A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

AUTOLYCUS.
Callias. It is in honour of a victory gained by
him in the pentathlum at the Great Panathenaea
that Callias gives the banquet described by Xenophon. (Comp. Athen. v. p. 187.) [C.P. M.]
AUTO'LYCUS (AirdXvicos). 1. An Areiopagite, who was accused by the orator Lycurgus on
account of removing his wife and children from
Athens after the battle of Chaeroneia, B. c. 338,
and was condemned by the judges. The speech of
Lycurgus against Autolycus was extant in the
time of Harpocration, but has not come down to
us. (Lycurg. c. Leocr. p. 177, ed. Reiske; Harpocrat. s. vv. Aro'Avicos, -gpia; Plut. Vit. X. Orat.
p. 843, c. d.)
2. The son of Agathocles, and the brother of
Lysimachus, was appointed one of the body-guard
of king Philip Arrhidaeus, B. c. 321. (Arrian, ap.
Phot. Cod. 92, p. 72, a. 14, ed. Bekker.)
AUTO'LYCUS ('AU-roA;cos), a mathematician,
who is said to have been a native of Pitane in
Acolis, and the first instructor of the philosopher
Arcesilaus. (Diog. Laert. iv. 29.) From this, it
would follow, that he lived about the middle of the
fourth century B. c., and was contemporary with
Aristotle. We know nothing more of his history.
He wrote two astronomical treatises, which are
still extant, and are the most ancient existing specimens of the Greek mathematics. The first is on
ihe Motion of the Sphere (wrp i KivovtvYr]s eqeaupas).
It contains twelve propositions concerning a sphere
which with its principal circles is supposed to revolve uniformly about a fixed diameter, whilst a
fixed great circle (the horizon) always divides it
into two hemispheres (the visible and invisible).
Most of them are still explicitly or implicitly included amongst the elements of astronomy, and
they are such as would naturally result from the
first systematic application of geometrical reasoning
to the apparent motion of the heavens. This treatise may be considered as introductory to the second, which is on the risings and settings of the fixed
stars, Trepl brTrohOv al vberwy, in two books.
Autolycus first defines the true risings and settings,
and then the apparent. The former happen when
the sun and a star are actually in the horizon together; and they cannot be observed, because the
sun's light makes the star invisible. The latter
happen when the star is in the horizon, and the
sun just so far below it that the star is visible, and
there are in general four such phaenomena in the
year in the case of any particular star; namely, its
first visible rising in the morning, its last visible
rising in the evening, its first visible setting in the
morning, and last visible setting in the evening.
In a favourable climate, the precise day of each of
these occurrences might be observed, and such observations must have constituted the chief business
of practical astronomy in its infancy; they were,
moreover, of some real use. because these phaenomena
afforded a means of defining the seasons of the
year. A star when rising or setting is visible according to its brilliance, if the sun be from 10 to
18 degrees below the horizon. Autolycus supposes
15 degrees, but reckons them along the ecliptic instead of a vertical circle; and he proceeds to establish certain general propositions concerning the
intervals between these apparent risings and settings, taking account of the star's position with
respect to the ecliptic and equator. It was impossible, without trigonometry, to determine beforehand the absolute time at which any one of them

AUTONOE. 447
would happen; but one having been observed, the
rest might be roughly predicted, for the same star,
by the help of these propositions. The demon..
strations, and even the enunciations, are in some
cases not easily understood without a globe'; but
the figures used by Autolycus are simple. There
is nothing in either treatise to shew that he had
the least conception of spherical trigonometry.
There seems to be no complete edition of the
Greek text of Autolycus. There are three Greek
manuscripts of each treatise in the Bodleian and
Savilian libraries at Oxford. The propositions
without the demonstrations were printed in Greek
and Latin by Dasypodius in his " Sphaericae Doctrinae Propositiones," Argent. 1572. Both the
works were translated into Latin from a Greek
MS. by Jos. Auria, Rom. 1587 and 1588; and a
translation of the first by Maurolycus, from an
Arabic version, is given, without the name of Autolycus, at p. 243 of the "Universae Geometriae,
etc. Synopsis" of Mersennus, Paris, 1645.
A full account of the works of Autolycus may
be found in Delambre's Hist. de l'Astronomie Ancienne. Brucker quotes an essay by Carpzovius,
de Autolyco Pitaneo Diatribe, Lips. 1744. See
also Schaubach, Geschichte der Griechischen Astronomie, p. 338; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p.
89. [W. F. D.]
AUTO'MATE (Au'oTsa'r?), one of the Danaids,
who, according to Apollodorus (ii. 1. ~ 5) and
others, killed Busiris, who was betrothed to her;
whereas, according to Pausanias (vii. 1. ~ 3), she
was married to Architeles, the son of Achaeus, who
emigrated from Phthiotis in Thessaly to Argos
with Archander, [L. S.]
AUTOMA'TIA (Al3roeaT'la) a surname of
Tyche or Fortuna, which seems to characterize her
as the goddess who manages things according to
her own will, without any regard to the merit of
man. Under this name Timoleon built to the goddess a sanctuary in his house. (Plut. De Sui
Laude, p. 542, e.; Nepos, Timol. 4.) [L. S.]
AUTO'MEDON (AVTro0dW'c), a son of Diores,
was, according to Homer, the charioteer and companion of Achilles, whereas Hyginus (Fab. 97)
makes him sail by himself with ten ships against
Troy. According to Virgil (Aen. ii. 476), he
fought bravely by the side of Pyrrhus, the son of
Achilles. (Hom. II. ix. 209, xvi. 148, 219, xvii.
429, &c., xix. 392, xxiv. 474.) [L. S.]
AUTO'MEDON (AVU-o/dEw), of Cyzicus, a
Greek epigrammatic poet, twelve of whose epigrams
are contained in the Greek Anthology. (v. 129, x.
23, xi. 29, 46, 50, 319, 324-326, 346, 361,
xii. 34.) He must have lived in the first century
of the Christian era, as one of his poems is addressed to Nicetes, a distinguished orator in the
reign of Nerva. One of the epigrams usually
attributed to Theocritus (Anth. Graec. vii. 534;
No. 9, in Kiessling's edition of Theocritus, p.778)
has in the manuscript the inscription Avroe/Eovros
AlrwhoD: if this is correct there must have been
an Aetolian poet of the name of Automedon.
AUTOMEDU'SA. [ALcATHOUS.]
AUTO'NOE (Advovorn), a daughter of Cadmus
and Harmonia, was the wife of Aristaeus, by whom
she became the mother of Polydorus. (Hesiod.
Theog. 977; Pans. x. 17. ~ 3.) According to
Apollodorus (iii. 4. ~ 2, &c.), Polydorus was a
brother of AutonoUi, and Actaeon was her son.
(Comp. Diod. iv. 81.) Autonoe together with her