Flint Spokesman [Volume: 2, Issue: 6]
Ae Oe Behe SATURDAY, APRIL. 26, 1947 with wreck * and darkly jrem ks pthe haven for a 0 tees we minded Ame - Adamson~s report coe oe ie once again the agents: 6f An can reaction are ge ~ sla years, the with a. have smea el Be most of the ~deceit thirigs~ go on in the United States. po they spearhead one of the chief, threats to democracy and what-} ever we ought to mean by an Seeing aye Heo y she 3h dir zepptirued - operations atid Ohe Sitickar Widit/? Liberals have ~bees postin talkers. They have waged all kinds of reform campaigns and have issued all: kinds of eloquent statements in elec tion! years, | sometimes | even wini ning the Sainte er the A ei dtiok ~work of th réaeHoh, 2 Mddheti ha qwrat ry sctaelienesifeiths = beatirig ~ of! daums;,has geneseh inexorably, The truth~of it is that liberalism in our: time is ~ineffeftive bechiise 1iBéFRIS have been divided in soul. They have been divided on two questiors: ~first? Phat: of property; seconds: that of.the Cummunity movement and. the Soviet Union. AS. jong~ Be~. liber? als are unclear on these basic issues, they~ ywill not only} have~ neither ~power nor. Iéadership; they; will ynot deserve, to~ have either.: 2 4 Part of our present: diffi culty is that many of us do, nov ever talk the same. language, when we try to say who liberals are and wHat liberalism is: It is not _just a specific program at a specific time.~ Down at the bottom it~is a method. an attitude. It is a method of freedom, of experiment of trial and error. I[t is an~ uttitude. It''is'a method ~ of! freedom, of experiment of trial~ and error. It is an attitude that all~ people, whoever they are,._ ought to have their chance. I say that libérais do not have leadership because they have been divided in soul on the question of property. What does that mean? It means that a good deal of what many of us have been most occupied with is just a.nibbling sway at the edges of things. We say that we want to achieve a wider distribution of. income, and certainly that is im_ portant. We say that we want ~He Rciig ee: 17 abso! junions in this Sout are dominated by agents of the Soviet Union,, even: the Library of Cope J is ~a }mehns that an~ individial gives |keep. on THE FLINT SPOKESMAN ~ le Ri Sl # inexorable concentfation offereal 1p are in. this cquntry.with ~att pting to ~do ~anything Frekind about. it. The facts: have nicing| e3dily. contradicted. their talk. nyeroperty i$ social in origin and pat must: inereasingly be social in|. use and intent. [ do not mean all, Property. I. mean.. property which! iS: vested With the broad: lest public interest. I mean such obvious things as m-ning, tomie énergy, | ~Utilities, selectricit, Oil j Ranking. - i ge is his ia dit basic imporiance be-. Pause... it, has to do nat only with ~economics but our methods of living, with our attitudes. In individual, terms, after all, what do we Lede tsp democraty? We mean that every.. individual -bught {Sto} h have the~ Senses of participation| | ~the ~ feeling. that -he;counts, -as,a- person,,,that. what he does ~is important to, the common decisions: that are made. It aoa his consent to the processes to which: he, is a party. Government. is government by the con sent.of the. governed. But most of our economic life has nothing to do with the consent of~ the governed. Business is a business of.aythority.: That. is ~the ~chief reason why~ social property has to become; sone in use and intent.: Though we may not like to face the fact, the lesson of Europe in this respect carinot -be ignored. The fault in our Ameriean foreign policy in Europe ~is our effort to resist. changes in the. basic property relation. The people of Europe will not permit. us to resist it.