P.Mich.inv. 273 / Recto

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Record Details

Inventory Number

P.Mich.inv. 273

Processing Number

1615

Section/Side

Recto + Verso

Image Side

Recto

Background and Physical Properties

Publ./Side

Recto + Verso

Connections

+ P.Corn. Inv. II, 25

Material

Pap

Size

88 x 22 cm

Items

2 + 1

Lines

Recto, (traces of one col.);

col. I (on P.Corn. inv. II, 25) - 26;

col. II - 14;

col. III - 27;

col. IV - 30;

col. V - 19;

col. VI - 31;

col. VII - 27;

Verso, col. I - 23;

col. II - 25;

col. III - 31;

col. IV - 22;

col. V - 16;

col. VI (partly on P.Corn. inv. II, 25) - 17;

col. VII (on P.Corn. inv. II, 25) -19;

col. VIII - traces

Mounted

Yes

Negative

Yes

Conservation Status

Broken off on the left and right sides, partly also at the bottom

Palaeographic Description

When the recto was filled, the roll was turned over and the copies were continued on the verso

Status

published

Library

Ann Arbor

Contents

Date

239-240 A.D.

Origin

Theadelphia, Themistou meris, Arsinoite nome, province of Egypt

Provenance

probably Theadelphia, Themistou meris, Arsinoite nome, province of Egypt

Acquisition

purchased in Egypt by B.P. Grenfell and F.W. Kelsey in March-April 1920

Language

Greek

Genre

Documentary

Author

Alkimedon

Type of Text/Title of Work

Account of an Estate

Content

Copy of a series of financial reports concerning the operations of a large Fayum estate, from the caretaker Alkimedon to the proprietor Valerius Titanianus, either directly or acting through his steward Aurelius Areios, a councellor (of Arsinoiton polis, probably): a complete half-yearly account of rents from Febr. 25 - Aug. 23, 239 A.D. (recto, col. I-V); the beginning of an account of expenditures in money and kind for July 25 - Aug. 23, 239 A.D. (recto, col. VI-VII); the end of an account for Oct. 29 - Nov. 27, 239 A.D. (Verso, col. I); a complete account of expenditures in kind for Nov. 28 - Dec. 27, 239 A.D. (Verso, col. II-III); the beginning of an account in kind for Dec. 28, 239 A.D. - Jan. 26, 240 A.D. (Verso, col. IV-VII)

Subject Headings

Animal

Army

Baths, Roman--Taxation--Egypt--Karanis (Extinct city)

Building

Corvée

Culture

Feeding

House ownership

Industry

Lease

Price

Priest

Privileges

Profession

Rent

Salary

Slave

Taxation (exemption)

Trade

Transport

Kharabat Ihrit (Egypt)

Persons

Valerius Titanianus, neokoros of Sarapis, former eparchos ouigoulon (praefectus vigilum) (see J.F. Gilliam, Mélanges d'Histoire ancienne offerts à William Seston [Paris, 1974] p. 217-225; W. Van Rengen, CE 59 [1984] p. 350-351);

Aurelius Areios, bouleutes, epitropos (see also M.Chr. 341?);

Alkimedon, pronooumenos kteseos Sphekos kai Aristokleous, later pronooumenos ton peri Theadelphian;

Sphex (see Geographica);

Aristokles (see Geographica);

Saprion, thyrouros;

B . . . (gerdios) (Belles? see l. 177);

Kalles (gerdios) (Belles? see l. 177);

Sepis (gerdios);

Pas[. . .];

M[. . .];

. . .soras;

. . .tas;

Deios;

Aion;

. . osoras;

Apollon (same as in l. 178?);

Sarapammon;

Orsenouphis;

Petoubestis, prostates (of a vineyard);

Aimnestos (Aeimnestos) (see also Geographica);

Kointhos (Quintus);

. . . is;

Pe . . .;

Nouphis, prostates (of a reedfield);

. . . ys, prostates (of a reedfield);

Siritiaious, gerdios;

Apollon, gerdios;

Ptolemaios, prostates;

Paesis son of Ptolemaios;

Sermes, taurelates;

