration administrative law is such a vast subject that no attempt has been made here to do more than suggest a few standard works. Those whose interest is primarily in the period after 1868 will find fuller coverage in Robert E. Ward's A Guide to Japanese Reference and Research Works in the Field of Political Science. The following works have been divided into two groups, those treating Japanese law and administrative ordinances in general fashion and those devoted primarily to laws and practices governing taxation, land tenure, and forest rights. The second category has a voluminous literature in Japanese, since civil administration prior to the twentieth century was largely concerned with governing the agrarian population, stabilizing land tenure, and assuring the steady flow of the land tax. For both of the following groups, the reader should be reminded that several of the volumes of Koji' ruien (Encyclopedia of ancient matters) (Entry 207), notably those on H'roku (Fiefs and stipends) and Sj (Civil administration), offer valuable material.

Page  101 SURVEY HISTOXRES 101 1) General 877. Hagino Yoshiyuki X Lt- i- and Konakamura Yoshikata A, - I ft J., Nihon seido tsu F - '\1 / ~ j, (History of Japanese institutions), T6kyu, Yoshikawa Hanshichi, 1890, 3 v. An old but authoritative study of Japanese legal and administrative institutions. 878. Hosokawa Kameichi, "'I L T, Nihon hoseishi taik5o 3 & i'\ t. & i(An outline history of Japanese legal systems), Tokyo, Jichosha, rev. ed., 1942, 22+418 pp. An analytical treatment of the development of legal institutions and theory in Japan up to the Meiji period. Emphasis is on the'developmental growth and progress of Japanese law. There is an index. 879. Ikebe Yoshikata,e _ i- -i A, Nihon hoseishi e 5 ~H 1._(History of Japanese law), Tokyo, Hakubunkan, 1912, 1052 pp. A basic study of Japanese legal systems. The author arranges his materials by periods: the period of unwritten law (clan period), sinicised law, feudal military law, and household law. In treating each period he discusses administrative, financial, civil, and criminal law systems. The coverage stops with the end of the Tokugawa period. Emphasis is on pre-Tokugawa systems. 880. Ishii Ryosuke E6 t k J, Nihon hoseishi gaisetsu 0, * '1; tt' W tAn introduction to the history of Japanese jurisprudence), Tokyo, KobundU, 1948, 607+58 pp. This work is recommended as one of the best introductory works on Japanese legal systems written from a contemporary point of view. The work treats the development of legal systems from early times through the Tokugawa period stressing administrative, social, and economic legislation, the tax systems, and civil and criminal codes. The work is well documented and there are 58 pages of index. It is somewhat weak on local legal institutions. 881. Ishii RyUsuke i Ft P, Nihon hoseishiyo a. 1 '1 T.!-(Essentials of Japanese legal history), Tokyo, ShibundU, 1949, 17+337 pp. Pages 297-337 of this standard text contain an exhaustive classified bibliography of modern studies of Japanese legal history. Both books and articles are listed. The author interprets legal institutions in their broadest sense to include such subjects as the manorial and feudal systems, social class systems, and financial, military, and religious institutions. 882. Kobayakawa Kingo ts ' "I - —, Meiji hosei shiron t i, -,:". r f(Essays on the history of Meiji legislation), Tokyo, GanshWda, 1941, 2 v. A detailed survey of Meiji laws and the reasons behind their enactment. The work is divided as follows: volume 1, emperor system, hierarchy, and the constitution; volume 2, the Privy Council, administrative law, civil law, criminal law, the military, and foreign affairs. There is an index. 883. Kokugakuin /~ X 1'u, HUsei ronsan. $'! FI. (Collected essays on legal systems), T0kyo, Dai Nihon Tosho K.K., 1903-04, 2 v. A collection of essays by experts in legal history on the legal institutions of pre-Meiji Japan. Essays cover official posts and functions, court ceremonies, etc. 884. Kumasaki Wataru P_ f _, Nihon hoseishi -; '1 - (History of Japanese legislation), Tokyo, Shukasha, 1936, 431 pp. A well-documented survey of Japanese legal institutions through the Tokugawa period. 885. Maki Kenji T.it -, Nihon hoseishi gairon a 4 - E'1 'g t 4* j (Outline of Japanese legal history), Tokyo and Kyoto, Kobundo, 1948, 542 pp. Covers the history of Japanese legal institutions from ancient times to 1950. 886. Minobe Tatsukichi I 3t -P 1 i A, Nihon gyoseihUo 0a IT iW - (Japanese administrative law), TokyU, Yiuhikaku, 1936-40, 2 v. An excellent, detailed study of modern Japanese administrative law. It treats general concepts of administrative law, basic laws, administrative organization, laws of government corporati.-s, local selfgovernment, factory and welfare laws, public works, finance, and military affairs. 887. Miura Kaneyuki S i )?iT, HIseishi no kenkyZu & f( _ 9 t (Studies in legal history), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1925, 2 v. Volume 1 of this set was first published in 1919. These volumes contain a series of related articles on 'legal history by one of Japan's most respected historians of the last generation. A pioneer student of legal history, his studies in this field have become deservedly famous. Articles treat household law, census and registers, property laws, commercial law, criminal law, the tokusei (cancellation of debts), za (guilds), goningumi (five-man cooperative groups) and many other subjects. There have been numerous later editions of this work. 888. Miura Kaneyuki -. A1 1X) T, Nihon hoseishi l ~- - A; t (History of Japanese legislation), Osaka, SUgensha, 1943, 8+210 pp. A survey of Japanese pre-modern legal systems by an acknowledged authority in the field.

Page  102 102 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 889. Naimusho ChihhSkyoku 11 ff I - P ) (Local Affairs Office, Home Ministry), Minseishiko -. I. (Draft history of civil administration), Tokyo, Naimusho Chihokyoku, 1913-15, 8 v. A basic documentary history of civil administration in Japan from early times to the Meiji period. Individual volumes treat the following subjects: institutions of civil administration, encouragement of production, manners and customs, relief measures, encouragement of virtuous conduct, rule by moral injunction. The general style is chronological with copious quotations from primary sources. 890. Nakada Kaoru t ~ W.., HUseishi ronshiu A; al j. t r (Collected essays on the history of legislation), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1926-43, 3 v. Scholarly studies of Japanese customary law by a pioneer student of legal history. Volumes deal with: 1) family and household law; laws of inheritance and succession; 2) laws of real property; 3) laws of obligation. 891. Nakada Kaoru q' i, ed., Miyazaki Sensei h.seishi ronshU T 4 t t- i; '1 t t _ (Dr. Miyazaki's collected essays on the history of legislation), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1929, 698+53+12+11 pp. The collected essays of Japan's first modern authority on the history of Japanese law. Dr. Miyazaki adopted the German philological approach to the study of law. His analysis of Korean influence on early Japanese law is of special importance. 892. Sumida Shoichi 1- D 1_ -, Nihon kaihoshi E l Yf- 't ~ (History of Japanese maritime law), T5kyo, GanshSdo, 1928, 462 pp. A documentary chronological history of laws governing Japan's maritime relations from the twelfth century to the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. 893. Suehiro Izutaro * Yi, X A, ed., Gendai hogaku zenshu 5Q. 't A T i (Complete series on contemporary jurisprudence), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1928-31,.39 v. A monumental collection of essays by 60 authorities covering all phases of modern Japanese law. Essays treat administrative and constitutional law, civil and criminal procedure, commercial, labor, and insurance laws, and many other related subjects. This series is the best single source of information on modern Japanese law. 894. Takikawa MasajirZU 5I9 "I it- 4 -1, Nihon hoseishi S 4- j t W\. (History of Japanese legal systems), TokyU, YtUhikaku, rev. ed., 1930, 42+616+50 pp. A survey of Japanese legal institutions by an expert on social class structure. The work is divided into four parts: 1) early law, 2) sinicised law, 3) feudal law, 4) Westernized law. Under each period the author discusses origins of legal systems, administrative law, criminal procedure, and popular customary law. Source materials and methodology are discussed but there is no documentation. 2) Land, Taxation, and the Peasantry 895. Inoue Kazuo * t- t ~., Nihon tochihoshi > * -t A t (History of Japanese land law), T'kyo, Nihon Hori KenkyCikai, 1943, 373 pp. A discussion of the origins and development of Japanese land law. The work concludes with a chapter on the problems of contemporary land law. 896. Fujita Goru iv -b- P, Kinsei nosei shiron i.t!t % _ it L p(Historical essays on agricultural administration in early modern times), 1TkyU, Ochanomizu ShobU, 1950, 193 pp. A collection of technical articles on the nature of feudal land tenure in Japan with special emphasis on the stratification of landlord and tenant classes among the peasantry. The author draws many comparisons with European institutions. 897. Jimbunkagaku Iinkai /-. $- -~ I- / (Cultural Science Committee), Tochi seido no kenkyU i- A |I 7, d ft t (Studies in land systems), Tobky, Hakujitsu Shoin, 1948, 176 pp. A symposium of lectures and field reports on Japanese land systems by a number of authorities. Of special interest are the reports on historical field studies conducted in agricultural and fishing villages and the analysis of land-tax systems in northern Japan. 898. Kamada Masatada - ID l- --, Nihon nochi shomon no kenkyu D ' -% ~ - ^ -; r (A study of Japanese agricultural land documents), Tb'kyU, Gansh&d- Shoten, 1944, 23+825 pp. A fundamental study of records of sale and alienation of agricultural land from the Nara through the Tokugawa periods. The work makes extensive use of primary documentary materials. Technical and archaic terms are defined. 899. Katsu Masanori f*- - -,. Nihon zeisei kaikakushi 0 4 } ~\ C, E-(History of Japanese tax reform), T1kyU,1 Chikura ShobU, 1938, 395 pp. A discussion of tax problems and reform measures in Japan from 1868 to the time of writing. The author emphasizes the causes behind the various changes in the tax laws. 900. Nakamura Kichiji T 1t A >;, ed., Tochi seidoshi kenkyu j_ t- ~'| fs. & ~ (Studies in land systems), T0kyU, HUkei ShobU, 1948, 320 pp. A collection of well-documented essays by several scholars on Japanese land systems from ancient to present times.

Page  103 SURVEY HISTORIES 103 901. NoshUmushU j% r] 4 X (Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce), Dai Nihon noseishi X B 2 # k 0 — k (History of agricultural administration in Japan), T1kyo, Bungei Shunjusha, 1932, 866 pp. This work is a reprint of Oda Kanshi's 'i w t~ z_ Dai Nihon nbsei ruihen k. f,,s (Classified documents on agrarian administration), published in 1897. Documents-'are classified under such headings as: census and inspection, festivals, officials, legal systems, taxes, types of field, labor duties, stock raising, forests, fishing, etc. Coverage is chronological from early times through the Tokugawa period. 902. Nonaka Jun T f -, comp., Dai Nihon sozeishi - s, a - jt L -, (History of Japanese taxation), TUkyU, Chyo-kai, 1926+27, 3 v. Originally published by the Ministry of Finance in 1882-85. This work is largely a chronologically arranged classified collection of documentary excerpts from primary sources covering tax systems from early times to 1880. There are four basic divisions: land systems; land tax and miscellaneous taxes; corvee, labor service; and miscellaneous. 903. Ono Takeo '. ^ ', Chiso kaisei shiron i -__ & Ji- - Ad (History of land tax reform), Tokyo,?yashima Shuppan K.K., 1948, 6+253 pp. A scholarly study of the Meiji land-tax reforms of 1872-73. 904. Shirakawa TarU l r "i) - p, Teikoku rinseishi. 1) i+ V1 k(History of forest administration in Japan), Tokyo, Yurindf, 1902, 265 pp. A chronological history of the administration of forest lands in Japan. Treatment is by periods with emphasis on pre-Restoration history. 905. Tsuchiya Takao ~- 4A- } A, Nihon nUchi seidoshiron 0 4- %-3 ~' \ - t (Essays on the history of Japanese agricultural land systems), Tokyo, Mainichi Shimbunsha, 1948, 143 pp. Primarily a study of the Tokugawa land system and the effects of reclaimed land on the growth of the new landlord class (shin-jinushi). 906. Yano Tomoichi Ja /t -, Nihon noseishi / $ [ K _ (History of Japanese agricultural administration), Tokyo, Bungei ShunjUTsha, rev. ed., 1933, 545 pp. This edition has been thoroughly revised since its first appearance in 1915. It is divided into two parts dealing with the pre-feudal age and the feudal age. Each part is divided into sections on: administrative systems, land systems, taxation, water works, famine relief, etc. Treatment is chronological and extensive quotations are made from primary materials. 907. Yokoi Tokifuyu 44, 4 -_, Nihon fudosanhU enkakushi 0 4i kp P,- $ o _ (History of the development of real estate laws in Japan), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, 1925, 277 pp. A study of laws governing the sale, tenure, and use of land in Japan from early times through the Tokugawa period. 908. Yokoyama Yoshikiyo *t ~ 4 -, Nihon denseishi 0 4 1f *'1. (History of Japanese land systems), TukyU, 'okayama Shoten, 1926, 364 pp. A detailed but dated exposition of the development of agricultural land rights and land-tax systems in preMeiji Japan. f. Foreign Diplomatic and Cultural Relations The following selection is devoted primarily to works on the pre-1868 phase of Japanese foreign affairs. Of the general surveys of Sino-Japanese relations, Kimiya Yasuhiko's Nisshi kotsushi (A history of SinoJapanese relations) (Entry 920) is excellent for its handling of diplomacy and trade, while Tsuji Zennosuke's Z5tei kaigai k~tsu shiwa (Essays on the history of overseas relations) (Entry 942) deals with cultural contacts. Of a more specialized nature, Akiyama Kenzo's Nisshi kosho shiwa (Historical essays on Sino-Japanese relations) (Entry 910) and Mori Katsumi's Niss6 bunka koryu no shomondai (Problems of cultural exchange between Sung China and Japan) (Entry 928) are outstanding for their treatment of relations with China up to 1600. Among the works on Western relations, Iwao Seiichi's Nadyo Nihon machi no kenkyr (A history of Japanese settlements in Southeast Asia) (Entry 919), K5da Shigitomo's Nichi-O tsuk]shi (History of Japan's relations with Europe) (Entry 923), and Shimmura Izuru's Namban kbki (Studies of Western relations) (Entry 935) concentrate on the period of the "Christian century" (1549-1650). Shimmura's work also touches on Dutch relations after 1650. The most authoritative study of Japanese contacts with the Russians, British, and Americans after the beginning of the eighteenth century is Tabohashi Kiyoshi's Kindai Nihon gaikoku kankeishi (A history of Japan's foreign relations in modern times) (Entry 938). Satisfactory studies of Japan's diplomatic history after 1868 are hard to come by. This is due, in large part, to the failure of the Japanese government to make public the documents essential for such studies. Furthermore, the academic atmosphere of prewar Japan was not conducive to the study of contemporary politics. Postwar revisionists have not appeared in great numbers and, of those who have, many have written with a marked personal bias. 909. Akiyama Kenzio * ' iA - A, Nisshi koshoshi kenkyu D 0 - IL t (A study of the history of Sino-Japanese relations), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1939, 663 pp. An authoritative and heavily documented study of Japan's trade and diplomatic relations with China from the beginning of the fourteenth century to the middle of the sixteenth century. The author provides an index and bibliography. An introductory chapter discusses methodology and the history of Japanese studies of Sino-Japanese relations.

Page  104 104 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 910. Akiyama Kenza ~ d af A-', Nisshi kosho shiwa 0. >+ tt (Historical essays on SinoJapanese relations), Tokyo, Naigai Shoseki K.K., 1935, 575 pp. Scholarly studies of Japanese trade and diplomatic relations with China with emphasis on the period prior to 1600. Several essays deal with the role of Korea and the Ryukyus in Japan's foreign relations. 911. Fujita Motoharu A J 4-,_ Jodai Nisshi kotsushi no kenkyu j I P t L A - ' ^ b It (Studies in Sino-Japanese relations of the ancient period), Tokyo, Toko Shoin, 1943, 455 pp. A series of informative essays on Japan's relations with the continent prior to the seventh century. 912. Fujita Motoharu f 10 itL, Nisshi kotsU no kenkyu Xa t io ^ k (Studies of SinoJapanese relations), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1938, 423 pp. Contains scholarly studies of Sino-Japanese relations from roughly 1250 to 1640. Essays deal with Japan's relations with Yuan and Ming China, and the Ryukyu islands, Japanese embassies sent to China during the Muromachi era, the shuinbune, Japanese relations with Siam, Japanese shipbuilding, etc. 913. Gaiko shiko t'- 3 k- r (Draft history of foreign relations), Tokyo, Gaimusho, 1884, 2 v. An officially compiled detailed chronological history of Japan's foreign contacts from earliest times to 1868. Sections are devoted to castaways, immigrants, naturalized citizens, scholarly and religious contacts, tribute and trade. 914. Hikasa Mamoru 0 E _, Nissen kankei no shiteki kosatsu to sono kenkyu e0 9F An 1 9 Z At S t -4- ~9 T (An historical examination of Japanese-Korean relations and studies thereof), Tokyo, Shikai Shobo, 1930, 250 pp. A study of Japanese relations with Korea from early times to the twentieth century. The work contains a useful bibliography. 915. Hiraoka Masahide J l4 1 ~, Nichi-Ro kosho shiwa B A K /~ - ~~, (Historical discourses on Russo-Japanese relations), Tokyo, Chikuma Shobo, 1944, 7+418 pp. 916. lenaga Saburo Z,-, - A, Gairai bunka sesshu shiron 1- ~. L -et_ 7. t (Essays on the importation of foreign culture), TokyO, Iwanami Shoten, 1948, 410 pp. A study of the impact of Western culture and ideas upon the Japanese of the late Tokugawa and Meiji periods primarily as seen through the writings of Japanese travelers and writers. A thorough and welldocumented work though somewhat limited in its scope. 917. Ikenaga Hajimu 5_ -g c A, Hosai banka daihokan 'p t * t ' X f FI_ (Illustrations of exotic objects, Japanese and foreign), Osaka, Sogensha, 1933, 2 v. + charts. Catalogue of the Ikenaga collection of Western-influenced Japanese art and artifacts. The collection deals with the pre-Meiji period and contains early Christian relics, Japanese illustrations of Portuguese missionaries and traders, European goods, illustrations of the Dutch at Deshima, etc. Plates are excellent, but explanatory notes are inadequate and are often whimsically written. 918. Irie Toraji 7-' -; -a, H-jin kaigai hattenshi pf /<A - i+- Q (History of the overseas expansion of the Japanese people), Tokyo, Imin Mondai Kenkyukai, 1936-38, 2 v. Volume 1 treats Japanese immigration following 1868. Volume 2 deals with the more recent Japanese colonies in Brazil and other South American countries, the Pacific islands, and East Asia. 919. Iwao Seiichi 't ^A -, Nan'yo Nihon-machi no kenkyiu it 0 - P - - k I L (A study of Japanese settlements in South East Asia), Tokyo, Minami-Ajia Bunka Kenkyusho, 1940, 367+20 pp. An important and scholarly study of Japan's 16th century maritime ventures in the seas to her south and of the history of the Japanese settlements in this area. Professor Iwao has written several shorter works and articles on the subject of Japanese relations with Portugal and Holland. 920. Kimiya Yasuhiko i- ' 4-,, Nisshi kotsushi ~ 4- ', -_(A history of Sino-Japanese relations), Tokyo, Kinseki Hrryudo, 1927, 2 v. A well-documented survey of Japanese relations with China up to the middle of the Tokugawa period. The work is best for its treatment of Japanese relations with Sung China. Emphasis is on diplomatic and trade relations. 921. Kin Eiken ' 4 —._, Indoshina to Nihon to no kankei t /t i _ a 1 (Relations between Japan and Indo-China), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1943, 7+315 pp. 922. Kiyosawa Kiyoshi - > 'l, Gaikoshi F7 _ ^_(History of foreign relations), Tokyo, TUyo Keizai Shimposha, 1941, 17+578+12 pp. Part of the Gendai Nihon bummeishi (Entry 722), this work covers Japanese foreign relations from the end of the Tokugawa period to the China Incident. The author is relatively objective in his treatment. The work itself is heavily documented. 923. K'da Shigetomo A tB A\ ', Nichi-O tsukoshi i — t Z- (History of Japan's relations with Europe), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1942, 22+414+40 pp. A well-documented study of Japanese relations with Westerners during the century from 1540 to 1640. There is an elaborate index.

Page  105 SURVEY HISTORIES 105 924. Kokuryiikai, A /A, Nisshi kosho gaishi 0 Yj. - -(Unofficial history of Sino-Japanese-relations), Tfkyo, Kokuryukai, 1938-39, 2 v. An important study of modern Sino-Japanese relations by the Amur River (Black Dragon) Society, whose members played active behind-the-scenes roles in shaping Japan's foreign policy. 925. Kuzuu Yoshihisa } ~-: -\ Nikkan gappei hishi e F e By tv/ (Secret history of the annexation of Korea), Tokyo, Kokurylkai, 1930, 2 v. A behind-the-scenes history of the diplomacy and intrigue which paved the way for Japan's annexation of Korea. The work was prepared from materials in the files of the Amur River (Black Dragon) Society. 926. Maruyama Kunio L- Ox /Z At, Nihon kindai gaikoshi e 4 L rt P k J (History of Japan's foreign relations in recent times), T'kyo, Mikasa Shobo, 1940, 284 pp. Part of the Mikasa Shobo's Nihon rekishi zensho series (Entry 737). This work gives a detailed analysis of Japanese foreign relations from 1868 to 1910. The author is an authority on Japanese relations with Germany. There is a useful bibliography. 927. Miki Sakae *- a ', Nissha kotsu shiko e 0 'a A, ' Jt.(Historical study of relations between Japan and Siam), Tokyo, Kokon Shoin, 1934, 398 pp. A survey of Japan's relations with Siam from their origin to the gradual cessation of intercourse after 1640. Emphasis is on the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the shuinbune, Japanese competition with the Portuguese, Japanese trading communities in Siam, and diplomatic negotiations between Japan and Siam. 928. Mori Katsumi E _, Nisso bunka klryu no shomondai X -- D - X. i L q ^t P- f (Problems of cultural exchange between Sung China and Japan), T5kyU, TWkO Shoin, 1950, 323 pp. An exhaustive and technical treatment of the cultural influences of Sung China on Japan. The study is thoroughly documented. 929. MutU ChUozo Ai m -k i, Nichi-Ei kotsushi no kenkyii D iE- - ' e A (Studies in the history of Japanese-British relations), Kyoto, Naigai Shuppan K.K., 1937, 769 pp. A carefully documented history of English-Japanese diplomatic and trade relations from their origins to the time of the first modern treaties in 1854. The author has used familiar English sources together with a large number of relatively unfamiliar Japanese materials. 930. Nishimura Shinji R 1t t-, Nihon kaigai hattenshi B 4- 5. - /L.(History of Japan's overseas development), Tokyo, Tokyodo, 1942, 26+507 pp. A detailed study of Japan's foreign adventures from early times to 1640. Emphasis is on the two centuries prior to Japan's seventeenth century seclusion when the wakU and shuinsen were active. The work is undocumented but there is a complete index. 931. Okamoto Rydchi fJ - ~ u, 3Jurokuseiki Nichi-O kotsushi no kenkyu t. 01,i B a. tL 9 k;~ Z (Studies of Japanese intercourse with Europeans during the sixteenth century), Tlokyo, Kobunso, 1936, 810+46 pp. 932. Sait' Bunzo j- 1 5- o', Nihon gaikoshi 0 f?$ - ~ (History of Japanese foreign relations), Tokyo, YUzankaku, 1929, 423 pp. This work is volume 12 of the Dai Nihonshi koza. It covers from early times to the 1920s in three major periods: 1) pre-1640 seclusion, 2) 1640-1853, 3) after 1853. The first two periods are given primary emphasis. 933. Saito Tadashi Z --, YJodai ni okeru tairiku bunka no eikyo X- fV'" - t 3 A p, X iL f~, t! (The influence of continental culture on Japan during the archaic period), Tokyo, Oyashima Shuppan K.K., 1947, 226+9 pp. A study of Japan's borrowings from continental civilization prior to the seventh century. The author is an expert on early Japanese and Korean folklore. 934. Shida Fudomaro t- T- )3 /!, Toyoshi jo no Nihon -, _- 9 0 - (Japan's position in Oriental history), Tokyo, Shikai Shobo, 1940, 338 pp. An account of Japan's relationship to the rest of the Far East from early times to 1868. The primary emphasis is on Sino-Japanese relations. A bibliography and index are appended. 935. Shimmura Izuru tF:t i, Namban koki,l *t- - `U- (Studies of Western relations), Toky-, Iwanami Shoten, 1925, 547+10 pp. A revised edition of a work first published in 1919. It has been followed by several succeeding volumes: Zoku Namban koki (Tokyo, Iwanami, 1925), NampU ki (Tokyo, Meiji Shoin, 1934), and Namban ki (KyZdto, DaigadT, 1943). Each volume consists of a collection of Professor Shimmura's essays on Japanese relations with the Portuguese and Dutch. His studies of the Japanese side of the development of Christianity in Japan, the influence of the early missionary press, the influence of Western art, the growth of Dutch studies, and Japan's intellectual reaction to seclusion are outstanding. 936. Shimomura Fujio T - %: X, Meiji ishin no gaiko 0 A,At,v e.V -(Foreign relations of the Meiji Restoration), Tokyo, Oyashima Shuppan K.K., 1947, 337 pp. An introductory survey of Japan's foreign relations during the critical Restoration period and up to the revision of the early treaties (1853-99). The author gives no annotation but depends upon his experience in the editorial room of the Dai Nihon gaiko bunsho (Entry 444).

Page  106 106 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 937. Shinobu Seizaburo -. - m P. Kindai Nihon gaikoshi it- ' t ^ 7+ (History of recent Japanese foreign relations), T'kyo, Kenshinsha, 1948, 4+268 pp. A leftist interpretation of Restoration and post-Restoration Japanese foreign relations. 938. Tabohashi Kiyoshi f$. ft., Kindai Nihon gaikoku kankeishi it! ' e n S- 1 PE - (A history of Japan's foreign relations in modern times), TlkyU, To'k Shoin, rev. ed., 1943, 10+8+859 pp. The outstanding treatment of Japan's modern foreign relations beginning with the seventeenth century Russian penetration of the northern area and ending with the securing of the first modern treaties (1854). The author has accumulated imposing documentation from native and foreign sources. 939. Takamura Shohei A ~t -~, Nippo kotsushi V ~ f j. (History of Japanese-Portuguese relations), TokyU, Kokusai KntsUbunka Kyokai, 943, 6+328 pp. A well-documented study of the limited period of Portuguese activity in Japan. 940. Tomaru Fukuju; rL t, &, Mogi Shuichiro ', - 0p, Wako kenkyiu 1t fst (Studies of the wakU), Tokyo, Chub Koronsha, 1942, 262 pp. A detailed study of the origin and development of the wako. The authors have not annotated their study. 941. Toyama UsaburU o- LL qP i- p., Nichi-O kosho bunkaron 0 et. /~ A it- t (Essays on Japanese cultural relations with Europe), Tokyo, Katsuragi Shoten, 1942, 6+306 pp. Stimulating studies in the cultural aspects of early Japanese relations with the Portuguese and Spanish. 942. Tsuji Zennosuke iLt 4 -, Zotei kaigai kotsu shiwa it AT '_ 1 't A # 't (Essays on the history of overseas relations, revised and supplemented), Tokyo, Naigai Shosekisha, 1930, 816 pp. An outstanding study of the cultural influences of continental civilization on Japan from early times to the middle of the eighteenth century. Professor Tsuji is especially at home with Buddhist documents. The work is detailed and well-documented. 943. Watanabe IkujirU _ ', Nihon kinsei gaiktshi D $. t~ 4 A, (History of modern Japanese foreign relations), Tokyo, Chikura Shobo, 9+494 pp. A clearly written and well-documented survey of Japan's foreign relations from the beginning of the Russian problem to the first modern treaties. 944. Watsuji Tetsurd -is P. +P, Sakoku. f (Seclusion), Tokyo, Chikuma Shob;, 1950, 8+748+ 25 pp. One of the few Japanese studies of the problem of Japanese seclusion from 1640 to 1854. The treatment is primarily analytical. Professor Watsuji, writing after Japan's Pacific War defeat, believes that Tokugawa seclusion cost Japan valuable progress in the scientific field. g. Military History Military histories of Japan have flourished along with the growth of Japan's modern military bureaucracy. Factual descriptions of battles and wars abound, the most authoritative being the Nihon senshi (Military history of Japan) series edited by the General Staff (Entry 956). This should be supplemented, for battles prior to the middle of the sixteenth century, by Takayanagi Mitsutoshi's Dai Nihon senshi (Military history of Japan) (Entry 963). Works on castles and medieval defenses will be found listed under architecture (Chapter 11 b below). Interpretive studies of Japanese armed forces and military policy present a greater problem. From the issuance of the Imperial Rescript on Military Service in 1882 until the termination of World War II, objective study of this subject was next to impossible. Characteristic of the prewar historian's sympathetic approach to the history of military institutions was the Nihon heiseishi (History of military institutions in Japan) (Entry 952) compiled by members of the Japan Historical Geography Society. The first to write from a critical position was Izu Kimio, whose essay in the Nihon shihonshugi hattatsushi koza (Series on the history of the growth of capitalism in Japan) (Entry 1032) took a Marxist view of modern Japanese military development. In the following list the works of Matsushita Yoshio are recommended for their balanced coverage of the modern period. 945. Iizuka K`ji ' R:. =-, Nihon no guntai Q,- 9 1 7 (Japan's fighting forces), Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppambu, 1950, 3+274 pp. 946. Heki Shoichi 0 _. * F -, Nihon sohei no kenkyu a - a A $- I (Study of Japanese warriormonks), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1934, 12+343+35 pp. 946a. Ito Masanori I F H e_., Kokubishi i A _ _ (History of national defense), Tokyo, TMyo Keizai Shimposha, 1941. A carefully compiled and well-documented history of the modern development of Japan's armed forces up to approximately the time of writing. The style is somewhat too statistical, but the approach is remarkably free from bias. 947. Izu Kimio If _ '4. and Matsushita Yoshio:, T -2, Nihon gunji hattatsushi a ~ * $ - ' (History of Japanese military development), T6kyo, Mikasa Shobo, 1938, 379 pp. A general survey of the development of Japan's armed forces. Part 1, by Izu, covers the history of various military systems in pre-modern Japan. Part 2, by Matsushita, deals with Japan's modern war machine. Sections are devoted to the army, navy, and air force.

Page  107 SURVEY HISTORIES 107 948. Kaigun Yishiikai i-;,$- a (Navy Perfection Society), Taiheiyo nisenroppyakunenshi X.:' _- - -, 6 -t(2600 years of Pacific history), Tokyo, Kaigun Yushkai, 1940, 1086 pp. A detailed and somewhat romantic history of the development of Japanese sea power in the Pacific from remote times to 1937. 949. Kuwaki Sutmei it * y 8~, Rikugun gojunenshi pt - A t -. (Fifty years of army history), Tokyo, Masu Shobo, 1943, 420 pp. 950. Matsushita Yoshio, T F:, Kindai Nihon gunjishil- i' 1a a (History of recent Japanese military affairs), Tokyo, Kigensha Shoten, 1941, 312 pp. A survey of military affairs in Japan from 1868 through the warring in Manchuria in the 1930s. 951. Matsushita Yoshio T F - f, Nihon gunseishi ronshnu E0 - 'l P -i (Collected essays on the history of Japanese military systems), Tokyo, Ikuseisha, 1938, 338 pp. Essays by an expert on Meiji military history. The work treats such subjects as the independence of the army command, political crises and the army and navy ministers, the development of the Imperial Headquarters, the army code and early military law. 952. Nihon Rekishi Chiri Gakkai 0 t ' - i'. t t (Japan Historical Geography Society), Nihon heiseishi 9; -- j\ '_ (History of military institutions in Japan), TokyI, Nihon Gakujutsu Fukyukai, 1926, 304+4 pp. A symposium by the leading historians of the late 1920s such as Miura Kaneyuki, Omori Kingoro, Nishioka Torajiro and Kurita Motoji. The essays cover a wide variety of subjects including: shifts in the center of military power, bushi of the Nara period, monastic armies, the ashigaru, the Korean invasions, the Osaka campaign and the rinin problem, the peasant armies of the Meiji Restoration period, etc. 953. Ozawa Shigeshi,I- / '~, Nihon heishoku shiron _- -4- / _ - (Historical essays on Japanese military rations), Tokyo, HIbunsha, 1938, 3 v. A technical and detailed study of the history of military rations in Japan. Volume 1 concludes with the Kamakura period; volume 2 covers the 14th through 19th centuries. Volume 3 is devoted to the theory of the part played by food supplies in the development of military science. 954. Sakanoue Nobuo it - 't f., Nihon kaiboshi B - * P_ (History of Japanese coastal defense), Kyoto, Taikido, 1942, 419 pp. A survey of the development of Japanese coastal defense from earliest times to 1868. The author discusses both naval and land-based defense measures. The work is illustrated but not annotated. 955. Sakurai ChUon 1t-,' ) —, Kokubo daijiten I )hPi _. -(Dictionary of national defense), T'kyo, ChUT Sangyo Chosakai, 1933, 860 pp. An encyclopedic dictionary covering all phases of military development in Japan. Articles cover the history and contemporary status of various branches of the armed forces, analyses of military law, and explanations of technical terms. 956. Sambo Hombu - -- -+ O (General Staff), Nihon senshi V 4 ' t - (Military history of Japan), Tokyo, Sambo Hombu, 1899-1924, 24 v. These official accounts of Japan's major wars are patterned on the famous German campaign histories. The studies are lavishly supplied with maps, charts, tables, and illustrations. The twenty-four volumes published by 1924 cover the major battles of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries including the Korean campaigns of Hideyoshi (1592-98), the battle of Sekigahara (1600), and the Osaka campaigns (1614-15). Later wars are covered in separate series as follows:, Meiji nijishichi-hachinen Nisshin sen'eki a A r k_ /t k ' - D k' _ (The SinoJapanese War of 1894-95), Tokyo, Sambo Hombu, 1912-14, 20 v., Meiji sanjushichi-hachinen Nichi-Ro senshi P P Pv - -:, 0 % ', (History of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05), Tykyl, Kaikosha, 1912-14. Taisho sannen Nichi-Doku senshi - -iJE - - a -A -; (History of the GermanJapanese conflicts of 1914), Tokyo, Sambo Hombu, 1916, 4 v. Sambo Hombu Rikugunbu Hensanka t - - p l,-' t. P -(General Staff, Army Section, Compilation Office), Seiseisen kikU B_ r. * } (Records of the Satsuma Rebellion), TokyU, Rikugun Bunko, 1887, 4 v. 961. Sato Ichiro 0-: i- j t P, Kaigun gojunenshi f- I _ T.(Fifty years of navy history), Tokyo, Masu ShobU, 1943, 425 pp. 962. Sato Kenji f6- I I i, Nihon bugakushi E 4 ' 'i _(History of Japanese military science), Tokyo, Daito Shokan, 1942, 894 pp. A highly idealized discussion of Japan's military virtues and strategy. Chapters deal with Bushido, the spirit of the modern Japanese conscription system, pre-modern military strategists, etc.

Page  108 108 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 963. Takayanagi Mitsutoshi r F O t F, Dai Nihon senshi E a ' t (Military history of Japan), Tokyo, Sankyo Shoin, 1938-39 3 v. Contains in chronological order detailed accounts of major battles from early times through the first part of the Tokugawa period. 6. ECONOMIC HISTORY The Japanese have shown themselves prolific writers of economic history. Characteristic of their work in this field has been an extreme breadth of approach which has linked economics with cultural, social, and political developments. Most survey works written under the heading of economic history are thus more in the nature of socio-economic interpretations rather than strict economic analyses of Japanese history. Although it was not until the 1920s that economic historians came into their own in Japan, spadework in the field was begun before the turn into the twentieth century. Important as foundation works upon which the later survey histories were based were the officially inspired histories of finance, taxation, agriculture, and industry compiled during the 1870s and 80s. The next two decades saw the appearance of the first theoretical and synthetic studies. Among the pioneer economic historians of this time were Uchida Ginzo, influenced by the British scholar William Cunningham, and Fukuda TokuzT, who had studied in Germany under Franz Brentano. Subsequently the pupils of these pioneer scholars brought to maturity the first phase in the development of Japanese economic history. During the 1920s such men as Honjo Eijiro, Kokusho Iwao, Takekoshi Yosabur-, Ono Takeo, Tsuchiya Takao, and Nomura Kanetaro poured out works on the general economic history of Japan in such profusion as to dominate the entire historical field. Under them the general outlines of Japanese economic history became fully established, while their pupils began the investigation of more detailed problems. It was under their inspiration also that two scholarly organizations, the Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai (Social and Economic History Association) of Tokyo and the Nihon Keizaishi KenkyUsho (Japan Economic History Association) of Kyoto, were founded as headquarters of the new trend in historical research. During the late 1920s, Japanese scholars became increasingly concerned with current social and economic problems and the relationship between economics and politics. At the same time the theories of Marx and Lenin came into vogue. The result was the development of a Marxist school of historians pioneered by such men as Noro Eitarl, Hani Goro, and Hayakawa Jiro. Early attention of the Marxists was concentrated upon the Meiji Restoration (see Section 5, a, 4 above) and the analysis of Japan's modern capitalism (see Section 6, c, 4 below) but it soon moved on to- embrace problems of Japan's primitive society, feudalism, the peasantry, and many other historical aspects of Japanese economic development. The story of the vicissitudes of doctrinaire Marxist interpretations of Japanese history is overly technical and need not detain us here. Influence of Marxist concepts on the thinking of traditional economic historians is another matter and of vital importance in our evaluation of works in this field. Since the mid-1930s most economic historians have been influenced by Marxist theories in one way or another. At the same time the factual base of economic history has expanded tremendously as monographic studies have made use of more and primary material. Today the field of economic history is divided rather sharply between the "academic" followers of Honjo, represented below by Horie Yasuz-, and the more numerous and prolific "progressive" or Marxist historians, represented below in the work of Naramoto Tatsuya. The survey economic histories which follow are but a small selection from a vast field. Among them Horie YasuzWos Nihon keizaishi (Economic history of Japan) (Entry 967) and Nakamura Kichiji's Nihon keizaishi gaisetsu (An introduction to the economic history of Japan) (Entry 973) are recommended for their balanced approach. Horie's work is especially valuable for the excellent classified bibliography which it contains. As a brief introduction to the field, HonjU Eijiro's Nihon keizaishi soron (Collected essays on Japanese economic history) (Entry 966) will be found particularly useful, especially for its essays on methodology and bibliography. a. Survey Histories 964. Honjo Eijiro } St '; P and Kokusho Iwao. - E,X Nihon keizaishi 0 4- > ] - * (Economic history of Japan), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1929, 361 pp. Volume 6 of the Gendai keizaigaku zenshU (Modern series on economics), this work presents in outline form the development of Japanese economic institutions as affected by the evolution of Japan's political and social structure. Coverage is from early clan economy to post-Restoration "national" economy. 965. Honjo Eijir~o - }i- >, Kaihan Nihon keizaishi gaisetsu Z- - )t 4 -,f t - t - (An introduction to Japanese economic history-revised), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1932, 373 pp. A revised edition of Professor Honj's lectures in economic history delivered at Kyoto University and first published in 1928. Lectures cover chronologically and in outline form major developments in the fields of population, village economy, mining, forestry, marine products, animal husbandry, agriculture, land systems, industry, commerce, currency, finance, and transportation. Each chapter is followed by a selected list of recommended reading. 966. Honjo Eijir'o 4 - ' > tP, Nihon keizaishi soron 0 -,4<- ~ it- ~' (Collected essays on Japanese economic history), Tokyo, RyUginsha, 1948, 222 pp. Contains miscellaneous articles on Japanese economic history by a pioneer authority in this field. The chapter on the development of the study of economic history in Japan and the bibliographic section are of particular value. 967. Horie Yasuzo t >I-,. A, Nihon keizaishi P -, -$ ' _ (Economic history of Japan), Tokyo, Toyo Shokan, 1949, 322 pp. Perhaps the most generally useful of the one-volume survey histories of Japanese economic development. The author begins with early clan society and traces the parallel interaction of political, social, and economic institutions down to the 1920s. The style is simple and lucid. The appended bibliographical section is particularly valuable.