~ They will insist, as they have. been insisting, that social property must be so over and have engaged all-out fight against Communists iia whichis is ritarian,* the kind of ~organization existing: 7in. the.Commu To be-gure; you -will find a ~great deal of talk about;@emocracy in the party: Withing limits this is true. But it is a limited truth. What.is also true is that for all happens. to, the: masses of Americans, the -primary allegiance of Communists at the present time is to the Soviet Union. should; be clear that the Communist party in the United States is not going to have the say about what is most important> for: the Soviet Union. The the say about that. The consequence is that, whenever ~the Russians lay down the line, they will be laying ~ down from on try and -every other country. This is largely what is meant by discipline. If you do not stand fast by this line ~in the Communist party, your alternative. is to get out. ~Such d'sciplined adhezence~ to a party line is at the opposite: pole from what we mean by a that: liberalism: in this. country has been unclear about-this and has' made a hodge-podge of the whole ~question. First,-in their auxiety not;:to be labelled.Communists, great~ numbers of lib-, erals have spent: their. time apologizing and explaining that they are not. This. -is foolhardy. A* Communist '~labél, when: it is used aS a -reactionary, smear technique; ~has nothing - whatever to do with Communism. All the. explaining that liberals~ can do;} from~ ~now~ til ~-doomsday, has nothing ~to do ~with this. 'When ~ever ~reaction. finds it-'convenient ito use~ the Communist label;- it will doe so. ~Second, liberals: have beén~over-anxious: ~not to be -regarded as red-baiters. In their anxiety, they have often not only kept silent in the face~ of Communist policies with ~ which they disagreed, but. have. even justified -the. Communist line more. unmistakably. than have Communists. themselves. + Then, almost in a panic at having done such violence tv their own. be liefs, many of them have swung ~in: an cial in use. We grow constantly more fearful of what the Soviet Unidn will de in Europe But ~to resisting this overwhelming demand of Europearis means -that we throw them into the laps of~ he Soviet: Union. We cannot resist this movement: in Europe. I think we shall never be-able to resist it in America. That is what the great philosopher, John Dewey, has meant when he has said over the years that liberalism, in order to save its soul, must become ~tadical; not radical in any high: -and mighty terms, but radical: in the to achieve full employment, and that js, important.,We say. that) we want to get inter-grou).cnd; inter-racial relaiicns to the point} where novody ~is ~any~ longér a second-class ieitizen, and who can deny that that'~is important? And ~we say ~that / these things have td ~be extended to~ the~ whole wérld.~ But important as alk ~thesé things are, they~ do ~not actually go ~to ~the ~heart ~of~ the liberal,democrati~ problem... The central, prablem!.is- what: is.tod happen -with property.:And = it _ is, qpmtral, just because.it. is one of the, most crucial -areas.of hu-| man felations.. ~ When we get. down to it, propert precy what we mean#. Goode Propetty | ds power. One of. the. great ironies of our titi ~is; thet as~ ~sdon.ad somebody says this ~he ~is: ~called a Marxist or a foreigner. Actually, no view could ~Be more. American thai ~this ote. That property is power was a commonplace to the founders of this republic, John Adams, the second President of the United States, once said, ~Power always ~follows property. This 1] believe to be as_ infallible. a maxint~in ~politics as that action and 'r@action~ aré equal ~is in mecHanits,~ Adams ~was. not} alone~either in thinking or say-! ing this* Madison and Hamilton were~ constantly emphasizing it. |, Chief Justicé John Marshall knew ~iti?So~ did Daniel Webster and Johh.C. Calhétin. The or al osition that! property~ ispower i sé fat from Being a~foreign~ ort Marist<view that it is a kind of American axiom. Bt is > Now: ~: ~wherever concefitrated,--power ~is.- concen-}: trated: ~On. th leone hand; liberals ly wide: distribution~ of detno: sense of going to the root~ of; the difficulty." The root~ of the difficulty is. that the method of au-thority by which we live: our daily economic lives develops institutions which determine what we are, It is sentimental for us to talk about being free people 4 when so. much ~of~ our daily conditioning is the reverse.~ Instead of spending their time debating what a liberal movement ought tor be~.aiming at; therefore, liberals ought. to be devoting themselves to a study of: the real problem: What is the real prob{ lem? If you simply:.take wealth and.power out of private hands and, put them in~ the hands of the... state, - is-.. that~ necessarily. good? Even under representative forms of government, concentra_tion of powct ~in~ the state might be~~an ~instrument: of oppression instead of -freedom.. So the real problem: is to find. out~how sa, cial property can operate in the public interest without having an undue centralization of power. We ought to be studying what wé cah learn frotn~ the experience of the Tennessee Valley Authority..We ought to be studying the recent experiences of the Depattment of Agriculture, in having. its: national pol~iey ~carried out: by local farm groups throughout the country. We ought to be Studying ~what the eooperative: movement has to~ do ~with this~ problem.