Middle English Dictionary Entry
chẹ̄sen v.
Entry Info
Forms | chẹ̄sen v. Forms: inf. (early) cẹ̄sen, (SW) cheosen, (SE) chiese(n, (late) cheys; (NM, a1400) chọ̄se, (N) chūse; sg. 3 chẹ̄seth, chieseþ, chyest; sg. 2 (early) chure; p. sg. chēs; (early) ceas, cheas, chǣs; (a1400) chōs(e; (c1400) chāse; (c1400) chẹ̄sede, (N) chūsed; p. pl. chōse(n; (early) curen, cusen; ppl. chōsen; (early) ȝecoren, ȝecuren; i)cōre, i)cōrn; (a1200) ichōsen. |
Etymology | OE cēosan; cēas, curon; gecoren. After c1350 the ppl. cōre(n, cōrn survives only in rime, chiefly in senses 5 & 6. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1a.
(a) To select or choose (sth. or sb.) as suitable or agreeable; ~ out; ~ the best, make the best (of sth.); ~ at wille, choose freely; to dethe icoren, destined to die; (b) to choose or decide upon (one alternative); ~ on of two; ~ the better parti, make the better choice; (c) to decide or enter upon (an activity or a mode of behavior).
Associated quotations
a
- a1150(c1125) Vsp.D.Hom.Fest.Virg.(Vsp D.14)15/13 : Maria hæfð gecoren þæt betste dæl, þæt hire næfre ne byð wiðtogan.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)3526 : Forrþi chæs he þatt illke tun to wurrþenn borenn inne.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)12175 : He chæs of þan iwihte ten þusend cnihten.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)12312 : Ane..bare..vnder ane berhȝe, þer he burh hafueð i-chosen.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)15147 : Þe king scal..of þan cnihten cheosen twa hundred cnihten.
- a1275(?c1150) Prov.Alf.(Trin-C B.14.39)100/266 : Ne salt þu þi wif bi hire wlite chesen [vr. cheose].
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)543 : He chosen hem wiwes of caym And mengten wið waried kin.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)807 : In mirie dale hise bigginge he ches.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)3429 : He bad him chesen steres-men Migti.
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)193 : Eueriche maiden ches hir loue Of kniȝtes.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)128/45 : Þou ert hester..And asseuer, þe ryche kyng, Þey heþ ychose to hys weddyng.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)5.174 : Þer weore chapmen I-chose, þe chaffare to preise.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)56 : Marie bodi wes, Þer he alihte and his in ches.
- c1390 St.Greg.(Vrn)52/427 : Þe knihtes..Tolde hire tiþinge..Þat he was to deþe i coren.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2088 : And every bridd hath chose hire make.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.3281 : Hire he ches For that vertu which bodeth pes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.2457 : Criseida, Whom Troilus to love ches.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2091 : Thei setten day, thei chosen field.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.3036 : He ches out there Thre, whiche scholden do this dede.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.1232 : I putte me in youre wise gouernaunce; Cheseth youre self which may be moost plesaunce.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.153 : To chese me a wyf.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)174 : Iesu crist..ches til him apostels tuelue.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)8552 : Chese [Frf: chose] quilk þou will, þou sal haue it.
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)13268 : To chose felawes he wille be-gyn.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)863 : For to..chose of þe best.
- c1400 PPl.A(1) (Hrl 875)3.94 : While þe chaunce is in ȝoure choyse, cheose ȝe þe best.
- a1400 Pep.Gosp.(Pep 2498)33/19 : Þan ches Jesus hym..twelue disciples.
- (a1402) Trev.DCur.(Hrl 1900)43/25 : Þe ordynarie is more worþi to be chose for schrifte þan eny frere.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.2684 : A gowndy eye is deceyued sone, Þat any colour cheseþ by þe mone.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.189 : A wrong wey now ye chese.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)145b/a : For þat fire is ferdful..I chesed [L eligi] to me þat of cauterie potenciale.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)4/93 : Þai chesun here makus of here houne kynd.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)752 : He chase neythis town ne village ne cyte.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)486 : Whanne an outward werk is first willid and chosun sufficientli þat it be doon, and aftirward þerbi is wrouȝt.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)274 : Þe Danys in þe feld chesen hure place Ryȝt at hure owne wylle.