Page  109 SURVEY HISTORIES 109 968. Kajinishi Mitsuhaya t ~ L. A, Nihon keizaishi E 4. E 4 * (Economic history of Japan), T-okyo, Rodobunkasha, 1950, 240 pp. An introductory survey by a specialist in modern Japanese industrial development. The author covers both ancient and modern Japan. There is an appended bibliography. 969, Koda Shigetomo t t A'., Nihon keizaishi kenky!u Q - _ 4 0 s t (Studies in Japanese economic history), Tokyo,?okayama Shoten, 1928, 854+61 pp. A series of essays on various aspects of Tokugawa economic history. The studies of the kurayashiki, fudasashi, shichiya, kabu-nakama, and goyokin are especially valuable. Essays are scholarly and well documented. 970. KokushU Iwao. - D _, Nihon keizaishi 0,~- i E (Japanese economic history), Tokyo, Nihon HyUronsha, 1939-40, 5 v. [=Volumes 1 and 3-6 of the Shin keizaigaku zenshU (New series on economics]. This work is an introductory survey of Japanese economic history by an expert on Tokugawa village economy and peasant uprisings. 971. Miyamoto Mataji ' 4 ~- lt, Nihon keizaishi kowa e 4 -,.t ft: - (Lectures on Japanese economic history), Tokyo, Daiyamondosha, 1946, 388+18 pp. Consists of broadly interpretive lectures covering the entire range of pre-modern Japanese economic development. The style is simple. The final 18 pages consist of a chronologically arranged bibliography. 972. Nakamura Kichiji t It, Nihon keizaishi D 4, t -' P (Economic history of Japan), Tokyo, Kadokawa Shoten, 1949, 349 pp. A recent, abridged survey of Japan's pre-modern economic development. 973. Nakamura Kichiji t T l ~ 5 ', Nihon keizaishi gaisetsu 10 4 t P ' It- A *(An introduction to the economic history of Japan), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1941, 17+603 pp. Perhaps the most useful of the prewar general surveys. The author is a specialist in feudal institutions. Coverage of this work is from early times to the Meiji Restoration and emphasis is upon the interplay of political, social, and economic institutions. 974. Nakamura Koya T I T - and others, Nihon shakai keizaishi 4- I - - 4 t(Japanese social economic history), Tokyo, Y'Uzankaku, 1939, 329 pp. [= Volume 11 of the ShinkU Dai Nihonshi (Entry 744)]. This work consists of specialized essays by individual experts. An introductory chapter by Professor Nakamura is followed by contributions by Hogetsu Keigo (agriculture), Endo Motoo (industry), Toyoda Takeshi (commerce), and ShinjO Tsunemi (communications). 975. Naramoto Tatsuya Y - /- A~t-, Nihon keizaishi E 4,;_ 4 A(Economic history of Japan), Tokyo, Mikasa Shobd, 1951, 3+3+200 pp. A brief survey of Japanese economic history up through the early years of Meiji by a leading exponent of the intellectual Marxist school. The author is especially familiar with the history of the western han of the Tokugawa period. A brief selected bibliography is appended. 976. Nomura KanetarU tf ~ t t t-, Nihon shakai keizaishi 4- j -, - 4 t (Social and economic history of Japan), Tokyo, Daiyamondosha, 1950+. An ambitious work, scheduled to go to twelve volumes, by one of the leading economic historians of Japan. Each volume covers a major historical period and deals in general interpretive fashion with its political, social, economic, and cultural development. Each volume ends with an elaborate set of indices covering places, persons, events, and bibliography. 977. Nomura Kanetarl d t 1 t- A 7P, Nihon keizaishi josetsu,4-? - I k 4Introduction to Japanese economic history), Tokyo, YU-hikaku, 1948, 252 pp. The first volume of a general survey of Japanese economic history by a recognized leader in the field. This volume covers early times through the middle ages. 978. Sakisaka Itsuri5 (~ Ad i { >, ed., Keizai gojinen t 4 - r t (Fifty years of economic development), Tokyo, Jiji TsUshinsha, 1950, 315 pp. This work brings together essays of a somewhat uneven quality on the following aspects of the last fifty years of Japan's economic development: finance, industrial production, agriculture, foreign trade, labor problems, and peasant movements. 979. Takahashi Kamekichi rfi f i -, Nihon keizaishi a 4- 5:- - _(History of Japanese economics), Takyo, Kaizosha, 1930, 570 pp. This book is the result of the joint efforts of members of the Takahashi Economic Research Institute. - Individual specialists cover the economic history of the Meiji Restoration, history of credit in Japan, agriculture, finance, and manufacturing. 980. Takekoshi Yosaburo "T " - 4 B, Nihon keizaishi E t '- f (Economic history of Japan), Tokyo, Nihon Keizaishi Hensankai, 1920, 8 v. One of the pioneer attempts to write a general history of pre-modern Japan with emphasis on its underlying economic factors. The early sections of this work tend to be more political than economic in interpretation. Takekoshi is particularly at home in the Tokugawa period and presents a considerable volume of primary data oril the financial and commercial institutions of the time. The whole work is

Page  110 110 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS somewhat disorganized. An abridged translation of this work has appeared in English as The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, New York, Macmillan, 1930, 3 v. 981. Tsuchiya Takao -+- 4I t, Nihon keizaishi gaiy~o e _ -;;- t (An outline of Japanese economic history), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934-39, 2 v. An outline history of Japanese economic development. Volume 1 treats pre-Meiji economy by periods. Within each period the major segments of Japan's economy are separately treated. Each chapter concludes with a selected bibliographical list. Volume 2 (zokuhen) discusses post-Restoration capitalistic developments up to the period following World War I. Volume 1 has been translated into English as "An Economic History of Japan," Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, second series, 15 (1937). 982. Uchida Ginzo It s l b, Nihon keizaishi no kenkyu 0 -, -. ^; '3 (Studies of Japanese economic history), Tokyo, Dobunkan, 1921, 2 v. Consists of collected essays by one of the pioneer economic historians of modern Japan. The volumes contain several general survey articles on Japanese economic history, its study, and its main sources. For the most part the articles are of a specialized nature and deal with widely separate subjects including studies of Chinese economic theory, Buddhist economic thought, Okinawan land systems, as well as problems of Japanese economic development. 983. Uchida Ginzo t1 ID / ', ^ Nihon keizaishi gaiyo; P,^?y Z $T t- (An outline of Japanese economic history), Tokyo, Sogensha, 1939, 134 pp. A short survey of Japanese economic history published posthumously with a memorial article on the author by Nishida Naojir-. b. Economic Thought Most of the following works are concerned with the political economists of the Tokugawa period. This field has been dominated by three men, Takimoto Seiichi, Honjo Eijiro, and Nomura Kanetaro, whose activity in collecting and publishing the works of Tokugawa economists has already been commented upon (see Part III, Chapter 2, b, 4 above). Of the following entries, Nomura Kanetaro's Tokugawa jidai no keizai shiso (Economic thought of the Tokugawa period) (Entry 991) is recommended for its analytical treatment of the subject. Kada Tetsuji's work (Entry 988) is one of the few on post-Restoration economic theory. 984. Azuma Shintaro - ~, Kinsei Nihon keizai rinri shisoshi l -t a 8 _ i+ ~ 3.. (History of modern Japanese economic theory), T5kyo, KeiZ Shuppansha, 1944, 22+678 pp. An excellent study of the economic theories developed during the Tokugawa era. The author begins with a careful analysis of the basic principles of Confucian social and economic theory and describes the application of these to Tokugawa Japanese society. The last half of the work is devoted to an analysis of the thinking of Yamaga Soko, Kumazawa Banzan, Kaibara Ekken, Ogyu Sorai and Dazai Shundai. The work is annotated and there is an index and a table of primary works consulted. 985. Honjo Eijiro 4 at $ - tp, Nihon keizai shisoshi gaisetsu D ~ ~_ ~F 'a " - 2 i (An introduction to the history of Japanese economic thought), TkyO, Yuhikaku, 1946, 10+280 pp. An introductory survey, of special value for its general bibliography of the subject and for its list of writings of Japanese economic philosophers. Emphasis is on the Tokugawa period. 986. Honjo Eijiro - /e- 'A t p, Nihon keizai shisoshi ~,4-, a. ~ (History of Japanese economic thought), Tokyo, Rynaginsha, 1948, 279 pp. Part 1 is a brief introduction to the economic thought of the Tokugawa period. Part 2 discusses 20 Tokugawa and 7 Meiji economic theorists. 987. Honjo Eijiro 4 2- 'A a tp, Nihon keizai shis6shi kenkyu D 4 i- -A ~S ~ b % (Studies in the history of Japanese economic thought), Toky6, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1942, 466 pp. The first half of these essays deals with general economic problems of the Tokugawa and early Meiji periods. The second half treats individually ten of the Tokugawa economic thinkers from Arai Hakuseki to Oshima Teieki. A volume of "further studies" published in 1946 includes a number of general surveys of the field and covers the main currents of Japanese economic thought from the 17th century to the 1920s. 988. Kada Tetsuji Rp ' 4t t-, Ishin igo no shakai keizai shiso gairon: [ ' / ^. / I *I Tft A(Outline of post-Meiji social and economic thought), T-oky, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1934, 275 pp. Chapters deal with: economic theory behind the Restoration, laissez-faireism and national policy, economic policy of the Meiji government, liberalism and conservatism, the economic theory of nationalism, economic theories of the jiyU-minken movement and of the labor movement, development of socialism, etc. 989. Kinsei shakai keizai gakusetsu taikei LL 1-: J —,: ' -,- 4-(Outline of social and economic theory in modern times), Tokyo, Seibundo, 1935-37, 18 v. Each volume is devoted to one or two Tokugawa and early Meiji economic thinkers. Each individual is introduced with a lengthy preface on his work and thought written by a leading contemporary authority. The bulk of each volume is comprised of selected and annotated readings from the individual's works. Among those included in this series are: Kumazawa Banzan, Yamaga Soku, Kaibara Ekken, Arai Hakuseki, OgyU Sorai, Miura Baien, Dazai Shundai Honda Dz Shud Hod Toshiaki, Kaibo Seiryu, Sato Shinen, Ninomiya Sontoku, and Fukuzawa Yukichi.

Page  111 SURVEY HISTORIES 1ll 990. Nomura KanetarU f d t P tp, Nihon keizai shis5o a -3, = g. j. (Japanese economic thought), Tbokyo, KeiU Shuppansha, 1941, 163 pp. A brief introduction to Japanese economic thought by the leading authority in the field. Part 1 treats early Tokugawa thinkers and theories, part 2 the late Tokugawa, and part 3 the Meiji period. 991. Nomura Kanetar Tf t - * - t, Tokugawa jidai no keizai shiso?t ") P N,.e _ i.. (Economic thought of the Tokugawa period), TokyU, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1939, 562 pp. A significant analysis of economic theories and theorists of the Tokugawa period. Part 1 consists of a general discussion of the basic premises of economic thought of the period and the split between the advocates of agrarian and commercial economy. Part 2 contains short studies of individual theorists from Kumazawa Banzan to Sato Shin'en. 992. Takimoto Seiichi #4 / T -, Nihon keizai shisoshi - D ) - t (History of Japanese economic thought), TUkyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1929, 303 pp. An introduction to the major writers on economic theory during the Tokugawa period by a pioneer writer in the field. c. Socio-economic Systems The following works on socio-economic systems are not specifically economic in nature. They are included at this point, however, because in Japan these subjects have been primarily the concern of the economic rather than the social historian. Today economic histories of Japan are written largely in the broader social and political context of economic development. Hence a great deal of current scholarship attempts to define more sharply the structure of Japan at various stages of economic growth and to compare Japanese institutions with similar ones in continental Asia and in Europe. This emphasis has in turn engendered a number of bitter controversies over interpretation, chiefly between the Marxists and non-Marxists. The following sections cover some of the major divisions under which Japanese economic historians have written. 1) Primitive Economy, Asiatic Absolutism, and Slavery Crucial to the study of Japanese economy of the sixth through tenth centuries is the problem of the existence or non-existence of slavery. Standard prewar views on this subject will be found in the general survey histories such as the Sogo Nihonshi taikei (Entry 748), and Heibonsha's Nihonshi (Entry 739), and in the writings of such specialists as Takigawa Masajiro and Abe KIzoo listed below. Postwar interpretations have come largely from Marxist scholars who view ancient Japan as conforming to the stage of "Asiatic absolutism" in which an aristocratic ruling class rested upon a base of semi-free communal units. Most prolific in their presentation of this view have been Mishima Hajime, Ishimoda Masashi, Toma Seita, and Watanabe Yoshimichi. A recent arrival in this field, Inoue Mitsusada, has utilized theories developed by Max Weber. His work is as yet limited to articles. 993. Abe Ko-zo P il J 34 A, Nihon doreishi D 4 -i t ~ (History of slavery in Japan), Tokyo, ShTh5kaku, 1926, 16+447+2+17 pp. An analysis of the origin and development of various unfree classes or minorities in Japanese society. The work is authoritative and free from bias. There is an index. 994. Mishima Hajime -, Ishimoda Tadashi p -m- a f —, and Toma Seita PI l ~ X, Nihon kodai shakai 0 T- 6 -' t -- 4/ (Ancient Japanese society), Tokyo, Nihon Dokusho Kumiai, 1947-48, 2 v. An interpretative survey of the development of early Japanese society by leading specialists in this field. Among those contributors not listed as editors are Inoue Mitsusada and Wakamori Taro. 995. Takigawa Masajir5o, I 1 ' Vp, Nihon dorei keizaishi $ - -t' B ~ >t ) -(Economic history of slavery in Japan), TUkyo, Kangensha, 1948, 553 pp. First printed in 1930. This is a detailed and well documented study of early slavery in Japan. The author tends to minimize the existence of slavery as defined in its legal sense. There is an index. 996. Tsuda SUkichi - \I - ~ +, Jodai Nihon no shakai oyobi shiso -) — )IA' - e t / a". -- (Society and thought in ancient Japan), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1933, 606+8 pp. An attempt to reconstruct the pre-seventh century life of the Japanese by a specialist in Japan's ancient literature. The author is not afraid to cast doubts on some of the cherished nationalist folklore of the time. 997. Watanabe Yoshimichi, / p ' - i, Kodai shakai no k-ozo J i f-~ R iL(The structure of ancient society), Tokyo, It'd Shoten, 1948, 488 pp. An analytical discussion of the political, social, and economic structure of ancient society in Japan. 998. Watanabe Yoshimichi,A -P i, Hayakawa Jiro 9,I =- p, Izu Kimio IT R- e,;, and Akizawa Shuji -.;' -, Nihon rekishi kyotei E - - _ _ | (A manual of Japanese history), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, 1936-37, 2 v. An early presentation of the Marxist approach to Japanese history. Publication was stopped before completion. These two volumes cover Japanese social and economic institutions from earliest times to the feudal age.

Page  112 112 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 2) The Shuen Japan has produced a number of able medievalists who have specialized in the study of the sho-en (manorial) system. Beginning with Yoshida T~go (Entry 1012) the historical geographer, and the legalists, Nakada Kaoru (Entry 1004), Maki Kenji (Entry 1003), Nishioka Toranosuke (Entry 1006), and Nakamura Naokatsu (Entry 1005), a number of scholars have developed in detail the legal framework of the sh~o and its administrative superstructure. More recent scholars beginning with Shimizu Mitsuo (Entry 10087Thave concentrated their attention on the village unit within the sh~en system and particularly on the mura-nanushi-bushi complex. 999. Egashira Tsuneji — ~ ~ 'Th, Nihon sh-oen keizai shiron 6 4- Wz- [r t EA historical discussion of the Japanese sheoen economy), T-okyo6, Yiuhikaku, 1942, 12+445 pp. A detailed and carefully documented study. 1000. Endo Motoo t, Nihon hokensei seiritsushi 0 4- 1At t" ~ (History of the establishment of feudalism in Japan), T-oky-o, Mikasa Shob~o, 1939-,233 pp. A study of the breakdown of the Taika system of government and the emergence of feudalistic -practices in Japan. 1001. Hosokawa Kameichi '5-0 "I,No-do shakai shiko- - ~5 i4 (Historical study of serf society), T-okyb-, Hakut~sha, 1932, 314 pp. A detailed study of peasant unrest during the Tokugawa period and movements to liberate the peasantry. 1002. Imai Rintar-o /'~ # 4 t- 9P Nihon shdoensei ron o - T (J~ (Essays on the Japanese shoeen system), Tuky6, Mikasa ShobU, 1939, 268 pp. A study of the origin and development of the sh-6en system in Japan. The author is thoroughly grounded in primary materials. Emphasis is on problems of agricultural production and the position of various classes with respect to the land. The work is marred by many typographical errors. 1003. Maki Kenji 1,5r& -A, Nihon h~ken seido seiritsushi Q ~ it / i (History of the emergence of feudalism in Japan), Tfkyu, Kbobundo-, 1935, 526 pp. A legalistic study of early feudal institutions and feudal law. The author is familiar with both Chinese and European feudal institutions and draws many fruitful comparisons. 1004. Nakada Kaoru 4, h), Sho-en no kenkyti VT~~ ~ Z(A study of sh~oen), T-oky~o, Sh~k_ Shoin, 1948, 5+404+15 pp. An important study of the legal foundations of the sho-en in Japan. The author is one of the pioneer students of medieval law in Japan. 1005. Nakamura Naokatsu Pk ~ i, Sh~oen no kenkj k~( ~1~~(A study of the sho-en), Ky-oto, Hoshino Shoten, 1939, 11+809 pp. A study of the T'daiji sh-6. The work is exceptionally technical but gives excellent insight into the actual life of a typical shU. 1006. Nishioka Toranosuke tib I L R- b, Shoensei no hattatsu 411 W.~ '' i (The development of the shuen system), T~ky-6, Iwanami Shoten, 1933, 63 pp. One of the Iwanami lecture series pamphlets. It gives a brief description of the origins and development of the shuden system. 1007. Ono Takeo ')' 5r A' K Nihon sh~oensei shiron 0 4 —,P L $ q$'(An historical treatise on the sh-6en system), T~ky'd, Yu-hikaku, 1943, 555 pp. A detailed and fully documented study of the emergence of the sho-en system in Japan by one of the foremost economic historians of prewar Japan. The author was aided in his study by Imai RintarZ-. 1008. Shimizu Mitsuo $ ~,Nihon chiisei no sonraku i -''1 '$t - (The Japanese village in the medieval period), Tokyo-, Nihon Hy-oronsha, 1942, 401+41 pp. An important work analyzing the structure and economic state of the village (mura) during the 12th to 14th centuries. This work is largely responsible for shifting the emphasis of Japanese medievalists from a study of the sho-en as a legal entity to a consideration of the mura-nanushi-bushi complex. 1009. Shimizu Mitsuo 4 — 'p-, Nihon sho-en no kiso ko-z- FJ 4- s A k 4 4The basic structure of the Japanese shUen), Kyuto, KC6t6 Shoin, 1948, 359 pp. 1010. Takeuchi Rizu TT 6 ~ ~ Jirylo sh-6en no kenkyiu - 4 (Studies of ecclesiastic shuden), TakyU, Unebi ShobU, 1942, 555 pp. A specialized study. 1011. To-ma Seita #- _ s., Nihon sho-enshi 1 — 9 (History of the Japanese sho-en), Tboky~o, Kond-o Shobu6, 1947, 480 pp. A Marxist synthesis of the recent studies of the emergence of the sho-en. Emphasis is upon changes at the local village level and in modes of economic production. The work concludes with a lengthy analysis of the history of sh-6en studies in Japan. 1012. Yoshida Thgo t O * -b Nihon sho-en seido no taiyZ- P 4 r~- V PI - " ~-_ -4- (Outlines of the Japanese shUen system), TMyd, Nihon Gakujutsu FukyUkai, 1916, 254 pp. A -pioneer study by a leading historical geographer.

Page  113 SURVEY HISTORIES 113 3) Feudalism No doubt it is because the Japanese have only recently emerged from their period of feudalism that their historians are still actively studying and debating the nature of the feudal past and its legacy to the present. The literature in this field is vast and complicated. Few writers have been equally at home in all three of the major divisions into which the Japanese feudal period falls. Instead they have tended to specialize either in early (Kamakura) or late (Tokugawa) institutions. Until recently the middle period (Ashikaga) has been relatively neglected. Early writers on feudalism came from among the legal historians, whose works have been listed in greater detail in Sections 5 e 1 and 6 c 3 above. During the 1920s and 30s the economic historians took over the major role in the study of Japanese feudalism. Among the more recent survey histories in this field, Ito Tasaburo's Nihon hoken seidoshi (History of the feudal system in Japan) (Entry 1014) and Nakamura Kichiji's HUken shakai (Feudal society) (Entry 1019) are outstanding. Specialists in early feudalism correspond largely to those listed in the section under sheen, 6 c 2 above. A large number of historians have concentrated upon the late feudal period. Among them Nakamura and Miyamoto (Entries 1018 and 1017) have contributed chiefly to an understanding of the transition from middle to late feudalism and Tsuchiya and Naramoto (Entries 1025 and 1020) to the nineteenth century decay of feudal institutions. The current trend towards study of the economic life of the feudal peasantry is dealt with later in Section 7 d 4. 1013. Irimajiri Yoshinaga 7\. k -t 1l, Hokensei hokai katei no kenkyu X id_ ik - " (Studies in the decay of feudal institutions), T6kyo, Waseda Daigaku Shuppambu, 1948, 382 pp. Studies in the basic problems underlying the decline of feudal institutions of the Tokugawa period. Part 1 deals with the so-called "reestablishment of feudalism" in the seventeenth century; part 2 treats the peasantry and their problems; part 3 deals with problems of land reclamation, the family system, and the development of manufacturing. The author evaluates critically several recent studies of these subjects. 1014. Ito Tasaburo 1 6 9 - A, Nihon hoken seidoshi - 4 J *j 4\ I _ (History of the feudal system in Japan), Tokyo, Yoshikawa KIbunkan, 1950, 335 pp. The most lucid survey of the development of Japanese feudal institutions. It traces these institutions from their origin in the twelfth century to their decline in the nineteenth. The author is a specialist in feudal intellectual history and one of the few students of local history of the Tokugawa period. 1015. Makino Shinnosuke - - f~ S_ p, Bukejidai shakai no kenkyu A' r it- ',~-; q f iL (Studies in the society of the feudal military period), Tokyo, TVkW Shoin, 1928, 630 pp. An early study of feudal institutions by a specialist in feudal law. Part 1 treats the legal superstructure of early Japanese feudalism; part 2 covers the land system and village organization; part 3 analyzes the social structure. 1016. Matsumoto Shimpachiro T- f ', p, H'okenteki tochi shoy' no seiritsu katei j tr J j- -t X,9 i-$ i~ iB (On the emergence of feudal land tenure), Tokyo, Ito Shoten, 1949, 154 pp. A technical, Marxist analysis of the changing pattern of land tenure which accompanied the breakdown of the public domain system after the eighth century in Japan. The author believes that the increased freedom of the cultivator class plus its greater productivity led to the growth of feudalism. 1017. Miyamoto Mataji 9 + A ', Hokenshugi no saishuppatsu J, t. e ^ ~ 7(The reemergence of the feudal ideology), Kyoto, Oyashima Shuppan K.K., 1948, 364 pp. A clear exposition of the thesis that the emergence of the daimyo in the sixteenth century brought with it a reassertion of feudal controls. This work describes earlier feudal institutions and analyzes the policies of Nobunaga and Hideyoshi. There is an extensive bibliography. 1018. Nakamura Kichiji ' 1. ~ p, Nihon hokensei saihenseishi D ' it l,. 4 _(History of the reestablishment of the feudal system in Japan), Toky1, Mikasa ShobU, 1940, 248 pp. An early statement of the thesis that the institutions of the Tokugawa period represented a "refeudalization" of Japanese society. The author is an expert on the land survey (kenchi) which laid the foundation for renewed feudal control over the land. There is an appended bibliography. 1019. Nakamura Kichiji p -1 -, -, Hoken shakai I +. 4 (Feudal society), Tokyo, Kawade Shobu, 1943, 398 pp. An excellent survey introduction to Japanese feudal institutions. The work covers the entire field of feudalism in Japan and makes stimulating comparisons with European history. 1020. Naramoto Tatsuya e ~ ~ 7-t --, Kinsei hoken shakai shiron 't -t~ 4 ~- p!L En V (Essays on the history of modern feudal society), Kyoto, Koto Shoin, 1948, 229 pp. Based primarily on the study of the Muri domain (Choshu) and its economic and administrative reforms of the Tempo period (1830-43). This work has been extremely influential among contemporary "progressive" students of the Meiji Restoration. 1021. Ono Takeo '' e A' -, Nihon heino shiron 0 4- i _ 4_ -p (Essays on the history of peasant conscription in Japan), Tukyo, Yuhikaku, 1938, 394 pp. A broad historical analysis of the position of the peasant in the fighting forces of Japan. The author describes the military system of eighth century Japan, changes which occurred thereafter, and ends with a discussion of the gashi (rural samurai) of the Tokugawa period.

Page  114 114 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1022. Takahashi Kamekichi h * _ t, Tokugawa hoken keizai no kenkyu fl "1 at L,i_;', aT _ (Studies of Tokugawa feudal economy), T5ky?, Zenshinsha, 1931, 480 pp. Detailed and copiously documented studies of the development of commercial farming and handicraft production during the Tokugawa period. Special emphasis is placed on the development of the silk, cotton and sugar industries under government encouragement and monopoly. 1023. Takimoto Seiichi;? * J- ' -, Nihon hoken keizaishi a t k t1, * - J(History of feudal economy in Japan), Tokyo, Maruzen, 1930, 451+136+39+4 pp. An historical analysis by topics of Tokugawa economy. It covers such subjects as the land system, finance, currency, manufacturing, commerce, cities, uprisings, social classes, economic thought, and feudal laws. 1024. Teikoku Daigaku Shimbunsha Henshubu * 1 s X t A f.,~t 1P (Editorial Office, Imperial University Newspaper), Nihon hakensei no bunseki D + t $ ",I s * y (Analysis of Japanese feudalism), TOkyd, Teikoku Daigaku Shimbunsha Shuppambu, 1947, 159 pp. A collection of articles from the Toky' Imperial University Newspaper by fifteen authorities. They discuss the nature of Japanese feudalism, make comparisons with European and Chinese institutions, and analyze the feudal remnants in contemporary Japanese society. 1025. Tsuchiya Takao -t- 4_ f) ta, Hoken shakai hokai katei no kenkyuu t - rR t i-; a. t (A study of the process of decay of feudal society), T'Ikyo, K6bundU, 1927, 729 pp. A standard and influential analysis of the economic forces which undermined the feudal structure of nineteenth century Japan. The author emphasizes the financial difficulties of the feudal regime and the growth of government monopolies. He documents his thesis from his studies of the Sendai and Kagoshima domains. 1026. Tsuchiya Takao _- Af t /, HSken shakai no kozo bunseki. t -, _ 4X ) ' - (Structural analysis of feudal society), Tokyo, Keiso Shobo, 1950, 338 pp. Collected essays by followers of the Tsuchiya school of economic history on the establishment and development of Tokugawa feudalism. Authors include Imai Rintaru, Naramoto Tatsuya, Abe Makoto, Irimajiri Yoshinaga, and Hattori Shiso. Most essays are documented. 1027. Yasuda Motohisa - l ~t _, Shoki hokensei no kosei v77 ~ i., ~/ e ~ '(The structure of early feudalism), T5kyi, Kokudosha, 1950, 219 pp. The author uses the "sociology of law" approach in his analysis of the structure of Kamakura feudalism. 4) Capitalism The "capitalism problem" has been one of the most bitterly debated subjects in the entire field of Japanese economic history. By now a number of books have appeared on the controversy alone. Of these, three are listed below (Entires 1037 to 1039). Though there is risk of over-simplification, it is possible to discern four broad schools of approach to the problem of interpreting Japanese capitalism. Early writers on the subject included members of the first generation of economic historians such as Honjo, Ono, and Tsuchiya. Their writings were largely of a generalized and descriptive nature and avoided the use of interpretive formulae. Today this school continues and is exemplified in the work of Horie Yasuzu (Entry 1030). Marxist theorizers entered the field with Inomata Tsunao. Their chief contribution prior to World War II was the publication of the Nihon shihonshugi hattatsushi kuza (Series on the history of the growth of capitalism in Japan) (Entry 1032). It was the appearance of this series which gave rise to the split between the klza group and the rono group discussed previously in Section 5 a 4 above. In simplest terms the "capitalism controversy" between these two groups hinged on a difference of opinion concerning the degree of economic development which Japan had attained by 1868. The koza school minimized this development and hence emphasized the necessity of state participation. The rrno scholars claimed to see progressive economic tendencies at the local level which they believed fashioned the foundation of Japan's modern capitalism. This split continues today. A final school of thought was brought into vogue by Otsuka Hisao (Entry 1034), who has used the ideas of Max Weber in his analysis of Japanese capitalism. 1028. Asada Mitsuteru " V ~ $ and Nakamura Hideichiro p -' ~ --, Nihon shihonshugi shakai keiseishi a;, t E * - at /i a (History of the establishment of Japanese capitalistic society), T5kyl, Iwasaki Shoten, 1949, 317 pp. An historical survey of the development of Japanese capitalistic society beginning with the origins of modern capitalistic institutions during the Tokugawa period. The author is a postwar adherent of the koza school. 1029. Hirano Yoshitar? -a t ' X t~P, Nihon shihonshugi shakai no kikMo f K': 4 - i: - 9 I', (The mechanism of Japanese capitalistic society), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934, 388 pp. Considered the best work of an influential exponent of the koza school. 1030. Horie Yasuzo:,-I -., Nihon shihonshugi no seiritsu Q 4-: t /e a JL(The establishment of Japanese capitalism), Tokyo, Daidu Shoin, 1938, 340 pp. One of the best-balanced interpretations of the development of capitalism in Japan by the successor to Professor Honj- Eijiro at Kyoto University.

Page  115 SURVEY HISTORIES 115 1031. Moriya Norio /S _ L tp, Nihon shihonshugi hattatsushi + - Z * Z I i t (History of the development of capitalism in Japan), Tbokyo, Naukasha, 2nd ed., 1949, 173 pp. The work of a high ranking member of the Japanese Communist Party, it is written to set forth in simple terms the party's official interpretation of the "capitalism problem." 1032. Nihon shihonshugi hattatsushi koza D. h Y_ # A - t^ *L t / — (Series on the history of the growth of capitalism in Japan), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1932-33, 48 pamphlets. One of the most controversial and publicized works in the modern historical field in Japan, this series of articles by members of the early Marxist school of historians made a strong impression by its antigovernment interpretation of the Meiji Restoration and the "capitalism problem." Publication of this series was largely responsible for the subsequent effort to suppress academic Marxists in Japan. Many passages in the pamphlets are censored. It is from this series that the klza school takes its name, the chief writers being Hani Gorb, Hattori Shiso, Hirano YoshitarU, and Yamada MoritarU. 1033. Noro Eitaro W g A tp, Nihon shihonshugi hattatsushi s - V t A ' iA- Z(History of the growth of Japanese capitalism), Kyoto, San'ichi Shob, 1949, 270 pp. First published in 1930, this work is by a former secretary general of the Japanese Communist Party. The work emphasizes the imperialist orientation of post-Meiji capitalist development in Japan. 1034. Utsuka Hisao X -Z At, Kindai shihonshugi no keifu i_ P ' t D ~ ~' 9 f- $j (The pedigree of modern capitalism), Tokyo, Gakusei Shobo, 1947, 320 pp. A controversial work which attempts to analyze Japan's modern capitalistic development by the aid of parallels drawn from European society. Otsuka is chiefly a follower of Max Weber and hence represents an anti-Marxist trend in current scholarship. 1035. Shinobu Seizaburo =- k, Nihon no dokusen shihonshugi 6 ^ (Japan's monopoly capitalism), Tokyo, Aoki Shoten, 1948, 287 pp. An analysis of Japan's modern capitalism with emphasis on its monopoly aspects. The author, one of the leading young Marxists, is a prolific writer on modern Japanese politics and foreign relations. 1036. Tsuchiya Takao -- /t A J& and Okazaki Saburo (A1 - ~ 2, Nihon shihonshugi hattatsushi gaisetsu a *. i _ ' P it X. 1_t 1 (An introduction to the history of the development of Japanese capitalism), Tokyo, Yuihikaku, 1937, 550+4 pp. An analysis of Japanese capitalism by the chief exponents of the rono school. Tsuchiya deals with the economics of the Meiji Restoration, Okazaki with developments in the fields of heavy industry and mining. The work concludes with a discussion of the influence of Japan's growing capitalism on farm economy. 1037. Shakai Keizai RldU Kenkyusho' t ~: A-p f0/ R 9 -. #T(Research Institute for Social, Economic and Labor Problems), Nihon shihonshug i rons0shi s t * ~ Ad!. (History of the controversy over Japanese capitalism), Tokyo, Ito Shoten, 1947, 273 pp. A survey of the "capitalism controversy" by a research group committed to neither of the two conflicting schools of thought on the subject. There is an extensive bibliography. 1038. Tsushima Tadayuki Vt,k.?, Nihon shihonshugi ronsoshiron 0 A ' s ' A -- t (Historical essays on the controversy over Japanese capitalism), Tokyo, Kod-sha, 1947, 361 pp. One of the many works devoted to describing the long and complex controversy in Japanese academic circles over the interpretation of Japanese capitalism. The author is a partisan of the rlnUi group. 1039. Uchida Jokichi tk ~ i, Nihon shihonshugi ronso 0 4, 4 1 't (The controversy over the interpretation of Japanese capitalism), Toky6, ShinkU Shuppansha, 1949, 2 v. Perhaps the most detailed description of the bitter "capitalism dispute.-" Volume 1 covers the prewar period, volume 2 the postwar years. Volume 2 ends with an extensive bibliography on Japanese capitalism. The author is sympathetic to the koza school. 1040. Yamada Moritaro 1 W 4- ~- tp, Nihon shihonshugi bunseki t0 4 * 4 $ ' 'T (Analysis of Japanese capitalism), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934. The chief work of an early leader of the koza school of economic historians. d. Agriculture Most of the prewar generation of economic historians have surveyed the development of Japanese agriculture and agricultural technology. Their views are most accessible in general series such as the Nihon bunkashi taikei (Survey of Japanese cultural history) (Entry 731), the Heibonsha Nihonshi (History of Japan) (Entry 739), the Shinko Dai Nihonshi (New lectures on the history of Japan) (Entry 744), and in the Nihon keizaishi jiten (Dictionary of Japanese economic history) (Entry 291). Since the war the agricultural economist Furushima Toshio has made brilliant contributions to the study of Japanese agricultural history. His work has unusual vitality owing to its combined use of library and field study techniques. 1041. Furushima Toshio t A Z. Jr-, Kinsei Nihon nogyo no k-ozo iL_ e 4 - 4 ~ (The structure of modern Japanese agriculture), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1944, 18+619+26 pp. Considered the outstanding work on agriculture and agriculturalists of the Tokugawa period. The author treats in detail the formation of the modern agricultural village, land holding, agricultural technology, crops, types of field, and the hikan (bound-tenant) system.

Page  116 116 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1042. Furushima Toshio t -4 a ft, Nihon hoken nogyoshi 0 - t,t ^ t (History of Japanese feudal agriculture), Tokyo, Shikai Shobo, 1941, 338 pp. An introductory survey of the development of Japanese agriculture and the life of the peasantry during the feudal period. The author, a specialist on agricultural technology, peasant society, and communal lands, draws his conclusions from numerous field studies. 1043. Furushima Toshio d A X - 4;, Nihon nogakushi D 4 X t_ (History of Japanese agricultural science), TokyU, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1946, 563 pp. An authoritative study of the historical development of agricultural technology and theory in Japan up to the end of the Tokugawa period. 1044. Furushima Toshio 6 t - ti, Nihon nogyo gijutsushi B (- H o 'of J (History of Japanese agricultural technology), Tokyu, Jichsha, 1947-48, 2 v. The outstanding work on agricultural technology. Volume 1 covers the subject from primitive times to the beginning of the Tokugawa period. Volume 2 covers the Tokugawa period. Treatment is authoritative and extremely broad, embracing development in tools, crops, land use, fertilizers, irrigation, animal husbandry, silk industry, etc. 1045. Hogetsu Keigo t J t -_, Chisei kangaishi no kenkyu t- _ - - " 5 (Studies in the history of irrigation during the middle ages), T5kyl, Meguro Shoten, rev. ed., 1950, 376 pp. One of the few studies of the history of the development of irrigation systems in Japan. The author is especially interested in the relationship of feudal political authority and the development of irrigation. A member of the Tokyo University Historiographical Institute, he has used with success the wealth of historical materials in the Institute's library. 1046. Kimura Yasuji * t.t t --, Nihon nogu hattatsushi ( / | - X- ~ W (The history of the development of agricultural implements in Japan), T6kyo, N6gy- to Kikaisha, 1936, 271 pp. Covers the history of the development of agricultural implements from prehistoric times to c. 1920. 1047. Kitamura Toshio 9 't 1t k, Nihon kangai suiri kanko no shiteki kenkyu D 4' - A 7%:1 -TITr -) 9 O 7 5; (Historical studies of Japanese irrigation and water control practices), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1950, 3+6+503 pp. An outstanding analysis of the development of water control systems and the attendant problems of water rights and their administration. The author has drawn his material from a wide variety of sources and from extensive field studies. Emphasis is upon the Tokugawa period. 1048. Matsuyoshi Sadao 7'v a. A, Shinden no kenkyu - w 9 f T 9L_ (A study of reclaimed land), Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1936, 311+7 pp. A pioneer study of the relationship of reclaimed agricultural land to previously cultivated areas. Emphasis is on the Tokugawa period. The author develops the thesis that reclaimed land being less encumbered with feudal dues became the basis of capitalistic land ownership. 1049. Miyagawa Chiyozo % I') t t A, Nihon nogyo hattatsu shi D 4 F 5t A t- (History of the development of agriculture in Japan), Tokyo, Seikatsusha, 1942. The author emphasizes the development of intensive fragmented agriculture in Japan. 1050. Morimoto Rokuji I-T + 4 ', Nihon noko bunka no kigen f -; t W t /,-(The origins of agriculture in Japan), Tokyo, Iga ShobU, rev. ed., 1946, 303 pp. A study of the origins of agricultural economy in Japan. The author bases his conclusions on an extensive analysis of archeological data. 1051. Ono Takeo,', t '., Nihon nogyo kigen ron a 4 ~ ~,t A /- ~ (On the origin of agriculture in Japan), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1942, 393 pp. An important study of the problem of the origins of agricultural economy in Japan. 1052. Suzuki Naoji s 4 - -, Beisaku no kenkyU 4 ('] o j %_ (Study of rice production), Tokyo, Gansh-odo, 1940, 387+16 pp. Part 1 covers the history of rice production technology. Part 2 describes recent Japanese technology in rice production. An index is appended. 1053. Takimoto Seiichi 4t 4- tA( -, ed., Dai Nihon noshi ~ B E _ _ (History of Japanese agriculture), Toky6, ChUIgai Shlgy- Shimposha, 1926, 1090 pp. This work is a revision of the early "official history" of agriculture compiled under the direction of the Nfshomusho (Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce) in 1890-91. It is primarily a history of agricultural administration prior to 1868. The work serves mainly to bring together in chronological order a large quantity of documentary material. e. Production, Industry and Technology 1) General The following works consist of two widely different types: 1) standard descriptive surveys of Japanese industrial and technological development, and 2) specialized studies of the so-called "manufacture problem." Among the first variety, the works by Nagusa Yasuhiro (Entry 1064) and Saigusa Hiroto (Entry 1065), when used

Page  117 SURVEY HISTORIES 117 in combination, should give fairly complete survey coverage of the field. Both are liberal in their citation of recommended reading. The "manufacture problem" is a by-product of the recent attempt of Japanese historians to assess the level of economic development attained by pre-modern Japan and to equate this to European stages of industrial development. Such speculation is chiefly confined to the Marxists such as Fujita Gorl, Hattori Shiso, Shinobu SeizaburT, and Horie Eiichi. Their studies deal primarily with the development of manufacturing in the transition period between Tokugawa and Meiji Japan. 1054. Dai Nihon Sanshikai - E3; '. (Raw Silk Association of Japan), Nihon sanshigyoshi 0 4 ),* Z - (History of the Japanese raw silk industry), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Sanshikai, 1935-36, 5 v. A collection of topically arranged documents on the development of silk production in Japan. Volumes cover the following topics: 1) early history of silk culture; 2) silk reeling and trade; 3) silk worms, their types and cultivation; 4) mulberry cultivation, state policy with respect to silk culture; 5) technology, chronological tables, and index. 1055. Doboku Gakkai t-. T ' (Civil Engineering Association), Meiji izen Nihon dobokushi S n Aysi t - D + - ~ (History of public works in pre-Meiji Japan), T-okyo, Doboku Gakkai, 1936, 1745+14 pp. A monumental study of civil engineering works in pre-Meiji Japan. Chapters deal with waterways and water control, reclamation, irrigation, docks, harbors, roads, cities, castles, and technology. Documents are extensively quoted. The work is well illustrated and there is an extensive bibliography. 1056. Fujita Gor - ( _ - tp, Nihon kindai sangyo no seisei B t - J t \ / ' A '(The establishment of modern Japanese industry), Tokyo, Nihon Hynronsha, 2nd ed., 1948, 380 pp. A technical analysis, from the Marxist point of view, of the development of modern industrial production in Japan. The introduction carries an analysis of previous studies in the field. An appendix provides an annotated list of source materials. 1057. Hattori Shis-o DE -9- f -,,/ and Shinobu Seizaburo 4 = — )p, Nihon manyufakuchua shiron E) T -- 7p 7 7 - t (Essays on the history of Japanese manufacturing), Toky<, Ikuseisha, 1937, 254 pp. Contains two technical studies of the development of the textile industry in Akita and Kurume during the late Tokugawa period. This work has served to document many of Hattori's theories concerning the Meiji Restoration. 1058. Horie Eiichi i- k —, Nihon no manyufakuchua mondai D 4 - ~ - 7-7 z?h - 7 A(The "manufacture problem" in Japan), Kyoto, San'ichi Shobo, 1949, 121 pp. A Marxist discussion of the problems involved in determining the technological level of manufacturing tech-.niques in pre-Meiji Japan. 1059. Horie Eiichi -/ 5'- -, Goto Yasushi i - ~ ~, Nishijin kigyo no kenkyu 1 Pt r.. e A,(Studies of the Nishijin weaving industry), Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1950, 110 pp. Significant studies of the craft industry of the Nishijin weavers of Kyoto. 1060. Ikeda Shffi l W jA L-, Nihon yakugyoshi D I t % - (History of the Japanese medicine industry), Kyldto, Kyoto YakugyU Jironsha, 1929, 415 pp. A standard survey of the production, sale, and use of drugs in Japan from earliest times to the time of writing. Emphasis is placed on the post-Restoration period. 1061. Kajinishi Mitsuhaya T J ~t I_, Nihon kindai mengy5 no seiritsu 0 - -,$ \ - ~ tP L (The establishment of Japan's modern cotton textile industry), TokyU, Kadokawa Shoten, 1949, 240 pp. A study of the origins of Japan's modern textile industry. Part 1 deals with early cotton textile production during the middle ages and the Tokugawa period. Part 2 covers the development of machine weaving, Osaka as a textile center, and the penetration of world markets. Coverage is limited to the Meiji period. There is an appended list of selected reference works. 1062. K'gakkai -- T /f (Engineering Association), Meiji kogyoshi O - xi - 4 X (History of industry during the Meiji era), Tokyo, K'gakkai, 1925-31, 10 v. A monumental collection of materials on the development of industry during the Meiji era. Volumes deal with the following subjects: 1) chemical industry, 2) shipbuilding, 3) railroads, 4) building industry, 5) electrical industry, 6) civil engineering, 7) armaments and steel, 8) mining, 9) machinery, 10) summary and index. 1063. Mori Kiichi $ -, Nihon kgyo koseishi 0 /f T 0 A (History of Japanese industrial organization), Toky6, ItU Shoten, 1943, 5+380+9 pp. An analysis of the changing patterns of industry and industrial organization in Japan since the Meiji Restoration. 1064. Nagusa Yasuhiro F] 41 A T-, Nihon kogyoshi D -- * - _(History of Japanese industry), Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 1942, 419 pp. Published as part of the Taikan Nihon bunkashi sensho series (Entry 749). This work provides an excellent survey coverage of the entire field of industrial development in Japan. Part 1 deals with the premodern craft period. Part 2 covers recent developments going into such late industrial activities as aluminum and rayon production. There is an extensive list of suggested reading.

