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Showing results for "American" in Artist Nationality.
- Title
- Conquerors of Pain, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Before a skeptical group of surgeons in the operating amphitheater of Massachusetts General Hospital, October 16, 1846, William T.G. Morton, Boston dentist, prepared to anesthetize Dr. John C. Warren's surgical patient, Gilbert Abbott, by causing him to enhale ether. Though Crawford W. Long, Georgia physician, had used ether for anesthesia in 1842, and Horace Wells, Connecticut dentist, tried unsuccessfully to demonstrate anesthesia with nitrous oxide in 1845, reports of painless operations resulting from Morton's methods gave practical anesthesia to mankind. Within a year ether was being used world-widely to conquer the pain incident to surgical operations.
- Identity of persons in the picture, "Conquerors of Pain"
- 1. Dr. John C. Warren, operating surgeon
- 2. Dr. William T.G. Morton, demonstrated ether anesthesia
- 3. Dr. Charles F. Heywood, house surgeon
- 4. Gilbert Abbott, patient
- 5. Dr. Augustus A. Gould
- 6. Dr. Henry J. Bigelow
- 7. Dr. Solomon D. Townsend
- 8,9,10,11,12,13,14 Medical students
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.25
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Semmelweis-Defender of Motherhood, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Hungarian physician Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-1865), while Assistant at the First Obstetric Clinic of Vienna's great Allgemeine Krankenhaus in 1847, discovered means of preventing puerperal fever: he insisted that physicians and medical students wash their hands in chlorinated solution before entering obstetric wards and again before examining each patient. His rule was much resented and opposed - but hundreds of mothers' lives were saved. Though his doctrine was proved repeatedly, in hospitals in Vienna and in Budapest, most of his contemporaries opposed it; and, both depressed from worry and broken-hearted from disappointment, Semmelweis died at age 47, of blood poisoning, the infection he had fought so valiantly to prevent in mothers under his care.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.26
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Founding of the American Medical Association, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Advancement of medical knowledge, improved medical education, launcing of a program of medical ethics, and furtherance of public service - these were aims of The American Medical Association, organized May 7, 1847, by 250 delegates seated among exhibit cases and before ancient bones of a mastadon, Mammut americanum, in the hall of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Chairman Jonathan Knight welcomed Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, first president (foreground) and officers as they launched what became the world's larger and greater medical bodies, now in its second century of service both to the public and to the profession.
- Identity of portraits in the picture "Founding of the American Medial Association" Officers and committeemen present at the time of organiaton of the AMA included (left to right):
- 1. Dr. A.H. Buchanan, Tennessee, a vice-president
- 2. Dr. Alexander H. Stevens, New York, a vice-president; second president of the AMA
- 3. Dr. J.R.W. Dunbar, Maryland, a secretary
- 4. Dr. Thomas Cock, New York, committeeman
- 5. Dr. John Watson, New York, chairman of the committee for organizing a permanent national organization
- 6. Dr. Jonathan Knight, Connecticut, temporary chairman of the organizational meeting; vice president of the new organization; and the AMA's seventh president
- 7. Dr. Nathan Smith Davis, New York, committeeman credited with having been the "father" of the AMA; sixteenth president of the AMA; and first editor of the AMA "Journal"
- 8. Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, Pennsylvania, first president of the AMA
- 9. Dr. J.R. Manley, New York, committeeman
- 10. Dr. Alfred Stillé, Pennsylvania, a secretary; twenty-third president of the AMA
- 11. Dr. Isaac Hays, Pennsylvania, treasurer
- 12. Dr. George B. Wood, Pennsylvania, ninth president of the AMA
- 13. Dr. James Moultrie, South Carolina, a vice-president; fifth president of the AMA
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.27
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Rudolf Virchow and Cellular Pathology, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Just past his thirty-fourth year, in 1855, Dr. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) while professor at Wurzburg University, Germany, propounded his theory of cellular pathology. Lecturing and demonstrating at this specially made desk in the Wurzburg Krankenhaus, the slight, short, fiery professor used microscopes to convince students that cells were reproduced from other cells, and that diseease results from disturbance of cells by injury or irritants. Later, in Berlin, Virchow continued to lead international medical thought, and to teach, to engage in research, to write, to edit, to explore new fields, and to serve his community politically, until his death in 1902. The "little doctor" was a medical giant.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.28
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Hemholtz: Physicist- Physician, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Among great contributions to medicine in the nineteenth century was the ophthalmoscope, an instrument used for inspection of the interior of they eye, invented in 1850 by Herman Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894), Professor of Physiology at Königsberg. Physician by training and teacher by profession, Helmholtz became Germany's foremost physicist, succeeding to the Chair of Physics at the University of Berlin. His contributions to the knowledge of acoustics nearly equaled those he made to physiologic optics. His discoveries in physics advanced knowledge in a dozen scientific fields, earned him ennoblement, and brought him eminence, distinction, and world-wide recognition.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.29
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Trephining in Andient Peru, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- On the dry, sun-swept Pacific coastline of the Paracas peninsula, a first-century Peruvian surgeon is beginning a trephining operation with the aid of knives of glass-hard obsidian, a crude plant narcotic, cotton, and bandages. Assistants immobilize the patient, and a priest seeks supernatural intervention throuh incanations and prayers as the slow and highly hazardous operation proceeds. Peru was the center of intensive practice of trephining in the New World, where the operation (opening of the skulls of living patients) can be traced from well before dawn of the Christian era to the twentieth century.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.3