- c1450(c1386) Chaucer LGW Prol.(1) (Benson-Robinson)146 : Blessed be Seynt Valentyn, For on this day I chees yow to be myn.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1194 : He..chese him out a chiftane.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1772 : He chese hym a chere man, the charge for to beire.
- (?1466) Paston (Gairdner)4.259 : Than he chase yow.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)207/2 : It is spedeful..þat þou chese to þee..a secrete and priuey place.
- 1483 Cath.Angl.(Monson 168)62 : To Chese: eligere, decerpere, deligere, legere, seligere.
- a1500(a1400) Ipom.(1) (Chet 8009)3361 : My lady to love has schosyn you Off all other men!
- a1500(?a1400) SLChrist (Hrl 3909)2034 : Qvy þai chesen þes gyftes thre.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)115/10 : He chose [vr. chase] hym of the meny of Deuelyn a few.
- a1500 *Nicod.(4) (Hrl 149:Hulme)266b : They chase oute vii barouns.
b
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)1871 : Þu most nede..an of þes twa curen, & cheosen ananriht.
- (c1380) Chaucer CT.SN.(Manly-Rickert)G.458 : Chees oon of thise two: Do sacrifice, or cristendom reneye.
- a1400(?c1300) LFMass Bk.(Roy 17.B.17)190 : Þo gode to chese & leeue þo ille.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.270 : Who þe wrong first ches, þat partie suld amend.
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Gen.13.9 : If thow the riȝt side chesist [WB(2): chese], Y shal go to the left.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.470 : Of harmes two, the lesse is for to chese.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)5a/a : To chese þis þing and to þrowe awey..þat oþer þing.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)490 : Marie chees þe bettir party.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.211 : We mowe chesen wilfully Bothe good and euel.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)21.5 : Thei chesid baraban the thefe and noght me.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)10 : Of too Evelis þe lasse Evill is to be chosyn.
c
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)65 : A turnament þai ches, Wiþ kniȝtes stiþe on stede.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)126/33 : Prudence..þet wyslyche uorlet al þet him may derie and chyest al þet him may helpe.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.22 : Þe bataile he ches.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1838 : To acheue to þe chaunce þat he hade chosen þere.
1b.
To decide or resolve (to do or be sth.).
Associated quotations
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)1282 : Ȝiff þatt tu..nohht ne chesesst, oþerr Godd To follȝhenn ne to þeowwtenn.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)8523 : Mi lord most chese, Me forgon oþer his liif forlese.
- c1330(?c1300) Spec.Guy (Auch)222 : If man wole chese to don wrong.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.1179 : The hye god..In wilful pouerte chees to lyue his lyf.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)22087 : Crist him-seluen chese Be born in bethleem.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1271 : For were I worth al þe wone of wymmen alyue..& I schulde chepen & chose to cheue me a lorde.
- c1400 Wycl.Blasph.(Bod 647)412 : Crist hungred nevere bot when he chees to hungre so..Crist ches to be unchargeaunte to þo puple.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.6725 : Þei..chosen han to Priam for to sende..Wyse Vlixes.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1532 : She ches for hym to dye.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)146 : No wit hadde I..for to chese To entre or flen.
- c1430(c1395) Chaucer LGW Prol.(2) (Benson-Robinson)290 : They chose to be ded.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)41 : He chesid to be maad þe lowist.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)27 : Forto wille, chese, and be bisie forto knowe..and þanne aftir forto remembre alle þo trouþis.
- c1475 Lydg.Aesop (Hrl 2251:Sauerstein)p.16 : The crane chase a surgeon to be.
- a1500 Imit.Chr.(Dub 678)24/1 : Holy men..chace to lyue to god in secret places.
- c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)140 : Hee chused too chasen hem þere, Till þei were at his wyll.
2.
(a) To elect or choose (a king, abbot, etc.); (b) to elect or choose (sb. to or for an office, etc.); (c) to elect or choose (sb. to ben king, etc.); (d) to elect or choose (sb. as an officer, etc.).
Associated quotations
a
- 1123 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1123 : Þa bed se cyng heom, þæt hi scoldon cesen hem ærcebiscop to Cantwarabyrig swa hwam swa swa hi woldon..swa swa hi hæfden cosen ærcebiscop æror in here capitele æfter rihte.