Page  118 118 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1065. Saigusa Hiroto t t T -I, Gijutsushi 4 I. (History of technology), Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimpisha, 1940, 370+48 pp. Published as volume 14 of the Gendai Nihon bummeishi series (Entry 722), this work presents a detailed analysis of the technological development of Japan after 1850. Chapters deal with shipbuilding, iron works, textiles, motive power, machines, railroads, telegraph, lighting, factories, mining, and technical training. Coverage is limited to the Meiji period. There is an excellent appended bibliography. 1066. Mikame Takako ~ t;, Nihon mengyo hattatsushi 0 z F9 t! iHistory of the development of the cotton textile industry in Japan), Tokyo, Keio Shobo, 1941, 514 pp. 1067. Shinobu Seizaburul S b k A 4, Kindai Nihon sangy shi josetsu ift ' B A T - a t (Introduction to the history of modern Japanese industrial production), TokyU, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1946, 359+12 pp. A study of the development of modern industrial production in Japan from the end of the Tokugawa period through the early Meiji period. The author is a leading scholar of the Marxist school. 1068. Tamura Eitar e Pt 'k;t p, Nihon kogyo bunkashi 0B -- -- t- $ (History of Japanese industrial development), Tokyo, Kagakushugi Kogysha, 1943, 789 pp. A detailed description of various craft products and artifacts of the pre-modern period. The work covers vehicles, lamps, mine construction, household implements, cloth, civil engineering works, paper, printing, military implements, and machines of various kinds. 1069. Yamamoto Saburo a - p, Nihon kindai gijutsushi P { i& 1 ' - ~t (History of Japanese technology in recent times), Tokyo, Mikasa Shobo, 1940, 293 pp. A survey of Japan's technological advance from the Tokugawa craft stage of production to the establishment of modern light and heavy industry. Chapters deal with silk, cotton, iron and steel, mining, and other industries. The author emphasizes Japan's success in catching up with the rest of the world in all fields of technology. 1070. Yokoi Isamu f, If t, Nihon chikkoshi E - t = _ (History of Japanese harbor construction), Tokyo, Maruzen Shoten, 1927, 373 pp. An factual survey of harbor construction in Japan from the twelfth century. Chief attention is given to the post-Restoration period. 1071. Yokoi Tokifuyu A ~ 4 A, Nihon kogyoshi Q E ) X ~ (History of Japanese industry), Tokyo, Yoshikawa K6bunkan, 1898, 359 pp. A pioneer study of the pre-modern development of the productive crafts in Japan. The author concentrates his attention on technological change while neglecting the problems of production volume and quality. 1072. Zosen Kyokai i AL t1 4 (Shipbuilding Association), Nihon kinsei zosenshi D i -E et goj -~ (History of modern shipbuilding in Japan), Tokyo, Kodokan, 1911, 944 pp. An early work dealing with the transition of the shipbuilding industry in Japan from the days of the Tokugawa shogunate to the early years of Meiji. It covers naval and civil ship construction, marine transportation, state control of shipping, technological training of workers, etc. 2. Fishing 1073. Habara Yukichi 1 -. _- a, Nihon gyogyo keizaishi ~,-, 4 - Fk (History of fishing economy in Japan), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952-. Scheduled to run to several volumes, this series will provide the best coverage of the field when complete. The author, a member of the Fisheries Section of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, bases his studies on the documentary collection being compiled by that section. The work provides detailed information on the history and development of fishing and fishing communities in Japan by region. Volume 1 covers the KyUshU and Setonaikai areas. 1074. Habara Yukichi 1q /i - - Z, Shina yushutsu Nihon kombugy5 shihonshugishi & Ad 1 Q a _ ~ u~ -> 4z } A ' ~ (A history of the capitalistic production of kombu for export to China), Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1940, 299+11 pp. An important study of the production of dried seaweed for export to China during the Tokugawa and Meiji periods. 1075. Katayama Fusakichi ) 7, Dai Nihon suisanshi D " '- 4 ' (History of marine production in the Japanese empire),-T6kyo, Nogyo to Suisansha, 1937, 1102 pp. This work is to date the foremost historical survey of fishing in Japan. Its special value lies in the large number of documentary sources it utilizes. Part 1 deals with the pre-Meiji period, and part 2 with the modern development of the fishing industry. There are nine pages of bibliography. 1076. Shimizu Hiroshi 5 -H — L and Konuma Isamu ',- i ~, Nihon gyogyo keizai hattatsushi josetsu B?. ~, i - $:, i> t Ar (Introduction to the history of the development of fishing economy in Japan), Tokyo, Choryusha, 1949, 284 pp. An analysis of the development of fishing in Japan and the social and economic position of the fishing population. The authors are concerned primarily with the growth of capitalistic fishing techniques after 1868, the problems of industrial organization, and the condition of the labor force.

Page  119 SURVEY HISTORIES 119 1077. Yamaguchi Kazuo a p TD t, Nihon gyogyo keizaishi kenkyu D E ' t,-?'; 4 $ _ (Studies in the history of Japanese fishing economy), Tokyo, HokuryUkan, 1948, 380 pp. Collected essays on various aspects of the pre-modern fishing industry in Japan. The author, a former member of the Attic Museum staff, has emphasized the problem of disputes over fishing rights. 1078. Yamaguchi Kazuo L, i / t, Nihon gyogyoshi 4s;.. -, I (History of the Japanese fishing industry), Toky?, Seikatsusha, 1946, 349 pp. An extremely useful survey of the development of Japanese fishing. Emphasis is on the technological aspects of the industry. Chapters deal with individual varieties of fish and describe fishing methods from early times to the present. 3. Mining and Forestry 1079. EndU YasutarU j_ A -- K iP, Nihon sanrinshi a 4 no tt- (History of Japanese mountains and forests), Tokyo, Nihon Sanrinshi Kankkai, 1934, 2 v. The author, a former member of the historical documents section of the Ministry of Forestry, has brought together a wealth of documentation on Japan's pre-modern protected forests (hogorin). Volume 1 contains documents on the origin and administration of such forests. Volume 2 contains illustrations and maps. 1080. K'zan Konwakai ~ ^ 4. Pf ' (Mining Association), Nihon kogyo hattatsushi B - f-. i t t (History of the development of mining in Japan), Tokyo, K Izan Konwakai, 1932, 3 v. One of the most detailed studies of the recent development of mining in Japan. Chapters deal with metallurgy, iron refining, oil, safety measures, labor problems, and technology. 1081. Kuboyama Yuzo t 1,. -! -, Sekitan kogyo hattatsushi X,_, j i_ - (History of the development of coal mining), Tokyo, Koronsha, 1942, 468 pp. Covers the history of coal mining in Japan and her modern colonial possessions. 1082. Nishio Keijirm ~ i ~ -t 1p, Nihon kogyo shiyo 0 '. -9 & -t- (Principles of the history of Japanese mining), JUichikumi Shuppambu, 1943, 188 pp. A brief survey of Japanese mining up to the Tokugawa period. The author discusses the sources for such a study in his introduction. The body of the work deals with the history and technology of mining during this early period. 1083. Shirakawa Taro 1 -i; ip, Teikoku rinseishi - [] t- ''1 -_(History of the administration of Japanese forests), Tokyo, Yirind-, 1902, 265 pp. Based on documents submitted to the Ministry of Forestry by the several prefectures in 1881-82, this work is a documentary description of the development of Japanese forests during the Tokugawa period. 1084. Toba Masao..A, lE- D t, Nihon ringyTshi B 4 3 - X _ (History of Japanese forestry), Tokyo, Yazankaku, 1951, 238 pp. An analysis of forests and forestry in pre-modern Japan by an expert on the Tokugawa period. Sections include a general historical survey, studies of special forest products and their relationship to Japanese economy, government policies towards forest exploitation, etc. There is an appended chronological table and a bibliographical list. f. Commerce and Trade 1) Merchants and Domestic Commerce The early generation of economic historians such as Honjo, Takekoshi, and Tsuchiya contributed a great deal to the general knowledge of commercial development in Japan. The standard economic histories published by these writers are still useful as introductions to the field. In succeeding years the pupils of these men began to work out detailed problems connected with the history of Japanese commerce. The immediate prewar historical series such as Heibonsha's Nihonshi (History of Japan) (Entry 739) and Nihon bunkashi taikei (Survey of Japanese cultural history) (Entry 731) contain the work of these younger specialists and are excellent for survey purposes. The following brief list of works is not in any way exhaustive but will serve to supplement the more general material just mentioned. Outstanding for their recent work in this field are Toyota Takeshi, whose specialty is the middle ages, and Miyamoto Mataji, a specialist in Tokugawa commerce. Miyamoto's Nihon shogyoshi (History of commerce in Japan) (Entry 1089) is recommended as the best one-volume introduction. The appended guide to methodology and sources is particularly valuable. 1085. Kanno Watar-6 ~ AT - P i 8 p, Nihon shogyoshi 0 4 q (History of commerce in Japan), ~ Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1930, 352 pp. A general survey of the development of commercial activity in Japan from ancient times to the time of writing. Part 1 deals with the period of markets (ichi); part 2, with the period of guides and special privileges; part 3, with merchant economy, and part 4, occupying the last half of the work, covers the post-Restoration period. Emphasis is on domestic trade.

Page  120 120 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1086. Kanno Wataro H fT - X p, Umi shonin no kenkyu ift Si- A. n: _(Study of the Omi merchants), Tokyo, Yaihikaku, 1941, 329 pp. The basic study of the most significant group of merchants in pre-modern Japan. The work covers the early origin of the Omi merchants during the Heian period and concludes with a description of the way in which they became the core of commercial activity during the Tokugawa period. 1087. K5da Shigetomo - l1 ~5 4, Edo to Osaka, — j' p (Edo and Osaka), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1934, 333+14 pp. A lively description of the development of Edo and Osaka as commercial centers during the Tokugawa period. Chapters cover municipal organizations, life of the cities, commercial and financial activity centering in the cities, trade in rice and oil, trade between Osaka and Edo, the guild system, etc. Much of this work has been translated in N. Smith, Materials on Japanese Social and Economic History: Tokugawa Japan (1), Tokyo, The Asiatic Society of Japan, 1937. 1088. Miyamoto Mataji / ~: t, Kabunakama no kenkyu 44 i1 '? t ' (Studies of the kabunakama), Tokyo, Ythikaku, 1938, 434+8 pp. A detailed study of the guild system of Tokugawa Japan. 1089. Miyamoto Mataji ~ < t, Nihon hshogyoshi a f s (History of commerce in Japan), Tokyu, Ryuginsha, 1949, 310 pp. A detailed survey of the commercial history of Japan from ancient times to the time of writing. The appendix (pp. 285-310) is a guide to sources and methodology for the study of Japanese commercial history and provides an excellent introduction to the subject. A 1943 edition of this work contains certain sections on foreign trade which are missing in the 1949 edition. 1090. Rekishi Chiri Gakkai L — t a ' - t J (Historical Geography Society), Nihon shoninshi B #+ 'A P (History of Japanese merchants), Tokyo, Rekishichiri Gakkai, 1925, 372 pp. A special issue of Rekishi chiri, it contains articles covering the entire span of pre-modern commercial development. Contributions are by such prominent scholars of the 20s as: Miura Kaneyuki (General survey), Nishioka Toranosuke (Heian merchants), Aida Jiro (Merchants in the middle ages), Nakamura Koya (Tokugawa policy towards merchants), Fujii Jintaro (Early Meiji), Koda Shigetomo (Hyogo and Osaka in early Meiji), etc. 1091. Toyota Takeshi -H, Chusei Nihon shogyoshi no kenkyu 4 -: B E It ) jt ( 9 A (Studies of the history of commerce in the middle ages), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1944, 386 pp. Basic studies of the guild system of the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries in Japan. A revised edition was published in 1952. 1092. Toyota Takeshi I fEr, Nihon shoninshi, chusei-hen D 4-; j -. ox ~ l,~ (History of Japanese merchants, the middle ages), Tokyo, Toky-odo, 1949, 282 pp. A survey of commercial activity during the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries in Japan by the leading authority on the subject. 2) Foreign Trade The field of foreign trade has remained the domain of rather narrow specialists in Japan. Thus few general surveys of the field are to be found. Perhaps the best sources of general information on foreign trade are contained in the prewar historical series, particularly the Nihon bunkashi taikei (Survey of Japanese cultural history) (Entry 731). The works listed below include a few of the more general monographs on Japanese foreign trade. They should be supplemented in part by the works on foreign relations listed in Section 5 f above. 1093. Ishii Takashi /i *q ), Bakumatsu boekishi no kenkyu, I- _ V " T %7(A study of foreign trade during the last days of the shogunate), TokyU, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1944, 526+7 pp. An important study of Japan's foreign trade during the critical years following the opening of Japanese ports in 1858. 1094. Itazawa Takeo T _, a, Nichi-Ran boekishi D - X 4 '(History of Japanese-Dutch trade), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1949, 144 pp. A slender volume packed with information on the Dutch trade with Japan. The author uses both Dutch and Japanese sources, and presents useful descriptions of the type and volume of goods traded and the trading methods used. He adds little, however, to the descriptions by Kaempfer, Murdoch, and Boxer. 1095. Kaneshiro Y5suke t1~ m /T, Nihon kaizoku shiwa / 4- 70 - i - (Historical discussion of Japanese piracy), T-kyo, Daishinsha, 1937, 267 pp. 1096. Kawashima Motojiro "I'l A TL Pp, Shuinbune boekishi 4 4 ' X i -_ (History of shuinbune trade), Tokyo, Naigai Shuppan K.K., 1921, 616 pp. A detailed description of the shuinbune period of Japanese trade (late A.shikaga and early Tokugawa). The author describes the system of "red seal" licenses, the ships, their crews and navigation methods, their cargoes, etc. The work terminates with descriptions of the lives and activities of twenty famous shuinbune traders.

Page  121 SURVEY HISTORIES 121 1097. Mori Katsumi t _ Z, Nisso boeki no kenkyu $ 5 t? k ^ (Studies of trade between Japan and Sung China), Tokyo, Kokuritsu Shoin, 1948, 574 pp. An exhaustive and scholarly study of trade relations between Japan and Sung China. The author treats trade routes, both land and sea, the mechanics of trade, government policies, controls, duties, goods and their volume, social and economic effects of trade. The coverage is from 834 to 1368. 1098. Murakami NaojirU. -t- ti > t, Biekishijo no Hirado X - ^ f, (Hirado as a trading center), To-ky, Nihon Gakujutsu FukyTkai, 1917, 131+50 pp. The leading study in Japanese of a subject well covered by Western sources. 1099. Murata Shiro t. - ' ~j, Bahansenshi \ T'- -D' A(History of the bahansen), Takamatsu, Sigabo, 1943, 23+298+10 pp. A detailed study of the activity of the Japanese freebooters who operated in the China Seas during the sixteenth century. 1100. Obata Atsushi, 1 P C, Chusei Nankai tsiko boekishi no kenkyu t - p e a (Studies of the trade with the South Seas areas during the middle ages), Tokyo, Nihon Hydronsha, 1939, 538+14 pp. Part 1 deals with Japan's trade and political relations with the Ryukyu Islands; part 2 covers Ryukyuan relations with Ming China; and part 3 deals with trade to the South Seas. The work is based on primary sources. 1101. Takekoshi Yosaburo t * - Jp, Wakoki - _ ~L (The story of the wako), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, rev. ed., 1939, 10+384 pp. A general account of the origin of the wako and Japanese participation in freebooting activities during the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. The work ends with an analysis of the licensed trade with Chinacarried on by the coalition of the Ashikaga forces, the temples, the court, and merchant houses. 1102. Tokumasu Eitarxu?. 't, } p, Nihon boekishi i ~ z ~ (History of Japanese foreign trade), Kyoto, Genrin Shobo, 1948, 282 pp. A survey of Japanese foreign trade from early times to the present. 1103. Toyama Usaburi A '' }T - 1p, Nippo boeki sh-shi a ' 1- ~ (Short history of Japanese-Portuguese trade), Tokyo, Wakai Hitosha, 1942. A study based largely on the work of Charles Boxer. 1104. Tsurumi Sakio,. 1 2 ~ At, Nihon boekishik~o E - X | _ J1 (Outline history of Japanese trade), Tukyo, Ganshodo Shoten, 1939, 21+732+58 pp. Perhaps the best introductory survey of the modern period. The work is divided into five sections: preMeiji, 1869-95, 1895-1906, 1906-18, 1918 to c. 1930. Treatment is interpretive with a minimum of tables and figures in the text. Significant tables and graphs are appended. There is an index. 1105. Yamaguchi Kazuo l-, D D 9, Bakumatsu boekishi.. |, E (History of foreign trade at the end of the shogunate), Tokyo, Seikatsusha, 1947, 380 pp. An important analysis of the nature and impact of foreign trade during the years immediately after the signing of the first commercial treaties (1858). The author is particularly concerned with the social and political repercussions of the rise in commodity prices and the growth of commercial farming which resulted from the opening of the ports. g. Finance Government publications predominate in the field of public finance and currency. Standard sources for Japan's pre-modern and early modern finance are the semi-official Suijinroku (Entry 1113) and the Ministry of Finance histories of Meiji and Taisho finance (Entries 1115 and 1116). For modern analytical studies of national and local finance the works of Fujita Takeo and Hijikata Seibi used together offer ample coverage. Works on currency are numerous and generally well illustrated. The standard source is the Finance Ministry's Dai Nihon kaheishi (History of Japanese money) (Entry 1117), although Kusama's Sanka zui (Illustrated encyclopedia of coinage) (Entry 1119) is more easily used. Both works are chiefly chronologies of government minting operations. Hence, while they provide detailed numismatic data, they offer little information on the actual circulation of coins and their function as currency. 1) General 1106. Fujita Takeo ~ A it, Nihon chiho zaisei seido no seiritsu 0 ' P- ~ - ~1 fiL T - 9 - (Establishment of local financial institutions in Japan), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1941. A detailed study of the development of modern local financial organs in Japan between 1850 and 1888. 1107. Fujita Takeo ~- r A'\ _, Nihon chiho zaisei hattenshi V + t "; i - 4 (History of the development of local financial institutions), TokyZ, Kawade Shobo, 1949, 694 pp. This work continues the coverage of the previous entry and brings it up to 1940. 1108. Fujita Takeo - W A'~,, Nihon shihonshugi to zaisei A > X > ~ - E A -(Capitalism and finance in Japan), TVkyU, Jitsugy' no Nihonsha, 1949, 2 v. A history of Japan's public finance beginning with the reform of the land-tax laws in 1873 and continuing through the late 1930s.

Page  122 122 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1109. Hagino Yoshiyuki Sk ' z-, Nihon zaiseishi 0 " K t(History of finance in Japan), Tokyo, Hakubunkan, 1890, 274 pp. A pioneer survey of the finances of the governmental institutions in Japan from early times to the Restoration. 1110. Hijikata Seibi L- ^ A ~, Zaiseishi A A _ (History of finance), Tokyo, TMyo Keizai Shimposha, 1940, 595 pp. Volume 6 of the Gendai Nihon bummeishi series (Entry 722), this work is divided into two parts. Part 1 presents a general survey of the development of Japanese public finance after 1868 under the influence of the policy of military expansion. Part 2 is a non-technical analysis of national expenditures, taxes, public bond issues, and local finance. Presentation is factual and balanced. 1111. Hijikata Seibi -- - fi' A, Nihon zaisei no hattatsu E PI;! k 4 iThe development of Japanese finance), T1kU, Tonan ShobU, 1943, 546 pp. A survey of finance in Japan from the eighth century through the 1930s. Approximately half the book deals with the post-1868 period. The early portion is little more than an economic history with emphasis on taxation and financial institutions. The latter half is more specifically concerned with finance. 1112. Honj-6 EijirU --- _ - tp, Nihon zaiseishi p 4- X I t _ (History of Japanese finance), Tokyo, Kaizbsha, 1926, 285 pp. A somewhat elementary introduction to the history of public finance in Japan with emphasis on taxation. The author covers the subject from early times to the Meiji period. The work is most useful for its extensive documentation. 1113. Katsu KaishU fWt - 4-, Suijinroku oZ,/ ~, Tokyo, Okurasho, 1890, 35 v. An important source of documentation for the study of Tokugawa finances. The work consists of classified documents taken from public and private sources. 1114. Kazahaya Yasoji A ' /\- t-, Nihon zaiseiron 0 4 f4 K '(A treatise on Japanese finance), T1kyU, Mikasa ShobU, 1947. A Marxist analysis of Japan's modern financial structure by a Communist Party member. 1115. Meiji Zaiseishi Hensankai Bf i A 4. / '` ', Meiji zaiseishi i a [ t _(History of finance during the Meiji era), TMkyo, Maruzen Shoten, 1904-5, 15 v. A work of encyclopedic proportions covering Japanese public finance, budgeting, taxes, national income, government monopolies, public aid and relief currency, banking, etc., from 1868 to 1902. There is an index. 1116. Okurash-o Y. ~ X (Ministry of Finance), Meiji-TaishU zaiseishi 9, - J__.(History of finance during the Meiji and Taisho eras), Tokyo, Hakutisha, 1936-40, 20 v. A continuation of the previously listed work covering the years 1903-25. Volumes are devoted to the fol-lowing subjects: 1) Introduction and financial institutions, 2) the system of accounting, 3-5) budget, 6-7) domestic taxes, 8) customs, 9-10) monopolies, 11-12) state bonds, 13) currency, 14-16) banks, 17) credit, 18-19) finance abroad, 20) miscellaneous. 2) Currency 1117. Honjd Eijir- 6 - _ n p,. ed., Dai Nihon kaheishi;z e ~ & ~ (History of Japanese money), Tokyu, Chdybkai, 1925-26, 8 v. A revision of the standard work on pre-modern currency in Japan. The work was originally published by the Ministry of Finance in 1876-77 and covers the history of Japanese currency from its origins up to 1872. It is elaborately illustrated. The text consists mainly of chronologically arranged quotations from primary documentary sources. Concluding chapters contain materials on investment, finance, commodity prices, and fluctuation in value of gold and silver. 1118. Obata Atsushi ), -t ) t, Nihon kahei ryutsushi [. ~ ~ (History of Japanese monetary circulation), MTkyU, Toko Shoin, 1931, 450 pp. One of the pioneer interpretive studies of monetary circulation in Japan. The author covers only the period from the fourteenth century to the middle of the seventeenth, in other words, the period of Chinese currency in Japan and the establishment of a national currency in the early Tokugawa period. The work is scholarly and copiously documented. A revised edition appeared,in 1943. 1119. Kusama Naokata F g __ %, Sanka zui ~ ~ (Illustrated encyclopedia of coinage), Tokyo, Hakutosha, 1932, 1246 pp. A much used illustrated history of old Japanese coins. Illustrations are largely rubbings of the surface of coins. Primary descriptive sources are quoted along with each illustration. 1120. Maruyama Kiyoyasu L m, ~, Hoken shakai no tsUka mondai i-t, -; As ~ _ t, (Problems of currency in feudal society), Toky6, Hakuyosha, 1939, 288 pp. An analytical study of the circulation and use of coins during various stages of development of feudal society in Japan. Chapters deal with currency in early feudal society, the establishment of the shoen and the spread of currency, the development of the use of money and the middle feudal period, late feudalism and the unification of currency. There is an appended bibliography.

Page  123 SURVEY HISTORIES 123 1121. Osaka RyogaeshH Kumiai kt p- r4 ^ _ ^, ed., Rygaeshu enkakushi r-i i 4 8 $ (History of money-changing houses), Osaka, Osaka RyZigaeshH Kumiai, 1903, 2 v. A standard documentary treatment. 1122. Takimoto Seiichi t 5 t' -, Nihon kaheishi oa t l '. (History of Japanese currency), Tokyo, Kokushi Kashklai, 1923, 238 pp. An introductory survey history of old coins, their physical properties, dates of issue, etc. Emphasis is upon the Tokugawa period. 1123. Tsukamoto Toyojir 4 -T t # p, Nihon kaheishi tsuketari kinzak-6 P 4 t t ' A- (History of Japanese money with an appended commentary on gold coinage), Tb'kyH, Zaisei Keizai Gakkai, 1923, 254 pp. A survey history of coinage in Japan. Part 1 of the main section deals with the pre-Restoration period. Part 2 covers Meiji and Taisho Japan. Part 3 is a bibliography. The appendix is a detailed analysis of the Tokugawa Gold Guild (kinza), its method of operation, and its minting techniques. 3) Banking, Credit, and Exchange 1124. Iibuchi KeitarH '. I; ) P, Nihon shin'yo taikei zenshi 0 4 & k i ffi.-. (Background history of the credit system in Japan), T01kyU, Gakusei ShobU, 1948, 194 pp. An analysis of the growth of finance capital in Japan from the late Tokugawa to early Meiji periods and the effect of Meiji land reforms on land tenure and capital accumulation. 1125. Ishibashi Tanzan h6 U '-' A, Nihon kin'yushi 0 #,. ' (History of Japanese banking), TokyU, KaizZsha, 1936, 302 pp. The history of Japan's modern banking and finance systems. Part 1 deals with the financial troubles of the early Meiji period and the establishment of the silver standard. Part 2 covers the period from the establishment of the gold standard in 1897 to World War I. Part 3 covers the years from World War I to 1927 and the world depression. 1126. Kurusu Takeo F _M AL A, Nihon kinyl seido hattatsu no kenkyu 9 4 / W %'} R t e k Z (Study of the development of the Japanese financial system), T6kyo, Keimeisha, 1929, 218 pp. A general survey of Japanese financial systems from the eighth century to the time of writing. 1127. Matsuyoshi Sadao 1, -'}., Nihon ryogae kinyu shiron E X All, t 1 (Historical essays on money changing and banking Japan), oT'kyo, Bungei ShunjUsha, 1932, 447+26 pp. The author is an expert on Tokugawa finance. 1128. Nomura Junnosuke At 4-r ''I _. p, Nihon kinyu shihon hattatsushi 0 - i: A. (History of the development of Japanese finance capital), Tokyo, Kylseikaku, 1931, 329 pp. A materialistic view of the development of Japan's post-Meiji financial system. 1129. Okada Sumio r X,A, Hompl ginko hattatsushi F f A T 4 ~ 4- (History of the development of Japanese banks), Tokyo, Shibun Shoin, 1932, 253 pp. 1130. Sakairi Chotaro > -- - t p, Nihon kinyu seidoshi R 4-. 1 1 it q (History of credit and banking in Japan), TUkyo, Sekai Shoin, 1950, 460 pp. Covers the period 1868 to 1950. 1131. Shirai Kiku (9 tK t, Nihon no kinyu kikan-sono seisei to hatten 0 4 ~ 7 t4 '. ~s t. it j (Japanese credit and banking facilities -their establishment and growth), TMkyU, Moriyama Shoten, 1937, 2+2+20+383 pp. Covers Japanese banking systems from the beginning of the Tokugawa period. Emphasis is placed upon the post-1868 phase of development. 4) Prices 1132. Honjo EijirU A- he i ', a, Tokugawa bakufu no beika chosetsu -'1 ~ At ^ a 1 - ~JT (The control of the price of rice by the Tokugawa shogunate), Kyoto, Kobundo, 1924, 414 pp. An important study of the efforts of the Tokugawa shogunate to control rice prices. The work was first published in 1916 under the title Edo bakufu no beika chosetsu. A table of rice prices during the Tokugawa period is appended. 1133. Morimoto SU h 4- + _, Shika hendo no kenkyu t. l t IP _ J -(Studies in the fluctuation of silk prices), Yokohama, Yokohama Baeki Shimposha, 1926, 370 pp. 1134. Nakazawa Benjir` T - z'1 'P pt, Nihon beika hend-oshi D 4- ) t z P ~- (History of fluctuation of rice prices in Japan), Tokyd, Meibundo, 1933, 552 pp. A detailed study of the fluctuation of rice prices together with the factors affecting such changes. Coverage is from earliest times to the time of writing. The second half of the book is devoted to tables.

Page  124 124 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1135. Ota Kasaku AK m X, Meiji-Taisho-Showa beika seisakushi FI; ),- B to * t I t (A history of the policy regarding rice prices during the Meiji, Taisho, and Showa eras), Maruyamasha, 1938, 1287 pp. Part 1 discusses the fluctuation of rice prices since the beginning of Meiji (1868) and attempts to analyze the causes of such fluctuation. Part 2 discusses government policy with respect to rice prices. h. Communications No complete survey of the history of communications in Japan has yet been written. Of the following works Mitsui Takaharu's Nihon kotsu bunkashi (Cultural history of transportation in Japan) (Entry 1139) is recommended as an introduction to the pre-1868 aspects of the subject. For the subsequent development of modern communications in Japan, the lack of adequate survey material presents the scholar with the necessity of referring to a number of detailed specialized works. The following list includes only two of a large number of such works: The Ministry of Communications' Teishin jigyUshi (History of achievements in communications) (Entry 1146) and the Railr'oad Ministry's Nihon tetsudoshi (History of railroads in Japan) (Entry 1147). 1136. Aida Jir5o + f = t, Chusei no sekisho W' -t g i'tt # (Barriers in the middle ages), Tokyo, Unebi Shobo, 1943, 554+21 pp. An important collection of studies of the sekisho (barriers) of the Kamakura and Ashikaga periods. 1137. Aoe Shu i At- A, Dai Nihon Teikoku ekitei shiko K 0 P 1 Ad 4 I -(Draft history of Japanese post stations), Tokyo, Chugai Shogyo Shimposha, 1926-27. [= Nihon sangyo shiryo taikei (Compendium of materials on Japanese industry), vol. 10]. Originally published in 1881, this work was compiled under government sponsorship. Part 1 covers the history of the development of post stations and roads in Japan from early times to the Meiji period. Part 2 deals with conditions of travel, official communications, etc. The style is old fashioned, the body of the work being largely a chronological ordering of related source materials. Though it is the first modern work on the subject, it is still useful. 1138. Hibata Sekko +iAd 'r * Y,, Nihon kotsu shiwa ~; rt _ F t (Historical discussion of transportation in Japan), Tokyo, Y'uzankaku, 1937, 210 pp. Originally written as part of the FUzokushi koza series (Entry 1293), this work describes travelers, travel facilities, and travel conditions from the time of the Taika Reform (645) to early Meiji. Emphasis is on land travel. 1139. Mitsui Takaharu -~ i ), Nihon kotsi bunkashi ia, / X_ (Cultural history of transportation in Japan), Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 1942, 239 pp. Perhaps the most useful introductory book in the field, this work is a simply written survey of the development of transportation from early times to Meiji. Of special value is the selective annotated bibliography. Published as part of the Taikan Nihon bunkashi sensho (Entry 749). 1140. Nihon Rekishi Chiri Gakkai 0 F - _ ' /] X (the Japanese Society of Historical Geography), Nihon kotsu shiron 1 r X 'A_ - (Essays on the history of Japanese transportation), Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Fukyukai, 1925, 686 pp. [Special issue of Rekishi chiri (v. 57, no. 4]. Contains articles by a number of historians covering the following aspects of the history of sea and land transportation in Japan: road systems in ancient Japan (Sakamoto Taro), transportation between Japan and China (Kimiya Yasuhiko, Mori Katsumi), Geography and transportation of Omi (Nakagawa Senzo), wako (Akiyama KenzU), honjin (Katada Eizaemon), Korean railroads (Tabohashi Kiyoshi). 1141. Oshima Nobujirbo KA? ' t p, Nihon kotsushi 0. 'X (History of transportation in Japan), Tokyo, Shikai Shobo, 1942, 10+400 pp. A chronological survey of the development of land transport in pre-modern Japan. 1142. Oshima Nobujir-o aK A p 9, Nihon K-tsishi rons~o D t t i t ~ — - V (Collected essays on the history of Japanese transportation), Tokyo, Kokusai K-tsi Bunka Kyokai, 1939, 468 pp. A collection of essays on Japanese land and water transportation. The author is a specialist in the northern ('u) region. Essays vary from general survey histories to specific studies of transport, barriers, and post stations. The work ends with a survey of the modernization of transport after the Meiji Restoration. 1143. Oyama Shikitaro - ' - S t, Kinsei kotsu keizai shiron. 'f,- f5 (Historical treatise on the economics of modern transportation), Tokyo, Kokusai K-otsu Bunka Kyokai, 1941. An excellent survey of the growth and development of communications and transportation during the Tokugawa period. 1144. Sakamoto Taro / t - FpK, ]J'dai ekisei no kenkyiu r ' f,,, '1 0 ~_(A study of post stations in the ancient period), Tokyo, Shibund', 1928, 271 pp. An important monograph on the problem of the origin and development of post-roads in Japan. 1145. Sumita Masaichi f- y -F -, Kaijo unso shiron, - -t- iT T, P (Essays on the history of marine transportation), Tokyo, Ganshodo Shoten, 1925, 230 pp. A survey of marine transportation, its technological development, and the laws governing it, from early times through the Tokugawa period.

Page  125 SURVEY HISTORIES 125 1146. Teishinsha & ia I (Ministry of Communications), Teishin jigyoshi 1p 4 j _ (History of achievements in communications), Tokyo, Teishinsh6, 1940-44, 7 v. The basic source on the development of communications since the end of the Tokugawa period. It combines the work of a large number of experts. Separate volumes deal with the postal service, telegraph, telephone, postal savings, air transportation, etc. 1147. Tetsudushn i it. (Railroad Ministry), Nihon tetsudoshi B 4 f it- P (History of railroads in Japan), Tokyo, Tetsudosho, 1921, 3 v. The official history of the first fifty years of railroad development in Japan. 1148. Watanabe Eizaburo it 1 =- e, Nihon rikuun shi 0 A } d i t (History of Japanese land transportation), TUkyo, Keizai Tosho K.K., 1943, 490 pp. A survey of the development of land transportation in Japan from early times to the end of the Tokugawa period. 7. SOCIAL HISTORY The majority of the works listed below have been written, not by sociologists, but by legal or economic historians. Historians with sociological or anthropological training have only begun to make their appearance in Japan. And as yet no sociologist or ethnologist, of which there are many, has written a general survey of the historical development of Japanese society. The first writers in the field of Japanese social history were legalists such as Miura Kaneyuki, Maki Kenji, and Takigawa Masajiro. To them we owe the systematic differentiation of classes and social groups based on the study of pre-modern laws and administrative codes. These men were followed by the economic historians of the 1920s such as Honjo Eijiro, Tsuchiya Takao, Kokusho Iwao, and Nomura KanetarU, in whose writings social change was largely linked to economic change. The works of Marxist scholars of the period after 1930 were also socio-economic in nature, although they were rarely published as social histories. For instance, Hayakawa Jiro's history of Japan (Entry 688) differs little in form from the so-called social histories of the economic school, though it departs from them in theory. Since World War II the "progressive" school of Marxist historians has been extremely active in the field of Japanese social history. Their most characteristic work to date is the Shakai koseishi taikei (Comprehensive outline of the history of social structures) (Entry 1156). Beginning with the 1930s, ethnologists and sociologists began to move into the historical field. However, most of their work is as yet of a specialized and fragmentary nature. One of the few ethnologists to write a general history of Japan is Wakamori Taro (Entry 718). Because of this lack of survey literature from a sociological or ethnological point of view, a number of bibliographical sections have been added below to cover such subjects as the history of social structure, family and communal groups, social problems, and the life and pastimes of the Japanese people. The reader will wish also to refer to the sections on socio-economic systems in Chapter 6 c above. a. Survey Histories 1149. Honjo Eijiro ~ - C t 'p, Nihon shakaishi 0 '- o _(History of Japanese society), Tbky6, Kaizosha, 1924, 269 pp. An early and overly simplified analysis of the changing social structure of Japan from early times to the first part of the Meiji period. Changes are explained in terms of economic movements. Treatment is by periods. Within each period the author discusses political and social organizations, social classes, and economic and political problems. 1150. Honjo Eijiro tL 'I, — t P,, Nihon shakai keizaishi D 2- _ t (History of Japanese society and economics), Toky-, Kaizosha, 1928, 634 pp. A reprint of the author's Nihon shakaishi (Entry 1149) together with his Nihon zaiseishi. 1151. Kada Tetsuji 7p W =, Shakaishi _tt / (History of society), Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1940, 493 pp. [= v. 11 of the Gendai Nihon bummeishi (Entry 722)]. The author, a specialist in modern intellectual history, traces the development of Japanese society since the Tokugawa period. Chapters deal with the nature and collapse of Tokugawa social structure, the emergence of a new class configuration, the formation of capitalistic society, the reestablishment of "Japanese society." The work is primarily a political history of modern Japan with emphasis on class struggles and social forces. 1152. Miura Kaneyuki - $ 1 T., Kokushijo no shakai mondai 1 r- f e rt P Ji- (Social problems in Japanese history), Tokyo, Daitokan, 1920, 364 pp. A pioneer work which did much to direct the attention of Japanese scholars to the problems of social history. It is largely a study of economic factors underlying the position of social classes in Japanese history. The work was republished in 1938 by the Sogensha. 1153. Nakamura Kichiji ' - t -~, Nihon shakaishi gaisetsu 4- ~ - a F t K (Outline history of Japanese society), Tokyo, Usui Shobo, 1949, 336 pp. One of the best surveys of Japanese socio-political history. The author, a specialist in Japanese feudal institutions, has a more sociological approach than most writers in the field. This work is especially valuable for its analysis of the social structure of the feudal age in Japan.

