A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

ANAXANDRIDES.
union and separation, however, were made in such
a manner, that each thing contains in itself parts
of other things or heterogeneous elements, and is
what it is, only on account of the preponderance
of certain homogeneous parts which constitute its
character. The vovs, which thus regulated and
formed the material world, is itself also cognoscent,
and consequently the principle of all cognition: it
alone can see truth and the essence of things,
while our senses are imperfect and often lead us
into error. Anaxagoras explained his dualistic
system in a work which is now lost, and we know
it only from such fragments as are quoted from it
by later writers, as Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch,
Diogenes Laertius, Cicero, and others. For a
more detailed account see Ritter, Gesch. d. lonisch.
Philos. p. 203, &c.; Brandis, Rhein. Mius. i. p. 117,
&c., Iandb, der Gesch. der Philos. i. p. 232, &c.;
J. T. Hemsen, Anaxagoras Clazomenius, sive de
Vita eius atque Philosophia, GBtting. 1821, 8vo.;
Breier, Die Philosophie des Anaxagoras von Klazomeni nzaci Aristoteles, Berlin, 1840. The fragments of Anaxagoras have been collected by
Schaubach: Anaocagorae Fragcmenta collegit, c(c.,
Leipzig, 1827, 8vo., and much better by Schorn,
A naxagorae Fragmenta dispos. et illustr., Bonn,
1829, 8vo. [L. S.]
ANAXA'GORAS ('Avaa-yo'pas), of Aegina, a
sculptor, flourished about B. c. 480, and executed
the statue of Jupiter in bronze set up at Olympia
by the states which had united in repelling the invasion of Xerxes. (Paus. v. 23. ~ 2.) He is supposed to be the same person as the sculptor mentioned in an epigram by Anacreon (Anthol. Graec.
i. p. 55, No. 6, Jacobs), but not the same as the
writer on scene-painting mentioned by Vitruvius.
[AGATHnARCHUs.] [P. S.]
ANAXANDER ('AYvdavOpos), king of Sparta,
12th of the Agids, son of Eurycrates, is named by
Pausanias as commanding against Aristomenes,
and to the end of the second Messenian war, B. c.
668; but probably on mere conjecture from the
statement of Tyrtaeus (given by Strabo, viii. p.
362), that the grandfathers fought in the first, the
grandsons in the second. (Paus. iii. 3, 14. ~ 4,
iv. 15. ~ 1, 16. ~ 5, 22. ~ 3; Plut. Apophth.
Lac.) [A. H. C.]
ANAXANDRA ('AvadvO'pa) and her sister
Lathria, twin daughters of Thersander, Heraclide
king of Cleonae, are said to have been married to
the twin-born kings of Sparta, Eurysthenes and
Procles; Anaxandra, it would seem, to Procles.
An altar sacred to them remained in the time of
Pausanias. (iii. 16. ~ 5.) [A. H. C.]
ANAXANDRA, the daughter of the painter
Nealces, was herself a painter about B. c. 228.
(Didymus, ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. p. 523, b.,
Sylb.) [P. S.]
ANAXA'NDRIDES ('AvamavmpIans). 1. Son
of Theopompus, the 9th Eurypontid king of Sparta;
himself never reigned, but by the accession of
Leotychides became from the seventh generation
the father of the kings of Sparta of that branch.
(See for his descendants in the interval Clinton's
Fasti, ii. p. 204, and Herod. viii. 131.)
2. King of Sparta, 15th of the Agids, son of
Leon, reigned from about 560 to 520 B. c. At
the time when Croesus sent his embassy to form
alliance with " the mightiest of the Greeks," i. e.
about 554, the war with Tegea, which in the late
reigns went against them, had now been decided

ANAXARCHIUS. 163
in the Spartans' favour, under Anaxandrides and
Ariston. Under them, too, was mainly carried
on the suppression of the tyrannies, and with it
the establishment of the Spartan hegemony. Having a barren wife whom he would not divorce, the
ephors, we are told, made him take with her a
second. By her he had Cleomenes; and after this,
by his first wife Dorieus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.
(Herod. i. 65-69, v. 39-41; Paus. iii. 3.) Several
sayings are astribed to him in Plut. Apophth. Lac.
(where the old reading is Alexandridas). With
the reign of Anaxandrides and Ariston commences
the period of certain dates, the chronology of their
predecessors being doubtful and the accounts in
many ways suspicious; the only certain point being the coincidence of Polydorus and Theopompus
with the first Messenian war, which itself cannot
be fixed with certainty. (See for all this period
Clinton's Fasti, i. app. 2 and 6, ii. p. 205, and
Miiller's Dorians, bk. i. c. 7.) [A. H. C.]
ANAXA'NDRIDES('Avamav3p6Ls), of Delphi,
a Greek writer, probably the same as Alexandrides.
[ALEXANDRIDES, and Plut. Quaest. Graec. c. 9.]
ANAXA'NDRIDES ('AvaeavSpiS/'s), an Athenian comic poet of the middle comedy, was the son
of Anaxander, a native of Cameirus in Rhodes.
He began to exhibit comedies in B. c. 376 (MCarm.
Par. Ep. 34), and 29 years later he was present,
and probably exhibited, at the Olympic games
celebrated by Philip at Dium. Aristotle held him
in high esteem. (Rliet. iii. 10-12; Eth. Eud.
vi. 10; Nicom. vii. 10.) He is said to have been
the first poet who made love intrigues a prominent
part of comedy. He gained ten prizes, the whole
number of his comedies being sixty-five. Though
he is said to have destroyed several of his plays in
anger at their rejection, we still have the titles of
thirty-three.
Anaxandrides was also a dithyrambic poet, but
we have no remains of his dithyrambs. (Suidas,
s.v.; Athen. ix. p. 374; Meineke; Bode.) [P. S.]
ANAXARCHUS ('Ava'dpXos), a philosopher
of Abdera, of the school of Democritus, flourished
about 340 B. c. and onwards. (Diog. Laert. ix. 58,
p. 667, Steph.) lie accompanied Alexander into
Asia, and gained his favour by flattery and wit.
From the easiness of his temper and his love of
pleasure he obtained the appellation of evSarioviKcos.
When Alexander had killed Cleitus, Anaxarchus
consoled him with the maxim "a king can do no
wrong." After the death of Alexander, Anaxarchus was thrown by shipwreck into the power of
Nicocreon, king of Cyprus, to whom he had given
mortal offence, and who had him pounded to death
in a stone mortar. The philosopher endured his
sufferings with the utmost fortitude. Cicero (Tusc.
ii. 21, de Nat. Deor. iii. 33) is the earliest authority for this tale. Of the philosophy of Anaxarchus we know nothing. Some writers understand
his title ev3iailjovIKds as meaning, that he was the
teacher of a philosophy which made the end of life
to be e03asiovia, and they made him the founder
of a sect called ev'Saeuovcos, of which, however,
he himself is the only person mentioned. Strabo
(p. 594) ascribes to Anaxarchus and Callisthenes
the recension of Homer, which Alexander kept in
Darius's perfume-casket, and which is generally
attributed to Aristotle. (Arrian, Anab. iv. 10;
Plut. Alex. 52; Plin. vii. 23; Aelian, V. I. ix.
c. 37; Brucker, Hist. Philos. i. p. 1207; Dathe,
Prolusio de Anaxarciho, Lips. 1762.) [P. S.]
M 2