Serenus, prostates;

Paesis, thyrouros;

Horion son of Paesis;

(another?) Aion;

Diodoros;

[. . .]los;

[- - -], prostates of Longinus;

Longinus;

[- - -, prostates] of Aulon;

Aulon;

Chairemon;

Chrysas;

Heron, prostates of the vineyard of Aulon;

Hol (Horos);

Neilos;

Toutoues;

Anops, mylonikos misthotes;

Onnophris, Phaniotes;

Kastor;

Nemesas;

Petermouthis;

Ninnos son of Kollouthos, kepouros;

Apos, gerdios;

Heraiskos;

(another?) Orsenouphis;

Orsenouphis (alias?) Soulpous;

Ptolemaios, brother of Horion, Karaniotes;

Horion, brother of Ptolemaios, (Karaniotes);

Anaphis;

Pasis, Phaniotes;

[. . .]es, (zytopoles);

Ammonis (Ammonios) . . ., (zytopoles);

Euporos, prostates;

Gordianus, Emperor;

(unnamed) ergatai;

Polion, onelates;

(unnamed) koniates;

Herakleos, onelates;

Paesios (Paesis), onelates;

(another?) Apollos;

(another?) Euporos;

Petesouchos, iatros;

Papias;

Eutyches, Phryx;

Pasion;

(unnamed) paidarion;

Belles, gerdios (see also l. 12?);

(another?) Apollon (same as in l. 31?);

[- - -] oinopoles;

Iulianus;

Sabinus, oinopoles;

(unnamed) euschemon (= Valerius Titanianus?);

Antieps, kamelates;

[. . .]onos, kamelates;

Sarapas, oinopoles;

Soterichos, phrontistes;

Saprion, phrontistes (of the estate) at Alexandrou nesos;

(unnamed) plasteutai;

Herobe;

Apollos, plasteutes;

Agatheinos, tekton;

[. . .]raus, onelates;

Herakles, onelates;

Ammonas alias Sarapion, onelates;

Kalamos;

Capito;

[[Harpokration, geometres]];

Paulinus, tekton;

. . . son(?) of Herakleides;

Skyllax (see Geographica);

Sotianos (see Geographica);

Herakleides;

Kastor, onelates;

Heron, oikodomos

Geographica

Mouseion; ktesis Sphekos; ktesis Aristokleous; Alexandrou (nesos); Phaniotes (from Phaniou epoikion?); Karaniotes (from Karanis); ktema Aeimnestou; Phryx; Oxyrhynchitia; Philagris; Magais; Dionysias; Theadelphia; (Arsinoiton) polis

Translation

[- - -]

(Recto, col. I)

To Valerius Titanianus, warden of the great Sarapis, formerly praefectus vigilum, one of the tax-exempt who are dined in the Museum, and however he is styled, acting through Aurelius Areios, councillor, his steward.

From Alkimedon, caretaker of the estate of Sphex and Aristokles.

Account of the production(?) of the rooms of the estate of Sphex from Phamenoth to Mesore of the present 2nd year. To wit:

Gateway in which there is a porter's lodge used by Saprion the porter, rent-free.

And on the right as one enters, to the west, a weaver's workshop; and there have been constructed anew in the same workshop 6 rooms used by B . . . and Kalles and Sepis, lessees, rent-free.

1. Nearby, a collapsed room.

2. Likewise, a collapsed room.

3. Room used by Pas[. . ., rent 20 dr., . . . workmen, 1/2] pig.

4. Room used by M[. . ., rent 20 dr.], 12 [workmen, 1/2] pig.

5. Room used by [. . . and . . ., rent 20 dr.], 24 workmen, [1/2 pig].

6. Room used by [. . . and . . ., rent 20 dr.], 24 [workmen, 1/2] pig.

7. Collapsed room.

8. Room used by [. . ., rent 20 dr.], 12 workmen, [1/2 pig].

9. Room used by [- - -], rent [- - -]

10. Room [- - -]

11. [Room - - -]

[12. Room - - -]

(Col. II)