Page  126 126 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1154. Takigawa Masajiru?~ /'"' Be P P, Nihon shakaishi: j (Social history of Japan), Tokyo, T1kO Shoin, 1929, 377 pp. A static and legalistic analysis of the class structure of Japanese society from early times to the Meiji period. All classes in existence in each period in Japanese history are examined in detail. The author documents his study extensively. This work created a stir in academic circles. The author's answer to his critics is contained in the following entry. 1155. Takigawa MasajirU * "I) S >t, Rekishi to shakaisoshiki At W.. i >a - m + (History and social organization), Ishihama Tomoyuki FX 4ko a, Rekishi to keizaisoshiki - X t r ~ b.' (History and economic organization), Tokyo, Kyoritsusha, 1931, 245 pp. The first half of this work consists of an interpretive essay in which Takigawa develops his concept of social history, classes and their interrelationships in Japan, the clan nature of Japanese society, etc. In it he also attempts to answer critics of his previous work (see previous entry). 1156. Watanabe Yoshimichi,/ i A {_ and others, Shakai koseishi taikei t 4' t k,F (Comprehensive outline of the history of social structures), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1949-. An ambitious series of essays on the order of the Iwanami Nihon rekishi series (Entry 725). It contains lengthy pamphlets concerning the social, political, and economic problems of Japan, China, and Europe. Contributors are for the most part members of the postwar "progressive" school. More than a third of the essays deal with Japan. Many of them are well documented. b. Family and Social Organization The family, its structure, and its position in the community has been of central importance for the understanding of Japanese society. Literature on this subject is quite extensive and results from the work of a number of distinct schools of approach. The works in the following brief list have been selected to illustrate these various approaches. Hozumi Shigeto represents the school of legal historians. Fukuo Takeichiro (Entry 1157) is a product of the folkloristic school which acknowledges Yanagida Kunio as its head. Toda Teizi (Entry 1164), a sociologist, is concerned primarily with the internal structure of the family. Tamaki Hajime (Entry 1162) approaches the subject as an economic determinist. A postwar development in the field is the school of the sociology of law which seeks to combine the disciplines of law and sociology. The works of Kawashima Takeyoshi (Entry 1160) and Wagatsuma Sakae (Entry 1165) are characteristic of this new group. 1157. Fukuo Takeichiro tV- A/ - t p, Nihon kazoku seidoshi D - ' '\ f/V - (History of the Japanese family system), Tokyo, Oyashima Shuppan, 1948, 6+230 pp. A clearly written descriptive history of the development of the Japanese family from prehistoric times to the twentieth century. The treatment is chronological. The work is unannotated. The 1951 edition published by the Yoshikawa Kobunkan contains an index. 1158. Furushima Toshio - S -'t 1, Kazoku keitai to nogyo no hattatsu % t7 *~. h ~ e 5t i (Family structure and the development of agriculture), Tokyo, Gakusei ShobU, 1947, 184 pp. An important study of the relationship of the family system and agricultural technology by a leading agricultural economist. Coverage is from earliest times to the Meiji period. 1159. Hozumi Shigeto T-0 -4 v A, and Nakagawa Zennosuke P "I -k i- a, Kazoku seido zenshu A TV1 /d T * (Series on the family system), TokyU, Kawade Shobo, 1937, 10 v. 1160. Kawashima Takeyoshi "'1 d. -, _ X, Nihon shakai no kazokuteki kosei o + i /- t-' j, '- b - ~' (The familial structure of Japanese society), Tokyo, Gakusei ShobU, 1948, 4+207 pp. A significant study of the nature of Japanese society and its family basis by a pioneer scholar of the "sociology of law" school. Chapters deal with the family system and Japanese society, law as an expression of the family system, conflict between state law and common law, the new Constitution and the family, actual and legal marriage practices, etc. 1161. Sunagawa Kan'ei i- 11. ', Nihon kazoku seidoshi kenkyu a i' % A '\ it F- (Historical study of the Japanese family system), Tokyo, Chubunkan, 1925, 285+66 pp. A legalistic description of the evolution of the family system from ancient times to the twentieth century. The author, a sociologist, makes certain comparisons with family systems in Europe and America. The work is well documented; there is an index. 1162. Tamaki Hajime ~- X A I, Kazoku seido no rekishi a - '\1 ~ 4 s -- Z(History of the family system), TSkyo, Ito Shoten, 1946, 65 pp. A Marxist view of the evolution of the family system in Japan. 1163. Tamaki Hajime ~-. A I, Nihon kazoku seido hihan 9 4 A t t AIt t- #'I (Critique of the Japanese family system), Tokyo, Fukuda Shobo, 1934, 340 pp. An analysis of the influence of the Meiji Restoration on the Japanese family system. An appendix carries studies of the economic basis of patriarchy and an analysis of social statistics. 1164. Toda TeizUo f,, _, Kazoku kUsei V 4 ~ (Family structure), Tokyo, KobundU ShobU, 1942, 606 pp. A standard work by a leading sociologist on the Japanese family system. The author is particularly concerned with the evolution of the structure of the family.

Page  127 SURVEY HISTORIES 127 1165. Wagatsuma Sakae l - '~, Ie no seido e 'q'1 4 (The family system), Tokyo, Kantosha, 1948, 300 pp. c. Communal Organizations: Village and Cooperative Life Beyond the family, various types of communal groups have functioned as fundamental units within Japanese society. Prior to 1935, investigation of the historical aspects of this subject was carried on primarily by legal historians and folklorists. The former tended to confine themselves to the legally enforced cooperative groups, such as the goningumi, while the latter were interested chiefly in groups of a somewhat unusual sociological nature. Over-all consideration of the village community was first undertaken by the great economic historian Ono Takeo. His Nihon sonrakushi gaisetsu (Introduction to the history of Japanese villages) (Entry 1181) still stands as one of the best of the general surveys of the structure, function, and history of the Japanese village. During and after World War II the outstanding development in this field has been the widespread adoption of field study techniques. Among the scholars using this new methodology is Furushima Toshio, an agricultural economist and historian who has led a number of field expeditions composed primarily of historians. In his Sanson no kifzt (The structure of a mountain village) (Entry 1168) he traces the evolution of social patterns and class tensions within the village. Fukutake Tadashi and Ariga Kizaemon are sociologists working on contemporary village structure and social problems. RGyama Masamichi (Entry 1184) is a political scientist using the technique of questionnaire surveys to determine changes in the political temper of the village. Yanagida Kunio (Entries 1192 and 1193), a pioneer folklorist, has compiled his data by cooperative field observation of a large number of villages. The Setonaikai SUgO KenkyUkai (Joint Society for the Study of the Setonaikai) (Entry 1185) has pioneered in the interdisciplinary study of a single community. 1166. Ariga Kizaemon *' - Yi T e l, Sonraku seikatsu Ft t T, (Village life), Tokyo, Kokuritsu Shoin, 1948, 360 pp. A sociological view of village life. Chapters deal with rice culture and village life, festivals, superstition, fireplaces and the structure of the farm house, etc. The work is full of information derived from field notes. 1167. Fukutake Tadashi TM 'A, Nihon noson no shakaiteki seikaku Q - | T4 ~'- t 7 - { (Social characteristics of the Japanese agricultural village), Tokyo, Todai Kyodo Kumiai Shuppambu, 1949, 298 pp. An important sociological study of Japanese villages and their characteristics. It is based on contemporary field study. The author distinguishes two basic types of village structure: northeastern and southwestern. Within these he develops several other characteristics based on village origins, location, sys-.tem of land holding, etc. The work concludes with a discussion of current problems: the village and the city, effects of reform, individualism and the family, etc. 1168. Furushima Toshio. -; AS, ed., Sanson no kozo ^ t. ' A L (The structure of a mountain village), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1949, 304 pp. An epoch-making report on the social and economic structure of a Japanese village. The work is the result of an interdisciplinary field study in Yamanashi Prefecture by historians, agricultural economists, legal specialists, and experts on land tenure, agricultural cooperatives, etc. The study traces the evolution of the village from Tokugawa times to the postwar land reform era. 1169. Higo Kazuo P t I o ~, Miyaza no kenkyu o / G $ _ (A study of shrine guilds), Tokyo, KMbundo ShobU, 1941, 538 pp. The standard anthropological study of an important remnant of early social practices in Japanese rural communities: the association of male villagers responsible for the upkeep of village shrines and certain religious observances. 1170. Hosokawa Kameichi, ' "' _ ~, Rimpo seidoshi p,- $ '1 4^ L_ (History of neighborhood selfprotection groups), Tokyo, Hakuyisha, 1939, 249 pp. A survey of cooperative organizations throughout Japanese pre-twentieth century history. The author, a legal historian, traces the early origin of neighborhood groups, the goho system, and the goningumi system up to their modern dissolution. There is an appended annotated reading list. 1171. Hozumi Nobushige Ti.-.t t H, Goningumi seidoron A,, ~ _ 'j } Ad (Essays on the goningumi system), T1kyo, Y'Uhikaku, 1921, 584+24+22 pp. The first and foremost work on the five-man mutual responsibility groups of the Tokugawa period. The author, an expert in legal history, spent some thirty years preparing this work. It is divided into the following parts: historical introduction, the structure of the five-man group, major laws relative to the system. There is an index. 1172. Hozumi Nobushige It. 1 Pt, Goningumi h-okishu -s - * _ ~ 6 (Collected regulations relating to the goningumi system), Tokyo, Ylhikaku, 2nd ed., 1930, 705 pp. A- collection of primary sources from which the author's interpretive work (see previous entry) was drawn. 1173. Kitajima Masamoto;it- -, iE- YL. Kinsei Nihon noson shakaishi _ifL t_ + T - a, m t (History of Japanese peasant village society in the early modern period), Tokyo, Yuzankaku, 1947, 255 pp. A clearly written survey of the Tokugawa peasant village society. The approach is legalistic. There are lists of suggested reading at the end of chapters.

Page  128 128 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1174. Makita Shigeru?t B,W, Sonraku shakai S. $ at ' (Village society), Tokyo, Sanseido, 1948, 147 pp. Written as a high school text, this work is of value as a synthesis of the work of the Yanagida school on the subject. The approach is that of the social anthropologist and folklorist. 1175. Nakada Kaoru '+ f.., Mura oyobi iriai no kenkyu $4 a% 1A - X e ~ ~ (Studies of villages and communal rights), T'kyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1949, 331+6 pp. Basic studies of the village as a legal entity and the problems of communal lands and forests. The author begins his analysis in the Tokugawa period and carries his studies into the Meiji period. Emphasis is placed upon the legal status of the village and the rights of villagers especially with respect to forest rights. 1176. Nakayama Taro ^ p, Nihon wakamonoshi A t i i (History of young men's groups in Japan), Tokyo, Shun'y-odo, 1930, 218 pp. A study of bachelor and youth organizations in Japan, their comparison with similar organizations in Southeast Asia, and their historical development. 1177. Nishimura Seiichi Is $t. # -, Goningumi seido shinron A f f /*.:'1 *a 41 F (New treatise on the goningumi system), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1938, 237 pp. An interesting discussion of cooperative groups in Japanese rural society in the 1930s. The author traces the influence of previous cooperative systems upon contemporary practices. 1178. Nomura Kanetar- W T$ ~ ~ t*P, Goningumicho no kenkyou - x..%(_ T~, e!.(A study of the goningumi register), TokyU, Yiuhikaku, 1943, 775 pp. A scholarly study of village communal life through the "five-man-group" registers of the Tokugawa period. 1179. Nomura Kanetarl ~T T't,- - ~ lp, Mura meisaicho no kenkyiu,l '- ^ k (A study of village handbooks), Tokyo, Y-uhikaku, 1949, 1122+136 pp. A monumental study of the Tokugawa village, its structure and organization through the medium of the village handbooks kept by village headmen. 1180. Okutani Matsuji i m- I, Nihon kyiodo kumiaishi, J;- 2'.(History of Japanese cooperative associations), Tokyo, Mikasa Shobo, 1938, 286 pp. A study of the rural cooperative associations of recent origin in Japan. 1181. Ono Takeo,), A 2 X, Nihon sonrakushi gaisetsu E } T't A' N s- B (An introduction to the history of Japanese villages), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 6th ed., 1942, 483 pp. The most general of Professor Ono's many works on the Japanese village. This work, first published in 1936, describes the evolution of the agricultural community from the dawn of Japanese history to the twentieth century. Chapters deal with the administrative village, the natural village and its structure, the village and its cooperative life, the culture of the village, and the village since the Meiji Restoration. 1182. Ono Takeo I)- d T ' ', Nihon sonraku shiko D t 7t 9 ~ A (Historical studies of Japanese villages), TokyU, TWko Shoin, 1941, 25+538 pp. Specialized studies of the structure of the Japanese village based primarily on materials drawn from the Tokugawa period. Chapters deal with problems of tenancy, primogeniture, famines, etc. 1183. Ono Takeo,)- N ', Nosonshi t At - (History of the agricultural village), Tokyo, T'oyo Keizai Shimposha, 1941, 584 pp. Part of the Gendai Nihon bummeishi series (Entry 722). This work deals in detailed fashion with the evolution of village life and rural administration from the Meiji Restoration to the end of the Meiji period (1911). 1184. Royama Masamichi Mo '-, it A, N'son jichi no hembo i $4 d a 4 ~- (Changes in peasant village autonomy), Tokyo, MNgyo Sogo Kenkyu KankZokai, 1948-. A series of detailed field studies of villages in contemporary Japan. The author, a leading political scientist, seeks to trace changes in the strength of local autonomy following the postwar occupationinspired land reforms and changes in local administrative law. Two volumes had been published by 1951. 1185. Setonaikai S'ogo Kenkyiukai $. i rt --,j. ' kI /~ ' (Joint Society for the Study of the Setonaikai), Noson no seikatsu A. ^ d 53 (The life of an agricultural village), Okayama, Setonaikai Sogo Kenkyikai, 1951, 236 pp. An interdisciplinary report on the life of a farming village near the city of Okayama, prepared by members of Okayama University. The work is of special value for its studies of the village's history, irrigation system and related problems, population, economy, cycle of yearly activity, the effects of postwar land reform, and the hygienic standards of the village. 1186. Shimomura Torarokurxo T $T, Wakamono seido no kenkyu - ' $[1 / - 4 (Studies of youth organizations), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Rengo Seinenkai, 1936, 508 pp. An historical inquiry into the origin and development of youth organizations in Japan. 1188. Takeuchi Toshimi f FT t! -' 4', ChUseimatsu ni okeru sonraku no keisei to sono tenkai W ~,:- 7 't -T S 4 e 4) ~ F - e X,(Formation and development of the village in the late middle ages), Tokyo, Ito Shoten, 1944, 206 pp. An analysis of the formation of the "modern village," the characteristic village community of Tokugawa Japan.

Page  129 SURVEY HISTORIES 129 1189. Toda Teizo 7 ~. - and Suzuki Eitaro A ' '. X B Y, Kazoku to sonraku 7 tA. t ' (The family and the village), Tokyo, Nikko Shoin, 1939, 323 pp. A collection of articles by experts in the field of the sociology of the family. Essays deal with the village as a collective social unit, the family system as seen in the census reports of Tokugawa days, status and marriage in feudal Japan, and the social structure of a mountain village. The work concludes with an important bibliographical essay on the sociology of the village. 1190. Wakamori Taro vD A f- tp, Chusei kyodotai no kenkyu ti et /- f] Y~ f _ (Studies of the cooperative community of the middle ages), Tokyo, Kibundo6, 1950, 289 pp. Studies by a social anthropologist of the village communities of the early feudal period in Japan. 1191. Wakamori Tar-o Tn e f- X P, Kokushi ni okeru kyodiitai no kenkyu 1I. r >- 't ~ TV /6- ) 9 n L (A study of the communal social unit in Japanese history), T'okyo, Teikoku Shoin, 1947-. Volume 1 of a projected series. 1192. Yanagida Kunio 4T W i j, Kaison seikatsu no kenkyiu _- t '1 ^ & ~ (Studies of maritime villages), Tokyo, Nihon Minzoku Gakkai, 1949, 472 pp. Anthropological and ethnological studies of the fishing village in Japan. The work is based on field studies conducted in some 100 localities. 1193. Yanagida Kunio ThT M F ~, Sanson seikatsu no kenkyu L ' -> 9 A _ (Studies of mountain village life), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1937, 5+562 pp. Ethnological studies of the material life, social and family structure, religious beliefs, etc., in mountain villages in Japan. This work is the result of detailed field studies in 66 Japanese mountain communities. d. Classes and Groups 1) Primitive Society The following works constitute but a fragment of an extensive field of publication on prehistoric Japan. It is not the intent of this bibliography to cover the fields of prehistory and archaeology; however, the few titles listed below have been included by virtue of their recent publication and the contribution they make to our understanding of Japan's primitive society. They should be supplemented by works listed previously under Section 6 c 1. 1194. Harada Yoshito / F T,, Nihon kogkoaku nyumon a F> 9 a ' A P) (Introduction to Japanese archaeology), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 2nd ed., 1950, 267 pp. A standard archaeological approach to the origins of the Japanese people and the life of the early Japanese. 1195. Kawakami Tasuke "'l 7- f A, Nihon kodai shakai no kenkyu a ~ ~ ~' T - ' ^ % (Studies in the history of ancient Japanese society), TMky-, Kawade Shobi, 1947, 500 pp. Combines 10 articles on ancient and medieval Japanese society by a recognized scholar. It includes his well-known study of the be, ancient Japanese communal corporations. 1196. Kiyono Kenji W - A -,, Nihon minzoku seiseiron a * Ae a, ^' -(An essay on the origins of the Japanese people), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1946, 471 pp. A technical study of the origins of the Japanese people. The author supports the thesis that the Japanese racial stock took shape as early as the TJmon period. 1197. Kiyono Kenji, ' — H _ -, Nihon rekishi no akebono as 4 J__ ~ P 9 I'1 (The dawn of Japanese history), Tokyo, Choryusha, 1947, 252 pp. A more popular presentation of the author's thesis (see previous entry). 1198. TIma Seita "", F X Nihon kodai kazoku $ E ~ ~ - (The family in ancient Japan), Tokyo, Ito Shoten, 1943, 176 pp. A study of pre-Taika (645) communal organization. 1199. Toma Seita "!..4, Nihon minzoku no keisei I 4,A '. e - -' (Establishment of the Japanese people), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1951, 306 pp. An analysis of the origins and development of the Japanese people based on the theories of economic determinism. 1200. Tsuda Sokichi - ~ - -A T, Nihon jodaishi no kenkyu ~ ~ _ s' 4- * - r _ (Studies in ancient Japanese history), To'kyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1947, 502+26 pp. A selection of stimulating essays by a leading student of ancient Japanese society. The work concludes with a methodological and bibliographical essay. 1201. Tsuda S'okichi ' rm A- EF, Nihon koten no kenkyu a - i. ~ r ~ (Studies in ancient Japanese classics), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1948-50, 2 v. The author's penetrating studies of the mythology, religious ceremonies, and historical and literary works of the ancient period in Japan form the basis of his historical writings.

Page  130 130 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1202. Wakamori Tarxo i - A t p, Nihon kodai shakai P +4- i ' t- '' (Japanese ancient society), Toky6, Shobunsha, 1949, 158 pp. A general survey of early Japanese history from the sociologist's point of view. 1203. Watanabe Yoshimichi k/ -p A' i, Kodai shakai no koz-o t w' * — 4 ^ i- -(The structure of ancient Japanese society), Tkjo, It5 Shoten, 1945, 488 pp. Covers Japanese society from the period of primitive communalism to the beginning of the shoen. 2) The Court Aristocracy From the seventh through twelfth centuries Japan was dominated politically by the court nobles (kuge). The cultural importance of the courtiers was of even longer duration. Yet there has been an almost total neglect of the sociological history of this classical court society in Japan. Those interested in this subject will find a good deal of information on the life, customs, and court practices of the civil nobility in the general cultural histories such as the Nihon bunkashi (Cultural history of Japan) (Entry 730) and in the works on customs and manners which follow in Section f 1. Aside from the work of Ienaga Saburo listed below, the reader is referred to Takigawa Masajiro's Nihon shakaishi (Social history of Japan) (Entry 1154). 1204. Ienaga Saburo % t- - _p, "Kizokuron. i t (An essay on the nobility)," in Shin-Nihonshi koza, TMkyo, Ch'u Koronsha, 1949, v. 6, 36 pp. A brief survey of the origin and history of the noble class in Japan. 1205. Kojima Shogoro,- A )' ia tp, Kuge bunka no kenkyu ', % X it e I t (Studies of court culture), Tokyo, Ikuhosha, 1943, 305 pp. A study of court society, chiefly from the intellectual and religious side. 3) The Feudal Aristocracy As the following list indicates, sociological studies of the warrior class as distinct from general institutions of feudal times are few in number. Information on the material life of the feudal aristocracy (buke) will be found in the survey histories of Japanese manners and customs listed below in Section f 1. The legal and official structure of feudal society is treated in considerable detail in the works on legal history listed in Chapter 5 e 1 above and in the survey social histories listed at the beginning of this chapter. 1206. Fuji Naomoto p- _, Chusei bukeshakai no kozo - ' t! - -- ^ j tiThe structure of medieval military society), Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1944, 495 pp. A detailed study of the political, intellectual and social structure of Japanese society from the 12th century emergence of the bushi to the end of the Ashikaga shogunate in the 16th century. 1207. Nakamura Kichiji t I —T T t, Buke to shakai 3' ' E t-. t (Feudal military houses and Japanese society), Tokyo, Baifukan, 1948, 283 pp. An historical survey of the rise and fall of the Japanese feudal class. 1208. Ishikawa Tsunetaro "l ' Aft X 5, Nihon roninshi B A ~_ (History of ronin in Japan), Tokyo Shunjusha, 1931, 122 pp. A brief history of the ronin, or unattached warriors, of the Tokugawa period. The work treats the forces which created ronin, the life and social position of ronin, etc. 1209. Ito Tasaburo 'i _ X, "Hoken jidai koki no bushi no seikatsu ITt a 4 IA' fI " 1' 1 &, (The life of the bushi during the late feudal era)," in Shin-Nihonshi kofza, Tokyo, Chuo Koronsha, 1948, v. 4, 45 pp. A brief but detailed description of the official status, economic position, and spiritual life of the samurai of the Tokugawa period. 1210. Ono Takeo ) -j f ' K, Goshi seido no kenkyu P t ~ 1 /\ e 4 _ % (Studies of the goshi system), Tykyo, Ookayama Shoten, 1925, 201+11+4 pp. The basic study of the g'shi (rural samurai) of the Tokugawa period. 1211. Sakata Yoshio t i -- f, Sengoku bushi F' _ 4' t (Feudal warriors of the Sengoku period), Tlkyo, Kobund6, 1952, 217 pp. A study of the emergence of the dependent samurai of the later feudal period and the fundamental principles under which they lived. 4) The Peasantry Of all the classes the peasantry has been given the most attention by Japanese historians. The following works have been selected as having most general usefulness to the non-specialist. They should be used in conjunction with titles listed above under Communal Organizations (Section 7 c). 1212. Ariga Kizaemon ~ At l p T T, Nihon kazokuseido to kosakuseido B 4- ~ - ~'1,)T E'1, (The tenancy system and the family system in Japan), Tokyo, Kawade ShobU, 1943, 3+732+36 pp. This is a revised edition of a work published in 1938 under the title Noson shakai no kenky. The author analyzes the effect of tenancy on peasant society in Japan with special emphasis on the nago (bound tenant) system. Coverage is from the Tokugawa period to the time of writing. The study is based on extensive field work and is well documented.

Page  131 SURVEY HISTORIES 131 1213. Honjo Eijiro - 'h;, I, Hyakush- chonin no rekishi T -t t k ~ - a (History of the peasantry and bourgeoisie), Tokyo, BaifUkan, 1949, 262 pp. A brief interpretive essay on the position and life of peasants and chonin in Japan. The author is largely concerned with the Tokugawa period. 1214. Irimajiri Yoshinaga \ -A t 1I t, Nihon nomin keizaishi kenkylu DB } T.- -$.; -L (Economic history of Japanese peasantry), Tokyo, Kamakura Bunko, 1949, 456 pp. 1215. Kawanishi Seigo p i T 't:-, Nihon nominshi B ~- 3 g _(History of Japanese peasantry), Tokyo, Kokon Shoin, 1930, 453 pp. A survey of the development of the Japanese peasantry from ancient times through the Tokugawa period. The author presents a summary of current research on the subject. 1216. Kimbara Seigo / Ak. i -T-, Nihon nominshi p 1 4. A (History of the Japanese peasantry), Tokyo, Kokon Shoin, 1930, 7+453 pp. The author, an art historian, emphasizes the development of folk art and peasant architecture. 1217. Kodama KIta % -' - 7, Kinsei nomin seikatsushi if -t ' 5 i. _(History of peasant life in early-modern Japan), Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1951, 347 pp. An extremely lucid description of the status and life of the peasantry in Tokugawa Japan. Chapters deal with central administration, village administration, taxation, peasant life, problems, etc. There is a list of sources and an index. The author has done extensive field work in the Kant- region of Japan. 1218. Nihon Rekishichiri Gakkai B ' a — t t — at T / (Japanese Historical Geography Society), Nihon naminshi a - - e/ t (A history of Japanese peasantry), Tokyo, Nihon Rekishichiri Gakkai, 1924, 375 pp. [Special issue of Rekishichiri (44, 3)]. This work is devoted to articles on the Japanese peasantry from ancient times to the Meiji period. 1219. Ono Takeo A, ST i' A, Noson shakaishi ronko t t f-i- t -- t d t (Essays on the social history of peasant villages), Tokyo, Ganshodo, 1927, 335 pp. Essays on problems affecting the peasantry of the Tokugawa period. The author touches such problems as peasant uprisings, passive resistance, landlordism, tenant disputes, farm laborers, the village and family social status. 1220. Ono Takeo,)-? i' 0, Noson kiko no bunretsu katei f -.t. t i/ i (The disruption of peasant village organization), Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1928, 267 pp. An analysis of the disruption of the peasant community in Japan after the Meiji Restoration. Chapters deal with the causes of dislocation, peasant movements, government policies, land reform and the tenancy problem, etc. 1221. Ono Takeo ),I f V' t, Nihon heino shiron Q; - I -_ A (Essays on the history of peasant and soldier in Japan), Toky6, Yuihikaku, 1938, 394 pp. A survey of the relationship of the peasantry and military forces in Japan from earliest times to the time of the Meiji army. The author treats the Nara-Heian conscript army, the armed peasantry of late Heian and Kamakura, separation of soldier and peasant, the goshi, and Japan's modern army. 1222. Yanagida Kunio 47P WD 1 q, Nihon nominshi B - t A _ (History of Japanese peasantry), Tokyo, Tako Shoin, 1933, 192 pp. An ethnological analysis of the historical development of the Japanese peasantry. The work treats the social organization and economic status of the peasantry. Chapters describe village life, peasant families, the peasant and his environment. There is an index. 5) Cities and City Life 1223. Endc Motoo iL tL, Nihon chusei toshiron a tI Lt -t p V (Essays on the Japanese city of the middle ages), T'kyo, HakuyUsha, 1940, 247 pp.I The author treats four problems related to the growth of cities in Japan from the thirteenth through fifteenth centuries: the origin of cities, the causes of their growth, social problems engendered by their growth, and the nature of city life. 1224. Imai Toshiki ' ~ T /- i, Toshi hattenshi kenkyuH Xp A t t J t (Studies in the development of cities), Tokyo, Tbkyo Daigaku Shuppambu, 1951, 296 pp. A brief descriptive history of urban growth in Europe and Japan. The section on Japan covers the development of cities from Nara to Tokyo. 1225. Isomura Eiichi;i 'T A -, Ku no kenkyu;,; _ (A study of city wards), Tokyo, 1936, 357 pp. A study of the social and administrative aspects of wards (ku) of modern Japanese cities. The chief emphasis is on Tokyo and the problems of ku government and metropolitan controls. 1226. Okochi Kazuo; xi -, Sengo shakai no jittai bunseki It tT. /4 I % 4i- (A field analysis of postwar Japanese society), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1950, 292 pp. A series of articles by specialists in labor problems and social policy on the life of lower class urban groups in postwar Japan. Articles deal with laborers, labor organizations, female workers, and displaced persons. Studies are based on field work.

Page  132 132 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1227. Okui FukutarU -$ f it & ' P, Gendai daitoshiron T ' K 4ip j' P(An essay on present-day large cities), Tokyo, Yu'hikaku, 1940, 743 pp. A study of the Mita district of Tokyo. The author is a specialist in urban problems and social relations. 1228. Ono Hitoshi ')- W' t, Kinsei jokamachi no kenkyiu ift t-t r -F T ' Pit _(A study of castle towns in Tokugawa Japan), Tokyo, Shibundo, 1928, 298 pp. A pioneer study of the social and economic aspects of the castle town in Japan. The author treats the origin and development of castle towns, the socio-political organization of castle towns, the relationship of the castle town to the countryside, etc. 1229. Sakata Yoshio.t - ) ( 7;, Chonin T /A (The urban resident), Tokyo, Kobundo, 1939, 158 pp. A readable description of the life of the urban population of Edo and Osaka during the Tokugawa period. The author emphasizes the cultural and intellectual life of the bourgeoisie. 1230. Toyota Takeshi -t I', Nihon no hoken toshi 8 ~ m i: - " p (Feudal cities in Japan), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952, 303+9 pp. A concise and lucid description of the development of cities in feudal Japan. Chapters cover the origin of feudal cities, early feudal cities, free cities, cities under the daimyo, size and population, organization and life of the bourgeoisie, cities and commerce and industry, and the dissolution of feudal cities. There is a useful bibliography, a list of major castle towns, and an index. 1231. Yokoyama Gennosuke ff ^ Ad.p, Nihon no kaso shakai a 4- T -, /.t 4 (Society of the lower classes in Japan), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1949, 348 pp. A postwar reprint of a work first published in 1899. This study of the life of the underprivileged city classes of the early Meiji period has become a classic. 6) Women, Professional Groups, and Minorities 1232. Inoue Kiyoshi: t,, Nihon joseishi + - E 'i t (History of Japanese women), Kyoto, San'ichi Shobo, 1944, 356 pp. A Marxist analysis of woman's position in Japanese society and her struggle for emancipation. The subject is treated chronologically by periods from the early clan society through the stages of slave society, feudal society, to the present capitalistic society. 1233. Josei sgsho -t V ME- -r (Collected articles on women), Tokyo, Mikuni Shobo, 1942-44, 12 v. 1234. Kikuchi Sansai t - - -,I Etazoku ni kansuru kenkyu -A ) 4 - l 3 T ' I (Studies on the eta), T'kyo, Sanseisha Shoten, 1923, 400 pp. Studies concerning the origins and assimilation of the eta minority in Japanese society. 1235. Nakayama Taro t$ - A e, Nihon mojinshi g - ~ A ~ (History of the blind in Japan), Tokyo, ShSwa Shobo, 1934, 453 pp. The standard study of the history of the blind in Japan from early times to the twentieth century. The work describes the status afforded the blind, their methods of gaining a livelihood, special functions assigned them, methods for relief, etc. A supplement to this volume published in 1938 extends the coverage and corrects errors in the first volume. 1236. Nakayama Tarno ~ L ~, Nihon mikoshi B A — E- _(History of Japanese female shamans), Toky, Uokayama Shoten, 1930, 743 pp. A detailed scholarly study of the role of priestesses in Japanese religious practices and beliefs. 1237. Sakurai Shotaro It A -E 'p, Nihon jido seikatsushi e 4 { -; _, t (History of the life of Japanese children), Tokyo, Nikko Shoin, 1949, 279 pp. 1238. Takahashi Sadaki t-, Tokushu buraku issennenshi A {$ - - T (A thousand years of the "special community"), Kyoto, Koseikaku, 1924, 340 pp. This work, based on the research of Kida Teikichi, constitutes the most systematic treatment of this difficult problem in prewar times. Part 1 covers the history of outcast communities. Part 2 deals with the present status of such communities and discusses the emancipation movement (suihei undo). 1239. Takamure Itsue ~ it 5 T_, Nihon josei shakaishi a -t-;,d~ // ~ (A social history of Japanese women), Osaka, Shin-Nihonsha, 1948, 318 pp. Written by an authority on matriarchal systems, this work is a history of Japanese social systems with an emphasis on the position of women throughout. 1240. Tamura Eitaro F. t f4 h B l, Ikki, kumosuke, bakuto - iA, P, T i t (Uprisings, coolies, and gamblers), Toky6, Ohata Shoten, 1933, 471 pp. An analysis of the oyabun-kobun (boss-follower) relationship among gamblers of the-Tokugawa period, class distinctions among coolies and prostitutes, and the class nature of peasant uprisings. 1241. Uemura Yukiaki -t- Tt / -, Nihon yurishi 5 ` 's rT ~ (History of gay quarters in Japan), Tokyo, Shun'yod6, 1929, 615 pp. A history of prostitution in Japan from the Nara period until the time of writing. The work deals extensively with the Tokugawa period with emphasis on the Genroku era. For the post-Restoration period, the

Page  133 SURVEY HISTORIES 133 author gives detailed treatment to laws and practices relating to prostitution, describes the lives and working conditions of prostitutes, etc. 1242. Yamakawa Kikue -A '1 ' A, Buke no josei 1-\' c " -+-t (Women of the feudal military houses), Tokyo, Mikuni Shobo, 1943, 266 pp. A description of the life of women of the samurai houses of the Tokugawa period based on interviews with women who could remember the pre-Meiji days. 1243. Yanagida Kunio f47 r T A, Kodomo fudoki ' - t /Xl xt ^(A children's gazetteer), osaka, Asahi Shimbunsha, 1946, 93 pp. A folkloristic description of the life of Japanese children. e. Social Movements Japanese writers have tended to bring together under the title of social movements a large number of assorted studies of social unrest and the underprivileged classes of Japanese society. In pre-modern times Japanese society was disturbed by agrarian discontent and its violent manifestation, the peasant uprising. In modern times the chief problems were rural tenancy and industrial labor conditions which helped to engender left-wing political movements. Population, or rather, over-population has also been a constant factor leading to social unrest in Japanese history. The following works are heavily weighted in favor of the pre-Restoration period of Japanese history. The pioneer authority on peasant uprisings is Kokusho Iwao (Entry 1248). His studies are limited largely to the pre-Restoration period. Those who are interested in the post-Restoration agrarian problem will find additional material listed in Robert E. Ward's A Guide to Japanese Research and Reference Materials in the Field of Political Science. For labor movements and left-wing politics, there exists a voluminous but unorganized literature. Tanaka S'ogoro's documentary history (Entry 1264) is of great value for background purposes. The most convenient historical summary is the one by Akamatsu Katsumaro entitled Nihon shakai undoshi (History of social movements in Japan) (Entry 1256). Further items will be found in Ward's bibliography referred to above. On population, Takahashi Bonsen's Nihon jinkoshi no kenkyu (A study of the history of population in Japan) (Entry 1270) is most detailed. However, the non-specialist will find Sekiyama Naotaro's Kinsei Nihon jinko no kenkyu (Studies of population in Tokugawa Japan) (Entry 1268) of much greater usefulness because of its lucid presentation and its coverage of the transition into the Meiji period. No attempt has been made to supply references to the complex field of post-Restoration population studies. 1) Agrarian Unrest 1244. Aoki Keiichiro 4, /*- -, Nihon nomin und-shi 3 f- t / ' ~ (History of the agrarian movement in Japan), Tokyi, Minshu Hyoronsha, 1948, 18+524 pp. A Marxist analysis of the agrarian movement in Japan since the Meiji Restoration. 1245. Honjo Eijir6o 4- A-' -, Waga kuni kinsei no noson mondai - 1~ L- -c 4 ~, p v_ (Problems of the agricultural village in early modern Japan), Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1930, 265 pp. A revised edition of the author's previous work Kinsei noson mondai shiron (Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1925). Chapters deal with the land tax, government policy towards the peasantry, hardships of peasant life, population, decline of land productivity, tenancy, famines, peasant uprisings, etc. 1246. Kasahara Kazuo '2. - A, Nihon ni okeru nomin senso + i-,^ It 3 ~ ~ S ~ (Peasant wars in Japan), T'ky-, Kokudosha, 1949, 257 pp. A study of the religious uprisings (ikko ikki) of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 1247. Kimura Yasuji - TJ k -, Nihon nomin tososhi 6, V! ' f It (History of the struggles of the Japanese peasantry), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, 1930, 544 pp. A study of peasant resistance to authority under the feudal system and under the post-Restoration capitalistic system. 1248. Kokusho Iwao W. i-, HyakushZ ikki no kenkyiu ~ e - IS l _ (A study of agrarian uprisings), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1928, 474 pp. A pioneer study of peasant uprisings in Tokugawa Japan. The author records some five hundred uprisings, analyzes their causes, the counter measures of the government, the attitude of Tokugawa economic philosophers, etc. There is a chronological table of uprisings and a regional listing of uprisings. 1249. Kuroda Hisao,. -a - $ and Ikeda Tsuneo T '~i ~, Nihon nomin kumiai undoshi E -!- 'L ~ -J _ A,_ (History of the farmers' union movement in Japan), Tokyo, Shinchi Shobo, 1949, 332 pp. A history of Japan's modern farmers' union movement by men active in the farm-labor political parties. 1250. Nakamura Kichiji t ~t, Chusei no nomin ikki ' -t F - 9(Agrarian uprisings in the middle ages), Tokyo, Chuo Koronsha, 1948, 320 pp. A basic study of the early phase of peasant uprisings in Japan. 1251. Nojiri Shigeo *t A "- Z At, N-min rison no jisshoteki kenkyu - A ft.t~ a ' _ s_. (Studies of rural exodus), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1942, 9+569 pp. A basic study by an agricultural economist into the causes of the abandonment of the farm by Japanese farmers since the Meiji Restoration.

