A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CHRYSIPPUS.
statue in the Cerameicus was hidden by a neighbouring figure of a horse; whence Carneades, who,
as head of the Academy, bore him no great goodwill, gave him the soubriquet of Kpv'4/tnros.
(Orelli, Onom. Tull. ii. p. 144; Ritter, Geschichte der Phil. xi. 5, 1; Brucker, Hist. Crit. Phil.
II. ii. 9, 2; Baguet, de Chrysippi vita, doctrina et
reliquiis Comment. Lovan. 1822; Petersen, Philosophiae Chrysippeae Fundamenta, Alton. 1827.)
The general account of the doctrine of the Stoics is
given under ZENO. [G. E. L. C.]
CHRYSIPPUS (XpVi'nirnros), the name of
several physicians, who have been frequently confounded together, and whom it is sometimes difficult to distinguish with certainty.
1. Of Cnidos, has sometimes been confounded
with the celebrated Stoic philosopher of the same
name, who, however, lived about a century later.
He was the son of Erineus (Diog. Laert. viii. 89),
and must have lived in the fourth century B. c., as
he was a contemporary of Praxagoras (Cels. De
Med. Praef. lib. i. p. 5; Plin. H. N. xxvi. 6), a
pupil of Eudoxus of Cnidos and Philistion (Diog.
Laert. 1. c.), father of Chrysippus the physician to
Ptolemy Soter (id. vii. 186), and tutor to Erasistratus (id. 1. c.; Plin. H. N. xxix. 3; Galen,
De Ven. Sect. adv. Erasistr. c. 7, vol. xi. p. 171),
Aristogenes (id. De Ven. sect. adv. Erasistr. Rom.
Deg. c. 2, et De Cur. Rat. per Ven. Sect. c. 2,
vol. xi. pp. 197, 252), Medius (id. ibid.), and Metrodorus. (Sext. Empir. cont. Maihem. i. 12, p.
271, ed. Fabric.) He accompanied his tutor
Eudoxus into Egypt (Diog. Laert. viii. 87), but
nothing more is known of the events of his life.
He wrote several works, which are not now extant, and Galen says (De Ven. Sect. adv. Erasistr.
Rom. Deg. c. 5, vol. xi. p. 221), that even in his
time they were in danger of being lost. Several,
of his medical opinions are, however, preserved by
Galen, by whom he is frequently quoted and referred to. (De Ven. Sect. adv. Erasistr., (c., vol.
xi. pp. 149, &c., 171, &c., 197, 221, &c.)
2. The son of the preceding, was a physician to
Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt, B. c. 323-283,
and was falsely accused, scourged, and put to
death, but on what charge is not mentioned. (Diog.
Laert. vii. 186.)
3. A pupil of Erasistratus (Diog. Lairt. vii. 186),
who must have lived therefore in the third century
B. c. Some persons think he was the author
of the work De Brassica, " On the Cabbage,"
mentioned by Pliny (H. N. xx. 33) and Plinius
Valerianus (De Med. iv. 29), but this is quite
uncertain.
4. A writer on Agriculture, FrcepycKd, mentioned by Diogenes Laertius (vii. 186), and distinguished by him from the pupil of Erasistratus.
5. A follower of Asclepiades, who must therefore (if Asclepiades of Bithynia be the person
meant) have lived in the first century B. c. One
of his works is quoted by Caelius Aurelianus (De
Morb. Citron. iv. 8, p. 537), and a physician of the
same name is mentioned by him in several other
passages (pp. 99, 107, 323, 376), but whether the
same person be meant in each passage is uncertain.
6. A native of Cilicia, who may perhaps have
been the tutor of Athenaeus (who was also born
in Cilicia), as Galen calls him the great-grandfather
of the sect of the Pneumatici. (De Dif. Puls. ii.
10, vol. viii. p. 631.) He lived probably about
the beginning of the Christian aera. [W. A. G ]

CHRYSOCEPHALUS. 701
CHRYSIPPUS (Xpv-inrroe), a native of Cappadocia, was a celebrated ecclesiastical writer, who
lived during the middle of the fifth century of the
Christian aera. Chrysippus had two brothers,
Cosmas and Gabriel, all of whom received a learned
education in Syria, and were afterwards intrusted
to the care of the abbot Euthymius at Jerusalem.
There Chrysippus took orders, and became Oeconomus in the " Monasterium Laurae," praefect of the
church of the Holy Resurrection, and custos of the
church of the Holy Cross, an office which he held
during ten years. He wrote many works on ecclesiastical matters, and his style is at once elegant
and concise; but his productions are lost except a
treatise entitled " Homilia de Sancta Deipara,"
which is contained with a Latin translation in the
second volume of "Auctuarius Duceanus," and
some fragments of a small work entitled " Encomium Theodori Martyris," which are extant in
Eustathius Constantinopolitanus' " Liber de Statu
Vitae Functorum." (Cave, Hist. Liter. vol. i. p.
357.) [W. P.]
CHRYSOBERGES, LUCAS (Aovecs Xpv-o~ip7ys), an important writer on the Canon law
and other ecclesiastical and religious subjects, was
chosen patriarch of Constantinople in A. D. 1155,
presided at the synod of Constantinople in 1166,
and died in 1167. His works are mostly lost, and
only some fragments are printed. Thirteen " Decreta Synodalia" are contained in Leunclavius,
" Jus Graeco-Romanum." They treat on important
subjects, as, for instance, No. 2. " De Clericis qui
se immiscent saecularibus Negotiis;" No. 4. " De
indecoris et scenicis Ritibus sanctorum notariorum
Festo abrogandis;" No. 13. " Ne Clerici turpilucra fiant, aut medici," &c. A Greek poem in
iambic verses, and another poem on fasting, both
extant in MS. in the imperial library at Vienna,
are attributed to Chrysoberges, and it is believed
that he wrote his poem on fasting at the request of
a lady, before he was appointed to the patriarchal
see of Constantinople.
One Maximus Chrysoberges, who lived about
1400, wrote " Oratio de Processione Spiritus
Sancti," dedicated to the Cretans, and which is
printed with a Latin translation in the second
vol. of Leo Allatius, " Graecia Orthodoxa." (Cave,
Hist. Liter. ii. p. 390, ad an. 1155; Fabric. Bibl.
Graec. xi. pp. 338, 339, ix. 679.) [W. P.]
CHRYSOCE'PHALUS, MACA'RIUS (Maicdpios XpvooociaAos), a Greek ecclesiastical writer
of great repute. The time at which he lived has
been the subject of much investigation: Cave says
that it is not correctly known; Oudin thinks that
he lived about A. D. 1290; but Fabricius is of opinion that he lived in the fourteenth century, as
would appear from the fact, that the condemnation
of Barlaam and Gregorius Acindynus took place in
the synod of Constantinople in 1351, in presence
of. a great number of prelates, among whom there
was Macarius, archbishop of Philadelphia.
The original name of Chrysocephalus was
Macarius, and he was also archbishop of Philadelphia; lie was called Chrysocephalus because, having made numerous extracts from the works of the
fathers, he arranged them under different heads,
which he called XpvOc, Cspdata, or " Golden
Heads." Chrysocephalus was a man of extensive
learning: his works, which were very numerous,
were entirely on religious subjects, and highly esteemed in his day; but only one, of comnparatively