13. Room used by . . .soras, rent [20 dr.], 12 [workmen], 1/2 pig.

14. Room used by . . .tas, rent [20 dr.], 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

15. Room used by Deios and Aion, [rent] 20 dr., 24 workmen, 1/2 pig

16. Room used by . .osoras, rent [20 dr.], 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

17. Room used by Apollos and Sarapammon, rent 20 dr., 24 workmen, 1/2 pig.

18. Room used by Orsenouphis, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig

19. Room used by Petoubestis, foreman of the new vineyard of Aimnestos, rent 20 dr., 1/2 pig - no workmen.

[20.] Room used by Quintus, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

21. Room used by . . ., rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

22. Room used by . . ., rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

[23.] Room used by me, Alkimedon, because it has collapsed [- - -] guest chambers . . .

[24. Room; this is] a storeroom, used by the magistrate.

[25. Room] used by Nouphis, foreman of the great reedfield, rent 20 dr., 1/2 pig - [no] workmen.

[26. Room used] by . . .ys, foreman of [. . .] reedfield, [rent 20 dr.], 12 workmen, [1/2] pig.

[ca. 10 lines lost]

(Col. III)

And in another farmstead a workshop used by Siritiaious and Apollon, weavers and lessees.

1. Room used by Ptolemaios, foreman, and his son Paesis, rent 20 dr., 1/2 pig - no workmen.

2. Room used by Sermes the bull driver, free of rent and all charge.

3. Collapsed room.

4. Collapsed room.

5. Room used by Serenos, foreman, rent 20 dr., 1/2 pig - no workmen.

Likewise the account of the estate of Aristokles, in which there is a gateway.

1. Room formerly used by Paesis the porter, but now used by his son Horion, free of all charge.

2. Room to the south of the farmstead, unlit, unused.

3. Room used by Aion, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

4. Room formerly unused, but now used by Diodoros, [rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig].

[5. Room used by . . ., rent 20 dr.], 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

[6. Room used by . . ., foreman, rent 20 dr.], 1/2 pig - no workmen.

[7. Room used by . . ., rent 20 dr.], 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

[8. Room . . .]los, rent 20 dr., [12 workmen, 1/2 pig].

[And to the left, on the] north(?), 4 rooms. Including:

[1. Room used by . . .], foreman of Longinus, rent 20 dr., [1/2 pig - no] workmen.

[2. Room used by . . ., rent] 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig

[3. Room used by . . ., foreman] of Aulon, rent 20 dr., [1/2 pig - no] workmen.

(Col. IV)

4. Room formerly unused, but now used by Chairemon, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

And to the right, likewise on the north, on the <ground-floor>. Including:

1. Room; this is a storeroom, formerly used for the estate fodder, but now used by Chrysas, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

And above the storeroom. Including:

1. Room used by Heron, foreman of the new vineyard of Aulon, rent 20 dr. 1/2 pig - no workmen.

Likewise from north to south:

1. Room used by Hol from Alexandrou Nesos, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

2. Room formerly used by Neilos, now unused.

3. Room used by Toutoues, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

4. Double room including a mill, used by Anops, miller and lessee, free of all charge.

5. Room used by Onnophris the Phaniote, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

6. Room used by Kastor, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

And above these, on the second level, 3 rooms. Including:

1. Room formerly used by Nemesas, but now unused.

2. Room used by Petermouthis, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

3. Room used by Ninnos, son of Kollouthos, gardener and lessee, free of rent and all charge.

Nearby, area about the winepress, including a weaver's workshop used by Apos, weaver and lessee, free of all charge. Winepress used by Heraiskos and his fellow lesseees.

And to the west, likewise belonging to the farmstead. Including:

1. Room used by Orsenouphis, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

2. Room used by Orsenouphis Soulpous, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

3. Room used by Ptolemaios the Karaniote, rent 20 dr., 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

(Col. V)

4. Room used by Horion his brother, rent 20 [dr.], 12 workmen, [1/2] pig.

5. Room used by Anaphis, rent [20 dr.], 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

6. Room used by Pasis the Phaniote, rent [20 dr.], 12 workmen, 1/2 pig.

7. Room, unused.

Watch-tower nearby, unused.