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- J. Marion Sims: Gynecologic Surgeon, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.30
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Bernard: Explorer of Pathologic Frontiers, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- The only place where Claude Bernard (1813-1878) felt at home, outside experimental laboratories, was a the provincial farm near Saint-Julien (Rhône), France, where he was born. Bernard's great skill at dissection and at observation gave medical science benefit of outstanding physiologic discoveries concerning pancreatic secretions, animal sugar, poisons, and vasomotor nerves. He held professorships in physiology at leading Paris schools; he was awarded national and international scientific honors; but his great book, "An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine," was written at his old farm home whie he recuperated from recurrent attacks of illness.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.31
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Pasteur: The Chemist Who Transformed Medicine, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Proof that microbes are reproduced from parent organisms, and do not result from spontaneous generation, came from careful experiments in makeshift laboratories of France's famed chemist and biologist, Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), at the Ecole Normale, Paris. Behind him are portraits of his father and mother, which he painted during his youth. Mme. Pasteur waits patiently for him to complete an observation. From basic work in these laboratories came proof of the germ theory of disease, which transformed medical practice; vaccines for virulent diseases, including anthrax and rabies; solution of many industrial biochemical problems; and founding of the Pasteur Insitute.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.32
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Lister Introduces Antisepsis, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- When Surgeon Joseph Lister (1827-1912) of Glasgow Royal Infirmary removed dressings from James Greenlees' compound fracture, the would had healed without infection - something unheard of before. For six weeks, beginning August 12, 1865, Lister had treated the boy's wound with carbolic acid. Now, Lister had proof of success of this principle of antisepsis - which was to revolutionize methods of treatment and to open new vistas in practice of surgery, of medicine, and of environmental sanitation. Hospials were turned from "houses of torture and death" to "houses of healing and cure." In 1897, Lister became the first British surgeon to be elevated to peerage.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.33
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Charcot: Master of Neurology, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Greatest neurologist of the 19th century, Parisian physician Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) developed La Salpêtrière from an asylum for indigent women to one of France's leading hospitals. Charcot's study and care of its vast patient population led to teaching, research, and the creation of the world's leading neurological clinic; attracted students from many nations; raised neurology to a respected medical science. Some of Charcot's teachings inspired Sigmund Freud of Vienna (Charcot's student, 1885-1886) to develop the world-famous Freudian hypothesis on psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.34
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- The Hopkins' Revolution in Medical Education, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Success of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, opened in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1893, stemmed from policies developed at meetings of the Faculty of Medicine and its advisors during formative years. The School, with cooperation of The Johns Hopkins Hospital, was to become world renowned for emphasis on research, for high admission standards, and for innovations in medical training. These advanced teaching methods influenced a revolutuon in medical education, led to higher requirements for medical licensure, brought about closure of many substandard schools of medicine, and helped raise the status of medicine in the United States to a position of world leadership.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.35
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Röentgen: Invisible Rays That Save Lives, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- At his first public demonstration of newly discovered x-rays, the evening of January 23, 1896, Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen (1845-1923) astounded scientists who filled the room. Professor of Physics and Rector of University of Würzburg, Germany, Röentgen completed his demonstration by taking an x-ray photograph of the hand of famed Professor of Anatomy, Albert von Kölliker. This led to discussion of possible medical applications. The news traveled fast, and within a year, x-ray equipment was being employed by medical men around the world as a diagnostic tool. Later research revealed many theraputic and industrial applications, as well as the hidden dangers, of x-rays.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.36
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- The Conquest of Yellow Fever, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Methods of controlling and preventing yellow fever resulted from investigations conducted in 1900 at Camp Lazear, Cuba, by a United States Army commission led by Major Walter Reed (1851-1902). This research proved conclusively that mosquitos carry the yellow fever virus from person to person. First volunteer patient to be infected by mosquito bites was Private John Kissinger. Examining physicians were Major W. C. Gorgas, Havana sanitation officer; Dr. Aristides Agramonte, pathologist; Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, chairman of the cooperating Cuban Yellow Fever Commission and first man to point out the positive infective role of mosquitos; Dr. James Carroll, bacteriologist; and Dr. Reed, commission chairman.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.37
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Walter B. Cannon: Physiologic Investigator, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- While a first-year student at Harvard Medical School, Boston, in 1896, Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945) employed newly discovered x-rays to study the activities of digestive organs in animals. Cannon induced cats to eat radiopaque meals, and followed food through alimentary organs with the aid of a fluroscopic screen. Basic studies of digestion, and of effects of emotions on it, led to new understandings of food utilization, of transmission of nerve impulses, and of actions of endocrine glands. Second Professor of Physiology at Harvard, Dr. Cannon earned world-wide respect as a researcher, as a teacher, and also as an ambassador of scientific good will.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.38
