A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

M56 CAESARION.
Caius was sent into Asia in B. C. 1c, wheie he
passed his consulship in the following year, A.D. 1.
About this time Phraates IV., king of Parthia,
seized upon Armenia, and Caius accordingly prepared to make war against him, but the Parthian
king gave up Armenia, and settled the terms of
peace at an interview with Caius on an island in
the Euphrates. (A. D. 2.) After this Caius went
to take possession of Armenia, but was treacherously wounded before the town of Artagera in
this country. Of this wound he never recovered,
and died some time afterwards at Limyra in Lycia,
on the 21st of February, A. D. 4. His brother
Lucius had died eighteen months previously, on
August 20th, A. D. 2, at Massilia, on his way to
Spain. Their bodies were brought to Rome.
Some suspected that their death was occasioned
by their step-mother Livia. (Dion Cass. liv.
8, 18, 26, Iv. 6, 9, 11, 12; Zonar. x. p. 539;
Suet. Aug. 26, 56, 64, 65, Til. 12; Veil. Pat. ii.
101, 102; Tac. Ann. i. 3, ii. 4; Florus, iv. 12.
~ 42; Lapis Ancyranus.)
C. Caesar married Livia or Livilla, the daughter
of Antonia [ANTONIA, No. 6], who afterwards
married the younger Drusus, but he left no issue.
(Tac. Ann. iv. 40.) L. Caesar was to have married
Aemilia Lepida, but died previously. (Ann. iii.
23.) There are several coins both of Caius and
Lucius: their portraits are given in the one annexed. (Eckhel, vi. p. 170.)
C. CAESAR CALI'GULA. [CALIGULA.]
CAESA'RION, the son of Cleopatra, originally
called Ptolemaeus as an Egyptian prince, was born
soon after the departure of Julius Caesar from
Alexandria in B. c. 47, and probably accompanied
his mother to Rome in the following year. Cleopatra said that he was the son of Julius Caesar,
and there seems little doubt of this from the time
at which Caesarion was born, from the favourable
reception of his mother at Rome, and from the
dictator allowing him to be called after his own
name. Antonius declared in the senate, doubtless
after Caesar's death and for the purpose of annoying Augustus, that the dictator had acknowledged
Caesarion as his son; but Oppius wrote a treatise
to prove the contrary.
In consequence of the assistance which Cleopatra
had afforded Dolabella, she obtained from the triumvirs in B. c. 42 permission for her son Caesarion
to receive the title of king of Egypt. In B. c. 34,
Antony conferred upon him the title of king of
kings; he subsequently called him in his will the
son of Caesar, and after the battle of Actium (n. c.
31) declared him and his own son Antyllus to be
of age. When everything was lost, Cleopatra sent
Caesarion with great treasures by way of Aethiopia
to India; but his ttitor Rhodon persuaded him to
return, alleging that Augustus had determined to
give him the kingdom of Egypt. After the death
of his mother, he was executed by order of Augustus. (Dion Cass. xlvii. 31, xlix. 41, 1. 1, 3, Ii. 6;

CAESARIUS.
Suet. Caes. 52, Aug. 17; Plut. Cues. 49, Anton.
54, 81, 82.)
CAESARIUS, ST. (Katoipeos), a physician
who is however better known as having been the
brother of St. Gregory Theologus. He was born of
Christian parents, his father (whose name was Gregory) being bishop of Nazianzus. He was carefully and religiously educated, and studied at Alexandria, where he made great progress in geometry,
astronomy, arithmetic, and medicine. He afterwards embraced the medical profession, and settled
at Constantinople, where he enjoyed a great reputation, and became the friend and physician of the
emperor Constantius, A. D. 337-360. Upon the
accession of Julian, Caesarius was tempted by the
emperor to apostatize to paganism; but he refused,
and chose rather to leave the court and return to
his native country. After the death of Julian, he
was recalled to court, and held in high esteem by
the emperors Jovian, Valens, and Valentinian, by
one of whom he was appointed quaestor of Bithynia. At the time of the earthquake at Nicaea, he
was preserved in a very remarkable manner, upon
which his brother St. Gregory took occasion to
write a letter (which is still extant, Ep. 20, vol. ii.
p. 19, ed. Paris, 1840), urging upon him the duty
of abandoning all worldly cares, and giving himself
up entirely to the service of God. This he had long
wished to do, but was now prevented from putting
his design into execution by his death, which took
place A. D. 369, shortly after his baptism. His
brother pronounced a funeral oration on the occasion, which is still extant (Orat. 7, vol. i. p. 198),
and from which the preceding particulars of his life
are taken; and also wrote several short poems, or
epitaphs, lamenting his death. (Opera, vol. ii. p.
1110, &c.) There is extant, under the name of
Caesarius, a short Greek work, with the title
HfeoreUS, Quaestiones Theologicae et Philosophicae,
which, though apparently considered, in the time
of Photius (Biblioth. Cod. 210), to belong to the brother of St. Gregory, is now generally believed to be
the work of some other person. The contents of
the book are sufficiently indicated by the title. It
has been several times published with the works of
his brother, St. Gregory, and in collections of the
Fathers; and also separately, in Greek and Latin,
August. Vindel. 1626, 4to. ed. Elias Ehinger. The
memory of St. Caesarius is celebrated in the Romish Church on Feb. 25. (Acta Sanctorum, Feb. 25,
vol. v. p. 496, &c.; Lambec. Biblioth. Vindob. vol.
iv. p. 66, &c., ed. Kollar; Fabric. Bibl. GCraec. vol.
viii. pp. 435, 436.) [W. A. G.]
CAESARIUS, a distinguished ecclesiastic of
the fifth and sixth centuries, was born at Chalons
in 468, devoted his youth to the discipline of a
monastic life, and was elected bishop of Aries in
502. He presided over this see for forty years,
during which period he was twice accused of treason, first against Alaric, and afterwards against
Theodoric, but upon both occasions was honourably
acquitted. He took an active share in the deliberations of several councils of the church, and gained
peculiar celebrity by his strenuous exertions for
the suppression of the Semipelagian doctrines,
which had been promulgated about a century before by Cassianus, and had spread widely in southern Gaul. A life of Caesarius, which however
must be considered rather in the light of a panegyric than of a sober biography, was composed by
his friend and pupil, Cyprian, bishop of Toulon.