A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

588 CAMBAULES.
Dionysus, whose image was carried from Calydon
to Patrae (Paus. vii. 21. ~ 1), and of Meleager,
the hero in the Calydonian hunt. (Ov. JMet. viii.
231.) [L. S.]
CALYNTHUS (KciaXvvos), a statuary of uncertain country, contemporary with Onatas, B. c.
468-448. (Paus. x. 13. ~ 5.) [W. I.]
CALYPSO (KaA1v4i). Under this name we
find in Hesiod (Theog. 359) a daughter of Oceanus
and Tethys, and in Apollodorus (i. 2. ~ 7) a daughter of Nereus, while the Homeric Calypso is described as a daughter of Atlas. (Od. i. 50.) This
last Calypso was a nymph inhabiting the island of
Ogygia, on the coast of which Odysseus was thrown
when he was shipwrecked. Calypso loved the unfortunate hero, and promised him eternal youth
and immortality if he would remain with her. She
detained him in her island for seven years, until at
length she was obliged by the gods to allow him
to continue his journey homewards. (Od. v. 28,
&c., vii. 254, &c.) [L. S.]
CAMATE'RUS, ANDRONI'CUS('Avapo'vnKos
KaearTsipds), a relative of the emperor Manuel Comnenus (A. D. 1143 to 1180), who honoured him
with the title of Sebastus, and promoted him to
the offices of praefect of the city and praefect of
the fiiyha, i. e. praefectus vigilum, or praefect of the
imperial guards. Camaterus is said to have been
a man of great intellect and a powerful speaker.
lHe is the author of several theologico polemical
works, an extract from one of which is all that has
appeared in print. Among them we may mention
one entitled 'Avr pp'jrTicad, a dialogue against the
Latins. A portion of this work which relates to the
Processio Spiritus Sancti, was subsequently refuted by
J. Veccus, and both the original and the refutation
are printed in L. Allatius' Graecia Orthodox. ii.
p. 287, &c. His other works are still extant in
MS. Andronicus Camaterus was the father of
Joannes Ducas, to whom Eustathius dedicated his
commentary on Dionysius Periegetes. (Cave, Hist.
Lit. i. p. 675, with Wharton's Append. p. 24;
Fabric. Bibl. Grac. xi. p. 278.) [L. S.]
CAMATE'RUS, JOANNES ('Iwcivve-s KapaTrpds), patriarch of Constantinople from A. D. 1198
to 1204. We have four iambic lines in praise of
him, which were written by Ephraemus, and are
printed in Leo Allatius, De Consensu, &c. (i. p.
724.) Nicolaus Comnenus (I-Praenot. lMystag. p.
251) mentions an oration of his on homicide, and
another, on the marriage of Consobrini, is printed
in Freher's Jus Graecum (iv. p. 285). An epistle
of J. Camaterus addressed to Innocent III. is
printed in a Latin translation among the letters of
Innocent, with the reply of the latter. In this
letter Camaterus expresses his wonder at the Roman church assuming the title of the universal
churich. Among the other works of his which are
still extant in MS. there is an iambic poem inscribed to the emperor Manuel Comnenus, and entitled repp weScIaKov KVKicov ical TeV dh'Awv arcircawv
TrCU iv ovpave?. (Cave, Hist. Lit. i. p. 693; Fabric.
Bibl. Graec. iv. p. 154, &c., xi. p. 279, &c.) [L. S.]
CAMBAULES (KaugadlAs), the leader of a
horde of Gauls before they invaded Greece in B. c.
279. The barbarians were at first few in number,
but when they reached Thrace their forces had
increased to such an extent, that they were divided
into three great armies, which were placed under
Cerethrius, Brennus, and Bolgius; and Cambaules
is no longer heard of. (Paus. x. 19. ~ 4.) [L. S.]

CAMBYSES.
CAMBY'LUS (KaC0^AXos), commander of the
Cretans engaged in the service of Antiochus III.
in B. c. 214. He and his men were entrusted with
the protection of a fort near the acropolis of Sardis
during the war against Achaeus, the son of Andromachus. He allowed himself to be drawn into a
treacherous plan for delivering up Achaeus to Antiochus, by Bolis, who received a large sum of
money from Sosibius, the agent of Ptolemy, for the
purpose of assisting Achaeus to escape. But the
money was divided between Bolis and Cambylus,
and instead of setting Achaeus free, they communicated the plan to Antiochas, who again rewarded
them richly for delivering Achaeus up to him.
(Polyb. viii. 17-23; comp. ACHAEUS.) [L. S.]
CAMBY'SES (Kaedv'erns). 1. The father of
Cyrus the Great, according to IHerodotus and Xenophon, the former of whom tells us (i. 107), that
Astyages, being terrified by a dream, refrained
from marrying his daughter Mandane to a Mede,
and gave her to Canmbyses, a Persian of noble
blood, but of an unambitious temper. (Comp. Just.
i. 4.) The father of Camibyses is also called ' Cyrus'
by Herodotus (i. 111). In so rhetorical a passage
as the speech of Xerxes (Herod. vii. 11) we must
not look for exact accuracy in the genealogy. Xenophon (0yrop. i. 2) calls Cambyses the king of
Persia, and he afterwards speaks of him (Cyrop.
viii. 5) as still reigning after the capture of Babylon, B. c. 538. But we cannot of course rest much
on the statements in a romance. The account of
Ctesias differs from the above. [ASTYAGES.]
2. A son of Cyrus the Great, by Amytis according to Ctesias, by Cassandane according to Herodotus, who sets aside as a fiction the Egyptian
story of his having had Nitetis, the daughter of
Apries, for his mother. This same Nitetis appears
in another version of the tale, which is not very
consistent with chronology, as the concubine of
Cambyses; and it is said that the detection of the
fraud of Amasis in substituting her for his own
daughter, whom Cambyses had demanded for his
seraglio, was the cause of the invasion of Egypt by
the latter in the fifth year of his reign, B. c. 525.
There is, however, no occasion to look for any
other motive than the same ambition which would
have led Cyrus to the enterprise, had his life been
spared, besides that Egypt, having been conquered
by Nebuchadnezzar, seems to have formed a portion of the Babylonian empire. (See Jerem. xliii.
xlvi.; Ezek. xxix.-xxxii.; Newton, On the Prophecies, vol. i. p. 357, &c.; comp. Herod. i. 77.) In
his invasion of the country, Cambyses is said by
Herodotus to have been aided by Phanes, a Greek
of IHalicarnassus, who had fled from the service of
Amasis; and, by his advice, the Persian king obtained the assistance of an Arabian chieftain, and
thus secured a safe passage through the desert, and
a supply of water for his army. Before the invading force reached Egypt, Amasis died and was
succeeded by his son, who is called Psammenitus
by Herodotus, and Amyrtaeus by Ctesias. According to Ctesias, the conquest of Egypt was
mainly effected through the treachery of Combapheus, one of the favourite eunuchs of the Egyptian king, who put Cambyses in possession of the
passes on condition of being made viceroy of the
country. But Herodotus makes no mention either
of this intrigue, or of the singular stratagem by
which Polyaenus says (vii. 9), that Pelusium was
taken almost without resistance. He tells us,