Beershop, formerly used by [. . .]es, lessee, but now used by Ammonis [. . .]

Oilpress used by Hermias, lessee.

And outside the farmstead, cottages used [by . . .] and Euporos, foremen, free of rent and all charge.

Total 30 rooms, including 4 rooms unused, 1 double room used by the miller, 1 used by the gardener, and 1 by the [porter].

Remainder, 23 rooms rented at 20 dr. each semi-annually: 460 dr.

228 workmen at 2 dr. each: 456 dr.

11 1/2 pigs at 20 dr. each: 230 dr.

Year 2 of Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius Felix Augustus.

(Col. VI)

Account of expenditures which took place under my management in the month of Mesore of the present 2nd year. To wit:

Expenditure: for 1 workman ina ttendance on 4 female asses under Polion, ass-driver, carrying gravel for the . . . of 2 wine-press areas named after Aulon and Aristokles, for 2 days, at 2 dr. (the day): 4 dr.

For another workman in attendance on the same beasts under the same ass-driver carrying sand for the same . . . for 1 day: 2 dr.

4 more workmen breaking up lime for the white-washer, at 2 dr. (each): 8 dr.

Another workman in atendance of the same beasts carrying gravel for the repair of a bath on the estate of Sphex, for 5 days, at 2 dr. (each): 10 dr.

Another workman in atendance of the same beasts carrying sand for the same bath, for 3 days, at 2 dr. (each): 6 dr.

2 more workmen digging sebbach before the beasts, for 4 days, at 4 dr. (each): 16 dr.

2 more workmen in attendance on 8 male asses under Herakleos and Paesios, ass-drivers, carrying sebbach to the vineyard of Aimnestos, for 4 days, at 4 dr. (each): 16 dr.

2 more workmen in attendance on the same 8 male asses carrying sand to the vineyard of Aimnestos, for 10 days, at 4 dr. (each): 40 dr.

(Col. VII)

Total expenditure for the workmen: [- - -]

And [- - -]

expended [- - -]

Account in kind ditto. Balance carried over [from the account of the previous month: . . . artabai wheat]

I received also in addition from the following [- - -]

From Apollos and Euporos [- - -]

From Petesouchos, physician [- - -]

Total 12 artabai wheat. [Of which were expended]:

For Sermes the bull-driver [- - -]

For Polion the ass-driver [- - -]

For Papias, for salary [- - -]

For Eutyches the Phrygian, for [- - -]

For Pasion, for salary [- - -]

For me, Alkidemon, for salary [- - -]

Total expenditure: [- - - artabai wheat]

Remainder for next month [- - - artabai wheat]

Lentils likewise. Balance carried over [from the account of the previous month - - -]

8 metra [- - -]

Balance carried over from farms [- - -]

of a slave, 23 artabai wheat, [. . .] barley [- - -]

And these are in store for [next month]

Account of fine loaves ditto: from Ptolemaios(?), (of the estate) of Sphex [- - -] artabai

Likewise also from Belles the weaver, [- - -]

Likewise also from Apollon [- - -]

1 artabe

(Verso, col. I)

[- - - to . . .] wine merchant through [- - -] 72 dichora

[- - -] in the form of [. .] dichora

[- - -] in the form of 88 1/2(?) dichora

[- - -] 232 dichora

[- - -] by my order

[- - -] 1 dichoron

[- - -] 2 monochora

[- - -] 8 1/2 [. . .]

[Remainder in store for next month] . . . monochora,

[in the form of . . . dichora], 585 [Oxyrhynchitia, and . . . monochora]

[Labor performed by 3 female asses] under Polion [the ass-driver, which came from] Alexandrou (nesos). [These stayed in our care from the 29th to the] 30th, 2 days. [Their tasks were: carrying chaff to the mud wall of the [vineyards - - - under the direction of the] ass-driver, [with 1 foreman] daily.

[- - -] wine

[- - -] And there are in store [for next month].

[Year 3 of Imperator Caesar Marcus] Antonius Gordianus [Pius Felix Augustus], Choiak 5.