Page  134 134 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1252. Ono Takeo, Ad t',, Ishin nomin hokitan At - / ~-, t V (A study of peasant uprisings during the Meiji Restoration), Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1930, 623 pp. An analysis of eleven uprisings in the period immediately after the Meiji Restoration. An appendix carries a list of sources on the subject. 1253. Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai.~ -!,:_- / X 4 (The Social and Economic History Society), Nomin kaihO no shiteki kosatu X' A * at 5 7 - (Historical analysis of the emancipation of the peasantry), Tokyo, Nihon Hy-ronsha, 1948, 267 pp. Collected essays on the subject of peasant resistance to landlordism and feudal controls both in Europe and Japan. 1254. Suzuki Ryoichi 't l -, Nihon chusei no nomin mondai B P t e 6 )t ' m L-(Peasant problems in the medieval age of Japan), Kyoto, KIt( Shoin, 1948, 272 pp. A study of the peasant uprisings of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 2) Labor Movements and Left-Wing Politics 1255. Akamatsu Katsumaro; s /, Nihon r-od undo hattatsushi le _ p S,.(History of the development of the Japanese labor movement), Tokyo, Bunka Gakkai, 1925. A history of the Japanese labor movement since the Restqration. The account is divided into three phases: from 1883 to 1894, the Sino-Japanese War to 1912, and 1912 to 1924., 1256. Akamatsu Katsumaro A t, t {, Nihon shakai und'shi p s 4:' j, 5 (History of social movements in Japan), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952, 330 pp. A simply written survey of social movements in Japan from the early Meiji period to the outbreak of the Pacific War. The author, a participant in the labor movement, has made extensive use of secondary sources, so that his footnote references are of considerable value. The treatment is divided chronologically into five parts: 1) early political movements and the Socialist Party; 2) the early labor movement and the government; 3) World War I, the labor movement, and the Communist Party; 4) peasant participation; 5) national socialism and the popular mass parties. 1257. Arahata Kanson. 'tL T A., Nihon shakaishugi undoshi ' f Z- - jt tP (History of the socialist movement in Japan), Tokyo, Mainichi Shimbunsha, 1948, 290 pp. An inside history of the early activities of the socialist movement in Japan by a participant and subsequent founder of the Communist Party in Japan. 1258. Ichikawa Shoichi ) "I H - -, Nihon kyosanto toso shoshi B t- t- A t i)1 i ')' V (Short history of the struggle of the Japan Communist Party), Tokyo, GyUmeisha, 1947. An inside history of the Japan Communist Party in its pre-World War II phase by an active member. 1259. Kikugawa Tadao * "5 t- X;t, Gakusei shakai undoshi I 'T -t- J pb.(History of social agitation by students), Tikyo, Umiguchi Shoten, 1947, 14+475+9 pp. A detailed and documented study of left-wing activity by students in the period 1918-1931. 1260. Kyochokai t" A I' (Conciliation Society), Saikin no shakai undo P '_ e ' VP i (Recent social movements), Tokyo, Kyoch5kai, 1927, 1422 pp. An authoritative collection of information on all aspects of social movements in Japan and other nations from roughly 1916 to 1926. The section on Japan covers the labor movement, the farmer cooperative movement, proletarian parties, women's organizations, organizations and procedures for securing cooperation between labor and management, etc. 1261. Matsushita Yoshio T' -F T, Meiji Taisho hansen undoshi P, c K - - a ' S (A history of the pacifist movement in Meiji and Taisho Japan), T1ky-y, S'bisha, 1949, 271 pp. A history of the pacifist movement in Japan up through World War I. 1262. Suehiro Izutaro t- 6 {, K, Nihon rodo kumiai undoshi ' - 4P ' / o -_(History of the labor union movement in Japan), Tokyo, Nihon lRdo Kumiai Und-oshi Kankokai, 1950, 256 pp. A detailed history of the labor union movement in Japan from early Meiji up to 1949 by an authority on labor law. 1263. Tanaka S'ogorfo cP *' _ tp, Nihon shakai undoshi B f~,t j_ 4,p ((History of social movements in Japan), Tokyo, Sekai Shoin, 1947-48, 3 v. A detailed, well-documented history of social and political movements in Japan from 1868 to 1938. 1264. Tanaka Sogor~o ~ t t - - tp, Shiryo Nihon shakai undoshi 9 i C ' - F C i P 1/ (Documentary history of social movements in Japan), Tokyo, Tozai Shuppan K.K., 1948-, 3 v. k valuable collection of selected documents on social movements in Japan beginning with 1866. Each volume begins with a chronological table of events. Documents and sources are taken from government publications, party pronouncements, articles from newspapers, and party publications. 1265. Watanabe Ikujir-o i.- t' 7- } I, Nihon shakai undo shikan P 4 A i/t ' Z A (An historical view of social movements in Japan), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Bummei Kyo-kai, 1925, 382 pp. A conservative view of Japan's social movements from early Meiji to the 1920s. The author reflects back to the historic position of the emperor as the solution to class disputes in Japan.

Page  135 SURVEY HISTORIES 135 3) Population 1266. Honjo Eijir 5 A- ' p t ip, Jinko oyobi jinko mondai A D, D p Pk(Population and the population problem), Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1930, 268 pp. A general survey of Japan's population problem from early times through the Meiji period with emphasis on the Tokugawa period. 1267. Okazaki Ayanori N t * _, Nihon jinko no jisshoteki kenkyu aE < D ~ i i- j,t k (Factual studies of Japanese population), T'ky6, Hokuryukan, 1950, 602+50 pp. An analysis of Japan's post-Restoration population problem by the president of the Research Institute for Public Health and Population Problems. There is a list of suggested reading. 1268. Sekiyama Naotaro t1 A, A X fP, Kinsei Nihon jinko no kenkyu i_ -t A D o ^ (Studies of population in Tokugawa Japan), Tokyo, Ryuginsha, 1948, 282 pp. A collection of basic studies of Japan's pre-modern population problems. The final chapter on the transition from Tokugawa to Meiji population figures is particularly valuable. 1269. Takahashi Bonsen i t It I, Datai mabiki no kenkyu R a 51/ ";fT Abortion and infanticide), Tokyo, Chui6 Shakai Jigyo Kyokai Shakai Jigyo Kenkyusho, 1936, 286 pp. 1270. Takahashi Bonsen F it V 1a, Nihon jinkoshi no kenkyu EB L /K D P T ^ i (A study of the history of population in Japan), Tokyo, San'yusha, 1941, 853 pp. The most extensive study of pre-twentieth century population in Japan. The author begins with Japan's early history but focuses his attention upon the Tokugawa period and its regional population problems. Special studies are made of the problem of mabiki and the population policies of the shogunate and various daimyo. The work is extensively documented. 1271. Watanabe Shin'ichi 35/ iZ f1 -, Nihon noson jinkoron B % V A v A d (An analysis of Japan's agricultural village population), Tokyo, Nankosha, 1938, 482 pp. A basic analysis of the role of the rural community as the source of Japan's modern industrial manpower. f. Customs and Manners Works devoted to the history of Japanese life, customs, and manners are of several widely different varieties. First from point of time have been the studies of the antiquarian specialists such as Sekine Masanao, Sakurai Shigeru, and Wada Hisamatsu, the most substantial of which have been listed above in Part II, Chapter 2 c among the antiquarian dictionaries. Such works are concerned chiefly with the formal official life of the ruling classes in Japanese history, that is, the court and feudal nobility. Another group of scholars, represented by Ema Tsutomu, Nishioka Toranosuke, and Tamura Eitaro, have attempted to obtain more comprehensive insight into not only the public but the domestic life of the various classes in Japan. Ema's photographic reconstructions of historic settings and typical costumes (Entry 1272) are especially valuable for the foreign student of Japanese history. A third group of writers has consisted of folklorists and ethnologists working under the leadership of Yanagida Kunio. The chief emphasis of this group has been placed on the folk society of Japan. With headquarters in the Minzokugaku Kenkyusho (Ethnological Institute) in Tokyo, the methodology and interests of the group are best described in the work by Yanagida and Seki entitled Nihon minzokugaku nyumon (Introduction to the study of Japanese folklore)(Entry 1289). Finally, the following works included some which are concerned primarily with the recording of contemporary Japanese life. These are the gazetteers and photographic surveys produced in the main by geographers and ethnologists. In the following sections, the first on Folkways and Customs contains works of a general nature. The other sections are devoted to more specialized and diversified materials which cannot be profitably commented upon in detail. Among the general works, a number should be singled out for special mention. Among the survey histories Ema Tsutomu's Nihon seikatsushi (History of life in Japan) (Entry 1274) and Inokuma Kaneshige's work of the same title (Entry 1277) are both authoritative and conveniently arranged. Nishioka Toranosuke's Minshu seikatsushi kenkyu (Historical essays on the life of the people) (Entry 1284) is widely read for the stimulating ideas it contains. For more detailed historical coverage, the ten-volume Nihon fuzokuga taisei (A compendium of illustrations of Japanese manners and customs) (Entry 1292) and the twelve-volume Nihon fluzokushi koza (Series on the history of Japanese customs and manners) (Entry 1293), though somewhat out-ofdate, are still standard. Among the contemporary pictorial surveys, the recent work entitled Shashin chishi Nihon (Photo-monograph of Japan) (Entry 1287) is modern in conception and contains excellent photographs. Kumagai's Ochi mura (0chi village) (Entry 1279) is unique for its ability to capture the life of a mountain village in photographs. 1) Folkways and Customs 1272. Ema Tsutomu -,.. r, Rekidai fu'zoku shashin taikan -L I' V '. tR-(A photographic survey of customs and manners by historical periods), TokyO, Shink-sha, 1931-32, 2 v. A pictorial survey of pre-twentieth century Japanese customs and manners. Photographs are of reconstructed scenes and activities in which contemporary figures dressed in authentic costumes are placed in historically authentic settings. Each illustration is explained and a brief survey of costumes and customs is appended.

Page  136 136 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1273. Ema Tsutomu,., A, Nihon fuzokushi e -- ) 1i l (History of Japanese manners and customs), TokyU, Chijin Shokan, 1943, 442 pp. Published as part of the Taikan Nihon bunkashi sensho series (Entry 749). This work constitutes a summary of Ema Tsutomu's research into customs, costumes, manners, and festivals of the past. This volume includes a discussion of the Meiji period. Unfortunately, the paper is poor and the format is small so that the illustrations are far from satisfactory. 1274. Ema Tsutomu Ar-, A, Nihon seikatsushi D t j sb (History of life in Japan), Tokyo, Ogawa Shobo, 1947, 9+272 pp. The latest of Ema's surveys of Japanese customs. This work covers in general interpretive fashion by periods the salient features of the material life, the customs, and manners of the Japanese. The work concludes with a delightful chapter on the "Makkuasa" period of postwar Japan. 1275. Fujioka KenjirU r ft -i, RP and others, Nihon no fido i 4 ^ L ~- (Japanese folkways), Kyoto, Oyashima Shuppan K.K., 1948, 396 pp. A survey of Japanese folkways by region. The compilers are members of the Ritsumeikan Geographical Institute. 1276. Fujioka Sakutaro t 1i] l ~P and Hiraide Kenjirxo 7 _-; Jp, Nihon fuzokushi 0 4- L f ~ (History of Japanese manners and customs), Tokyu, Toyodo, 1895, 3 v. A pioneer study of Japanese manners and customs and still one of the most detailed and best illustrated. The treatment is by major historical periods from early times to 1868. For each period the authors describe the social class system, customary law, productive capacities, educational systems, religious practices, food and clothing, housing, family and social observances, pastimes and amusements. 1277. Inokuma Kaneshige 4t 't,, Nihon seikatsushi 9; ' - _ (History of living habits in in Japan), Kyoto, Sekai Shisosha, 1952, 210 pp. An analytical survey of life in Japan, its historical developments, and its class differentiation. Chapters deal with agricultural life, court life, feudal life, and the life of the "common people." The last chapter is a penetrating analysis of the influence of the West and the "modernization process" on Japanese living habits. 1278. Kato Totsud' RW At p, A, Nihon fu'zokushi 0 -. 4- W. (Notes on Japanese customs), Tokyo, DaitU Shuppansha, rev. ed., 1941, 4 v. A description of folk customs and their regional peculiarities, first published in 1917-18. Volume 1 covers the KantU area, 2 the Thhoku and Chu-bu, 3 the Hokuriku and Kinki, and 4 the Chugoku and Kyushu areas. 1279. Kumagai Gen'ichi et. - fL -, Ochi-mura 4 it 14 (Ochi village), Tokyo, osaka, Asahi Shimbunsha, 1938, 176 pp. An intimate photographic record of the life of a mountain village. The author, an art instructor and amateur photographer, depicts the passage of the seasons, the struggle for existence, family life, social pastimes, and religious activities of the village. 1280. Minzokugaku Kenkyusho /}/ 12~- 'T in - rr (Ethnological Institute), Minzokugaku no hanashi v 1', 'r~ e, (Lectures on folklore), Tokyo, Kyodo Shuppansha, 1949, 2+2+199 pp. Postwar introductory essays on Japanese folklore by members of the Yanagida school. 1281. Minzokugaku Kenkyusho / A T X t MI 2, Minzokugaku shinko A 4: ' t F (New lectures on folklore), Tokyo, Meiseido, 1947, 3+296 pp. Postwar introductory essays based on lectures delivered in 1946 at Tokyo University by Yanagida, Wakamori, Mrs. Segawa, and others of the Yanagida school. Pages 273-80 comprise a bibliography of works on Japanese folklore. 1282. Motoyama Keisen { A' - "I), Nihon minzoku zushi ga 1, |i- (Illustrated survey of Japanese folklore), Tokyo, Toky-odo, 1942-44, 20 v. The most extensive illustrated survey of Japanese folkways. 1283. Nakama Teruhisa It /.s- Z_, Nihon chiri fuzoku taikei Q - em T )L X,A (Outline of Japanese geography and customs), Tokyo, Shinkosha, 1929-32, 19 v. A voluminous illustrated gazetteer of Japan, Korea, Formosa, and some of the islands formerly held by Japan in the Pacific. The work deals with the land, cities, the people, and their material civilization in contemporary times. 1284. Nishioka Toranosuke J fi - 1 Z P, Minshu seikatsushi kenkyiu - ~ f, - ' _ (Historical essays on the life of the people), Tokyo, Fukumura Shoten, 1948, 692 pp. Collected essays on a broad variety of subjects related to the history of the Japanese people. Chapters deal with the concept of popular life as against aristocratic, the Japanese peasantry, the people as seen in Japan's early and medieval literature, peasant life in the Tokugawa period, social status and classes. The author is one of the senior historians living today and an expert on the Nara and Heian periods.

Page  137 SURVEY HISTORIES 137 1285. Saito Ryuzo a 4 by, Kinsei Nihon sesoshi i t: t ~ -t t. (History of modern Japanese life), Tokyo, Hakubunkan, 1925, 1237 pp. An illustrated survey of the life and customs of Tokugawa, Meiji and Taisho Japan (1600-1925). The author describes social structure, clothes, food, amusements, arts and accomplishments, education, and religion. 1286. Tamura Eitar6o 1 ~;, tp, Nihon fifzokushi B i /t fJ t(History of Japanese customs), Tokyo, Mikasa Shobi, 1936, 307 pp. Divided into three parts: 1) primitive Japan; 2) the period of court and military houses; 3) period of military houses. 1287. Tokyo Daigaku Rigakubu Chirigaku Kyoshitsu Shashin Chishi Nihon Henshu Iinkai # _ A. - " to r_ Ad,,..: _ h- ~ 4, f i, - 4 (Committee for the Compilation of the Photomonograph of Japan, Geographical Institute, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University), Shashin chishi Nihon '', z - it s * (Photo-monograph of Japan), Tokyo, Dai Nihon Yuibenkai Kodansha, 1952, 282 pp. Edited by such outstanding scholars as Tsujimura Tarn, Tanaka Kaoru, Kiuchi Shinzo, and Sato Hisashi, this work presents a vivid pictorial description of Japan today. Chapters deal with land forms, seasons, settlements and land utilization, folklore, and modernization. Illustrations are explained in detail in Japanese but captions carry English translations. 1288. Wakamori Tar~ o:D 4: & f p, Nihon minzokugaku gaisetsu 0 ~. ra tL a (Introduction to Japanese ethnology), Tokyo, Tokai Shobo, 1947, 297 pp. Parts 1, 2 and 3 deal with ethnology as a science and the methodology of the Yanagida school. Part 4 is a general survey of Japanese customs, folklore, clothing, food, pastimes, religion, etc. Pages 279 -297 comprise a useful bibliography of the field. 1289. Yanagida Kunio PY C ff n and Seki Keigo?] A -^, Nihon minzokugaku nyumon a; A A. 't, RE] (Introduction to the study of Japanese folklore), Tokyo, Toky-odo, 1948, 2 v. A systematic discussion of the ethnological methodology of the Yanagida school, useful for the detailed classification of the field. Each segment of the field is analyzed and a reading list is suggested. 1290. Yanagida Kunio Y Fq J ~ and Miki Shigeru - ~ ', Yukiguni no minzoku ~ ~ 'a A - (People of the land of snow), Toky6, Nihon Shuppan Haikyu K.K., 1944, 367 plates + 64 pp. A photographic record of the daily life, clothing, housing, technology, festivals and beliefs of the peasants of Akita Prefecture, one of the more remote regions in Japan. 1291. Yanagida Kunio 7, and Oto Tokihiko k _, Sesoshi t 4 t (History of material life), Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha Shuppambu, 1943, 10+386 pp. [= volume 18 of the Gendai Nihon bummeishi series (Entry 722)]. This work provides a detailed description of the material life of the Japanese from 1868 to 1940. Chapters deal with clothing and houses, communications, the household and labor, production, social organization and contacts, education, speech, recreation, sickness and death, superstition and religion. Emphasis is upon the modernization process in Japanese life. There is a list of selected reference works. 1292. Yasuda Yukihiko 4- M,Y,W and others, Nihon fuzokuga taisei 0E i JXL f~ I t (A compendium of illustrations of Japanese manners and customs), Tokyo, Chuo Bijutsusha, 1929, 10 v. One of the most useful illustrated histories of Japanese manners and customs. Volumes 1-8 cover Japanese society by period. Each volume contains numerous illustrations of the life and customs of the period taken from contemporary art. Illustrations are explained and each volume concludes with a brief survey of the period. Volumes 9-10 contain photographs of reconstructed scenes and of actual artifacts of the past. Coverage is from early times to the twentieth century. 1293. Yuzankaku /;# I- V, Nihon fuzokushi koza B +- Rt At - PI /A-(Series on the history of Japanese customs and manners), Tokyo, Y'uzankaku, 1927-29, 12 v. The collective work of 56 contributors, this series is a vast compendium' of materials on Japanese historical manners and customs. Volumes 1-3 contain a chronological survey of the field from early times to 1911. Volumes 4-12 contain essays on specialized subjects such as court ceremonies, games, the tea ceremony, houses, gardens, music, drama, the bath, religion, Western influence, etc. The entire work is profusely illustrated. 2) Food, Clothing, and Ornaments 1294. Ema Tsutomu -.% w, Zotei Nihon fukushoku shiy~o t -T 9 ' d A ~ -(The essentials of the history of Japanese dress, revised), Kyoto, Hoshino Shoten, 1944, 10+282+17 pp. First published in 1936, this work is an illustrated survey of pre-modern styles of dress in Japan. 1295. Goto Moriichi?t Aft -- -, Fukushokushi gaisetsu - Ad _ L A (Outline history of costume and ornaments), Tokyo, Shikai Shobo, 1943, 400 pp. 1296. Itazawa Takeo,k -; n ' 5;, Ishokujiu no rekishi i tq T L - (History of clothing, food, and housing), Tokyo, Haneda Shoten, 1948, 219 pp. 1297. Kon Wajir-o " ' * t p, Kurashi to jukyo _ L f St., (Daily life and houses), To-kyo, Mikuni Shobo, 1944, 235 pp.

Page  138 138 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1298. Miyamoto Seisuke t; 1t 'p, Minkan fukushokushi, hakimono no bu i Ps9?f /.., /4 9 *p (History of folk costume and ornaments-footwear), Tokyo, Yuzankaku, 1933, 199 pp. 1299. Nagashima Nobuko 4.A, t 3, Nihon ifukushi 0 4- i t ~ (History of Japanese dress), Kyoto, Geisd'o, 1933, 48+694 pp. A history of Japanese styles in dress from early times to the present. Well illustrated. 1300. Sakurai Shigeru:t A-, Nihon fukushokushi 0 3 - P t _(A history of Japanese costume and ornaments), Takyo, Yuzankaku, 1929, 359 pp. A sketchy survey of Japanese dress from ancient times to 1853. Emphasis is on the Heian period. Illustrations are few. 1301. Sakurai Shigeru tS It and Adachi Isamu ~ -- ~, Nihon shokumotsushi ea! i t i (History of Japanese food), TokyZ, Yizankaku, 1934, 479 pp. A history of food and eating habits in Japan from prehistoric times to c. 1560. This work is continued by Sasagawa and Adachi (Entry 1302). 1302. Sasagawa Rimpu - t'l *o -- and Adachi Isamu T Ji, Kinsei Nihon shokumotsushi iL t* IB / P t (History of Japanese food in early modern times), Tokyo, Yuzankaku, 1935, 502 pp. Continues the historical coverage begun by Sakurai and Adachi (Entry 1301) through the Azuchi, Momoyama, Tokugawa and Meiji periods. 1303. Segawa Kiyoko -. ") 3, Kimono f, 9 (Kimono), T'kyo, Rokuninsha, 1943, 283 pp. An important folkloristic study of Japanese kimono, their patterns, uses, etc. 1304. Sekine Masanao?'. t| if_ I, Zotei kyuden chodo zukai at iT * -. 1 At / A he (Illustrations of palace furnishings-revised and enlarged), Tokyo, Rikugokan, 1928, 158 pp. A brief survey, with illustrations, of the development of palaces in Japan, their furnishings, carriages used by the nobility, etc. 1304a. Sekine Masanao 1304a. Sekine Masanao f i fA _ i_, Zotei shozoku zukai t T; [ e (Illustrations of military attire-revised and enlarged), Toky6, Rikugokan, 1928, 2 v. Volume 1 covers military dress and armor; Volume 2 is devoted to weapons of pre-modern Japan. 1305. Sekine Masanao?) TF - I _, Fukusei no kenkyu k A'{ 9 I (A study of dress regulations), Tolky, Kokon Shoin, 1925, 275 pp. A study of the history of regulations with respect to costume in Japan from ancient times to the Meiji period. These are regulations applying chiefly to classes, ranks, sex, etc. 1306. Suzuki Keiz` B 4- n. Fukusy to kojitsu: yushoku kojitsu zukai a t Be X t. t (Dress and ceremonial practices: illustrations of Japanese court ceremony and practices), Kyoto, Kawahara Shoten, 1950, 246 pp. 1307. Takahashi Kenji r TA ftL 1, Nihon fukushoku shiron 0 R - / I p (History of Japanese costume and ornaments), Tokyo, Daitoikaku, 1927, 215 pp. An historical survey by periods. 1308. Takahashi Kenji a. r )IA 1, Rekisei fukushoku zusetsu /)- ~t B. f S ~-(An illustrated commentary on costumes and ornaments of the various periods), Tokyo, Shuseido, 1929, 2 v. Covers the subject to c. 1850. 1309. Tani Shin'ichi a t -, Zusetsu Nihon fukusoshi./ 4- 0 / i s, (Illustrated history of Japanese costume), Tokyo, Shirogane Shoin, 1927, 165 pp. 1310. Yanagida Kunio T4T lD fn] 7, Hi no mukashi,, -- (History of fire), Tokyo, Jitsugyo no Nihonsha, 1944, 2+6+2+216 pp. One of Yanagida's masterpieces, it deals with fire, its uses for light, heating, etc., and its social and religious significance. 3) Marriages, Funerals, and Festivals 1311. Ariga Kizaemon `- ' -f - + 1iT r, Nihon kon'in shiron 0 - " 1 4 W (Essays on the history of Japanese marriage practices), Tokyo, Nikko Shoin, 1948, 2+296 pp. A technical study from the sociological point of view of Japanese marriage practices and the problems of age, blood relationship, social status, etc., in the peasant community. The author documents his work by both written records and field studies. There is an excellent bibliographical introduction. 1312. Ema Tsutomu _. ' t, Nihon saijishi (Kyoto no bu) E ~; t e (- T P; p ) (History of Japanese festivals, Kyoto), Kyoto, Naigai Shuppan K. K., 1922, 35+599+20 pp. 1313. Hagiwara Masanorik t i - i, Kon'in, tanjo, sorei ok -ar, _ p,.,4(Marriage, birth, and funeral rites), Tokyo, Isseisha, 1933, 9+196+328 pp. Collected essays by various experts.

Page  139 SURVEY HISTORIES 139 1314. Hayakawa KotarZo - '1. A t, Hanamatsuri H.- (Flower festival), Tokyo, Oka Shoin, 1930, 2 v. A detailed field study of the hanamatsuri in rural Aichi Prefecture. 1315. Hayakawa K'taro T ''I H A " p, No to matsuri t (Agriculture and festivals), Tokyo, Guroria Sosaete, 1942, 296 pp. 1316. Hozumi Nobushige t- 4t., Inkyoron b., -g (Essays on retirement), Tokyo, Y'hikaku, rev. ed., 1914, 724+22+37 pp. An interesting study of the Japanese customs of retirement, its origin and development, and laws governing it. 1317. Miyamoto Tsuneichi -, -, Minkan koyomi, pt /e (Folk calendars), Tokyo, Rokuninsha, 1942, 277 pp. A study of the cycle of seasons and festivals in Japan. 1318. Nakayama Taro ' - ' ' ', Nihon kon'inshi - -a -* t (History of Japanese marriage), Tokyo, Shun'y-od6, 1928, 6+32+971 pp. A detailed description of Japanese marriage by a foremost expert on social customs. The approach is historical by periods. 1319. Sato Seiya t- a t.' t, K'koku nenchu gyoji seigi S ~ - T IT ' X ' (A commentary on the calendar of observances of Imperial Japan), To'kyo, Hakkosha, 1940, 8+262 pp. 1320. Takeda Hisayoshi E' S a, Nson no nenchu gyoji,;t I t 1T I (Seasonal activities of agricultural villages), Tokyo, Ryuseikaku, 193, 590 pp. Studies of the cycle of seasons and the distribution of labor in Japanese agricultural communities. 1321. Yanagida Kunio qT E /, Kon'in no hanashi -a t f5J A (Explanations of marriage customs), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1948, 4+2+312 pp. 1322. Yanagida Kunio Fp W7 /f f, Nihon no matsuri 2 ^ e - (Japanese festivals), Toky6, Kobundo, 1932, 4+1+280 pp. 4) Recreation and Sports 1323. Maruyama Sanzo fL _ - it, Dai-Nihon jidIshi k. - D j (History of Japanese jIdo), Tikyo, Kodokan, 1170 pp. A voluminous work covering only briefly the pre-modern history of judo wrestling in Japan. The bulk of the work is devoted to a description of the development of jUd' in post-Restoration Japan, to the various schools of j-udo instruction, and to an analysis of the art of j-ud wrestling. 1324. Nishibori Ichizo t, -, Nihon sadoshi 0 3 - _ (History of the tea ceremony in Japan), Tokyu, Sogensha, 1940, 255 pp. A standard history of the art of tea ceremony in Japan. 1325. Nishitsunoi Masayoshi A ^ _4 --, Mura no asobi T.f 7 i c" (Recreation in the village), Tokyo, Jiipusha, 1950, 1+1+278 pp. Describes rural folk dances, plays, festivals, and songs with their antecedents such as dengaku and kagura. 1326. Sakai Kin ) t frT, Nihon yugishi 2 9 __ f t (History of Japanese games), Tokyo, Kensetsusha, 1933, 937 pp. A standard survey of Japanese games, pastimes, and various social arts describes by historic periods. The work is well documented and illustrated. 5) Folklore and Mythology 1327. Fujisawa Morihiko -- ~ FIT, Nihon densetsu sosho e - 1F I A 4 (Series on Japanese mythology), Tokyo, Rokubundo, 1917-20, 13 v. A detailed coverage of Japanese folklore grouped by region. 1328. Higo Kazuo E t - D a, Nihon no shinwa e 4' e ~T (Japanese mythology), Tokyo, Kobundo Shobo, 1942, 200 pp. A survey of Japanese mythology by a leading folklorist. 1329. Matsuoka Shizuo ti W I, Nihon koyu minzoku shink' 9 4- fl 'J I t I Sr (Folkloristic beliefs of the Japanese), Tokyo, Toko Shoin, 1941, 380 pp. By a specialist in primitive religious practices and beliefs, this work deals with special aspects of Japanese folk religion..Chapters deal with the kami, shrines, rituals, incantations, taboos, superstitutions, etc.

Page  140 140 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1330. Seki Keigo q t 1 -, Nihon mukashibanashi shusei P ' -f- A 1 a' (Series on Japanese mythology), Tokyo, Kadokawa Shoten, 1950-. A series of collected folk tales and myths. Of the three volumes published to date, volume 1 contains stories of animals and birds, 2 trees, and 3 humorous stories. The author attempts to explain the myths and to relate the stories to the folklore of other peoples. Bibliographic citations are made. 1331. Takagi Toshio P t -< At, Nihon shinwa densetsu no kenkyu DB ' 9 #a 7 X T (Studies in Japanese mythology and folklore), T'kyU, Ogiwara Seibunkan, 1943, 570+2 pp. Describes Japanese myths and folklore and compares them with those of the Pacific island peoples. 1332. Yanagida Kunio 4:p m -,% Densetsu 1t (Legend), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1940, 2+4+ 180 pp. 8. EDUCATION Histories of Japanese education have been written in the main by educational experts, such as Ototake Iwazo, Ishikawa Ken, Yoshida Kumaji, and Kaigo Tokiomi. The works of these men are considered standard and give fairly complete coverage of modern and pre-modern educational systems and policies. Recently a number of professional historians have begun working in the field of education history. Among them Momo Hiroyuki and Okubo Toshiaki are listed below. 1333. Ishikawa Ken /r "1,, Nihon shomin kyoikushi D t ~, t X,(A history of the education of the Japanese common people), Tokyb, Toko Shoin, 1929, 458 pp. A standard history of popular education in Japan by a specialist in the field of education. 1334. Kaigo Tokiomi - %. }_ and others, Nihon kyoikushi a 0 - ~4 0 (History of Japanese education), Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1938, 6+336 pp. An analytical survey of education through the ages in Japan. Treatment is by periods. Within each period the work describes the educational system in its entirety, the spirit of education, the content of instruction, and the method of teaching. 1335. Matsushita Takeo 4, F K, Kindai Nihon kyoikushi i P a ~ 4K X - (History of Japanese education in recent times), Tokyo, Meiji Tosho Shuppansha, 1949, 379 pp. A detailed description of education in Japan from 1868 to 1948. Chapters deal with Meiji educational philosophy, early educational systems, the influence of the West, the Imperial Rescript on Education, education and the development of the Japanese state, education and the Pacific War, postwar developments. A selected reading list is appended. 1336. Momo Hiroyuki 1{ At' A t, Jodai no gakusei no kenkyu -I- e X T '1 ~ - (Studies of the educational system of ancient Japan), Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1947. 1337. Okubo Toshiaki ) - T~- 's 4-_, Nihon no daigaku p K e ~ ' (Japanese universities), T'0kyo, Sogensha, 1938, 394 pp. A chronological survey of the development of centers of higher education in Japan from the eighth century to the present. Each chapter concludes with a list of references. 1338. Ototake Iwazo L 7 ~ A, Nihon kokumin kyoikushi 9 /m i 4K - % ~ (History of the education of the Japanese people), To-kyo, Meguro Shoten, 1940, 8+412 pp. A standard survey of education in Japan from early times through 1925. Emphasis is placed on the development of popular education. The author, professor emeritus at Tokyo Bunrika University, is a pioneer in the field of educational history. 1339. Ototake Iwaz Y ~ ' j, Nihon shomin kyoikushi D /.. /, ' _(History of education of the Japanese common people), Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1929, 3 v. A detailed analysis of the development of popular education from the twelfth century to 1868. The author has covered in special detail the growth of temple schools (terakoya) during the late Tokugawa period. 1340. Sato Seijitsu i - ^, Shutei Nihon kyoikushi A I, 1 7 - K t - (History of Japanese education, revised), T-okyo, Dai Nihon Tosho K.K., 1903, 600 pp. First published in 1890 by the Ministry of Education. Though old fashioned, this work is still of use today. The author deals in great detail with educational institutions from early times to 1902. Of special value is his description of the transmission of craft and art traditions and modern education in technological fields. 1341. Takahashi Shunjo ff ' a, Nihon kyoiku bunkashi 0 + /A- itt- t (A cultural history of Japanese education), Tokyo, Dobun Shoin, 624 pp. A broad interpretive view of Japanese education from ancient times through the 1920s. 1342. Tsuji KfzaburUo t - J p, Nihon kyoiku tsUshi ~p i t { ~ (A survey history of Japanese education), Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 5th ed., 1940, 553+6 pp. First published in 1933, this work surveys the development of educational institutions in Japan with emphasis on the period since 1868.

Page  141 SURVEY HISTORIES 141 1343. Uno Tetsuto ~ If ' X and others, Hangaku shidan i ' E i. (Historical studies of han schools), Tokyo, Bunshodo Shoten, 1943, 509 pp. An uneven collection of essays contributed by a large number of writers on educational systems in the several domains (han) of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). 1344. Yoshida Kumaji e- a.f- >, Hompo kyoikushi gaisetsu # I; * ' t-t(An introduction to the history of Japanese education), Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1925, 644 pp. This work covers the development of educational theory and practice in Japan from early times to the time of writing. The author, a specialist in comparative education, emphasizes the influence on Japan of the Chinese educational system and compares the development of modern education in Japan with that of the West. 9. HISTORY OF RELIGION, THOUGHT, AND PHILOSOPHY The field of religious and intellectual history in Japan is one of the most difficult of access to the nonJapanese scholar. Those who wish for more detailed orientation in this field may find the chapters on Buddhism and Shinto in A Guide to Japanese Studies published by the Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai (Tokyo, 1937) of value. The following sections represent the standard categories under which the Japanese have published in this field. These cover a variety of subjects ranging from religions such as Buddhism and Christianity to intellectual movements such as Dutch studies. Trends in the study of thought and religion have followed at a somewhat slower pace those noted for general historiography. Early writers on philosophical and religious history were for the most part teachers of philosophy or instructors in seminaries. Their work was thus directed primarily towards the explanation of philosophical and religious systems or the narration of sectarian movements. During the 1930s a few writers in the field began to assume the broader approach of the cultural historian, while the post-World War II era saw the first appearance of studies from the social science or ethnological points of view. Aside from the works listed below, students in this field will find that the prewar historical series compiled in the cultural history tradition such as the Sogo Nihonshi taikei (Synthetic survey of Japanese history (Entry 748), the Nihon bunkashi (Cultural history of Japan) (Entry 730), and the Nihon bunkashi taikei (Survey of Japanese cultural history) (Entry 731) devote a great deal of space to religious and intellectual movements. It should be pointed out also that the series entitled Iwanami koza: Toyo shicho (Iwanami series on Oriental thought) (Entry 1412) contains a variety of material covering the entire field of thought and religion in Japan. a. Survey Histories of Religion In the following brief selection the work of Hiyane Yasusada is outstanding for its detailed and impartial coverage of Shinto, Buddhism, and Christianity both in pre-modern and contemporary Japan (Entries 1345 and 1346). A brief introduction, Saigusa and Torii's Nihon shuiky shisoshi (History of Japanese religion and thought) (Entry 1349), is written from the point of view of the modern social historian. 1345. Hiyane Yasusada 1-L 4 -W- 4, Nihon shikyoshi IT- t %.L (A history of religion in Japan), Tokyo, Sankyo Shuppansha, 1925, 1141 pp. A monumental factual history of the religious faith of the Japanese people from primitive times to the time of writing.. The author divides his history into 18 periods and covers the development of Shinto, Buddhism, and Christianity. The author himself is Christian. A 1951 edition of this work brings coverage up to the postwar period. 1346. Hiyane Yasusada t- 4 / -~ -_ and Anezaki Masaharu Sh At? —, Shkyjshi =. It _(History of religion), Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimp-sha Shuppambu, 1941, 4+14+490+22 pp. [T v. 16 of the Gendai Nihon bummeishi (Entry 722)]. Anezaki contributes a short essay on science and religion in modern Japan. The rest of the work by Hiyane is an authoritative history of religious movements from the late Tokugawa period to the time of writing. The author treats of Shinto, Buddhism, and Christianity impartially. 1347. Naganuma Kenkai -. A-, Nihon shiukyoshi no kenkyu a it. % - - e ~_ (Studies in the history of Japanese religion), Tokyo, Kyoiku Kenkyukai, 1928, 1019 pp. A collection of articles on a wide variety of subjects involving Japanese religious institutions and religious leaders. These include studies of Shinran, religious uprisings, the deity Ebisu, wako and bahan ships, the Shimabara Christian uprising, Christians at Hirado, Christianity and Buddhism, etc. Most of the articles are of a technical nature. The author, a professor at Kyushu University, is a specialist on Kamakura Buddhism and on the local history of northern Kyushu. 1348. Nihon shukyo daikioza A M- $. Z -t XL (Series on Japanese religion), Tokyo, TokW Shoin, 1929 -30, 12 v. Collected essays on religious sects in Japan. Content is largely non-historical, with emphasis on matters of doctrine. Volumes 1-2 cover Shinto; 3-8, Buddhism; 9-11, Christianity; and 12, religious art. 1349. Saigusa Hiroto ~ -4 - and Torii Hiroo.. T 4J tp, Nihon shikyo shisoshi a ~. W_ *- e- -t (History of Japanese religion and thought), Tokyo, Sekai Shoin, 1948, 292 pp. A convenient survey of the history of religious sects and movements in Japan. The authors approach the subject from the point of view of social historians.

Page  142 142 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1350. Toyota Takeshi t IV -', Nihon shUkyo seidoshi no kenkyu e ~ f. T\ i/ / f4 ' (Historical study of Japanese religious systems), Tokyo, Koseikaku, 1938, 297 pp. An extremely useful study of the history of laws and regulations governing religious orders in Japan. The work covers the development of the Buddhist church down through the Tokugawa period, discusses the religious problems of the Meiji period, the revival of Japanese state Shinto, and touches upon the question of religious freedom during the 1930so 1351. Tsuchiya Senkyo -- &- h' U, Nihon shukyoshi a. F 1 (A history of religion in Japan), Tokyo, Keibundo, rev. ed., 1933, 24+826+108 pp. The second revised edition of a work first published in 1907. Covering the entire history of religious movements in Japan from early times to 1930, the author traces the origin and growth of each religious sect, its doctrine, and its influence upon life and society of the times. 1) Shinto The subject of Shinto history has several varied facets. The term Shinto embraces not only the popular folk beliefs of the Japanese but a sophisticated philosophical system borrowing heavily from Confucianism and Buddhism, a number of active popular sects, and a highly institutionalized national creed. Much of what the Japanese have published on Shinto was stimulated by the nationalistic revival of the 1930s. Consequently, emphasis has been placed on the ideal, philosophical side of Shinto to the neglect of its folk basis, recent sectarian developments, or the subversion of Shinto to nationalistic ends. Representative Shinto scholars of prewa; Japan such as Kiyohara Sadao and Katu Genchi carried on chiefly in the tradition of the ethnocentric Kokugaku scholars of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. For a more objective and comprehensive treatment of the development of Shinto, therefore, the reader is referred to the two works by Hiyane Yasusada mentioned above (Entries 1345 and 1346). The intellectual historian Muraoka Maretsugu, whose works are listed in Section 9 b 1 below (Entry 1420), has also contributed a great deal to the critical study of Shinto thought. One of the few postwar critiques of Shinto to appear is Tsuda Sokichi's Nihon no Shinto (Japanese Shinto) (Entry 1360). Recent expansion of ethnological studies in Japan has given rise to a number of works on the folk foundation of Shinto. Yanagida Kunio's Shin-kokugaku-dan (New national studies series) (Entry 1362), though somewhat disjointed, represents the most authoritative work in this field. The reader should be reminded that most of the popular Shinto sects have published histories which describe their doctrine and institutional development. Such works have had to be eliminated from the following list because of their great variety. 1352. Harada Toshiaki 7< E A -, Kodai Nihon no shinko to shakai - 1a VA hA k (The religion and society of early Japan), Tokyo, Shoko Shoin, 1948, 210 pp. 1353. Kiyohara Sadao *.. A, Shintoshi,j. (A history of Shinto), Thkyo, KIseikaku, 1932, 18+652+21 pp. One of the most substantial historical surveys of Japanese Shinto. Chapters deal with native Shinto, the types and characteristics of kami, early ritual, the influence of Confucianism and Buddhism, influence of geomancy, Shinto in the middle ages, the Shinto revival of the Tokugawa period, and Shinto after the Meiji Restoration. There is an extensive index. 1354. Kobayashi KenzU,I- t -, Nihon Shintoshi no kenkyu ~ - t _ ~ o '(Studies in the history of Japanese Shinto), Tokyo, Shibundo, 1934, 341 pp. Collected essays on Japanese Shinto. Those on the Kurozumi sect and on Shinto sects and Shinto theory are of some interest. 1355. K6no Sh-ozo F) ST / -, Shinto bunkashi j i-_ (Cultural history of Shinto), Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 1940, 15+230 pp. Part of the Taikan Nihon bunkashi sensho series (Entry 749), this work is of use as an introduction to the historical study of Shinto. The author surveys the historical position of Shinto in Japanese culture, emphasizing the relationship of Shinto and the pre-modern state, the development of Shinto sects, and the development of Shinto theory during the Tokugawa period. 1356. Miyaji Naokazu ' t- -_ -, Jingishi koyo k i _, t- _ (An outline of Shinto history), Tokyo, Meiji Shoin, 1938, 10+212+33 pp. An orthodox outline survey of the development of Shinto thought and institutions in Japan. Taken from the author's lectures at Tokyo University. 1357. Miyaji Naokazu ~ at A_ -, Jingishi taikei _ 6. ~ (Outline history of Shinto), Tokyo, Meiji Shoin, 1943, 13+250+56 pp. An amplification of the author's previously published outline (see previous entry). This volume contains many useful maps indicating the location of shrines, tables of shrines and their feudal land holdings, etc. There is an index. 1358. Shinto KokyUkai FT 4_ J 3- / I (Society for the Study of Shinto), Shinto koza _, -|4 _ (Lectures on Shinto), Tokyo, Shinto KokyUkai, 1929-31, 12 v. Contains 56 essays on Shinto history, shrines, theory, literature, etc. Contributors include Miyaji, K6no, Adachi, Kato Genchi, Kurita Motoji, Kiyohara Sadao, Tsuji Zennosuke, Uozumi SoSgor, Hiraizumi Cho, Nakamura Naokatsu, and others. Several essays deal with methodology.