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Enrlich: Chemotherapy is Launched, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- In a crowded laboratory at Frankfurt's Institute of Experimental Therapy, German research scientist Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) habitually scrawled work orders to associates with stubby colored pencils on "blocks" of note paper. Dr. Ehrlich and his Japanese assistant, Dr. Sahachiro Hata, announced Salvarsan (606) to the world in 1910 as a "chemical bullet" for treatment of syphilis. Dr. Ehrlich's success with chemical synthesis gave impetus to a new medical science, chemotherapy. Though his greatest achievements were in this field, Dr. Ehrlich contributed to many branches of medicine and shared in a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.39
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Native Healing, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.4
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Ramón y Cajal: Charting the Nervous System, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Boyhood teachers were positive that no good would come from backward, headstrong Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934), but the country surgeon's son was destined to become Spain's leading medical scientist and a world-renowned neuroanatomist. His contributions to neurology and to psychiatry began in a crowded laboratory in Barcelona. For 40 years, Ramón y Cajal combined insatiable scientific curiosity, inventiveness that resulted in new stains for sections under his microscope, intensive observation, and inborn artistic ability, to reveal a wealth of new anatomical and functional facts about the nervous system, and about disorders affecting it. He received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1906.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.40
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Harvey Cushing and Neurosurgery, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Surgery on highly sensitive tissues of the brain was seldom attempted, even after anesthesia and sepsis became standard operating room procedures. Not until the early 1900's was the tremendous risk of life reduced by research and delicate surgical techniques, many of them developed and taught by Ohio-born Dr. Harvey W. Cushing, at Johns Hopkins, at Harvard and at Yale. Dr. Cushing removed 2,000 brain tumors; developed a "school" of students from many lands who put up with his pungent personality in order to learn his methods. Adolph Watzka, surgical orderly, for many years was his constant operating room companion.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.41
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Goldberger: Dietary Deficiency and Disease, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- When Dr. Joseph Goldberger, Surgeon, United States Public Health Service, and his assistant, Dr. C. H. Waring, begam studies of pellagra at the Baptist Orphanage near Jackson, Mississippi, in 1914, they faced puzzling questions: why were adults, older children, and the very young, free of the disease? Why, every year, did it strike children aged three to twelve? Dr. Goldberger ruled out infection or toxic foods as causes. With cooperation of Director J.R. Carter and House Mother "Miss Ida," the doctors added fresh meat, eggs, and milk to diets. Pellagra disappeared. By bold experiments, Dr. Goldberger proved dietary deficiency the cause of pellagra; pointed other researchers toward discovery of essential nutrients, now called vitamins, required to maintain health.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.42
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Banting, Best, and Diabetes, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- During the summer of 1921, Charles H. Best, youthful biologist, and Dr. Frederick G. Banting experiemented in laboratories loanded by Professor J.J.R. Macleod of the Physiology Department, University of Toronto. The inexperienced Canadian investigators found what trained research men before them had missed -- an extract of the pancreas the controlled the high blood sugar of diabetes mellitus. Proved and reproved on laboratory animals, their extract was tried on a human diabetic in February, 1922. Best developed mass production methods while studying for a medical degree. Banting and Best's discovery of insulin gave hope of life to millions of diabetics who otherwise would have been doomed.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.43
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- The Era of Antibiotics, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- When Dr. Alexander Fleming, British bacteriologist who had discovered penicillin in 1928, heard in 1940 that Drs. Florey, Chain, and their "team" had isolated the antibiotic and had found it successful when tested on mice for efficary and toxicity, at Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, he decided to visit them and see their work. The three men shared a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945. Cooperation of British and United States scientists, governments, and institutions developed mass production methods for penicillin; met wartime needs; launched new research. Antibiotics brough about a revolution in the practice of medicine. In the laboratory are: Drs. Fleming, Howard W. Florey, Ernst B. Chain, A.G. Sanders, E.P. Abraham, and Norman G. Heatley.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.44
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American
- Title
- Medicine Today and Tomorrow, from "The History of Medicine"
- Artist
- Robert Thom
- Physical Description
- Medicine is ancient, yet ever new. The scientific discoveries and advances resulting from work of countless thousands of dedicated medical men throughout fifty centuries are at the command of today's physician, and through him, brought to focus upon the needs of sick patients. Never before in the world's history have people had the medical advantages available today. Physicians, research scientists, specialists in production and distribution, are all collaborating in a constant effort to improve medical service and to make available better diagnoses, better treatment, and better medicines for a better world.
- Artist Life Dates
- 1915-1979
- Century
- 20th century
- Object Creation Date
- circa 1952
- Accession Number
- UMHS.45
- Medium and Support
- oil on canvas
- Artist Nationality
- American