Account of expenditures which took place under my management in the month of Choiak of the present 3rd year. To wit:

Account in kind of ditto. Balance carried over from the account of the previous month: 36 artabai wheat.

Of these were expended:

for myself, Alkimedon, for salary: 1 artabe wheat.

Remainder for the next month: 35 artabai wheat.

Hay likewise. Balance carried over from the account of the previous month: 4687 bales.

Of these were expended for 3 female asses and 2 foals which remained in our care for 17 days at 36 bales per day: total 612 bales;

likewise for 2 riding asses and 1 horse which came under Iulianus and stayed in our care for 11 days at 32 bales per day: total 352 bales;

likewise for 12 camels belonging to the magistrate, which came for wine on the 15th and were bedded at my place: 144 bales;

Total expenditure: 1108 bales.

Remainder for next month: 3541 (sic) bales

Wine likewise. Balance carried over from the account of the previous month, 1081 1/2 monochora, in the form of 91 dichora, 585 Oxyrhynchitia, and 22 monochora.

Of these there were sent to Philagris, to Sabinus the wine merchant, by means of 12 camels belonging to the magistrate, under the supervision of the camel-drivers Antieps and [. . .]onos: 100 Oxyrhynchitia;

and likewise there were sent to Magais, to Sarapas the wine merchant, by means of the same camels: 100 Oxyrhynchitia;

and likewise there were sent to Dionysias, to Soterichos the caretaker, by means of the same camels: 100 Oxyrhynchitia.

Total expenditure: 300 Oxyrhynchitia, which equals 450 monochora.

Remainder in store for next month: 631 1/2 monochora, in the form of 91 dichora, 285 Oxyrhynchitia, and 22 monochora.

I received from Saprion the caretaker of Alexandrou Nesos, of sour wine: 3 Oxyrhynchitia;

of these were expended for the plasterers: 2 Oxyrhynchitia;

remainder in store: 1 Oxyrhynchition.

And there were expended by me for the plasterers: 2 metra of lentils.

Labor performed by 3 female asses under Polion the ass-driver. These stayed in our care from the 1st to the 17th, 17 days. Their tasks were: carrying chaff in front of the plasterers to the mud walls of the vineyards for 16 days under the direction of the ass-driver, with 1 foreman daily.

And the same beasts were idle for 1 day.

Total the above-stated 17 days. And on the 18th they went away at dawn to [Alexandrou Nesos(?)].

Year 3 of Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius Felix Augustus, Tybi 5.

To Valerius Titanianus, warden of the great Sarapis, formerly praefectus vigilum, one of the tax-exempt who are dined in the Museum.

From Alkimedon, caretaker of the properties near Theadelphia.

Account of receipts and expenditures which took place under my management in the month of Tybi of the present 3rd year. To wit:

Account in kind of ditto. Balance carried over from the account of the [previous] month: 35 artabai wheat;

And I received in addition from the lessee Herobe by the four-choinix dromos-measure: 79 artabai, 2 metra wheat;

Total: 114 artabai, 2 metra wheat.

Of there were expended:

for Apollos the plasterer and his fellow plasterers, 1 1/2 artabe wheat;

for [[Paulinus]] Agatheinos the carpenter and his fellow carpenters, 2 1/2 artabai wheat;

and on the 17th there were taken up to the city by means of 24 male asses belonging to the magistrate, under the direction of . . ., Herakles [[ass-drivers]], and Ammonas also called Sarapion, and their fellow ass-drivers: 79 artabai 2 metra wheat;

Total expenditure: 84 artabai 2 metra wheat.

Remainder for next month: 30 artabai wheat.

Hay likewise. Balance carried over from the account of the previous month: 3549 bales.