Page  143 SURVEY HISTORIES 143 1359. Saeki Ariyoshi 4_ 1b ~ A., Dai Nihon jingishi K e i8 t t (A history of Japanese Shinto), Tkyo, Kokkokan, 1913, 1324 pp. A detailed description by historical periods of shrines, deities, ceremonies, and Shinto theory. The subject is covered up to 1868. 1360. Tsuda Sokichi A - 4, Nihon no Shint o $ e j g _ (Japanese Shinto), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1949, 414 pp. Collected essays on Shinto and Japanese thought by a leading non-conformist thinker in Japan. Essays cover Shinto phrases and their meaning, the thought of the Nara and Heian periods, Ise Shinto, Shinto theory of the Edo period, the Kokugakusha, the concept of unity of church and state (sai-sei itchi), etc. 1361. Yanagida Kunio $p FI 1, Shinto to minzokugaku r- t A_ N j.. (Shinto and folklore studies), TokyU, Meiseido, 1943, 144 pp. 1362. Yanagida Kunio q7 1 /p X, Shin-kokugaku-dan f ~ V, (New national studies series), Tokyo, Koyama Shoten, 1946-. A series of studies of the religious and folkloristic background of the Japanese people. Three volumes had appeared by 1948. Volume 1 (1946) deals with festivals; volume 2 (1947) with mountain and natural deities; and volume 3 (1947) with ujigami, worship and prayer, and Shinto ritual. 1363. Yoshii Yoshiaki - $ A A, Jinja seido no kenkyu it ~- \ ') ^ fI t_ (Studies in the institutional history of Shinto shrines), To-kyo, Yuzankaku, 1935, 502 pp. Deals with the historical development of Shinto rituals, shrines, shrine hierarchy, shrine lands, Shinto priesthood, etc. 2) Buddhism The history of Buddhism in Japan is fairly well covered in the standard cultural histories, especially in the works of such men as Nishida Naojiro (Entry 706), Kurita Motoji (Entry 694), and Tsuji Zennosuke (Entry 716) and in the survey series such as the Nihon bunkashi (Cultural history of Japan) (Entry 730) and Nihon bunkashi taikei (Survey of Japanese cultural history) (Entry 731). For a more detailed and objective survey of Buddhism in recent and historic times, Hiyane Yasusada's works listed earlier (Entries 1345 and 1346) are quite satisfactory. The more specialized works listed below are either the products of instructors in Buddhist seminaries or of the cultural historians. Of the first category, Tamamuro Taij'6s Nihon Bukkyoshi gaisetsu (Introduction to the history of Japanese Buddhism) (Entry 1375) is recommended because of its systematic organization of material. Among the cultural historians, Tsuji Zennosuke (Entry 1379) is outstanding. 1364. Asano Kenshin t f I -, Nihon Bukkyo shakai jigyoshi p ~ If A o_ t 6 _(History of Buddhist social work in Japan), Tokyo, Bonjinsha, 1934, 260 pp. Part 1 is a general introduction to the theory of Buddhist participation in social welfare activities. Part 2 deals with the history of the social work of the Buddhist church in Japan by periods from the introduction of Buddhism to 1911. Part 3 takes up individual aspects of Buddhist social work: moral teaching, efforts to eliminate the death sentence, the anti-prostitution movement, the prohibition movement, efforts to protect children, etc. 1365. Fujiwara Yu'setsu i- t - 1', Nihon Bukkyoshi kenky-u D 1E %- ) i L (Studies in the history of Japanese Buddhism), Tokyo, Daito Shuppansha, 1938, 716 pp. 1366. Hashikawa Tadashi 1h" 'I - -, Gaisetsu Nihon Bukkyoshi t 4t P J 4X t -_(An outline history of Japanese Buddhism), Kyoto, Bunken Shoin, 1929, 387 pp. A survey history of institutional Buddhism, temples, sects, and priests from the sixth century to the twentieth. 1367. Hashikawa Tadashi So-C " - -, Sgo Nihon BukkyJshi,,. 0 - ' Ad (A general history of Japanese Buddhism), Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1932, 598 pp. Posthumously published under the editorship of Nishida Naojiro and Tokushige Senkichi, this work deals in detail with Buddhism's impact upon Japanese society, state, economy, and culture. The work concludes with three essays entitled: Buddhism and Shinto, Buddhism and Japanese spirit, Buddhism and art. 1368. Kaneko Taiei /t 3 - A, Nihon Bukkyoshi-gan 4- 1' li t t (Survey of the history of Japanese Buddhism), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten. The emphasis of this work is on the formative period of Buddhism in Japan, covering Buddhism under Shotoku Taishi, Nara Buddhism, new Heian sects, and the Kamakura Buddhist revival. Useful for an understanding of the doctrines and special characteristics of Japanese sects. 1369. Murakami Senjo 1 -- _ * -, Nihon Bukkyoshi-ko g 4 14- ~t,f1_ (An outline history of Japanese Buddhism), Tokyo, KinkodU, 1898, 2 v.; Sogensha, 1939, 2 v. A pioneer survey of Buddhism in Japan.- The writing is stilted, but the work is full of factual material. Emphasis is on sects, leaders, and the institutional aspects of Japanese Buddhism up through the early Meiji period. Reproduced in 1939 as one of the Nihon bunka meicho sen (Japanese cultural classics series).

Page  144 144 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1370. Murakami Senj-d * t- N, Zotei Shinshu zenshi ' iT 4, 4 _ (Complete history of Shinshu Buddhism-revised and enlarged), T5kyo, Heigo Shuppansha, 1918, 822 pp. A detailed account of the origin and the development of the Shin sect in Japan up to 1911. There is a subject and name index. 1371. Nishimitsu Gijun l Lt t. A_, Nihon Bukkyoshi gaisetsu B q i f. c t a (Introduction to the history of Japanese Buddhism), Kyoto, Heirakuji Shoten, 1947. 1372. Saito Yuishin -- A Pt A, T "dokyosyhi _t ~ (History of Jdo Buddhism), T'oky, Heigo Shuppansha, 1927, 627 pp. A standard survey of the origins of Pure Land teachings in India and their development in China and Japan. One-third of the book is devoted to a systematic coverage of the growth of the J6do sect in Japan up to the time of writing. 1373. Shimaji Daito A,t K A, Nihon Bukky kyogakushi ja - 51 4t M p t (History of Buddhist doctrine in Japan), Tokyo, Meiji Shoin, 1933, 505+32+76 pp. An analysis of Buddhist sects, leaders, and doctrine in Japan up to the middle of the fourteenth century. Treatment is by periods. The author prefaces each period with a general introduction on the religious atmosphere of the time and then proceeds to an analysis of the major doctrines. There is an index. 1374. Shimaji Dait6o -? t, Tendai kyogakushi k. rt _(History of Tendai doctrine), Tokyo, Meiji Shoin, 1929, 520 pp. A standard survey of the development of the Tendai doctrines in China and their spread to Japan. 1375. Tamamuro Taijo - t_ ', Nihon Bukkyoshi gaisetsu 0 - T t. {L O (Introduction to the history of Japanese Buddhism), Tokyo, Risosha, 1940, 444 pp. An outline survey of the history of Buddhism in Japan up through the Meiji period. The author's organization of his material is especially useful for the introductory student. Each sect is treated separately and notes are provided on chief religious leaders and on bibliography. The author is particularly interested in pointing out the social and cultural backgrounds which accounted for the rise of each sect. 1376. Tamamuro Taijo I! t A, Nihon Bukkyoron 0 t J t t, (An analysis of Japanese Buddhism), Tokyo, Mikasa Shobo, 1939, 3+4+226 pp. Part of the Nihon rekishi zensho series (Entry 737). This work is similar in arrangement but less detailed than the previously mentioned work by the author. 1377. Tsuchiya Senkyo - /I Y os, Meiji Bukkyoshi It - r St E (History of Buddhism during the Meiji period), Tokyo, Sanseido, 1939, 226 pp. 1378. Tsuchiya Senkyo J- S/ it t, Taisho Bukkyoshi ~ IF- \E h4 (History of Buddhism during the Taisho period), Tokyo, SanseidU, 1940, 236 pp. 1379. Tsuji Zennosuke r _ fp, Nihon Bukkyoshi ~ fI X, % (History of Japanese Buddhism), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1944-. A voluminous and authoritative survey of Buddhism in Japan. By 1947 two volumes, which carried the coverage into the Kamakura period, had appeared. The work is fully annotated from primary sources and recent scholarship. Professor Tsuji's chief forte is the analysis of the cultural role played by Buddhism in Japan. 1380. Tsuji Zennosuke iL -t-, Nihon Bukkyoshi no kenkyiu 0 ~ 1t t 7- 7 f ~ (Studies in the history of Japanese Buddhism), Tokyo, Kinkuduy, 1919, 793 pp.; second series, 1931, 974 pp. Collected essays on Japanese Buddhism covering all major periods up through the early Meiji era. 1381. Washio Junkei ' At 1' t, Bukkyo to kokumin shis&o l t E ~ ~ A (Buddhism and Japanese thought), Tokyo, K-okushi Koshukai, 1922, 103 pp. A survey of the intellectual influence of Buddhism upon the Japanese people from the time of its introduction to the mid-nineteenth century. 3) Confucianism The Japanese do not consider Confucianism a religion. Furthermore, because of the decline of institutionalized Confucianism after the Meiji Restoration, they have comparatively neglected its study. While a number of specialized studies, particularly of individual schools or philosophers, have been written, satisfactory survey histories in the field are hard to come by. It is especially difficult to find works which cover equally well the early period of Confucian development (600-1600) and the Tokugawa Confucian revival period (1600 -1868). Few writers have given any attention to the period after 1868. Early writers on Confucianism, such as Inoue Tetsujiro, concentrated their attention upon Confucianism as a philosophy. This philosophical approach has been carried on by Muraoka Maretsugu, whose Nihon shisoshi kenkyu' (Studies in Japanese intellectual history) (Entry 1420) should be consulted in this field. Among those who have taken the broader view of the social and cultural historian, Bamba Masatomo's Nihon Juky ron (Japanese Confucianism) (Entry 1382) and Takada Shinji's Nihon Jugakushi (History of Japanese Confucianism) (Entry 1393) are recommended. Critical evaluations of the role of Confucianism in pre-modern Japanese society may be obtained from Tsuda Sokichi's Shina shiso to Nihon (Chinese thought and Japan) (Entry 1396) and Nagata Hiroshi's Nihon hokensei ideorogii (Japanese feudal ideology) (Entry 1422).

Page  145 SURVEY HISTORIES 145 1382. Bamba Masatomo ~ -J s-, Nihon Jukyoron B * A P A (Japanese Confucianism), Tokyo, Mikasa ShobU, 1939, 328 pp. Published as part of the Nihon rekishi zensho series (Entry 737), this work provides a convenient summary of the historical development of Confucian institutions in Japan. The author is particularly concerned with the relationship between Confucianism and Japanese social and intellectual currents. The greater portion of the book deals with the Tokugawa revival of Confucianism. The author offers suggested reading lists at the end of his chapters. 1383. Inoue Tetsujiro 4# i — - p, Nihon Kogakuha no tetsugaku X I t f n tf -K (The philosophy of the Kogaku school in Japan), Trokyd, FuzambO, 1915, 841+18 pp. A survey of the Tokugawa school of Confucianism which had its origins in the thought of Yamaga SokZ), Ito Jinsai, and Ogyu Sorai. 1384. Inoue Tetsujiro 4 -r_- ' hp., Teisei zoho Nihon Shushigakuha no tetsugaku ~T 3- 4 t B %' ' it o e M (The philosophy of the Shushi school in Japan, revised and enlarged), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1915, 838 pp. A history of the orthodox Chu Hsi school of Confucianism during the Tokugawa period. 1385. Inoue Tetsujiro W '- V -t 9P, Nihon Yomeigakuha no tetsugaku E - PF N sT f e K (The philosophy of the Y5mei school in Japan), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1897, 678 pp. A survey of the Wang Yang-ming school of Confucianism made popular in Tokugawa Japan by Nakae Toju. 1386. Ito Chimazo 1? * X _, Nihon seishin kenkyu: Nihon Jukyo 0 4 - tI We- h. 0 ' I t (Studies on Japanese spirit: Japanese Confucianism), Tokyo, T`oyU Shoin, 1934, 318 pp. A series of essays covering a wide variety of topics in the field of Japanese Confucianism. 1387. Iwahashi Junsei i ~ '| A1 ', Dai Nihon rinri shiso hattatsushi K B if l at F- X, S N (History of the development of ethical thought in Japan), Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1915, 2 v. A detailed description of the influence of Confucianism on the ethical thought of the Japanese. The author places his chief emphasis on the Tokugawa period and analyzes the teachings of the main Confucian schools of that period. 1388. Makino Kenjiro! By!,t it p, Nihon Kangakushi W -a 4 (History of Chinese studies in Japan), Tokyo, Sekaido, 1938, 10+336 pp., 1943, 13+336 pp. A chronological survey of the study of Chinese texts, literature, and philosophy in Japan. 1389. Nakayama Kyushir~o t X- r p, Nihon bunka to Jukyo - ) t L c i (Japanese culture and Confucianism), Tokyo, Toko Shoin, 1935, 150 pp. A short survey of the development of Confucian studies in Japan up through the Meiji period. 1390. Nishimura Tokihiko (Tenshu) l tit 0e 4 ( 5 E ), Nihon Sogakushi PB * A- - t- (History of Neo-Confucianism in Japan), Osaka, Sugimoto Ryokodo, 1909, 431 pp. Also in Asahi bunko (Asahi library), Tokyo, Asahi Shimbunsha, 1951, 9+8+279 pp. A survey of the transmission of Neo-Confucian philosophy and the development of the Sung school in Japan up through the Tokugawa period. The writing is old fashioned but the work is authoritative. 1391. Oe Fumiki k, T, Hompo Jugakushi ronko 4 ~ l'; i f (History of Japanese Confucianism), Tokyo, Nihon Shuppan Haikyu K.K., 1945, 572 pp. A documentary history of the development of Confucian studies in Japan from their early origins to the Tokugawa period. Recent and authoritative. 1392. Okada Masayuki j 1 - - i-, Nihon Kambungakushi 0 -, t ' (History of Chinese literature in Japan), Tokyo, Kyoritsusha, 1929, 680 pp. A history of the study of Chinese classics and Chinese literature in Japan together with the influence of Chinese thought on Japan. Coverage is limited to the period prior to the sixteenth century. 1393. Takada Shinji At I 4, Nihon Jugakushi ~ p- w ' (History of Japanese Confucianism), Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 1941, 278 pp. Published as part of the Taikan Nihon bunkashi sensho series (Entry 749). This work affords a convenient outline of the development of Confucianism in Japan. It concludes with a brief list of suggested reading. 1394. Takeuchi Yoshio A' r X-!, Jukyo no seishin 1~ i_ e z- (The spirit of Confucianism), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1939, 2+2+214 pp. A useful outline of the basic doctrines of Confucianism. Beginning with Confucius and his teachings, the author covers the development of Confucian philosophy in China through the Han, T'ang, and Sung periods and goes on to discuss in detail the doctrinal characteristics of the various Confucian schools as they developed in Japan up through the mid-nineteenth century. 1395. Tokugawa-Ko Keiso Shichijunen Shukuga Kinenkai 'i- I'l ','- i - -t f. X K,. 4C (Society for the Celebration of the Seventieth Anniversary of the Succession of Tokugawa Ietatsu as Head of the Tokugawa House), Kinsei Nihon no Jugaku P~ t o 4, e, A (Japanese Confucianism in the modern age), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1939, 20+1150 pp. A voluminous collection of 47 essays brought together in honor of the head of the Shibunkai, the foremost Confucian society in Japan. Essays give a nearly exhaustive coverage to Confucianism and Confucianists

Page  146 146 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS during the Tokugawa period. Of particular interest are the interpretive essays on the participation of the Tokugawa shogunate and the various shogun in Confucian studies, the development of the shogunate's Confucian college and libraries, the specialized studies of Confucianism in various regions in Japan, the study of Chinese language and literature, Confucianism and art, and Confucianism and book publishing. Authors are leading scholars in the field. 1396. Tsuda Sokichi 4, Shina shiso to Nihon p I. 5. a 2. (Chinese thought and Japan), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1938, 14+2+200 pp. A stimulating discussion of the basic premises of Chinese thought and the influence of Chinese culture on Japan. The author is of the opinion that Confucianism, because of its origin in China, is fundamentally uncongenial to Japanese society. The effort of the Japanese to adopt Chinese culture and ideas has been a detriment to Japanese development. 1397. Uda Hisashi B W '-, Nihon bunka ni oyoboseru Jukyo no eiky~ B - t it a iu / 13 t 4 ^ d- P (Influence of Confucian doctrine on Japanese culture), Tokyo, Toy? Shiso Kenkyusho, 1935, 32+1120+ 14 pp. A voluminous study of the effect of Confucian thought on Japanese culture. Chapters deal with Confucianism and the imperial household, the year names (nengo), Shinto, morals, education, laws, literature, and economic thought. 1398. Yasui Kotaro - '4 ' h tp, Nihon Jugakushi DB _ _. L (History of Japanese Confucianism), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1939, 296+172+24 pp. Divided into three parts. Part 1 consists of essays on Japanese Confucianists and Confucian schools; part 2 is a survey of the Japanese study of Chinese classics and literature up through the Kamakura period; and part 3 is a list of the author's library and his published works. 4) Christianity So much has been written in Western languages about the activity of Christian missionaries in Japan that it is difficult to discover works in Japanese which can contribute further to our knowledge of the subject. The following works are selected from the rather limited literature which deals with the so-called "Christian century," roughly 1550 to 1650. They should be supplemented by several titles listed under the section on foreign relations (Chapter 5 f above). Okamoto Ryochi's Jurokuseiki Nichi-O kotsushi no kenkyu (Studies of Japanese intercourse with Europeans during the sixteenth century) (Entry 931) and Shimmura Izuru's Namban koki (Studies of foreign relations) (Entry 935) and its successor volumes are especially recommended..Of the following works Anezaki Masaharu's Kirishitan shumon no hakugai to sempuku (Persecution of Christianity and its movement underground) (Entry 1401) covers a broad field and uses native sources not available to Western scholars. For the development of Christianity in Japan after the Restoration of 1868, the work of Hiyane and Anezaki, ShUkyoshi (History of religion) (Entry 1346) is valuable for its balanced treatment of Christianity in relationship to government policy and the other competing religions, Shinto and Buddhism. 1399. Anezaki Masaharu =t A r, Kirishitan dendo no kohai 77y o - p- 2 7 i- A (History of Christian missionary work), Tokyo, Dobunkan, 1930, 4+19+820 pp. A detailed history of the "Christian century" in Japan. 1400. Anezaki Masaharu -i3.^ is-, Kirishitan hakugaishi-chu no jimbutsu jisseki P t v- E - 1 e AP p V 4 (Facts about the individuals who appear in the history of Japanese Christian persecution), Tokyo, Dobunkan, 1930, 5+10+584 pp. Descriptions of the lives of early Japanese Christians. 1401. Anezaki Masaharu -t J" _4 -, Kirishitan shuimon no hakugai to sempuku $ -R - 4 1 n E,~ I t? i t'(Persecution of Christianity and its movement underground), TS'ky, Dobunkan, 1925, 6+5+ 390 pp. A detailed study from Japanese sources of the official attempts to eradicate Christianity in Japan in the period after the great persecutions. Especially valuable are the author's descriptions of the methods of Christian surveillance (shUmon aratame). 1402. Ebizawa Arimichi ~- ~ A_, Kirishitanshi no kenkyu tP e- -t e ' - (Studies of the history of Christianity in Japan), Tokyo, Unebi Shobo, 1942, 6+6+372 pp. Essays on Christians and Christianity of the early period in Japan. 1403. Shimmura Izuru f 1t A,, Nihon Kirishitan bunkashi a 7 A -P3- e t _ (The cultural history of Christianity in Japan), Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 1940. The most convenient one-volume survey. b. Thought, Ethics, and the "Japanese Spirit" The titles listed below embrace a broad and rather ill-defined category into which the Japanese have grouped works on thought (shis6) and "Japanese spirit" (Nihon seishin). The best of these works would fit into our category of intellectual history. Such in fact are Muraoka Maretsugu's Nihon shisoshi kenky (Studies in Japanese intellectual history) (Entry 1420), Tsuda SOkichils Bungaku ni arawaretaru waga kokumin shiso no kenkyu (A study of our national thought as manifested in literature) (Entry 1431), and Watsuji TetsurU's Nihon seishinshi kenkyu (Studies in the history of Japanese spirit) (Entry 1432).

Page  147 SURVEY HISTORIES 147 Many of the following works have been written for more ulterior purposes, however, and attempt to demonstrate the uniqueness of the Japanese way of thought and life. Motivation for such works was especially acute during the 1930s and the war years when Japanese scholars joined the nationalistic trend to exalt Japanese values above those of other peoples. Writings in the category of Japanese spirit and national polity (see Chapter 5 b above) form the chief contribution of Japanese historians to the ultra-nationalist aims of their country. Among the authors listed below, Hiraizumi Kiyoshi, Kiyohara Sadao, K~no Shfzo, Minoda Muneki, and Okawa ShUmei wrote extensively in the nationalistic vein. The last of these was prosecuted as a war criminal. Not all attempts to describe Japanese national characteristics have been so nationalistically oriented. Besides the intellectual historians such as Muraoka, Tsuda, and Watsuji listed above, literary critics like Hasegawa Nyozekan maintained an objectivity in their approach to Japanese intellectual traditions and value systems. Further works of this nature in the literary and aesthetic fields are listed in Chapters 10 and 11 below. At the conclusion of this section, separate lists on Bushido, Kokugaku, and Yogaku (Dutch Studies) have been added. Although these intellectual movements were largely limited to the Tokugawa period, it was felt that they were of enough importance to warrant special bibliographical attention. 1) General 1404. Hasegawa Nyozekan k ) ' " I ~ J P), Nihonteki seikaku 3 4 4- ft 4 (Japanese character), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1938, 3+240 pp. A stimulating discussion of Japanese national characteristics by a foremost Japanese critic and liberal essayist. 1405. Higo Kazuo E it - o A, Nihon kokka shis~o - J ~. 8, (Theories of the Japanese state), T'kyo, Kobund'i, 1939, 171 pp. Written by a foremost folklorist during his nationalistic phase. This work attempts to analyze the development of Japanese attitudes and theories concerning the nation. The subject is traced through the various stages of national development from early times through the Meiji period. 1406. Hiraizumi Kiyoshi f I it, Dento it,* (Tradition), Tokyo, Shibundo, 1940, 649 pp. A member of the ultra-nationalist Kemmu Gikai and the Shukokai, this writer had great influence on the wartime officer class. A prolific writer in the field of Japanese thought, Shinto, and nationalism, he is here represented by one of his more general works on Japanese spirit. 1407. lenaga Saburu - '- - p, Nihon shisoshi no shomondai 0 ED * - fp1 P_ A (Problems in the history of Japanese thought), T6ky6, Saito Shoten, 1948, 259 pp. The author is a leading historian and editor of the new postwar history textbook for primary schools (Kuni no ayumi). 1408. Inoue TetsujirU 4 L t2, Nihon seishin no hattatsushi D 4- 4l "t ~ it- (History of the development of the Japanese spirit), Tokyo, Kobundo Shoten, rev. ed., 1941, 510 pp. One of the best prewar works in the field, this book consists of essays on the development of Japanese thought prior to modern times. Emphasis is placed on Shintoism and the special nature of Japanese thought due to Shinto influence. The final essay on methodology and bibliography is especially valuable. 1409. Ishida Bunshiro / I ^- m ~p, Shintei zoho Nihon kokumin shisoshi kowa Of ST Ad 4 $ k. 1 r- t$ ~: (Lectures on the history of the thought of the Japanese people-revised and enlarged), Toky?, Nishxodo, 1929, 441 pp. A popular survey of the development of political, economic, and religious thought in Japan. 1410. Ito Chimazi5 1 P- r -5 X, Nihon seishinshiron e 4-: _ A (Essays on the history of Japanese spirit), T1kyo, Shinkyosha, 1937, 320 pp. Essays by a number of contributors on spiritual trends and leaders of religious, political and social movements in pre-modern Japan. 1411. Iwanami koza: Rinrigaku,%, ~ _ p m ' (Iwanami series on ethics), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1930-31, 15 cases. A comprehensive collection of essays on ethical systems of the West, Asia, and Japan. These are dispersed in random order throughout the 15 cases, but an index is contained in case number 15. Essays are arranged in 3 groups: 1) general surveys, 2) historical surveys, and 3) subject studies, dealing with customs, morals, and human relations. The historical surveys of Japanese ethics are written by Watsuji Tetsur6, Muraoka Maretsugu, Hani Gorl, and others. 1412. Iwanami koza: T'yZ shicho *, _ t5 0 _ -.,; (Iwanami series on Oriental thought), T'okyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934-36, 14 v. Edited by Tsuda Sokichi, this collection of essays covers folklore, social systems, philology, culture, philosophy,.and religion in Japan. China, and India. 1413. Kiyohara Sadao A J~ 7 S, Kaitei Nihon kokumin shisoshi it vT 1 ID /.. A - (A history of the thought of the Japanese people, revised), T Akyo, H6bunkan, 1937, 646+39 pp. A revised edition of a work first published in 1925. This is perhaps the author's most substantial contribution to this field. In it he surveys the development of Japanese thought and religious beliefs from early times to 1868, with emphasis on the strength of native characteristics as against the influence of Confucianism and Buddhism.

Page  148 148 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1414. Kiyohara Sadao >}. is At, Nihon dotokushi e 43 _ ^ _ (A history of Japanese ethics), TOkyU, Chuibunkan, 1932, 756 pp. An amplification of the sections on ethics in the author's Nihon kokumin shisoshi (see above). The treatment is brought down to 1925. 1415. Kiyohara Sadao By /. A, Nihon shisoshi B;.-,. (History of Japanese thought), Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 6th ed., 1944, 289 pp. Part of the Taikan Nihon bunkashi sensho series (Entry 749). This work is perhaps the most accessible of the author's works on Japanese thought. In it he surveys the history of Japanese thought and the development of the idea of kokutai (national polity) from early times to the time of writing. There is an appended list of selected references. 1416. Kio ShbzU 5 7 - -A, Nihon seishin hattatsushi B * t ~ j it (History of the development of the Japanese spirit), Tbkyo, Ookayama Shoten, 1932, 354 pp. An extensively documented survey of the history of "Japanese spirit." Chapters deal with the special characteristics of Japanese spirit, the national structure and the special nature of the Japanese people, the origins of Bushido, the growth of national self-consciousness during the Tokugawa period, and national thought during the Meiji period. The author quotes extensively from literary sources and gives many bibliographic citations. 1417. Kono Shuzo 5 F- X =-, Nihon seishin no kenky1 3 $ th b e e (Studies of the Japanese spirit), Tokyo, 'okayama Shoten, 1934, 404 pp. A collection of essays supplementing the author's previous work (see above). 1418. Minoda Muneki a I Po A, Gakujutsu ishin I $T,4i ff (The academic restoration), Tokyo, Gengen Nihonsha, 1941, 828 pp. An intellectual supporter of the ultra-nationalist movement, the author defends the position of "Japanese spirit" in the intellectual climate of his day. Chapters discuss Marxism, Nishida philosophy, 'Tsuda S5kichi, Japanese spirit and Naziism, etc. 1419. Mombusho 2. * -, Kokutai no hongi ID t } ~ A' (The meaning of national entity), Tokyo, MombushU, 1937, 156 pp. The official prewar exposition of Japan's kokutai (see Entry 849). 1420. Muraoka Maretsugu -It - Mo 4, Nihon shisoshi kenky u 0 t- B Z (Studies in Japanese intellectual history), Tokyo, Oka Shoin, 1930, 1939, 1948, 1949, 4 v. By the foremost intellectual historian in Japan, four volumes of this series have appeared to date. Volume 1 was revised in 1940. Volumes consist of collected essays and are not systematically arranged. These cover methodology, Shinto studies, "Japanese spirit," the kokugaku movement, individual thinkers, and various intellectual movements. The bibliographical article in volume 3 (pp. 3-34) and the long survey articles on Japanese thought, philosophy, and spiritual life in volume 4 are especially valuable. 1421. Nagata Hiroshi - pi ~4 -., Nihon yuibutsuronshi g / lt ip p (History of materialist theory in Japan), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, 1936, 340 pp. A discussion of the origins of materialism in Europe and its growth and spread in Meiji Japan. 1422. Nagata Hiroshi 1*- FE A, Nihon hokensei ideorogii % 1 t 1 I" T t - (Japanese feudal ideology), Tokyo, Hakuyosha, 1938, 425 pp. A study of Japanese feudal thought in its broadest implications. The author compares Japanese feudal thought with that of Europe, analyzes the influence of Buddhism and Confucianism on the feudal mind, and discusses the nb'hei (peasant-warrior) and sonno (pro-emperor) controversies of the Tokugawa period. 1423. Nagata Hiroshi 4- E I i-, Nihon tetsugaku shisoshi 0 ~ ~ it -. 1. (History of Japanese philosophy and thought), Tokyo, Mikami Shobo, 1938, 325 pp. An analysis of the intellectual history of the Tokugawa period. The author deals in detail with the influence of the absolute Tokugawa government, Tokugawa Confucian schools, beginnings of dissension (kokugaku, shingaku, and science), and anti-feudal thinking (Western studies and the Shinto revival). 1424. Nishimura Shinji n Ta 2-;~, Nihon minzoku ris-o, i y F Ta. (The ideals of the Japanese people), Tokyo, Tokyodo, rev. ed., 1939, 322 pp. Chapters deal with the foundations of Japanese culture, characteristics of the early Japanese people, basic communal practices, Japanese culture and native characteristics of the people, the ideal life of the people, etc. The author is an historian, anthropologist, and archeologist. 1425. Nishioka Toranosuke ( L L A, Nihon shisoshi no kenkyu D E X.? e S T )t (Studies in Japanese intellectual history), Tokyo, Sho-kasha, 1936, 400 pp. Collected essays by several experts in the field of intellectual history. These include a survey of Japanese intellectual history (Nishioka), the spiritual life of the Fujiwara nobles (Fujita Hiromasa), the legal concepts of the Kamakura bushi (Watanabe Tamotsu), scholarship of the Muromachi courtiers (Nakamura Mitsuru), and popular education in the Tokugawa period (Okubo Toshiaki).

Page  149 SURVEY HISTORIES 149 1426. Okawa ShUmei t /'"1 i, Nihon seishin kenkyiu 0a t -t *-! ~ (Study of the Japanese spirit), Tokyo, Meiji Shobo, 1939, 332 pp. The author was prosecuted as a class A war criminal for his part as a leader of the ultra-nationalist movement in Japan. In this work he describes the lives and thinking of a number of pre-modern national figures whose lives exemplified various facets of Japanese spirit. 1427. Saito Sho -r it. 0, Nihonteki sekaikan p. t; t f - (The Japanese world view), Tokyo, Asakura Shoten, 1943, 531+11 pp. A nationalistic treatment of the concept of Japan's historical uniqueness. Chapters deal with the imperial way and the uniqueness of Japanese Buddhism, Confucianism, etc. 1428. Sakurai Shotaro 1 4 't \ tpP, Nihon h'ken shakai ishikiron 0 t-t a_ i- t t -t _t' a (A study of the Japanese feudal mentality), Tokyo, Nikko Shoin, 1949, 244 pp. An objective analysis of the feudal mind. The author deals with such problems as feudal contract, name, honor, face, feudal morals, etc. He documents his study by frequent reference to the literature of the Tokugawa period., 1429. Shiho Hogo Kyokai }1 I f.i t~ ' (Society for the Protection of Justice), Nihon bunka no seikaku * s 1 It ~ t T- (Characteristics of Japanese culture), Tokyo, Bunrokusha, 1941, 348 pp. Contains contributions by a number of leading scholars on such subjects as Japanese legal institutions, religion, mythology, literature, art, customs, etc. Contributors include Hasegawa Nyozekan, Maki Kenji, Ema Tsutomu, Tamamuro Taijo, and others. 1430. Takeoka Katsuya IrT I 4 q, Nihon shiso no kenkyiu P 4J A A (Studies of Japanese thought), TokyU, Dobun Shoin, 1940, 5+312 pp. A mediocre survey of Japanese thought from early times through the nineteenth century. Introductory chapters on Japanese characteristics are followed by studies of individual thinkers and philosophical works. These include the Gukansho, Jinno shotoki, Arai Hakuseki, Nakae T'ju, the Kokugaku leaders. 1431. Tsuda Sokichi - A t ~S, Bungaku ni arawaretaru waga kokumin shiso no kenkyu A.& 1- 3 (- ^ ft 3 ^' I d a. B. i~ J (A study of our national thought as manifested in literature), Tokyo, Rakuyodo, 1916-21, 4 v. One of the most influential works in its field, this series has been reprinted several times. A postwar edition was begun in 1951. The author attempts to trace the social development and intellectual climate of the Japanese people by an analysis of their literature. Volume 1 covers the period of aristocratic. literature up to the Kamakura period (1185). Volume 2 deals with the period of feudal warrior literature up to the early Tokugawa period (c. 1650). Volumes 3-4 treat the Tokugawa period with emphasis on the literature of the common people. 1432. Watsuji TetsurS -a i. T ' t, Nihon seishinshi kenkyfu i0 ' 3 t. - (Studies in the history of the Japanese spirit), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1926, 1935, 2 v. A major work by a pioneer non-conformist scholar in the field of intellectual history. Volume 1 is largely limited to studies of early thought, aesthetics, and religion. Volume 2 contains interpretive articles on Japanese spirit, Buddhism, art, etc. The author approaches Japanese thought primarily through an analysis of Japanese art and literature. 2) Bushido 1433. Hashimoto Minoru ~i 4 ~, Bushido no shiteki kenkylu ' -~t - > r_ A f ~_ (Historical studies of Bushido), Tokyo, Yuzankaku, 1934, 350 pp. 1434. Hashimoto Minoru TV -!, Nihon Bushid-oshi -- a' d- A _ (History of Japanese Bushido), Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 1940, 246 pp. One of the best survey histories of the development of the concepts of Bushido in Japan. 1435. Inobe Shigeo ~ Tl L 2' -i and others, Bushido zensho i' /- -k (Complete series on Bushido), Tokyo, Jidaisha. 1436. Kiyohara Sadao ~4 - - f, Bushidoshi jikko ~ t t -A (Ten lectures on the history of Bushido), Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1927, 257 pp. Based on lectures delivered at the Hiroshima Military Academy. Part 1 is a history of the military man and his code from ancient times to the present. Part 2 is an exposition of the code of Bushido in the light of contemporary ethical concepts. 1437. Nagayoshi Jir 7 '- - tp, Nihon Bushidoshi! - ' e ' t (History of Japanese Bushido), Tokyo, Chuibunkan, 1932, 295+16 pp. A general history of Bushido from early times to the twentieth century. 1438. Nishida NaojirUo v 95 J. =:, "Nihon Bushido B $ - ' A ', (Japanese Bushido);' in Iwanami koza: TyyU shicho (Iwanami series on Oriental thought), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934-36, v. 14. One of the most scholarly historical appraisals of the development and influence of the concepts of Bushido in Japan.

Page  150 150 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1439. Shigeno-Yasunobu ~ By *- i and Kusaka Hiroshi B FT., Nihon Bushid6o e ' ~ t (Japanese Bushido), Tokyo, Taishudo, 1909, 425 pp. An early eulogistic analysis of the concepts of Bushido and their borrowed Confucian, Buddhist, and Shinto ingredients. 3) Kokugaku 1440. Asano Akira ' - fT, Kokugaku k-oyo B ', _ (Elements of Kokugaku), Tokyo, Daidoin Shokan, 1942, 260 pp. The essential characteristics of Japan's national intellectual tradition by a non-academic student of Asiatic thought and Japan's classical literature. 1441. Fujita TokutarU t B h ~ ~, Waga Kokugaku f,. * (Kokugaku), Tokyo, Shin K6asha, 1942, 292 pp. A nationalistic approach to the study of Kokugaku in Japan. 1442. Hani Goro- 1 d= -~ 1, Nihon ni okeru kindai shiso no zentei 0 I' b? 3 i_ ' t.- - #to ft (The antecedents of modern thought in Japan), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1949, 208 pp. Contains two interpretive essays on the development of Kokugaku philosophy in the context of Tokugawa feudal society. 1443. Ito Tasabur6o if, Kokugaku no shiteki kosatsu RI 0i s T ' / ~ (An historical study of the Kokugaku movement), Tokyo, Uokayama Shoten, 1932, 3+3+425 pp. An authoritative analysis of the Kokugaku movement of the Tokugawa period. Beginning with a discussion of the ideological background of Kokugaku and its reliance on Confucian, Shinto, and feudal thought, the author attempts to analyze in modern terms the basic ingredients of the Kokugaku philosophy. He gives particular consideration to the social context of the movement. There is an index. 1444. Kiyohara Sadao 4 / ~ ~, Kokugaku hattatsushi f-g - t (History of the development of Kokugaku), Tokyo, Unebi Shobo, 1942, 2nd ed., 410+12 pp. An historical survey of the early Japanese classics and Shinto scriptures in their relation to the Tokugawa Kokugaku movement. Each of the major Tokugawa Kokugaku scholars is given extensive treatment. There is an index. 1445. Nomura Hachir af 1 /' ~, Kokugaku zenshi /'~. (Complete history of the Kokugaku movement), T6kyo, Seki Shoin, 1928-29, 2 v. Largely a collection of biographies and descriptive articles on the chief Kokugaku scholars of the Tokugawa period. Volume 2 concludes with chronological tables and an index. 1446. Yamada Yoshio J J t A, Kokugaku no hongi (i) r7 ~ '. (The fundamentals of Kokugaku), To5kyo, Unebi Shobo, 1942, 225 pp. A nationalistic presentation of the fundamentals of Japan's spiritual tradition as revealed through the study of the early classics. 1447. Yamamoto Masahide a-, '_ - and Watanabe Shiu, j -, Kokugakuron ( i 64 (A survey of Kokugaku), Tokyo, Mikasa Shobi, 1939, 208 pp. One of the Nihon rekishi zensho series (Entry 737), this work presents a convenient interpretive outline of the development of the study of Japan's intellectual tradition as revealed in her literature. Chapters deal with the antecedents of the Kokugaku movement, Kamo Mabuchi, Motoori Norinaga, Hirata Atsutane, and the "New Kokugaku" scholars of post-Restoration Japan. There is a list of suggested reading. 4) Ygaku 1448. Itazawa Takeo * A \' ~, "Rangaku no hattatsu i X - iL(The development of Dutch studies)," in Iwanami koza: Nihon rekishi (Iwanami series on Japanese history), T'okyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1933, v. 18. A brief survey of Dutch studies in Japan. 1449. Numata Jiro,-E FB t, Bakumatsu Yogakushi E- Z i r (History of Western studies in the late Tokugawa period), Tokyo, T6ko Shoin, 1950, 283 pp. A survey of Dutch studies in Japan of the late Tokugawa period. The author minimizes the revolutionary influence which the students of Western science had upon Japanese society. 1450. Takahashi Shin'ichi s 1I g -, Yogakuron a ' A (Treatise on Western studies), Tokyo, Mikasa Shobo, 1939, 224 pp. A general survey of Western studies in Tokugawa Japan. The author is inclined to credit Japanese scholars of the Yogaku tradition with considerable influence in shaping the political and social currents of the late Tokugawa period. 10. LITERATURE The field of Japanese literature is a broad one in which the literary historian has played a conspicuous role. The following list seeks only to provide a minimum working bibliography for the historian with nonspecialized interests. The reader will find this field amply supplied with essay series (koza) which provide excellent introductory material on almost any phase of literary history and interpretation. The postwar

Page  151 SURVEY HISTORIES 151 series published by Kawade ShobU (Entry 1461) contains valuable essays on bibliography and methodology. Of the general historical surveys, the thirteen-volume Nihon bungaku zenshi (Complete history of Japanese literature) (Entry 1463) is recommended as a standard factual reference work. Shorter interpretive histories are quite plentiful and difficult to choose from. The works of Fujioka Sakutaro and Haga Yaichi, though rather old by now, are still useful for their stimulating interpretations. Tsugita Jun's Kokubungakushi shinko (New lectures on the history of Japanese literature) (Entry 1464) is of more recent origin and is quite authoritative. The most convenient one-volume survey to appear out of postwar Japan is undoubtedly Aso Isoji's Nihon bungakushi (History of Japanese literature) (Entry 1453). a. General 1451. Ara Masahito >_ -L A and others, Gaisetsu gendai Nihon bungakushi ft _ tk. ~ i R -_ 0 i (Introduction to contemporary Japanese literature), Tokyo, Hanawa Shobo, 1949, 340 pp. A series of survey articles on Japanese literature since 1868, divided as follows: Meiji literature, realistic literature, non-realistic literature, Taisho literature, early Showa and late Showa literature. Contributors are leading contemporary literary critics. 1452. Ara Masahito ti_ I A,, Showa bungaku junik~o p po. it t -= - (Twelve essays on Showa literature), Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1950, 321 pp. Essays by leading contemporary critics on Japanese literature from 1926 to the postwar period. 1453. Aso Isoji, T $t ', Nihon bungakushi vs - s I? (History of Japanese literature), Kyoto, Shibund-, 1949, 4+332+18 pp. The most convenient one-volume survey of Japanese literature. Treatment is by periods and by genre within periods. Literary works are analyzed for their contents and meaning. Brief chronological tables and an index are appended. 1454. Fujimura Saku r-.t 1'F, Kaitei kokubungakushi sosetsu *- ~T / -. t,. b (Survey of the history of Japanese literature, revised), Tokyo, Chlko-kan, 1928, 360+16+8 pp. First published in 1926 as a text for higher school teachers, the revised edition is made more suitable for general use. This work is a general survey of the history of Japanese literature by periods from early times through the Meiji period. Representative writers and their works are discussed and characteristic excerpts quoted. The author includes useful bibliographical information on the existence of more detailed studies of the works he cites. There are chronological tables, an index, and numerous illustrations. 1455. Fujioka Sakutaru i- 1X1 V K p, Kokubungakushi kowa ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ g (Lectures on the history of Japanese literature), Tokyo, Kaiseikan, 1908, 442 pp. Perhaps the most famous interpretive history of Japanese literature, it is still valuable for its stimulating ideas and its brilliant style. The author describes Japanese literary development in broad strokes, using the point of view of the cultural historian. Coverage is up to the time of writing. Many editions of this work are available. The latest is a revised postwar edition, Iwanami Shoten, 1947, 360 pp. 1456. Haga Yaichi T - -, Kokubungakushi jikko V- t - 4t t (Ten lectures on the history of Japanese literature), Tokyo, Fuzambo, rev. ed., 1903, 267+11 pp. Although these lectures were delivered in 1898, this work is of lasting worth for the clarity with which it sketches the main currents of Japanese literature and explains the characteristics of various literary works and styles. The revised edition contains notes on reference and research materials. Coverage is through the early Meiji period. 1457. Hisamatsu Sen'ichi X T,^ Z -, Nihon bungaku hyoronshi 2 _ t >?,_(History of literary theory and criticism in Japan), Tokyo, Shibund', 1936-38, 3 v. A detailed study of Japanese writings on literary theory and criticism from early times to the time of writing. The author analyzes the basic aesthetic concepts which the Japanese have applied to their prose and poetry. Volumes 2 and 3 contain bibliographical lists and indices. 1458. Homma Hisao '-? X z., Meiji bungakushi } p, 1 E (History of Meiji literature), To'kyo, To-kyodo, 1935-43, 3 v. Volumes 1 and 2 of this series are included as part of the Nihon bungaku zenshi series (Entry 1463). Still incomplete, this work is none the less the standard treatment of Meiji literature. 1459. Iwanami koza: Nihon bungaku g 1. Ad 9 ~ - X (Iwanami series on Japanese literature), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1931-33, 20 v. Edited by Fujimura Saku, Hashimoto Shinkichi, Yoshizawa Yoshinori, and Yamada Yoshio, this collection of some 187 essays on all phases of Japanese literature contains much material of historical importance. Essays include historical surveys by periods, surveys by genre, discussions of methodology, bibliography, etc. 1459a. Miura Keizo - f X -, S'go Nihon bungaku zenshi 'F- t D ' E ) 4 - (Synthetic survey of the history of Japanese literature), Tokyo, Bunkyo Shoin, 1924, 741 pp. A survey history of Japanese literature which seeks to synthesize the many approaches of previous scholars. The author combines interpretation with extensive bibliographical detail. Coverage is through Meiji.