~ In other words, liberalism should concern. itself. with: how social ~property can become the instru-;ment of genuine freedom. -That brings us<to--the: second lissue - which confronts the: liberalism of our time, ~the issue of Communism. Because~ Commu: nists, among others; are clear on,, the ~property issue. - From the | viewpdint~ of a liberalism~ which is concerned, with the method ~of ~freédom,; ~however, with~ respon cratic powers,"On''the other, they: -have sat back: and watched the. ~sible participation on the part of in all kinds of organizations. but disaster. for liberalism in our time is~ to} For at this \point in, the world~s be clear about what it wants. When ~it. is clear about this it extraordinary prophet or an. ex should. go to work in behalf of its objectives. of freedoms for all The upshot of it has been that there has not been leadership, Séviet Union~s contribution to a The real: problem All this involves not meérely the relationship of lipéralism tO; That is what it means to be the Communist party in this/nejther pro-Soviet nor anti-Socountry, toward the Soviet Union. If we |are to be a democratic nation our chief business is to stand down to the degree to which we up for what we think is right exemplify methods and attitudes internationally. That tional right lies through the | Stead of just talking about them. United Nations. It is the building of international organization how we put. these. attitudes to which will allow for all kinds|Work for- us socially, politically, of | educationally, religiously. To do people everywhere in the world. all this requires conviction. The An example of what is right in ~basic. conviction must ibe that a this respect has been our stand liberal political and economic aton the question of international titude~ is essential to us becguse control of atomic energy. but also our attitude interna kinds It is ridiculous to think that there), can be effective: control without international ~inspection and relinquishing the use of the veto power. Communist propaganda for a long time tried to befuddle this issue. Then the Soviet iUnion began to change its line. This is a good thing. But what we have to recognize. is that we cannot be pushing for ~any particular vested interest in our international relations. We should try rather to find the line of what is in the best interest of an international democratic novement and stand fast by that line. We have to redlize that if the Soviet Union with its meth-| [Vf sd -of authority were,to meth-|IMf nate Europe, to say nothing -of the rest of the world, be the greatest calamity of our time. ~snell of humah freedom and of the liberal movement... But we have'equally to recognize that if~ thé Soviet expériment were déstroyed tomorrow it would be~ one of the greatest tragediés in history. What should: ~appen, then, in a world trying to live out the liberal spirit? It should, I think, be devoted to Carrying on a wide diversity of experiments at ~the same time. An_excellent example of what I mean'~is the operation of state governments ~in this country in relation to each other and to the federal: government. Theoretically, at least, each state government is a kind individuals, which is opposed to of | | laboratory carrying on its @ Bogue~ ~and au-|_ their genuine concern with what} Now it] Russians themselves will have} top for-the party in this coun-} ~liberal: attitude. The tragedy ~is. | Tying on their: affairs. It is from judgod by the ups and downs of ~it would i It would be the death] nist party. is at ~the other pole.} - NeW Yor~: aps. cacte Sims Gatater swings into ~ with ~Sims own ~composition, ~Call the Police.