A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

APPIANUS.
pears from Polybius (v. 56, 58), he possessed considerable influence. Mead, in his Dissert. de
Nusmmis quibusdam a Smnyrnaeis in Medicorum
IHonorem percussis, Lond. 1724, 4to., thinks that
two bronze coins, struck in honour of a person
named Apollophanes, refer to the physician of this
name; but this is now generally considered to be
a mistake. (See Diet. of Ant. s. v. Medicus.) A
physician of the same name is mentioned by several
ancient medical writers. (Fabricius, Bibl. Gr.
vol. xiii. p. 76, ed. vet.; C. G. K'ihn, Additam.
ad Elenchum Medicorum Veternum a Jo. A. Fabricio, c., exhibitum, Lips. 4to., 1826. Fascic. iii.
p. 8.) [W.A.G.]
APOLLO'THEMIS ('AroAAoh0Esus), a Greek
historian, whom Plutarch made use of in his life of
Lycurgus. (c. 31.)
APOMYIUS ('Arn6uvios) "driving away the
flies," a surname of Zeus at Olympia. On one
occasion, when Heracles was offering a sacrifice to
Zeus at Olympia, he was annoyed by hosts of flies,
and in order to get rid of them, he offered a sacrifice to Zeus Apomyius, whereupon the flies withdrew across the river Alpheius. From that time
the Eleans sacrificed to Zeus under this name.
(Paus. v. 14. ~ 2.) [L. S.]
APONIA'NUS, DI'LLIUS, joined Antonius
Primus with the third legion, A. D. 70. (Tac. Hist.
iii. 10, 11.)
Q. APO'NIUS, was one of the commanders of the
troops which revolted, in B. c. 46, from Trebonius,
Caesar's lieutenant in Spain. (Dion Cass. xliii. 29.)
Aponius was proscribed by the triumvirs in B.c. 43,
and put to death. (Appian, B. C. iv. 26.)
APO'NIUS MU'TILUS. [MUTILUS.]
APO'NIUS SATURNI'NUS. [SATURNINUS.]
APOTROPAEI ('AroTrporatoi), certain divinities, by whose assistance the Greeks believed that
they were able to avert any threatening danger or
calamity. Their statues stood at Sicyon near the
tomb of Epopeus. (Paus. ii. 11. ~ 2.) The Romans
likewise worshipped gods of this kind, and called
them dii averrunci, derived from averruncare.
(Varro, de L. L. vii. 102; Gellius, v. 12.) [L. S.]
APOTRO'PHIA ('AmroTpoeia), "the expeller,"
a surname of Aphrodite, under which she was
worshipped at Thebes, and which described her as
the goddess who expelled from the hearts of men
the desire after sinful pleasure and lust. Her
worship under this name was believed to have
been instituted by Harmonia, together with that
of Aphrodite Urania and Pandemos, and the antiquity of her statues confirmed this belief. (Paus.
ix. 16. ~ 2.) [L. S.]
SAPPIA'NUS ('ATrriavo's), a native of AlexanIria, lived at Rome during the reigns of Trajan,
Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius, as we gather from
various passages in his work. We have hardly
my particulars of his life, for his autobiography, to
srhich he refers at the end of the preface to his
listory, is now lost. In the same passage he menaions, that he was a man of considerable distinction
It Alexandria, and afterwards removed to Rome,
vhere he was engaged in pleading causes in the;ourts of the emperors. He further states, that the
mperors considered him worthy to be entrusted
vith the management of their affairs (EiXpl,e1
r ca ETrposTrEieV iojiwrav); which Schweighiiuser,nd others interpret to mean, that he was appointed
o the office of procurator or praefectus of Egypt.
[here is, however, no reason for this supposition.

APPIANUS. 247
We know, from a letter of Fronto, that it was the
office of procurator which he held (Fronto, Ep. ad
Anton. Pium, 9, p. 13, &c., ed. Niebuhr); but
whether he had the management of the emperors'
finances at Rome, or went to some province in this
capacity, is quite uncertain.
Appian wrote a Roman history ('Pwatai'cc, or
'Poepa'triece iopla) in twenty-four books, on a plan
different from that of most historians. He did not
treat the history of the Roman empire as a whole
in chronological order, following the series of
events; but he gave a separate account of the
affairs of each country from the time that it became
connected with the Romans, till it was finally incorporated in the Roman empire. The first foreign
people with whom the Romans came in contact
were the Gauls; and consequently his history,
according to his plan, would have begun with that
people. But in order to make the work a complete
history of Rome, he devoted the first three books
to an account of the early times and of the various
nations of Italy which Rome subdued. The subjects of the different books were: 1. The kingly
period ('Pwptaccaw opa3ahuKJ). 2. Italy ('IIraAmrt).
3. The Samnites (2avvrTim ). 4. The Gauls or
Celts (KeANhTr). 5. Sicily and the other islands
(EsKceAtue ical NsrWTiCrfc). 6. Spain ('cl7piKcj).
7. Hannibal's wars ('AvvtaZeic). 8. Libya, Carthage, and Numidia (AivKu), KapX-iovs') ical
Nop/acin). 9. Macedonia (MaCceSov6uc). 10.
Greece and the Greek states in Asia Minor ('EAATvrir) Kal 'IwvKwu'). 11. Syria and Parthia (SvpiaKm
Kal IlapOKc4). 12. The war with Mithridates
(MIOpIdrUTos). 13-21. The civil wars ('EopiiAla), in nine books, from those of Marius and
Sulla to the battle of Actium. The last four books
also had the title of r Alyvmrnacid. 22. 'EKarovrae-ia, comprised the history of a hundred years,
from the battle of Actium to the beginning of
Vespasian's reign. 23. The wars with Illyria
('IAAhpitKc or AaKiKri). 24. Those with Arabia
('ApaGios). We possess only eleven of these complete; namely, the sixth, seventh, eighth, eleventh,
twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth,
seventeenth, and twenty-third. There are also
fragments of several of the others. The Parthian
history, which has come down to us as part of the
eleventh book, has been proved by Schweighiuser
to be no work of Appian, but merely a compilation
from Plutarch's Lives of Antony and Crassus, probably made in the middle ages. (See Schweighiiuser's Appian, vol. iii. p. 905, &c.)
Appian's work is a mere compilation. In the
early times he chiefly followed Dionysius, as far as
the latter went, and his work makes up to a considerable extent for the books of Dionysius, which
are lost. In the history of the second Punic war
Fabius seems to have been his chief authority, and
subsequently he made use of Polybius. His style
is clear and simple; but he possesses few merits as
-an historian, and he frequently makes the most
absurd blunders. Thus, for instance, he places
Saguntum on the north of the Iberus (Iber. 7),
and states that it takes only half a day to sail
from Spain to Britain. (Iber. 1.)
Appian's history was first published in a barbarous Latin translation by Candidus, at Venice, in
1472. A part of the Greek text was first published by Carolus Stephanus, Paris, 1551; which
was followed by an improved Latin version by
Gelenius, which was published after the death of