Page  152 152 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1460. Nihon bungaku kZza B & it ( (Series on Japanese literature), Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1933-35, 17 v. A voluminous survey of Japanese literature by genre. Volumes cover: 1) general survey; 2) people's literature; 3-4) novels and short stories; 5) diaries and miscellanies; 6-7) waka; 8) haiku; 9) new poetry; 10) drama; 11) Meiji literature; 12) Meiji and Taisho; 13) Taisho; 14) popular literature; 15-17) special topics, grammar, tables, and bibliography. 1461. Nihon bungaku koza D '; $, I /L (Series on Japanese literature), T'kyo, Kawade Shobo, 1951-, 8 v. An excellent series of essays covering the entire field of Japanese literature and literary aesthetics. Subject matter is divided as follows: volumes 1-2) ancient literature through the Heian period; 3) medieval literature; 4) Tokugawa literature; 5-6) post-Restoration; 7) Japanese literary theory and aesthetic principles; 8) methodology in bibliography, literary history, etc. Volumes 1-6 contain articles on literary movements, genres, individual works, and major authors. Volume 8 is of special use as a reference work and bibliography. 1462. Nihon bungaku koza t - A - i A (Series on Japanese literature), T, ky, Shinchosha, rev. ed., 1931, 15 v. Contains some useful historical essays. Volume 2, covering Japanese literature and social life, is of special interest. 1463. Sasaki Nobutsuna ft- t 1/ * and others, Nihon bungaku zenshi Q 4 <, (Complete history of Japanese literature), To-ky, To-kyodo, 1937, 13 v. The outstanding multi-volume historical survey of Japanese literature. Volumes 1-2 cover the Nara period (Sasaki), 3-4 the Heian (Igarashi), 6-7 the Kamakura and Muromachi periods (Yoshizawa), 8-9 the Edo period (Takano), and 10-11 the Meiji period (Homma). Remaining volumes include general surveys and tables. Each volume is indexed and profusely illustrated. The approach is more descriptive and factual than interpretive. 1464. Tsugita Jun a D AN T, Kokubungakushi shinko m K - ~ r ~(New lectures on the history of Japanese literature), Tokyo, Meiji Shoin, 1932-36, 2 v. An outstanding interpretive survey of Japanese literature based on more up-to-date research than those of Haga or Fujioka (Entries 1456 and 1455). Coverage is limited to the pre-Meiji period. Each chapter contains a list of suggested references. There is an index. b. Special Studies 1465. Ihira Toshiro S. -atK p, Nihon engekishi D ~ l 1 (History of Japanese drama), Tokyo, Waseda Daigaku Shuppambu, 1904, 762 pp. The author later published in this same series: Kinsei Nihon engekishi (History of Japanese drama of the Tokugawa period), 1913, and Meiji engekishi (History of Meiji drama), 1934. The author surveys briefly the origins of Japanese drama and provides detailed coverage to the Tokugawa (principally the kabuki) and Meiji periods. 1466. Nishishita Keiichi ~\ - T,- -, Waka shiron Ap ~ ~ (Historical interpretation of the waka), Tokyo, Shibund-, 1944, 16+636 pp. An interpretive survey of the history of the 31-syllable poem, the waka. The author traces the development of the principles of waka composition and the poetic spirit of waka writers from the origins to contemporary times. 1467. Sasaki Nobutsuna E i ~ n,1?:, Nihon kagakushi ) t " < t (History of Japanese poetry), Tokyo, Hakubunkan, 1910, 559+75 pp. A standard history of the development of waka poetry in Japan from the Heian through the Tokugawa periods. Several useful tables, indices, and bibliographic lists are appended. 1468. Sasaki Nobutsuna ji & 1- ~ im, Zotei wakashi no kenkyu ~ ~T 0 -P eT _ C - (Studies of the history of waka poetry, revised), Tokyo, Kyobunsha, 1927, 446 pp. Significant interpretive essays which cover the history of Japanese waka poetry by period down to modern times. 1469. Takano Tatsuyuki - _ T- zA, Nihon engekishi a 4 _ T, _ _(History of Japanese drama), Tokyo, T6ky-od, 1947-. Scheduled to run to 3 volumes, this work is a collection of lectures and essays on the origins and development of the dramatic medium in Japan. Volume 1 covers the years up to the beginning of the Tokugawa period. 1470. Takano Tatsuyuki 4 Ad / A-, Nihon kayoshi D f- _ i,. (A history of Japanese songs), Tokyo, Shunjusha, 1926, 1090+27 pp. A definitive study of the development of songs in Japan from ancient times to 1868. The work covers folk songs, religious songs, the chants in no drama, joruri singing, etc. 1471. Yamada Yoshio W ' i W;, Renga gaisetsu jt se G ' (Introduction to renga), T6kyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1937, 295 pp.

Page  153 SURVEY HISTORIES 153 1472. Yoshihara Toshio ' A A- /S, Gaikan tankashi -L t. ~S e.(Introduction to the history of tanka), Tokyo, Kadan Shimposha, rev. ed., 1948, 208 pp. Completed in 1938 and first published in 1942, this work affords a useful survey of tanka writing in Japan up to modern times. 11. ARTS AND CRAFTS The Japanese are noted for their many illustrated works on fine arts and crafts. The extensiveness of this field has precluded the possibility of providing more than a cursory survey of Japanese publications of this type. The general historian. will no doubt find illustrated art histories of most service for introductory purposes. Of these, the one by Miyamoto Toyomune (Entry 1483) has obtained considerable fame by virtue of its translation into English. Others of this variety are Fujikake Shizuya's Nihon bijutsu zusetsu (A pictorial survey of Japanese art) (Entry 1475) and Ooka and Tazawa's Zusetsu Nihon bijutsushi (An illustrated history of Japanese art) (Entry 1489). For short interpretive surveys the Teishitsu Hakubutsukan's Nihon bijutsu ryakushi (An abridged history of Japanese art) (Entry 1496) is recommended among prewar works. In post-World War II Japan the work edited by Kuno Kenji of the Institute of Art Research entitled Nihon bijutsushi (History of Japanese art) (Entry 1480) attempts a new approach to art history by relating art to social and political movements. The reader is reminded that a number of the standard cultural histories, notably Nishida Naojiro's Nihon bunkashi josetsu (An introduction to the history of Japanese culture) (Entry 706) and the Nihon bunkashi taikei (Survey of Japanese cultural history) (Entry 731), provide stimulating discussions of art in the cultural context of their times. a. Fine Arts in General: Painting and Sculpture -14W. Fujikake Shizuya P I - -A, "Bijutsushigaku no hatten t 'T T S 'e /4(The development of the study of art history)," Nihon shogaku, v. 1, n. 1, 1942, 153+173 pp. A survey of the development of professional art history from the Tokugawa period to contemporary times. Describes the various schools of art history and their approaches. 1474. Fujikake Shizuya A- 1- -fi v, ed., Nihon bijutsu taikei 0 * T a,J. (Outline of Japanese art), Tokyo, Seibundo Shinkosha, 1942, 555 pp. 1475. Fujikake Shizuya i. A t, Nihon bijutsu zusetsu 0 A - MT i1 t(A pictorial survey of Japanese art), Tokyo, Asahi Shimbunsha, 1950, 349 pp. + 80 pp. illus. A general survey of Japan's pre-modern art based on a broad selection of illustrative materials. The work covers all fields of art, crafts, and architecture. Individual specialists have written introductory passages for each field and supply explanations for the illustrations. 1476. Fujikake Shizuya, t. t_, Ukiyoe no kenkyu A -t, e;ft 9_ (A study of ukiyoe), Tokyo, Yfzankaku, 1943, 3 v. The standard scholarly survey of ukiyoe, illustrated but not in color. 1477. Fujioka Sakutar6o H- ] ] 1, Kinsei kaigashi Xi f,~ D (History of modern Japanese painting), Tokyo, Kinkodo, 1903, 399+13+32+26 pp. An analytical survey of Japanese painting of the Tokugawa and Meiji periods. The author, a specialist in literary history, relates the development of painting to social and intellectual movements. There was a revised edition in 1906 and a 1926 reprint. 1478. Hamada Kosaku. t, Nihon bijutsushi kenkyu 0 s t~ L ~ /~ (Studies in the history of Japanese art), Tokyo, Zayuho Kankokai, 1941, 20+424 pp. Essays by a leading archeologist and specialist in early Japanese art. The essays cover Japanese fine art from earliest times to the end of the sixteenth century. Emphasis is upon sculpture. 1479. Kobayashi Takeshi )- t '1|, Nihon chokokushi kenkylu 0 1- F t' - F td (Studies in the history of Japanese sculpture), Nara, Yotokusha, 1947, 399 pp. Essays covering the history of Japanese sculpture from the Nara through Kamakura periods by a foremost expert on the subject. 1480. Kuno Kenji A 2 f 7 t i, ed., Nihon bijutsushi 0 ~: t, E (History of Japanese art), Tokyo, Zayuho Kankokai, 1949-50, 2 v. A collaborative work by nine art historians, chiefly of the Bi jutsu Kenkyujo (Institute of Art Research). Essays cover Japanese art history by periods, attempting to relate developments in the field of fine arts to the social and political movements of the times. 1481. Kuroda Hoshin X E A / ', Dai Nihon bijutsushi X _ El. (History of Japanese art), Tokyo, Seibund-, 1922, 27+1002+22 pp. Based on lectures delivered in 1891 by one of the early pioneers in the field of art history. 1482. Kuroda Hoshin,. W. /-, Nihon bijutsushi gaisetsu ~ t, - _ (Outline history of Japanese art), Tokyo, Seibundo, 1933, 897+21 pp. A comprehensive survey of Japanese art from earliest times to 1925. The author divides Japanese art history into 12 periods. Within each period he takes up the main fields of artistic creation including architecture and crafts.

Page  154 154 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1483. Minamoto Toyomune?k H ', Nihon bijutsushi zuroku e a ~ Se E,(Illustrated history of Japanese art), Kyoto, Hoshino Shoten, 1932, 50+219+100 pp. A standard survey of Japanese art as seen through important examples. The work emphasizes painting and sculpture and covers the years up to the Meiji Restoration. There is an English translation: Harold G. Henderson, An Illustrated History of Japanese Art, Kyoto, Hoshino, 1935. 1484. Naito T'ichir6o e R. - 9, Nihon Bukkyo zuzoshi 6 4 ft t 5 1i t (A history of Buddhist iconography), Tokyo, T'ho Shoin, 1932, 3+7+33 pp. Studies in detail of the iconography of Yakushi and Amida Nyorai. 1485.?guchi Masao A D h,, Nihon chokokushi kenkyu o 4 / ~'\. ~ r (Studies in the history of Japanese sculpture), Kanagawa, Sogeisha, 1948, 210 pp. 1486. Okuyama Kindo - A X 4 in, Nihon shodoshi 0 ~- ~__ (A history of Japanese calligraphy), Tokyo, Seikyosha, 1943, 46+496 pp. Largely concerned'with the lives of great calligraphers, this work covers by period the entire history of calligraphic art in Japan. There is an appended chronological table and bibliographical list of sources. 1487. Omura Seigai,K 1.T ' J, KU' Nihon kaigashi,,0 4 _ (A complete history of Japanese painting), Tokyo, Hounsha, 1948, 3 v. A detailed history of Japanese painting by an authority. Volume 1 covers early Japanese painting and Buddhist pictorial art through the first half of the Ashikaga period. Volume 2 extends through the early Tokugawa period, and volume 3 completes the Tokugawa period. 1488. Ono Gemmy- ')- Et T 4, Bukkyo bijutsu gairon B, 1. jZu T T _ t (Introduction to Buddhist art), TokyU, Heigo Shuppansha, 1917, 263 pp. An authoritative survey of Buddhist art and iconography by a foremost expert. 1489.?oka Minoru KX. J and Tazawa Yutaka 4 '0A, Zusetsu Nihon bijutsushi Yi] 0 J - T A -d (An illustrated history of Japanese art), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1933, 297 pp. An extremely useful outline history of Japanese art and architecture as seen through illustrations. 1490. Sakai Seisui i {- /4 -]'-, Nihon mokuchoshi a0 - ~ _ (History of Japanese wood carving), Tokyo, Taimusu Shuppansha, 1929, 23+562+32 pp. A somewhat popular survey of wood carving and sculpture in Japan from the seventh century to the Meiji period. 1491. Sawamura Sentar5o 4 I 1 ~ A, Nihon kaigashi no kenkyu s A,4 i - * - (Studies in the history of Japanese painting), Tokyo, Hoshino Shoten, 1931, 552+13 pp. Contains 27 essays arranged chronologically and covering the history of Japanese painting from early times through the Tokugawa period. 1492. Seki Mamoru J 'It, Dai Nihon kaigashi 7 0 -, ~f (History of Japanese painting), Tokyo, K5seikaku, 1934, 669+62 pp. A standard survey of Japanese painting from pre-historic cave drawings and the figures on dotaku to the Western influenced art of the 1920s. 1493. Shigemori Sanrei - t &, ed., Kyoto bijutsu taikan, t ~ f ', (Survey of the fine arts of Kyoto), T'okyo, Kozando Shoten, 1936, 12 v. Since Kyoto was for many hundreds of years the art center of Japan, this comprehensive pictorial survey of Kyoto and her environs affords one of the most complete and intimate views of Japanese art in all its aspects. Volumes deal with: 1) architecture, 2) gardens, 3) tea houses, 4-5) painting, 6-7) sculpture, 8) portraiture, 9) stonework, 10) ceramics, lacquer, metal work, etc., 11-12) calligraphy and inscriptions. Each volume is profusely illustrated and contains both a general historical survey and explanatory notes to the pictures. The series is the joint effort of an impressive array of leading art historians of the Kyoto area. 1494. Tajima Shiichi ID A a and Omura Seigai; O' I, T'oyo bijutsu taikan ~, t; Q(Survey of Oriental art), Tokyo, Shimbi Shoin, 1908-18, 15 v. Somewhat outdated in its approach, this series still is useful for the detailed factual information it presents. Eight volumes are devoted to Japanese art: 1) Asuka-Nara, 2) Heian-Kamakura, 3-4) Ashikaga Toyotomi, 5-7) Tokugawa, 15) Japanese sculpture. Each volume contains an introductory analysis of the art of the particular period. Illustrations follow and are given full explanation. 1495. Tani Shin'ichi; 1 -, Nihon bijutsushi gaisetsu DP - < $ _ j(An introduction to the history of Japanese art), To'kyo, T6kyodo, 1948, 13+431 pp. One of the best of the postwar works on Japanese art history, this is a survey of painting and sculpture by periods to 1868. The author, a specialist in Buddhist art, is especially able in his handling of medieval art and in explaining the technical problems and spiritual motivations of the artists of the past. 1496. Teishitsu Hakubutsukan i rt t- t it', Nihon bijutsu ryakushi e -.,AT i A (An abridged history of Japanese art), Kyoto, Benrido, 1940, 14+252 pp., 130 plates. A standard survey of Japanese art and architecture published by the Imperial Museum (now the National Museum) and based largely on the collection of that museum.

Page  155 SURVEY HISTORIES 155 1497. T6oy bijutsu bunko 4 -~ 'T t +' (Oriental art library), Tokyo, Atoriesha, 1938-40, 24 v. A series of excellent short studies of the leading artists of Japan. Included are Kazan, S6tatsu, Kiyonaga, Koetsu, Sesshu, K`Irin, Enshu, Tessai, Harunobu, 5kyo, and others. Each volume includes representative illustrations (approximately 50) plus a short biographical essay on the artist and an analysis of his art by a specialist. 1498. Yashiro Yukio X IV' Af, Nihon bijutsu no tokushitsu 9 4 - 'f P 7t. (Characteristics of Japanese art), Toky-, Iwanami Shoten, 1943, 7+5+465+15+15 pp., 64 illus. An original and somewhat nationalistic analysis of the spirit of Japanese art. Influenced by the thinking of Bruno Taut. The author, now director of the Institute of Art Research, is a foremost specialist. b. Architecture and Gardens 1499. Adachi KU X L /, Nihon kenchikushi R # t $ _ (History of Japanese architecture), Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 1940, 11+192 pp. One of the Taikan Nihon bunkashi sensho series (Entry 749). This work affords one of the best general introductions to the history of public architecture in Japan. There is a glossary of terms and the whole work is well illustrated. 1500. Amanuma Toshiichi K, 1x -, Nihon kenchikushi yo B * t _ a -- (Principles of the history of Japanese architecture), Nara, Asukaen, rev. ed., 1928, 2 v. A comprehensive survey of Japanese public architecture from early times through the Tokugawa period. Treatment is by historic period and in terms of representative architectural monuments within each period. The author covers temples, shrines, palaces, and castles. Volume 2 consists of illustrations. 1501. Fujita Motoharu P E? t, Nihon minkashi 0; e T (History of Japanese domestic dwellings), Tokyo, Toko Shoin, rev. ed., 1937, 784 pp. A detailed and well-illustrated study of the history, characteristics, and varieties of Japanese domestic dwellings. Emphasis is on rural house types. 1502. Furukawa Shigeharu 6 "}1 I -, Nihon jokakuko i 9~ th? ~ (A study of Japanese castles), Osaka, Kojinsha Shoten, 1936, 96+13+4+607 pp. A detailed study of the origins and development of castle architecture in Japan, the location of castles, and their varieties. One half of the work is devoted to an analysis of the castles which remained in preservation in Japan at the time of writing. Profusely illustrated with photographs, maps, and drawings. 1503. Harasawa Togo,,?+ -+, Nihon kenchiku keizaishi D t i P i *,-(An economic history of Japanese architecture), Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1944, 464 pp. A socio-economic approach to the history of Japanese architecture. The author attempts to explain architectural types and usages in terms of the economic and social background of the builders. Chapters are divided as follows: clan culture; court aristocracy, their life and architecture; feudal lords, their life and architecture; the development of people's architecture. 1504. Hattori Shokichi YU 5 1 A, Kenchikushi It 9 (History of architecture), Tokyo, Juken Koza Kankokai, 1930, 366 pp. One of the Kokushi koza (Series on Japanese history). A standard academic survey of public architecture. 1505. Kitao Shundo it,/ 7- 3i, ed., Sukiya shusei t. — T /J_ \ (Collected illustrations of tea houses), Tokyo, K-oyosha, 1935, 20 v.' Large illustrations with explanatory notes on Japanese tea house architecture. 1506. Kon Wajiro '~ P: i p., Nihon no minka 8 +- e, ' (Japanese domestic architecture), Tokyo, Oka Shoin, rev. ed., 1927, 8+8+334 pp. A work first published in 1922. The author is influenced by the folkloristic school of Yanagida Kunio. Part 1 deals with general principles. Part 2 is a regional survey of Japanese domestic architecture, primarily rural, consisting of illustrations and explanatory notes. Part 3 is devoted to a study of mountain village architecture. 1507. Negishi Eiryu N,f 'a ], Torii no kenkyu., / e % (A study of tori), Tokyo, Koseikaku, 1943, 445 pp. 1508. Orui Noboru;- t f~ and Toba Masao -. i s- AS, Nihon jokakushi B - 'A ]p._ (History of Japanese castles), Tokyo, Y-uzankaku, 1936, 732 pp. A scholarly historical survey of the development of castles and the part they played in Japanese history. Beginning with the fortified strongpoints of the sixth and seventh centuries, the authors trace the location, military significance, and architectural form of major castles. Profusely illustrated and carefully documented.

Page  156 156 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1509. Sekino Masaru PC Vf A, Nihon jutaku shoshi a 4 4 L' t (Short history of Japanese dwellings), Tokyb, Sagami Shobo, 1942, 161 pp. + 134 illus. A short but excellent survey of Japanese domestic architecture from pit dwellings to "ranch-style" modern. The introductory chapter deals with the influence of natural environment, life, and art on domestic architecture. The concluding chapter attempts to analyze the influences upon Japanese house types through a series of diagrams. Illustrations are poorly printed but the work is well annotated. 1510. Sekino Tadashi %. Hi, Nihon no kenchiku to geijutsu p 4 7 ~ < ~ ~ ' (Japanese architecture and art), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1940, 2 v. A collection of articles by a foremost authority on architecture, art, and archeology. Essays range from an analysis of primitive architecture and its relationship to the arts of the time to studies of the influence of continental styles on Japanese architecture, a survey history of Japanese architecture, Buddhist architecture, notes on architectural monuments still extant, a history of Japanese craft arts, an analysis of ancient tiles, etc. 1511. Shigemori Sanrei _ t - 4;, Nihon teien rekiran 0 4 4 /fi )j g (Chronological tables of Japanese gardens), TokySo, Kobunsha, 1935, 376 pp. A useful list of gardens arranged regionally and chronologically according to date of construction within each area. Short explanatory notes accompany each citation. 1512. Shigemori SanreiL f 4 Ad, Nihon teien shoshi a 4 i I,, - t (Short history of Japanese gardens). A short survey by the leading authority on the history of Japanese gardens. c. Music and Dance 1513. Iba Takashi 1 f A, Nihon ongakushi 0 * t ' - (History of music in Japan), Tokyo, Ongaku no Tomosha, 1950, 224 pp. 1514. Kodera Y-kichi ')- v t,, Buyo no ayumi -fq j; p 4 (Steps of the dance), Tokyo, Jiipusha, 1950, 3+2+224 pp. 1515. Suzuki Koson 5F ~ Vi -, Nihon ongakushi a 2 -- A -~_ (A history of Japanese music), Tokyo, Hajime Shobo, 1944, 9+292 pp. Part 1 is a history of the development of music in Japan from early times to the twentieth century. Part 2 is a study of musical traditions as currently extant in Japan. The author analyzes the music and the instruments, attempting to reduce melodies to modern notation for the piano. 1516. Tanabe Hisao N '- r1 1f\4, Nihon ongakushi a a- V t I (A history of Japanese music), Tokyo, YEuzankaku, 1932, 320 pp. A history of music and musical instruments in Japan from earliest times to 1868. The author emphasizes the transmission of musical traditions and instruments from the Asiatic continent. There is little analysis of the music itself. d. Industrial Arts and Crafts 1517. Aida Tomiyasu X 9 ' )<, Nihon koin shinko - - 5 ~f 4 V- (New studies of old Japanese seals), Tokyo, Hrunsha, 1947, 4+197+21 pp. The art of seal making, learned largely from China, is highly prized by Japanese artists and calligraphers. This work is a well-illustrated survey of seals and the history of seal engraving by a specialist in the actual manufacture of seals. There is an index. 1518. Akashi Kunisuke 3 P E Jp, Nihon senshokushi a 4 A L. (A history of Japanese dyeing), TokyU, Y'uzankaku, 1928, 526+16 pp. A survey of the art of dyeing in Japan. Emphasis is upon the early period prior to the 9th century. The later development of dyeing is treated in general outline fashion. 1519. Arisaka YotarO? P - 4 - 7tp, Nihon gangushi g - a -, _ (A history of Japanese toys), Toky-, Kensetsusha, 1931-32, 2 v. A detailed study of Japanese toys of the Edo period (1600-1868). The author has drawn extensively from literary, graphic, and documentary sources. 1520. Goroku Teiji ],., Nihonto bunrui mokuroku 0 #- 27 ' -. @ { (A classified catalogue of Japanese swords), Tokyo, Nihon Shuppan Haikyu K.K., 1944, 138+18+8 pp. A classified list of famous Japanese swords. Each entry provides the following information: name of sword, swordsmith, type, and present owner. 1521. Harada Michihiro,_ V r,, Dai Nihon tokenshi. 0 9 I- T \ & (A history of Japanese swords), Tokyo, Shunjusha, 1940-41, 3 v. A voluminous history of swordmaking in Japan. 1522. Homma Hisao /4 T,- z t, Nihonto p 4- t (Japanese swords), Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1939, 225 pp.

Page  157 SURVEY HISTORIES 157 1523. Katori Hozuma 4 J& i, Nihon kinkoshi 9 * t _, (History of metalcraft in Japan), Tokyo, Ytzankaku, 1932, 2+4+390 pp. A study of metal working in Japan from the early bronze age through the Heian period. The author devotes an introduction to an explanation of technology and materials, then takes up the history of the production of metal implements and articles and religious figures by period. Emphasis is on the analysis of aesthetic and technological aspects of the subject. 1524. Koyama Fujio i' -' % ~ t ~, Satsumayaki no kenkyu Pf /, Hi t "~_(A study of Satsuma ceramics), Tokyo, Toyo T oki Kenkyusho, 1940, 309 pp. 1525. Okuda Seiichi 4 F tV -, Nihon kogeishi - T- k t (History of Japanese industrial arts), Tokyo, Yuizankaku, 1936, 135 pp. A brief survey by a leading authority. Part 1 discusses special characteristics of Japanese industrial and craft arts. Part 2 is a history of industrial art in Japan. 1526. Sawaguchi Goichi -> ID ] -, Nihon shikko no kenkyu 9 4 -5- _- X t (A study of Japanese lacquer), Tokyo, Maruzen, 1933, 717+19 pp. Part 1 is a survey history of the lacquer craft in Japan. Part 2 is an analysis of the lacquer production and the export of lacquer ware from Japan. 1527. Tamura EitaroB 1-t 't p, Nihon kogyo bunkashi T - -i i St t (A cultural history of Japanese industry), Tokyo, Kagakushugi Kgyosha, 1943, 784 pp. An encyclopedic reference work on crafts and industry in pre-modern Japan. The following major fields are covered: vehicles and palanquins, clothing, civil engineering, lighting, weapons, machinery, weaving, and mining. Information is provided on origins and development of craft and industrial technology, and on the uses to which pre-modern equipment was put. Well illustrated and documented. 1528. Toki koza pk: t /t _ (Series on ceramics), T`kyo, Yiuzankaku, 1935-38, 25 v. An extensive series of articles covering the field of ceramics in Japan, Korea, and China. Emphasis is on Japan. Many essays are of historical interest. The chronologies and bibliographical lists are of particular value. 1529. Yamagami HachirU -A- ' p, Nihon katchu no shin-kenkyu 0 ~ S 9 e. _ (A new study of Japanese armor), privately published, 1928, 2 v. A detailed description of Japanese armor by a noted authority. There is an index. 12. -APPLIED SCIENCE 1530. Arakawa Hidetoshi A _ 'I 1., Nihon kishogakushi 4-. ) ". (History of meteorology), Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1941, 2+8+191 pp. A brief survey of the history of meteorological observations in Japan from approximately 1835 to 1937. Chapters include a general history, the establishment of observatories and meteorological institutions, leading figures in the meteorological world, and characteristics of Japanese weather. The work contains an index and a useful bibliographical list. 1531. Araki Toshima L 1 /,E, Nihon rekigakushi gaisetsu 1 3 / T - t- -(Introduction to the history of calendrical science in Japan), Tokyo, Yamaguchi Shoten, 1943, 236+29 pp. A survey of calendrical systems in Japan from early times to 1873. Chapters deal with the archaic calendar, the period of reliance on the Chinese system (554-1550), the beginnings of a native system, the Yoshimune period (1716-1750), and subsequent changes. 1532. Chuo Kishodai t z i t? (Central Observatory), Nihon kisho shiryo soran 1 4. R e- A i- t (Survey of historical materials on weather conditions in Japan), Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 1943, 248 pp. A chronological listing of historically recorded unusual weather phenomena from earliest times to 1887. Each entry includes date, place of recording, condition (storm, wind, flood, earthquake, etc.), and source of information. 1533. Endo Toshisada At_ t,[ I, Dai Nihon sugakushi ) ~ J - &. (A history of Japanese mathematics), T'okyo, Iwanami Shoten, rev. ed., 1918, 702+40+45 pp. A pioneer study of pre-modern mathematics in Japan. The work covers the entire field from early times to 1877. 1534. Fujikawa Y'u - "} ''1, Nihon igakushi D 4- i_ ' _ (A history of Japanese medical science), Tokyo, Shokabo, 1904, 1036 pp. A scholarly study of medicine and medical scientists in Japan from early times to the time of writing. Especially useful for its explanations of old medical terms, lists of pre-modern medical literature, and its extensive bibliography. 1535. Fujikawa YEu % ' "l D, Nihon shippeishi D - / (A history of Japanese diseases), Tokyo, Toh5do, 1904, 302 pp. A basic history of diseases, epidemics, and their cures in pre-modern Japan. A useful bibliographical list is included.

Page  158 158 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS 1536. Fujita Motoharu Ad m JL,, Nihon chirigakushi 9 4 t A f. (History of Japanese geographical science), Tokyo, Toko Shoin, rev. ed., 1943, 16+8+7+667 pp. An inquiry into the origins and development of geographical science and cartography in Japan. There are numerous reproductions of old Japanese maps. One unique feature of the work is the analysis of maps of Japan found in Korea. 1537. Hosoi So, ff, Wasan shis- no tokushitsu An... V (Characteristics of Japanese mathematical theory), Tokyo, Kyoritsusha, 1941, 343 pp. An authoritative analysis of the characteristic features of Japan's pre-modern mathematical tradition. 1538. Ishihara Jun /i'.., Kagakushi % i ~ (History of natural science), Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimpisha, 1942, 489 pp. One of the Gendai Nihon bummeishi (Entry 722) series. This work provides a brief sketch of scientific development in pre-Restoration Japan. It is chiefly devoted to an analysis of the development of the main branches of natural science from 1868 to 1925. 1539. Ita Shiro If 1 _ p, Nihon kagakushi a 4 ~t- ~ _ (History of science in Japan), Ito Shoten, 1941, 310 pp. A survey of the development of pre-modern scientific technology in Japan. 1540. Mizuki Kozue h- 4. 4A, Nihon sugakushi g 4 - '4 _ (A history of mathematics in Japan), Tokyo, Kyoiku KenkyUkai, 1928, 535 pp. A survey of Japanese mathematics and mathematicians from ancient times to approximately 1877. Emphasis is on the Edo period (1600-1868). 1541. Mori Senzo h - =_, Kinsei Nihon no kagakushatachi it -A ~ 4 ~ ~- 'r X A. (Scientists of Tokugawa Japan), Tokyo, Seiun Shoin, 1948, 2+12+302+16+6 pp. Intended for a popular audience, this work describes the lives and activities of some 50 scholars, scientists, and technologists of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). The work terminates with a useful bibliographical list of works related to each of the figures mentioned in the text. 1542. Nihon kagakushi 3 z t '7 _ (History of science in Japan), Tokyo, Yuzankaku, 1942, 289 pp. [= v. 19 of the Shinko Dai Nihonshi series (Entry 744)]. Contains the following chapters: general survey (Nakaseko Rokubei), mathematics (Mikami Yoshio), the calendar (Takeda RyUji), Tokugawa geography (Abe Makoto), medicine (Oshima Ranzaburo), and natural science (MukTzaka Michiharu). 1543. Ogura Kinnosuke ')- I. A - S, S-gaku kyoikushi L t _ (History of education in mathematics), Tokyo,, Iwanami Shoten, 1932, 256 pp. 1544. Shimizu Fujitaru 7 - - d ~ p, Nihon yakugakushi P ~ ~ ~ _ (History of Japanese pharmacology), Tokyo, Nanzand-o, 1949, 531 pp. An extremely detailed and fully documented history of Japanese pharmacology from early times to 1949. There is an introductory bibliographical note and a chronological list (pp. 473-488) of works on pharmacology. An index is appended. 1545. Terajima Masashi A, i r —, Nihon kagaku hattatsushi - 1 f: - 3- (History of the development of Japanese science), Tokyo, Keibunsha, 1937, 326 pp. A general survey of the history of technological and scientific development in Japan from ancient times to the present. 1546. Tominari Kimahei I ' -..., Nihon kagakushiyo p 4 V- ' _ _ (Outline history of Japanese science), Toky-, Kobundo, 1939, 4+1+169 pp. A survey of Japanese activity in the scientific and technological field from the arrival of Westerners in the sixteenth century to the end of the Tokugawa period. There is an appended bibliographic list. 1547. Tominari Kimahei A' *-..6 A-, Gendai Nihon kagakushi _ -' a ~ 4. T _ (History of contemporary Japanese science), T'okyo, Mikasa Shobo, 1941, 267 pp. A brief survey in popular style of the development of science and technology in post-Restoration Japan. There is an appended bibliographical list. 1548. Ueda Sampei t- _ - 2f, Nihon yakuenshi no kenkyu E] 4. 1 3 ^ f. (A study of the history of Japanese medicinal herb gardens), Tokyo, Maruzen, 1930, 224 pp. A study of Japanese gardens for the cultivation of medicinal herbs. The work traces the history of such gardens from their origins in Japan to the end of the Tokugawa period. The types and varieties of plants cultivated are analyzed. There is an index to botanical names. 1549. Ueno Masuzt ~- 'o _ --, Nihon seibutsugaku no rekishi 0 A - T 'P A- _ (History of biology in Japan), Tokyo, Kobundo, 1939, 188 pp. 1550. Watanabe Toshio, 7 's; ~, Koyomi /J (Calendars), Tokyio, Koseisha, 1940, 298 pp. A comprehensive study of calendrical systems in China and Japan. 1551. Yamamoto Narinosuke, +~ A ' — St, Nihon kagakushi B ~ *I~- r (History of science in Japan), T'kyo, Nihon Shuppan K. K., 1947, 194 pp. A study of Chinese and Western scientific traditions, their influence upon Japan, and their Japanization.