~ and tushed to'record ~dealérs all-over the countr it s*Artie Sims Quintet and Apolfo Records~ 1% after his release from the Anny. ~> oS CRE, own: kind of governmental~ ex-} periment. If ~it were desiged, 48. different such experiments could be going on simultaneous'y. The -advantage is that at no time would thé ~country aS a whole be committed to any one of them. And an~ eveh greater ad: vantage is~that what they ~have beén trying could~ be put: to work ifi the country ~as ~a whole when found~ desirable. ~We - have found. this ~happening: repeatedly in such ~states as ~New ~York, Wisconsin ip Oregon, ~who have pioneéréd in~ ways -that ~have pulled portion ~states; and ~even~ the federal: government, ~after them: Exactly 'so:-would a decent world: be ~organized with~ rdspect' to~ all kinds of*governmental and economic experiments. It should be a ~plural world in':;which peaple everywhere are ~trying to! find out what is the best way. of. car-.; this point of ~view that the long- -run solution is~ important. history ohne must be either an traordinary fool to say positively what is to come out: of it. That is why it is important _ that ~it is one experirnent among many. = viet. But liberalism reaily comes of freedom in our own. lives; in ~It comes down to the question of it has everything to do with what wf. are and are:to be as persons. The effectiveness of.a liberal movement isnot to be the political scene today. ~or tomorrow. It can be judged in the long run only by what the people are. ~Aad as we live our lives down the. ~line. of what is actually ' best~ sin: ourselves and others, we further thd posgibilitiés of a liberal culture su~h as the world has ~not even begun to bob es <x a en a Fa 6 sae e Bais =a Birch PITTSBURGH, Pa. ~ APNS~ Abpiedinialaly 700 delegates: from--Massachusetts: -to Virginia and from Kentucky td Michigan will, descend upon Pittsburgh: the- latter -part - of the month for the Regional National Baptist Conférence to be held at Central Baptist Church, Rev. Cornell E. Talley announced: this week. The three day. meet, beginning April 29th, is being held to-~stimulate~ interest in~ missionary work and religious affairs. Dr. -D. V. lenieea, of Selma, Ala., is ~the regional chairman and Rev. J.. N.. Nabrit, | Memphis, secretary. - Jed Yates Publications big-time~ after its phenomienal~ success ~The overnight hit has been~ recorded~ by Apollo y, so that today in the new, unusual musical trend, ~ the ~winnabs! Pianist Sims organized the group Netn Pee..By J. PAUL HOWARD GREENSBORO, N.C.~In what promises to be the chief collegiate~ baseball attraction in CIAA circles this week, th> ~A. and T. Aggi2s will encounter the North, Cardlina Eagles here pat urday, April 26: coe Lae ee ee A; afd T T. Nine to Meat Eagles; nen Open with Smith U. With three ~straight ~victories ~This contest~ will mark~ the first mecting of ~thes2'.traditional tivals: this spring. ~ Competition is clways keer~ between these~ bith Carolin~ schools and widespread interest is being shown in Saturday~s~ game. | Last fall the:A. and T. college football team-whipped the Eagles in ~a 17-0 upset at Greensboro. Then during: the. basketball season the Whiz ~Kids ~@rom ~ Durham blasted out two triumphs! over Aggie cagers in as many meetings. And now ~these schools~ baseball tearns will: meet on the diamond at Gre=nsboro~s Memorial Stadium. ~Both outfits will be battling for blood with every indication that the game.will be | for hurling duties last week ~chalked to their credit, the Aggie*squad wil present an experienced nine built around| seven ho!dovers from last y2ar~s squad. It is expected that Howerd Gentry. mentor. of the Aggie club, will start his most reliable moundsman, Hubert. Simmons, zophomore'_righthander. Simmcns* will probably get the ~nod because of ster'ing performances during last week~s winning streak. TENNIS MATCH. * At the same tim2 the Aggie ball club is battling it out with their rivals from North. Carolina College, Coach. Eldridge. Williams~ net squad will be::prying ~Service you get out: ~of it. hic he che PE wn i. Ae * ra ~<- By ELEANOR F. JONES | =a SUGGESTION WHEN SHOPPING ~ Be sure the labels*on anything you buy are accurate,~ becatise there are labels that are~ -misleading, and. vague~ ~énough to~ give you the impression that you are getting some-~ ~thing entirely ~different: * able as well as becoming. Extreme styles are one season~ s~ Fouad ~~ Whatever you want to buy ~must he ateatave. service-~ wea.ing (exception being hats). Try.buying something that tan be worn and~ worr and~bringing the cost down by the ' a * Under Garments * es Something web i and i cties on the counter, canbe qvite a mess when it is laundered and you try. ~to iron~ it: Pleats: bows are lovely when someone else coes them: ~Regardless of what your taste is try tail-. ored undergarments: You will discover-that it will gave | time arid mony, because there are no small seams to rip, or ~lacé~to wear Ot before the rest: of the garment, Be: sure that-~he ~garment is ~thé fight size for you, for if too large'it will hatig; ~YOU KNOW WHERE!