For 4 female asses and 1 foal which came from Dionysias on the 6th and stayed in our care for 4 days at 43 bales per day: total 172 bales;

Likewise for 24 more asses, males, and 2 mules, belonging to the magistrate, which came under the direction of Kalamos on the 11th and stayed at my place: 244 bales;

Likewise for the same beasts, which came from Dionysias on the 13th and were bedded at my place: 244 bales;

Likewise on the same day for 1 ass under the direction of Capito: 10 bales;

And for 2 riding asses and 1 horse which came under the direction of Iulianus [[and of Harpokration the land-measurer]] and stayed at my place: 32 bales;

Likewise for 23 more asses and 1 mule which came under Kalamos on the 15th and stayed at my place: 242 bales;

On the 16th likewise, for the same beasts, which were idle: 242 bales;

Likewise for 2 bulls belonging to the estate, which came and were idle [for . . . days] at . . . bales per day, total . . . bales;

[ca. 7 lines lost]

[Sour wine] likewise. Balance carried over from the [account] of the previous month: [1] Oxyrhynchition.

I have received from Saprion, the caretaker of Alexandrou (nesos) [. . .] other Oxyrhynchitia

Total: [. . .] Oxyrhynchitia of sour wine

for [[Agatheinos]] Paulinus the carpenter and his fellow carpenters: [1] Oxyrhynchition

Remainder for next month: [. . .] Oxyrhynchitia

Reeds likewise.

There were brought to me from the [- - - by means of] 24 male donkeys, belonging to the magistrate, [under the direction of] . . . and Paesios and [Herakleos(?), and their fellow] ass-drivers [- - -]

. . . likewise by means of other [beasts - - -]

. . . and Herakles [- - -]

from Alexandrou (nesos) [- - -]

And there were brought to me from(?) . . . son(?) of Herakleides, from the same Alexandrou Nesos: 28800 reeds.

Grand total: 58800 reeds.

Of these were expended for our use:

For the vineyard of the new planting: 10800

And for the vineyard of Skyllax: 26800

And the vineyard of Sotianos: 21200

Total expenditure, the quantity stated above.

White cord likewise. On the 26th were brought for me from the city, by 4 asses belonging to Herakleides, by Kastor the ass-driver: 200 bundles.

And these are in store for next month.

And I declare that Heron the builder and his fellow builders [- - -]

Papyri.info Link

https://papyri.info/apis/michigan.apis.1615

Information on Publications

Publications

Series and Volume	Editor	Year	Pg/Nr	Photo	SB	Preferred Citation	Corrections
PMich XI	Shelton JC	1971	620	pl. VIII (col. V); IX (col. VI-VII)	Shelton JC, PMich XI, 620, 1971, pl. VIII (col. V); IX (col. VI-VII) -- BL X, 125-126 (l. 12; 31; 48; 175-176; 177; 178). - L. 7: read k[e]llon, instead of . . . . on (Shelton) or kosmon (Lewis); l. 308: read 24, not 4. (PH)	BL X, 125-126 (l. 12; 31; 48; 175-176; 177; 178). - L. 7: read k[e]llon, instead of . . . . on (Shelton) or kosmon (Lewis); l. 308: read 24, not 4. (PH)

Information on Publications--Bibliography

Bibliography

G. Husson, Oikia. Le vocabulaire de la maison privée en Egypte d'après les papyrus grecs (Paris, 1983) p. 138-140; 328; D.W. Rathbone, Economic Rationalism and Rural Society in Third-Century A.D. Egypt. The Heroninos Archive and the Appianus Estate (Cambridge, 1991), p. 178, n. 3.

On P.Corn. inv. II, 25 only:

N. Lewis, Mnemosyne s. 4, 16 (1963) p. 257-260; H. Bolkestein, Mnemosyne s. 4, 17 (1964) p. 79-80; J.F. Gilliam, Mnemosyne s. 4, 17 (1964) p. 293-299; E.G. Turner, Greek Papyri: an Introduction (Oxford, 1968) p. 86;

Jean Gascou, Fiscalite et societe en Egypte byzantine, Achcbyz 1008, p. 180, n. 325 (badistikos)

Cataloging

Cataloger

PH

Year Begin

239

Year End

240

Technical Details

Collection

Advanced Papyrological Information System (APIS UM)

Image Size

3048 x 2320

File Size

941 KB

Record

1615

Link to this Item

https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/apis/x-1615/273r_u.tif content_copy

Related Links

IIIF

Manifest

https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/manifest/apis:1615:273R_U.TIF content_copy