List of Publishers with Characters

pp. 159-165

Page  159 APPENDIX List of Publishers* A Achikku Myuzeamu 7 t.,y 7 a. - t" 7 (Attic Museum) Tokyo Akita Sosho Kankokai f' ru A k: T T Akita Ankusha - - ' - Tikyo Aoki Shoten ~t j/ Tokyo Asada Bummeido Kyoto Asahi Shimbunsha q s Tokyo and Osaka Asahi Shobo q B t T-kyo Asakura Shoten R,- - 7y Tokyo Asukaen T Nara Asano Shoten 5. o -- / Tkkyo B Baifkan t L[ t Tokyo Benky-odo 5 ' Tokyo Benrido 1 t '1 Kyoto Bijutsu Kenkyusho - f r (Institute of Art Research) Tokyo Bijutsushi Gakkai; VT T. ' (History of Art Society) Tokyb Bonjinsha L,< Q - To'kyo Boso Sosho Kankokai -,^. " "! 1\ ' Chiba Bukeseido Kenkyukai ' A ' t / ' (Research Society for Feudal Institutions) Tokyo Bukky6 Bijutsusha 1 4t IV T t Nara Bukkyo Daijiten HakkSsho 14 t 3K, - I T r Toky-o Bukkyd Taikei Kanseikai 1 { A,, A ~ ' ^ Tokyo Bun'eid T-: T-okyo Bungei Shunjusha t - i T ^ t Tokyo Bunka Gakkai it- /t - (Cultural Association) Tohkyo Bunkashi Gakkai - 1.- 7 / S (Cultural History Association) Kyoto Bunken Shoin t.,' Kyoto Bunkyodo - To kyo Bunkyo Shoin t. - 7- Kobe Bunrokusha. Z _ Tokyo Bunshinsha t - T'kyo BunshodU Shoten _ s -- jT Tokyo Bunshokaku - Tokyo Buntokusha j. t Tokyo Bunyudo- Shoten U -_ / Osaka Choryusha -1,,- i Tokyo Ch-yokai P t 4' TLkyo Chu-bunkan Shoten t t 1 - 4 / Tolkyo Chugai Shogyo Shimposha T f t f _ R; T-okyo ChUnkbkan ft -.- ' Tokyo Chli Bijutsusha 't ~ W ~ - Tokyo Ch-iu Koronsha 1 t '4 t` T-okyo Chno Sangyo Chosakai t k A t tn) * 1 (Central Production Survey Society) Tokyo ChUo Shakai Jigyo Kyokai Shakai Jigyo Kenkyusho tk *t1 ^ - tA * 4 t '- - # ' t 7 (Central Social Work Association, Research Institute of Social Work) Tokyo D Daidoin Shokan Ep? ' f Tokyo DaidU Shoin K ) Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun Remmei Shuppambu K 4 ) k ti -6- \t, # -p (University Newspapers Union Press) Tokyo Dai Nihon Bukkyo Zensho Hakkosho a B 4 t t t 't - f fT okyo Dai Nihon Bummei Kyokai XK s O8 TP 2 (Japan Cultural Association) Tokyo Dai Nihon Chishi Taikei Kankokai A s t' EA $T- 1t ' T TTokyo Dai Nihon Fikyo S-sho Kankokai. a L K t IT f '1 'l n T kyo Dai Nihon Meishozue Kankokai a / ' TrT yo 4^ f} lfJ T lokyo Dai Nihon Rengo Seinenkai K B 1 r iJ - 4 (Japan Combined Youth Association) TokyU Dai Nihon Sanshikai k a * t. - (Japan Filature Association) Tokyo Dai Nihon Seiji Shis-shi Kankokai. B ' - A -!. t 'I1 T T Tokyo Dai Nihon Shiso Zenshu Kankokai. A - T ^ 4 -1 + 'iT z Tokyo Dai Nihon Shoga Meika Taikan Kankokai B - - /t ~ '~ ~ -. ~'1 ~ 't Tokyo Dai Nihon Shuppan Kabushiki Kaisha A B.#. &. + x5.1 I,> fi-t Tokyo Dai Nihon Tosho Kabushiki Kaisha K< ~B, fl - 4 * ' ^ J- T kyo Dai Nihon Y-ubenkai Kodansha K 8 4 -K t - T-okyo Daishinsha A -j.~_ Tokyo Daitokaku 7. j P Tokyo Daito Shimbunsha p [- f ~ TokyU Daito Shokan i l e g Tokyo Daito Shuppansha K, i ) _ Tokyo Daiyamondosha q 4 T -.- Tokyo Daizokyo Sakuin Kankokai t ))?, 1 ^4 Tokyo Daizo Shuppan Kabushiki Kaisha A A }t T; A' Tkyo Denki Gakkai I ~_ j /- (Biographical Society Tokyo Doboku Gakkai ~ 4 / 4 (Civil Engineering Society Tokyo Buso Kokokai A' - A E /r- (Buso Archeological Society) Buso Sosho Kankokai i' TS t -1; 3'1 / Bussho Kankokai 1 f T- T1 S3 Chiba Tokyo C Chihoshi Kenkyu Kyogikai ytt t F i T t' A (Committee for the Study of Local History) Tokyo Chijin Shokan "t K - A S Tokyo Chikuma Shob- a 4 - -* Tokyo Chikura Shobo 5 - -j Tokyo Chiri Chosasho -- ~ A] iV r (Geodetic Office) Tokyo Chiri Kyoiku KenkyUkai Pt-. a - ' T f (Geographical Instruction Society) Tokyo *In the following list definitions have been provided for the names of non-commercial publishers such as universities, research institutes and government offices. No definitions have been affixed to organizations brought together for the purpose of publishing a single work or series. Most such groups are identified by the term kankokai (publication society) contained in their titles. 159

Page  160 160 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS Dobunkan 1i.1 t T Dibun Shoin T lt $ p Dojinsha Shoten MP A t- -~ /i Dokusho Kenkyikai t -i t / '_ Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo E Edo Sosho Kankokai -' ~ -- f'l ~T / Tokyo Eishinsha j A Tokyo F Fukuda Shobo * ~ - 4 Tokyo Fukumura Shoten i T1; / Tlokyo Fukushima-ken Shigakkai F, i; ' (Fukushima Prefecture Historical Society) Tokyo Fuzambo ^ a Tokyo Fu'zoku Kenkyukai A. f' - (Institute for the Study of Customs) Tokyo G Gaimushu 4 {- $ (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Tokyo Gaimusho Bunshoka Toshogakari tr 1 jt; T $ -1 f. (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Archives, Chief Archivist) Tokyo Gaimusha Joyakukyoku S4 f- 4.. 7 ~ (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Treaty Division) Tokyo Gakusei Shobo - 4 6 Tokyo Ganshodo Shoten,, - / Tokyo Geisodo ' -I Kyoto Gengen Nihonsha - r 4 Tokyo Genrin Shobo ~, Kyoto Getsuyo Shobo P r -; Tokyo Gunjishi KenkyUkai % T (Society for the Study of Military History) Tokyo Guroria Sosaete 7 D 'i T / T (Gloria Society) Tokyo Gyomeisha _ 0. -T_ Tokyo H Hajime Shobo t 4 Tokyo Hakkosha '\ L _ Tokyo Hakubundo t' %. ~ Tokyo Hakubunkan t _ ~,~ T'okyo Hakujitsu Shoin 7 _ T'okyo HakutZsha 9 Tokyo Hakuyosha t 14 f To'kyo Hanawa Shobo -? Tokyo Hanazono Daigaku Zengaku Kenkyu-kai t T Ts- t $ - 5 5 Kyoto Haneda Shoten - j! * /4 Tokyo Hattensha Z-, t T-okyo Hattensha Shuppanbu i - _ r- i. ) i - T-okyo Heibonsha - FL. i- Tokyo Heigo Shuppansha ri7 t f %. -l- Tokyo Heirakuji Shoten 7 - -t Kyoto Herarudosha ^ T, L T'o'kyo Hibiya Toshokan 0 - - I -— 1 T, ky (Hibiya Library) Tokyo Hibonkaku I n F T'okyo Higashifushimi no Miya-ke: ' ~ 9 (Prince Higashi Fushimi) Tokyo Hinode Shimbunsha ~ ~, f PP I- Kyoto Hiroshima Bunrika Daigaku Shigaku Kenkyukai (Hiroshima University, Historical Society) Hobunkan T.. To6kyo, Osaka Hokei Shobo T t. 4 Tokyo Hokkaido-cho It - L 4i (Hokkaido Territorial Office) Sapporo Hokuryukan ct - g Tokyo Horitsu Jisho Kankokai l # ~ f ' Tokyo Hoshino Shoten 9 $ To'kyo and Kyoto Hounsha q. $? Tokyo Hyogensha. - Tokyo Ibundo Shoten K. 4 / Kyoto Iga ShobU i - Tokyo Ikeda Shoten; ~ -j Tokyo Ikuhosha w Tokyo Ikuseikai Tokyo Ikuseisha - r Tokyo Imin Mondai KenkyIkai 14, ' ti _ t z (Society for the Study of the Immigration Problem) Tokyo Ishiguro Bunkichi, Z t, T-okyo Ishikawa-ken f ',]. (Ishikawa Prefecture) Kanazawa Ishin Shiryo Hensan Jimukyoku,t T. tj, $ ) f- A (Office for the Compilation of Historical Materials Concerning the Restoration) Isseido Shoten - t t ~ - 1 Isseisha - it 1 Ito Shoten t A P f/ 1 Iwanami Shoten,i 7 1 Iwasaki Shoten = ^4 - 1 Iwate Shigakkai, g X (Iwate Historical Society Mo rokyo rokyo rokyo rokyo rokyo riokyo rioka J Jichosha 9- 3* P Tokyo Jidaisha 9A t ipx Tokyo Jiipusha _ - -7 - T To-ky Jiji Tsushinsha ~ i_ 1O Tokyo Jikkyo Shuppan Kabushiki Kaisha t_. /6 ' 4- T-okyo Jimbun Chiri Gakkai A/- -t ~ (Institute of Human Geography) Kyoto Jimbun Gakkai /. t T A (Society of Humanistic Science) Kyoto Jimbun Kagaku Iinkai A -t 7. T t 4- (Committee on Humanistic Science) T'kyo Jimbun Shoin /<. t _ Kyoto Jingu Kyoin 1.t X 7 P — (Institute of Shinto Studies) Tokyo Jingu Shicho F A > 4 (Office of Shrine Affairs) Kyoto Jinji Koshinsho.. $ ~ % 'rT Tokyo Jitsugyo no Nihonsha % _ ^: - Tokyo Juichi Kumi Shuppanbu -t - ~ m s. * p Juken Koza Kankokai +,,4; -/.' 'i4 T-okyo K Kadan Shimposha -t it fT t. - T'okyo Kadokawa Shoten ~^ '\ -1 * Tokyo Kagakushugi K-gyosha ~. x_ - t-i Tokyo Kagawa-ken - " 1 ' (Kagawa Prefecture) Takamatsu Kagoshima-ken 2 ~- a 't (Kagoshima Prefecture) Kagoshima Kaibo Shiryo Kankokai '- ' T 'I -' Tokyo HUbunsha A tJ-, so H-gaku Shoin z ' - p_ and Kobe Tokyo Tokyo

Page  161 APPENDIX 161 Kaigun Y'ushukai -h- A ~ t; Z' (Navy Perfection Society Tokyo KaikUsha P t f - Tlokyo Kaiseikan TAf A f Osaka Kai Shiryo Kankokai t l - -'1 I 4 KWfu (Yamanashi) Kaizosha -. Tukyo Kaji Sekai Shisha T tf - Tokyo Kamakura Bunko ~. ~ _ Toky y Kamigata Kyodo Kenkyukai F-?p - _ ~(Society for the Study of the Kamigata Area) Osaka Kaname Shobo Tokyo Kangensha i i -: T'okyo Kantosha rty rf 4 T'kyo Kasumigaseki Shobu A - T'okyo Katsuragi Shoten ~.* -~ T'okyo Kawade Shobo -, Tokyo Kawahara Shoten Kyoto Keibundo ~ To-kyo Keibunsha ~,f-. T-okyo Keimeisha - - T'okyo Keio Gijuku Daigaku Mita Shigakkai *. A K~ t -~ E ~ ~ ~ (KeiB University, Mita Historical Society) Tokyo Keio Gijuku Daigaku Rizai Gakkai j /., f ~ +t ~ ~ (Keio University, Finance Society) Tokyo Keio Gijuku Keizaishi Gakkai A /A..,,- - Ti '(Keio University, Economic History Society) Tokyo Keio Sh-obo. A Tokyo Keio Shuppansha T ~ okyo_ Keiseisha - Tokyo Keisetsu Shoin t To'kyo Keizai Zasshisha,^ - Tokyo Kembunkan - 3 - Tokyo Kembunsha 1_, - Tokyo Kensetsusha ~ t. x Tokyo Kenshinsha v. x-_ Tokyo Kibi Gunsho Shusei Kankokai J ' ='1 J T Okayama Kib'okaku + Tokyo Kicho Tosho Eihon Kankokai 4- ~ i1 'I - t'l I 1 z Kyoto Kingensha Shoten J, _ 7_:. * ft To'kyo Kindai Shisosha L_ ). I ^ Tokyo Kinkodo /7 - t Tokyo Kinseido 4 -_ t Tokyo Kinsei Jikata Keizai Shiryo Kankokai iL -_ ~ ' ~ - ~,~ 5'1 n t Tokyo Kinseisha iS- ~_ TOkyo Kinseki Hory-udo I '] -J t Tokyo Kobundo Tokyo Ko'bund-o ShobUo 3r _ _ ~ Tokyo K-bund khob ~and Kyoto Kobunko Kankokai - J y'1 'iT / Tokyo Kobunsha *t )i. Tokyo Kobunso i r - Tokyo KIocho HikyU Kankokai X ~ fr I -'1 T f Tokyo Kodansha ~~, 4~ (See Dai Nihon Yubenkai Kodansha) Tokyo Kodokan T - / Tky K-dosha i, Vt -. Toikyo Kogakkai i-, ~ (Engineering Association) Tlkyo K-jinsha Shoten A.. -t- t Osaka Koji Ruien Kankokai fj. T:j- ~ Tokyo Kojunsha ~ Tokyo Kokka Gakkai cie t y) 4- (Political Science Society) Tokyo Kokkasha It i p Tokyo Kokkokan r~ c T'okyo Kokon Shoin r o t p_ Tokyo Kokubun T-oho Bukkyo Sosho Kankokai E 9 - tI *fi A -f '1: TolIkyo Kokudosha M -- _ j Tokyo Kokugakuin Daigaku f -) (Kokugakuin University) TOkyo Kokugakuin Daigaku Kokushi Gakkai R i ]- i 1 'T T (Kokugakuin University, Japanese History Society) Tokyo Kokugakuin Daigaku ShintO ShUkyo KenkyUshitsu n t k -1 t - W; i~ < T - t (Kokugakuin University, Institute of Shinto Studies) Tokyo Kokugakuin Daigaku Shuppambu /4I T # & T t *k ~ 3 (Kokugakuin University Press) Toky`O Kokuhon Shuppansha o t- ). 4t Tokyo Kokumin Bunko Kankokai j e k -'l/ T Tokyo Kokumin no Rekishi Kenkyukai /IE & 9 - -t s/ - k (People's History Society) Tokyo Kokumin Tosho Kabushiki Kaisha O~ E / t -4 ^, t L Tokyo Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan -J iL 1 ^T t ~'~ (National Diet Library) Tokyo Kokuritsu Shoin _ -- P p _ Tokyo Kokuryukai, 4 (Amur River [Black Dragon] Society) Tokyo Kokusai Bunka Johosha,i Xp it L f i $t Tokyo Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai al PT t t- T& - - (Society for International Cultural Relations) Kokusai Kotsu Bunka Kyokai (,1 f ~ + it ft; 4 (Society for International Communications) Kokusai Shichosha Fi P, - it Kokushi Kenkyukai 9 _ a 4 T (Japanese History Research Society) Kokushi Koshukai 't j T / (Japanese History Lecture Association) Kokusho Kankokai _ | 9 '1 - i - (Society for the Publication of Japanese Texts) Kokusho Shuppan Kyokai I1 -, - ti 4 Kokyo Shoin; - p t Kondo Kappansho ik ~- ~,.t Kondo Shobo it p i Kondo Shuppanbu j. is t _ Koronasha D 1 J- 4 Koronsha 2. 4P Koseikaku and and Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo TVyU Tokyo Tokyo KyOto Koseisha t T 4T — TOkyo KIshaku Hosokawa-ke Hensansho 4 f t "1 Mi' t FT (House of Marquis Hosokawa, Compilation Office) Kosho Hozonkai; 1 1- 1f 5 (Society for the Preservation of Historical Works) Tokyo Koten Hozonkai -- - /4 (Society for the Preservation of Classics) Tokyo Koten Kokyusho Jingu Hosaikai It. - $% i- f t tg 4- 6 ' (Institute for the Study of Imperial Classics, Shinto Scripture Society) Tokyo Koto Shoin - ' -f n Kyoto Koyama Shoten,. _% $ T Tokyo Koyasan Daigaku Mikkyo Kenkyikai F I - X %.it i <! ' (Koyasan University, Esoteric Buddhism Society) Koyasan KIyosha z —;$ i. KIOykan A_ t 1 Kozando Shoten f - t, - Kozan Konwakai - as, v 7 Association) (Wakayama) Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo (Mining Tokyo

Page  162 162 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS Kunaish-U; tS (Imperial Household Ministry) Tokyo Kyobunsha - N 'f Tokyo Kyochokai t~p 4e 4 (Conciliation Society) Tokyo Kyudo Shuppansha t? fl: # 1 To'kyo Kyiiku Chiri Rekishi Remmei ~- j r N /~ 4 t (Union of Teachers of Geography and History) T'okyo Kyoiku Kenkyukai r ' i 4 2 (Education Research Society) T'kyo Kyoiku Tosho Kabushiki Kaisha J, ~ ) 4;' 4 4- Tokyo Kyoritsusha -,. J- $-t " T okyo Kyoseikaku ~ ~ T'ikyo Kyoto Daigaku Jimbun Kagaku Kenkyusho (Kyoto University, Institute of Humanistic and Social Sciences) Kyoto Kyoto Daigaku Keizai Gakkai T P T.i 5~_,., (Kyoto University, Economic Society) Kyoto Kyoto Shigaku Chirigaku Dokokai T- $ t t T f i) 3s " Kyoto Joint Society of History and Geography) Kyoto Kymto Shiyakusho - s p 'T (Kyoto City Office) Kyoto Kyoto S-osho Kankokai O r ~ -ff ') iT 4 KyOto KyOto Teikoku Daigaku Bungakubu Chirigaku Kyoshitsu t. r K T t. p 1;rT. t_ (Kyoto Imperial University, Faculty of Letters, Geographical Institute) Kyoto Kyoto Teikoku Daigaku Fuzoku Toshokan,. p ] in K 1't p/t A 1 (Kyoto Imperial University Library) Kyoto Kyoto Teikoku Daigaku Keizai Gakkai.,p., i- % t -(Kyoto Imperial University, Economics Association) Kyoto Kyoto Teikoku Daigaku Shigaku Kenkyu-kai 1 3p _- v ~ ~. ~ t (Kyoto Imperial University, Historical Association) Kyoto Kyoto Yakugyo Jironsha, p, ~ ^S-,t KyOto Kyudai Shigakkai - hX t 4 (Kyushu University, Historical Society) Fukuoka M Mainichi Shimbunsha 4 s f- -F T'okyo Mamiya Shoten fr t j_ Tokyo and Osaka Manchohosha 4. Y To-kyo Maruyamasha 4L a /' Tokyo Maruzen Kabushiki Kaisha lL t _ ' 4; Tokyo Masu Shobo,. Tokyo Meguro Shoten E,. T-kyo MeibundoB pP r & Tokyo Meicho Kankbkai / ' 1 'i 4= T-kyo Meiji Shobo sR -'',, Tokyo Meiji Shoin op T -- p_ Tokyo Meiji Shuppansha p To-kyo Meiji Tosho Shuppansha p i n f 4, Tokyo MeiseidU 'R F-E Tokyo MeitokudU ]. _ it TOkyo Mikami Shobo --. Tolkyo Mikasa Shobi - -# Fz T'okyo Mikkyo Jiten Hensankai, _,t L ^ Kyoto Mikuni Shobo - t * Tokyo Minami Ajia Bunka Kenkyusho i(,^ - t f- *' t fr '(Research Institute for South Asian Culture) Tlkyo Minkan Densho no Kai;, 1 A, 94 (Society of Folklore Tradition) Tokyo Minshu Hyoronsha G I; - _ ^ To'kyo El Minshushugi Kagakusha Kyokai N, ~ ' t f4t T; t1 T (Association of Democratic Scientists) Tokyo Misuzu Shobo 4 \, T okyo Miwa Shoten 4- t Tokyo Mochizuki Hakase Kanreki Kinenkai - P f ~? El. T.4 Tokyo Mombusho j -tp I (Ministry of Education) Tokyo Moriyama Shoten - ^, t Tokyo Musashino Shoin;i {. -|- p Tokyo N Nagasaki Kenritsu Toshokan -: kj - -, 4 t (Nagasaki Prefectural Library) Nagasaki Nagasaki Shiyakusho -.; 9 Pi7 (Nagasaki City Office) Nagasaki Naigai Shoseki Kabushiki Kaisha rk?J | ~ -~ ~- ~t i ~z Tokyo Naigai Shuppan Kabushiki Kaisha rt ^, t. \' 4>; t- Kyoto Naikaku Insatsukyoku r7 ]j,''1 4 (Cabinet Printing Office) Tokyo Naikaku Kirokukyoku rM I f r - /A (Cabinet Archives Office) Tokyo Naikaku Shokikanshitsu Kirokuka rj 1 f t5_ Fi P'z f. (Cabinet, Secretariat, Archives Section) Tokyo Naimusho itJ t 1 (Ministry of Home Affairs) Tokyo Naimusho Chihokyoku fP - ' _ t T 47 (Ministry of Home Affairs, Local Affairs Office) Toikyo Naimusho Keihokyoku \,;f A- I- 1, (Ministry of Home Affairs, Police Department) Tokyo Naimusho Toshokyoku rM 5 ' I- t (Ministry of Home Affairs, Bureau of Books) Tokyo Nambokusha 4 t- - Tokyo Nambu Sosho Kankokai r* ~P 't -'1 p 7 ' Aomori Naniwa Sosho Kankbkai T ' ' -, T'1 i a _ Osaka Nanki Tokugawashi Kankokai 4,*L '5t- "1 4F[ / /4 Wakayama Nankosha t Tokyo Nanzando L - To-kyo Nara-ken Kyoikukai A R _ - t ' (Nara Prefecture Educational Society) Nara Naukasha tr 7 P 4 - Tokyo Nichiyo Shobo 3 $ 4, Tokyo Nihon Chiri Gakkai T- t- t T F (Association of Japanese Geographers) Tokyo Nihon Chosakuken Kyogikai RE - 7 4 t9 t4,(Japan Copyright Council) Tokyo Nihon Daizokyo Hensankai 9 f - 4, F,~ ~tf ~ ETokyo Nihon Dempo Tsushinsha P 4 '_ ii '* Tokyo Nihon Dokusho Kumiai P ~ -,L- / Tokyo Nihon Dokusho Shimbunsha B t. 1 T i /4T- Tokyo Nihon Gakujutsu Fukyiikai B t- v 1 T '7 ' Tokyo Nihon Haisho Taikei Kankokai EB 4 94. K _ *'1 T ' Tokyo Nihon Hori Kenkyukai B T; 1 I '1; 4 (Japan Jurisprudence Society) Tokyo Nihon HUshakai Gakkai a -',; 4 - ' T /, (Japan Society of Sociology of Law) Tokyo Nihon Hyoronsha, 4' ~3 -3 -- TokyO Nihon Hyoron Shinsha u ' - ^ f Tokyo Nihon Insatsu Gakkai E 7 -7 '(i r (Japan Printing Society) Tokyo

Page  163 APPENDIX 163 Nihon Jinrui Gakkai E l < /- t T (Japan Anthropological Society) Tokyo Nihon Kagakushi Gakkai 0 + 1-t t (Japan History of Science Society) T'kyo Nihon Keizaishi Hensankai Q 4- 4 _ - Tokyo Nihon Keizaishi Kenkyusho - '- r i i XT (Japan Institute of Economic History) Kyoto Nihon Keizai Sosho Kankokai,D- F - 4, f 'I I t Tokyo Nihon KokuhU ZenshU Kanko-kai 0 4 l t I IT - ^ Tokyo Nihon Kokusai Kyokai 0 - 1 P[. T, l (Japan Foreign Affairs Society) Tokyo Nihon Kokusui Zensho Kankokai 0 4 t1 +^1 I hT ' Tkyo Nihon-Kosho Tsushinsha ~* 4- f -t - Tolkyo Nihon Koten Zenshu Kankokai- o 9. 4 *, ^'\ I I '' ~ /* I To-kyo Nihon Mingei KyUkai 0 ' P, 4. (Japan Folk Art Association) lTokyo Nihon Minzoku Gakkai 13 - ji- r' (Japanese Society of Ethnology) Tokyo Nihon Rekishi Chiri Gakkai B /- 4-! t- - (Japan Historical Geography Society) Tokyo Nihon RMd5 Kumiai Und-shi Kankokai B 4 - t -, k T T 1) TI T kyo Nihon Sanrinshi Kanko-kai 0B 4-, T ' IT yo Nihon Shakai Gakkai 0 - * t T (Japan Sociological Association) T'kyo Nihonshi KenkyUkai B } 4 - ' (Society for the Study of Japanese History) Kyoto Nihon Shimbun Kyokai 0 - Aq r T'p r T'okyo Nihon Shiseki Hozonkai e;~ t 4 I / (Society for the Preservation of Japanese Historical Materials) Tokyo Nihon Shiseki Kyokai o 4- E l t* T (Association for Japanese Historical Texts) Tokyo Nihon Shob5o 0 - 4 Tokyo Nihon Shoshi Gakkai 09 4- 4; (Japan Bibliographical Society) Tokyo Nihon Shuppan Haiky-u Kabushiki Kaisha 0 - ta #& m_-e_ 5ti 4 5\ t 2 tr Tokyo Nihon Shuppan Kyodo' Kabushiki Kaisha B 4- ', )k t ]P i TT A 4 TL Takyo Nihon Shuppan Kyokai v 4, R Tp Tokyo Nihon Shushikyoku Shiryo Hensangakari B 1 #/ T _ - *, if, Tokyo Nihon Tosho Kabushiki Kaisha B 4-; 14 ~. ~ < Tokyo Nihon Toshokan Kyokai BE r 4 ' i 4t / (Japan Library Association) Tokyo Nikko Shoin p0 Tokyo Nishi Nihon Shigakkai v 0 4- -, (Western Japan Historical Society) Fukuoka Nish'do = ^ Toky Nisshin Shoten e R % J Tokyo N'gyo Keizai Gakkai _ '~ T 4 (Association for the Study of Agrarian Economy) T5kyU Nogyo Sogo Kenkyu Kankokai - j i?. ' f \'1 4T T'6kyo Nogyo Sogo Kenkyusho A -; 7 P T ~T (National Research Institute of Agriculture) Tokyo N6gyo to Kikaisha T -~ w & T. Tokyo Nogyo to Suisansha 7 ' ~ ',,, T6kyo 0 Oka Shoin M t 4 t Tokyo Okayama Shiyakusho (1 M PAT (Okayama City Office) Okayama Okura Seishin Bunka Kenkyusho 7q t 1 4+;_ t O _ tr ('Okura Institute of Spiritual Research) Yokohama Okura KSbundf6 I /' 4 S Tokyo Okurasho K.;t (Ministry of Finance) Tokyo Okura Shoten s ~-t TokyO Ongaku no Tomosha - a { k t- Tokyo Ookayama Shoten. ) ^ -; Tokyl Osaka Furitsu Toshokan pR 'Jt- -L t Wf (Osaka City Library) Osaka Osaka Kyoiku Tosho Kabushiki Kaisha K P. _ El v lt -T - ~ ~ t Osaka Osaka Rekishi Gakkai K k (- 't 4 P (Osaka Historical Society) Osaka Osaka Ryogaesho Kumiai K pk T ~,i. ~/ (Osaka Exchange House Union) Osaka Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Bungakkai K i -t t. t _ T 4 ^(Osaka City University, Literary Society) Osaka Osaka Shiritsu Joto Toshokan X Pk O sa k T I 't (Osaka City JotO Library) Osaka Osakashi Sanjikai ). PR ' j f 4 -(Osaka Municipal Council) Osaka Osaka Shoka Daigaku Keizai Kenkyusho A. }. & r ~: ~ A T ~ (Osaka Commercial University, Economic Research Institute) Osaka Osakayago Shoten,?PR A - t Tokyo Otsuka KOgeisha, t* '3 -T TUkyo Oyashima Shuppan Kabushiki Kaisha,A ' { t #K ' 0 V^R *t- To kyo and Kyoto R Rakuy-odO T W t Toky5 Ranshobo.j ~ - Tokyo and Kyoto Rekishibunka KenkyUkai rt k 5 s- t r t 4 (Society for the Study of the History of Japanese Culture) Tokyo Rekishichiri Gakkai Tj t Pt - _ ' 4 (Historical Geography Association) Tokyo Rekishigaku Kenkymkai /E ~ T X -, (Historical Science Society) Tokyo Rekishi Kyoiku KenkyUkai /r.-. i 3. 4 (Historical Instruction Society) Tokyo Ressei ZenshU Hensankai t'1 4 - " 4 _ 'Trkyo Rikkyo Daigaku Shigaku Kenkyukai fi- A ~ T t ^4 (Rikky5 University, Historical Spciety) T6kyo RikugOkan -, /' / T'okyo Rikugun Bunko?t ~ 4 / (Army Archives) TokyU Rikugunsho ]?. f ' (Army Ministry) T6kyo Rimpei Shoten T; - 1 Tokyo Risosha 'T 4. wr Tokyo R-od Bunkasha i p ~ ~_ {2 T'kyo Rokubund'6 - ~ _ Tokyo Rokuninsha. /, x-L Tukyo Ronosha '1 ~ ~ Tkyo Ruisan Kankokai tt F'1 \ 4 TokyU Ryubunkan T V -' T'okyo Ryubunsha p t T'okyo Ryuginsha # T _3 T'6kyo Ryukoku Daigaku Ut; T- t (Ryukoku University) Kyoto Ryukoku Daigaku Shigakkai 1 4; T; t, (Ryukoku University, Historical Society) Kyoto Ryukoku Daigaku Shuppanbu ~ A / 4.k. tp (Ryukoku University Press) Kyoto Ryukoku Gakkai ~,- r - (Ryukoku Association) Kyoto Ocha no Mizu Shobo jT -, - ~ Ogawa Shobo.I,1'1 t Ogiwara Seibunkan;t t Ohata Shoten K ',.f ~y n Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo ToIkyo

Page  164 164 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS Ryuseikaku t ) T lkyo S Sagami Shobo tl t t Tokyo Saito Shoten * 4 t J Tikyo Sakai Shiyakusho 3 Q ' S Pfr (Sakai City Office) Sakai (Osaka) Sambo Hombu ^ f- (General Staff) Tokyo Sangensha 7- 7- - Tkyo Sangyo Kumiai ChUikai,, ^ _ ~ 7 T lkyo San'ichi Shob - Kyoto Sankyo Shoin - r, Tlokyo Sankyo Shuppansha _-,; -t Toikyo Sanseid' _. Tolkyo Sanseisha Shoten - p, -M -, Tokyo Sariyusha a,; Tokyo Seibundo. ~ Ttkyo Seibund' Shinkosha -t t t Tokyo Seikad- Bunko ~ c *t - (Seikado Library) T'kyU Seikatsusha - "S T-okyo Seikisha _ tz Tokyo Seikyosha fz X. r T-okyo Seishi Kakei Daijiten Kankokai t v -, X 4 -,t,:,1 -;, To'kyo Seito Shob a -+ Tolkyo Seiun Shoin t * -+- Tolkyo Seizudo S' To kyo and Osaka Sekaido ' k Tokyo Sekai Shisosha -.. 8 Kyoto Sekai Shoin 2' +- ^ a ' T'kyo Seki Hironao.t; Tokyo Seki Shoin ] t Tbkyo Sendai Shiyakusho 1L4 a e dT (Sendai City Office) Sendai Sendai Sosho Kankokai 1, ~ - - Tr T / Sendai Senkusha,. T'okyo Senshinsha t- T- lokyo Setonaikai S-og Kenkyukai, Y r t>,*- % bi; /' (Joint Association for the Study of the Inland Sea) Okayama Shakai Keizai Shigakkai,T- & - - t F 2 (Tokyo Social and Economic History Society) Tokyo Shakai Shiso Kenkyusho T.r i — w. r % yT (Institute for the Study of Social Thought) Tokyo Shakai Shiso Kenkyusho Shuppanbu * — /- - I. 4 Y -t t-j3 (Institute for the Study of Social Thought, Publications Department) Tokyo Shibund - -tL T'okyo and Kyoto Shibunkai -<. - (Shibun Association) Tokyo Shibun Shoin. < t T'dkyo Shih-asho 1, 95 (Ministry of Justice) Tokyo Shikai Shobo n -f V Tokyo Shimbi Shoin t t p-_ - TSkyo Shimbun Kenkyusho j sr t 1 A (Newspaper Research Association) T'okyo Shimizu Shoin 4 - 1, T-okyo Shinano KyUdo Kenkyukai;; IF;- f / (Shinano Local Studies Society) Matsumoto (Nagano) Shinano Kyoikukai Shimoina Bukai it 4 r V. T 1T P? i -p 4' (Shinano Educational Society, Shimoina Branch) Nagano Shinano Shiryo Susho Hensankai ~ 3 4 t $ t*~ t~ ~~ ^Nagano Shinchi Shob-o, _ * - Tokyo Shinchosha 7, * Tokyo Shin Koasha fi _. ~_ ~-r Tokyu Shinkbsha T Tokyo Shinko Shuppansha Tr o k. Tokyo Shinkyosha fr- tZ Tlkyo Shinkyo Shuppansha T iP, ' t - Tokyo Shin Nihonsha _ a U _ Osaka Shinto Kokyikai i$ 'j ' s; s 4 (Society for the Study of Shinto) To'kyo Shirogane Shoin fg + _ To kyo Shiryb Hensangakari t. f If t,(Department of Historiography) Tokyo Shiryo Hensansho it ft } f T. T (Historiographical Institute) Tokyo Shiryo Tsushin Kyokai. tj i, t At ^ (Society for the Collection of Historical Sources by Correspondence) Tokyo Shiseki Bijutsu Dkolkai i t i- T ' -1?3 (Joint Society of Historic Remains and Art) Kyoto Shishio Bunko -- 3 - t $1 To kyu Shishi Shuppansha t i-. E * t Takyu Shizen Gakkai. y - / - (Prehistory Society) Tokya Shizuoka-ken - 1] > (Shizuoka Prefecture) Shizuoka Shizuoka Kyodo KenkyUkai t p) t?- Z - 4 (Shizuoka Local Studies Society) Shizuoka Shokasha - - TokyO Shokokan Bunko $ l -t ' (Shokokan Library) Tokyo Shoko Shoin 5 T py T oky Shomotsu Tembosha - 7 t - Tokyo Showa Shobo ir ~ 17 Tokyo Shuhokaku 1 P T-okyo Shunjusha - ' t -z Tokyo Shun' yoddo P, Tokyo Shuppan Nyususha, #t - - X -_ Tikyo Shurakusha T To kyo Shuseido To kyo SUbisha ~ To tkyo Sobunkaku T o Tokyo Sogabo ~ 6A - Takamatsu (Kagawa) Sogensha 7i t t- T kyo and Osaka Someisha I R x- i -- To'kyo Sugimoto Ryok-odo t, " ': Osaka Sunnansha,.. j -t Tokyo Suwa Shiryo S-osho Kankokai Fr t t jTl 7) / 3' Nagano T Taigado k -1 To'kyo and Kyoto Taihokaku - "okyo Taikodo - t t r Kyoto Taikosha A,- - t Tokyo Taimusu Shuppansha?I * A );r — Tokyo Taiseikan ' A t A Tokyo Taisho Daigaku Shigakkai A S- A ' - T 4 (Taisho University Historical Society) Tokyo Taisho Issaikyo Kankokai K j- - 7 - *'1 i 7 - Tokyo Taishudo X 91 - ~ Tokyo Taiy-odo o fi Tokyo Takagi Toshita,,i Osaka Takubundo t + _ Tokyo Tamba Shorin -2 = _ t - T'okyo Teikoku Daigaku Shimbunsha Shuppanbu @. eT A $ ~.r * 4 (Imperial University Newspaper Press) Tokyo Teikoku Himitsu Tanteisha l m — W T f — | 0- Tokyo Teikoku Toshokan hT ff -l F ' (Imperial Library) Tokyo Teishinsho I I; (Communications Ministry) T-kyo Teishitsu Rinyakyoku ~ $_ ~ s- (Imperial Household, Forrestry Division) TLkyo Teito Shuppansha i t t: Yw -t T-okyo Tenri Toshokan -. Tr A.t(Tenri Library) Tambaichi (Nara)

Page  165 APPENDIX 165 Tetsudosho 'Mi 4 (Railroad Ministry) Tokyo Tetsugaku Shoin I? V t_ Todai Ky'odo Kumiai Shuppanbu, YK t,,,f - J/ 2 # -,I ' Tokyo Togakusha t i T-: Tokyo Toho Bunka Gakuin,t 7 t I _ _ (Academy of Oriental Culture) Tokyo TohU Bunka Kenkyusho *L Y Z -t,fT; t (Institute of Oriental Culture) Kyoto Tohd'i p: ),J_ - Tokyo Toho Shoin *L t I P Tokyo Tohoku Shigakkai ~ ~t f L ' (Tohoku Historical Association) - Sendai (Yamagata) Tokai Shobi t i -| l Tokyo Toko Shoin 77 - -t p Thokyo Tokyo Asahi Shimbunsha (see Asahi Shimbunsha) Tokyo Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku Otsuka Shigakkai,. ~, T I. - ~, (Tokyo University of Literature, 5tsuka Historical Society) Tokyo Tokyo Daigaku Kyid-6 Kumiai Shuppanbu V I -, t t (!,. ' t A, tk -p (Tokyo University Cooperative Press) Tokyt5 Tokyo Daigaku Shiryo Hensansho; K x T. -,VI t [(Tokyo University Historiographical Institute) Tokyo Tokyo Daigaku ShUkyogaku Kenkylkai. Y- T t. '. ~ T 4:k' (Tokyo University Institute of Religious Studies) Tokyo Tokyo Daigaku Shuppanbu +t k- f ~: 1~- p (Tokyo University Press) T-kyo Tokyod * I t, T-okyo Tokyo Koshosekish-i Kumiai $ T * f f To-kyo Tokyo Kyoiku Kenkyikai /. k., l ' _ (Tokyo Educational Research Society) Tokyo T'kyo Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho T,T. T. - ~ f;l t Pft (Tokyo Institute of Social Science) Tokyo Tokyo Shisei Chosakai * ~. p < t z (Tokyo Municipal Research Society) Tokyo5 Tokyo Shosekisho Kumiai Jimusho p -' 4 l^ kR- il "Vt~~~ t T-okyo Tokyo Shuppan Kyo-kai T-, ). T, AK T'okyo Tokyo Taimususha - 7 i ~ ~ =- Tokyo T5kyo Teikoku Daigaku ~, ~ 1 (Tokyo Imperial University) Tokyo Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku Fuzoku Toshokan ~ t m ' N p T ft r1 A t f g (Tokyo Imperial University Library) Tokyo T5kyo [Teikoku] Daigaku Keizai Gakkai,., 1, k t 7 ^ 4^ (Tokyo [Imperial] University Economic Society) Tokyo Tokyo [Teikoku] Daigaku Shigakkai 1. 4 1; k rI, T. (Tokyo [Imperial] University Institute of Historical Science) Tokyto Tokyo Toshokan T I, t $ '(Tokyo Library) Tokyo Tonan Shobo Jk ~ Tokyo Torin Shobo * ~ -~ - Kyoto Toshokan Jigyo Kenkyukai 51 q /4 1 1 - 4: (Society for Study of Libraries) Tokyo Toshokan ShiryUsha ' j t % { 4j -t- Urawa Tosho Kenkyukai F1] -$ T _ (Book Research Society) Thkyui Tosho Shimbunsha f1] - + T Alj t~ Tokyo_ Toshokan Shiryosha ri] $ /4 g ~[ L_ Urawa Toyama-ken 4% a. j, (Toyama Prefecture) Urawa (Saitama) Toyo Bunka Kyokai J, - t - X / (Oriental Culture Association) Toky'd T-oyo Bunko t. (Oriental Library) Tokyo T-oyodo t 7 F ( Tokyo T-oyo Gakkai ~ - f ' (Oriental Society) Tokyo T-oyo Gakujutsu Kyokai t, 3 s 'f t' f (Research Department, Oriental Library) Tokyo Toy1 Keizai Shimpisha T y,.S o - fr ~ 4 p Tokyo T-oyo Shimposha ~ { t. Tlkyo Tlyo Shiso Kenkyusho t oq g. $B. tT p tT (Research Institute of Oriental Thought) Tokyo Tlyo Shoin j p Tokyoi T'oyo Shokan X -~ ~ Tokyo Tiyo Tioki Kenkyusho 7 V-!] ). _ p T (Oriental Ceramics Institute) To'kyo T'oyo Tosho Kabushiki Kaisha. 3, ] -|- A' ~. T: Tokyo Toyo Tosho Kankokai U - t - q'l - & Osaka Tozai Shuppansha ~ T _ Tokyo Tsukuba Kenkyubu;;T, f. t _ (Tsukuba Research Institute) Tokyo U Ueno Shoten JUmiguchi Shoten Unebi Shobo 0k Ushio Shobo K Usui Shob5o ag It jt; I~I 4 C e l'- lT Tokyo Tokyo Tikyo Tokyo Tokyo w Wakaihito Sha t XA F /tT Tokyo Waseda Daigaku Shigakkai % f- W N t. T X (Waseda University Historical Society) Tokyo Waseda Daigaku Shuppanbu: At, A -4p (Waseda University Press) ToIkyo Waseda Hogakkai _ m t (Waseda Society of Law) Tokyo Y Yabuki Masae A r F TokyoYamaguchi Shoten LL ~ t Tokyo Yamakawa Shuppansha & "I: t - 4f Tokyo5 Yamanaka Shoka a t T To'kyo Yokohama Shiyakusho T, ^ (Yokohama City Office) Yokohama (Kanagawa) Yokohama Boeki Shimposha ~ -. ~ tr -T,jt " Yokohama (Kanagawa) Yoneyamad-c l T kyo Yoshikawa Hanshichi: ", T okyU Yoshikawa KIobunkan t l/ 4. % j Tokyi Yotokusha,. ye- Tambaichi (Nara) Yoyogikai v 3 *. - (Yoyogi Society) To'kyo Yiuhikaku * ~ ~ T'kyo Ythudo 5 fi t Took y Yuibutsuron Kenkyusho P'/ 't - '_ (Institute for Materialistic Studies) Tokyo Yuibutsuron Kenkyukai v 4; 7, (Society for Materialistic Studies) Tokyi YUkan Seikad5o L W TokyU Y-ukosha -:__%- T'okyo Yiurind-o ~ p _ T'kyo Yu'seido -o Tokyo Y-uzankaku N E Tokyoy Y'toku Zaidan ~ Thokyto z Zaisei Keizai Gakkai t Fa- t,+, T V (Society for the Study of Finance and Economics) Tokyo Zayuho Kankokai A 4p -. 4' 1 T T'okyo Zenkoku Shobo 4 1 $ } Kyoto Zoku Gunsho Ruiju Kanseikai 4, T f ' '7. Tukyo Zokyo Shoin ':_ -? Kyoto Zuihitsu Taisei Kankokai I N \' ='I1 T " Tokyo

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