~ 2? Wher. id q% too éniall and~you get in the~ light~ and someone asks y *~did ~you forget See (abe ~WILL YOUR Agate Tc - Red?7~: Tey: Looking: for That Suit or Dress Cost~ is uppermost in our minds so we want to ge; ihe rosi and best material, ~workmanship and: construction. ior our Price. The wrong side is very important; seams fin: -hed. so that there is no pucker:ng~ or fraying, stitching even on < alk seam. Nice wide edges on seams, and a wide hem As: well as*eyen! = ~ There shold: be plenty ~of room for movement, te out bulk or bunching anywhere; smbothness ~of lines~ in hipay. bust, and* shoulder, with no a up when walking or see down.' ~The~ lining~ of ~a ~coat~ or suit~ shod: biccde swit': tse: jacliet;? ~dt -éetera: no~ parteration ea ~be necessary to take: bulk ovt' of thé lining: a ie] thei Lebsledetibin ~of | the: Genter. ge all of these: points, ~with thé~ things you~ ldok ~fox-when- you are buy.nz mn suré the: workinanihip and materials. will be just: rig: +t ede | Extreme ~styles ~aré thése.~head-turners~~ which ave seas sonable and cons:dered expensive for that reason. The ~rune: ner,~ or popular model,.is made-up: for~ tall, shori, deb,matron, in fact, for all types, so. _ wherever = go you see yourself. The:~ ~standby~ "or conservali baodek is never c!. F's except for accessories, from. season to season. Knowir: 4 that. ou are well ~roomed for any and all occasiohs. Shoes Are News. * If yo: find your. ~shoes are nok giving. yen: the, wear ysu think you. ~should be gotting from them, try;iving:;: them a rest, by having more than one pair and alte nit. ~ ing: ~Mhe* ~thees ~we Wear. everyday are on our fee for ~eight: hourg:: or more ~very day, so eer ~should be ~om. fortable and well~ wed for. As Alwaye,'the Hat! -.. Po shave that -attractive: and smartlook, we mu:i- know our, fype- and limitations.-~ There~ are. hats ~that can rake us, sophisticated, ~or ' coy, dignified or: ~gay. When. we krow our, type: we_Gan dramatize it. Always stand and look:at - yaevself: in thé mifffor; because it: may look wonderful on: yc:1- when: you ~are~ ~sitting. down; but.{t) may look: like- you boug fit for: your great aunt whéb you are ~standing. Get a good! Dok at. je Fay we@e en Pe oe * 1! f.c% 4 $3937 ey Phe oe of 14 ite Bee dae the lid-off the. current v2nnis season with their ~opening match <a. gainst J.C. Smith. While the Ag: gies~ tennis group remains an unknown quantity, at this time,: Wil liams plans to pick his starting quartet from the nine candidates your~ profile ~also.: ~Dp: you ~realize ~that ~more people se vou. from ~the side and back, than from the front? YOU DON'T. THINK SO? in church, working and even watching: #2rades,. won't you sit or stand side by side? Very seldom do. you. ~ace others ~directly.. Accessories ghee; Here is~ the glamor! So, be extreme or bold, ~according= to ~your taste. 5 ed -_ oe trying for places on the team. a Seen DIGGIN~ ~. The. ~ DISC With DICK: ~. a thriller in the offing. _ |contest is that someone brought the question up here in the office and we almost had a front-page story on a riot at the Pittsburgh Journal. So we decided that if there is going to be any peace around here we'd better let the readers. settle the issue. Remem. ber, just send me a card to vote for your favored tenor man. 2 Hair-L-o~s..,- - | ete ues Drawing attention to your best features aad minim: ~zing thé poor! Shopping, A (For more- intention, call GRANT 5298). Discovered two ~of-miy friends buying their ~su..mer dresses~ éarly, s6 they would have better selections. The white eyelet dresses 1 saw were a:dream at~ $14.7". ~ Found a. Beauty. Shop that considers how, you Jook whien ~drying~ your~hait;-having a tiethod of keeping ~our hair from looking wild or a ~DO YOU = Ow WHAT I MEAN?~~ 4 ~W. Well he has opened a new | 2 ~DICK } A NEW DISC SHOP ~ Say, did you ever hear of a~%el-| TIME PASSES i low name2 Nick Lomakin? You By RY Winfield nevcr. did. Where you been character? Why he~s sort of a Daniel Boone, you know, a pioneer. Yes, he pionzered jazz through~ his spohsorihg of the ~Jazz Jamboree~ program: along with W.WS. shop in the hill at 1532 Center Avenue, opposite the Bailey~ Hotel which hg and Ralph DeStefno will operate tegether. And: ~ly the way, both are: ~two-of Pittsburgh~s better niusicfans. As ily. that isn~t enough to do Nick writes radio shows. Nick (I can call him by his *irst name now) said he has over 150 labels; the most complete ~jazz and sepia record s~ock in | the state. And that~s not all eith ar for they carry classical rec~ yrds, musical instruments and will have real soon a rehearsal hall and studio. ~ BULLETIN! FLASH?! ~Within the next two weeks a new (attention Margie) Illinois Jacquet album will be sold exclusively by Lomakin. Don~t wait put your order in now. ~Gee, I forgot: to tell you that there ~will be mo records reviewed this week because there is so much other stuff to write about. 1 ' TOP TENOR TOOTER | We are going to start a contest to se2 who the top tenor man ~| Center Ave. police station, is thought to be by all Pitts- ful burgh. AH you have to do is send Time swiltly passes away Wheir'I~m with: you, my dear, So Much happened in a daWhen: you are here. - (2). By just thinking of,you And -the fun we~ve had, ~Thrills ine. through and through As: well as things we've shared. = 543 ie 19; Admits To ~Robberi r eres PITTSBURGH, Pa. ~ APNS~ ~~Leroy Shaw, 19, of 12 Horton St.,. admitted eight robberies in the iast six months when~ he was arrested while trying ~to rob Henry's Cafe, 2210 Center Ave., in the Hil: District last~) week. A sub-pa walking a beat on Center Ave. at:4 p.m. saw the youth trying to climb through a ventilator in the rear of the Cafe. Patrolman Mason arrested Shaw end took him to the 7 ~Wheat Protein The protein of wheat is not a complete protein, being deficient in at least one of the amino acids~lysine,; without which it cannot do a complete job of body building. Meat and milk are rich in lysine. Thus when either ~of these foods is added protein of the wheat more fully useThis is why bread and cereals ~a penny post-card to Dick at the Pitisburgh Journal. have greater nutritive value when combined with meat or milk than trolman Oijiver Mason while | to bread or cereal, it makes the At Greatest: discovery: of: all: aalad shediesieen: ~the rit fattening, being manufactured ~by aniEast Liberty woman. It~s = daar at forty cents a pin.: bt pg el See Ph. ~ urprises HY ee et PTT vr jot a ~ ih s & Sais cena ras ese as Secs ascneceasisctzacssncsoastt pg Ted A.(IPS )Hilinots hiqieer. tenor Sax idol of music tan a stops in''Philadélphiia at the Paramount Mus:c-and Radio Shep tO~ meet~ the ' people~ along South Street. Jacquet antes his latest recordings. Recently at. New York's Apollo Theatee, Iilinois hac: ise rockin~ in rhythm. The Exciting Saxophonist~ is Showy~ jabove ~with the ~Paramount managers Rey Harris Ualdéva sat bass player Al Hall. The subject of this little gzt- ~ogether is as you can plainly see~Apollo Records. Gocd deal, McN23 se ~Tourist Record Moles: E All records for travel to Grand Moles are the most Canyon National park. in northe: Arizona were~ broken i 1048, it | Mies ~tthe tte burn when eaten. alone. ones visiting the park, 10~| gee. per ca fnore than the previous ST iat cow ta. peak of 1941. a poe mole raising
About this Item
- Title
- Flint Spokesman [Volume: 2, Issue: 6]
- Canvas
- Page 7
- Publication
- Flint, MI
- April 26, 1947
- Subject terms
- African Americans--Michigan--Flint--Newspapers
- Flint (Mich.) -- Newspapers
- Genesee County (Mich.) -- Newspapers
Technical Details
- Collection
- Black Community Newspapers of Flint
- Link to this Item
-
https://name.umdl.umich.edu/35183405.0002.006
- Link to this scan
-
https://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/blackcommunitynews/35183405.0002.006/7
Rights and Permissions
The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be under copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission.
Related Links
IIIF
- Manifest
-
https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/api/manifest/blackcommunitynews:35183405.0002.006
Cite this Item
- Full citation
-
"Flint Spokesman [Volume: 2, Issue: 6]." In the digital collection Black Community Newspapers of Flint. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/35183405.0002.006. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 4, 2025.