- a1131 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1129 : Þa wære þær coren two papes.
- ?a1160 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1154 : Te munekes innen dæis cusen oþer of heom sælf..sone þe cosan ab[bot] ferde..[to] Oxen forde to þe king.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)6889 : Þe hæhste eorles of þissen londe..curen [Otho: chosen] heom enne king.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)13045 : Hu habbeð..þa aðeleste an londe icoren Aurilien [Otho: Aurelie hii-chose to kinge].
- a1350(c1307) Death Edw.I (Hrl 2253)24 : Helpeþ mi sone, & crouneth him newe for he is nest to buen ycore.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)9700 : Þulke prelat ssolde in is chapele ichose be Of is clerkes.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.187 : Þese tweyne consuls were i-chose and chaunged from ȝere to ȝere.
- 1389 Nrf.Gild Ret.30 : And viij men of ye aldermannes chesynge, on ye gylde day schulen chesen an alderman..for ye nexte yer.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2425 : Oure conseillours that we han chosen in oure present nede.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.468 : Bees, whan they maken hire kyng, they chesen oon that hath no prikke wher with he may stynge.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)23/29 : In þis sentence sais sain benet, þat te celeresse sal be chosin of þe cuuent.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)42/1 : How we sal chese vre abbesse.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)670 : The cardinalis aftir his deth..Chosen a-nothir man.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)1367 : If sche wor chosin be þo same Þat chays þe priores by nayme.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)12339 : Syn I banysshed am..Chose you sum cheftane!
- (1457) LRed Bk.Bristol2.185 : That all men of the seid craft go togidere..and chese theym a Maistur of the craft.
- a1500(?a1325) Otuel & R (Fil)2001 : That ys in þe maner ay..Off Emperour þat ys corne.
b
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.656 : Cuðbald munec of þe selue mynstre wæs coren to abbot.
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1041 : Man ceas þa Arnwi munec to abbote.
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1066 : Ða cusen þa munecas to abbot Brand prouost.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)17252 : Heo curen heom to ældre Vther þene gode.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)23/1 : Wið mine halend Criste, ðe ihc cheas to lauerde.
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)586 : Vre sowle..ches hire crist to meche; he is ure soule spuse.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)285 : At West-munstre he was i-chose to þat heie pouwer.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)6133 : After is fader deþ, me ches him to kinge.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2109 : Wel was hym that ther to chosen was.
- 1389 Nrf.Gild Ret.21 : What brother of yis gilde be chosen in to office and refuse it, he shal payen iij pounde of wax.
- a1422 Gild St.Geo.Nrw.(Rwl D.913)449 : And þat Aldirman so chosen refuse þe office he is chose to schal paye to þe Fraternite xl s.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)789 : Edgar..To þe kyndam of Englonde was y-core [rime: ybore].
- a1475(1450) Scrope DSP (Bod 943)180/9 : Thei chase him for kinge and for lord.
- c1450(c1370) Chaucer ABC (Benson-Robinson)108 : Thee, whom God ches to mooder for humblesse.
- (a1460) DSPhilos.(Helm)127/21 : A wise man shulde chese goode men to his seruauntes..as men chesen the goode erthe to do her labours inne.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.70.47b : Neuerþeles he ches him to his apostel.
c
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)684 : He is chosen to be chef chyldryn fader.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.1.108 : Fortune, which that thow hast chosen frely to ben thi lady.
- (1438) Proc.Privy C.5.86 : Þat þei cheese noon to be empereur, þat is ennemy unto þe Kyng.
- c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)9/22 : Twelue childre þat he chese to be his playfers.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)717 : God forebede that a wylde Yrishe wyrlynge Shulde be chosene for to be there kynge.
d
- a1350(1307) Execution Fraser (Hrl 2253)58 : Sire Robert þe bruytz furst kyng wes ycore.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)10859 : Vr lauerd has chosen þe his lemman [Göt: to his lemman].
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)20865 : Petre..Formast chosun..als heued.
- (1428) Doc.in Sur.Soc.858 : Yai chesed Richard Russell, Thomas Bracebryg aldermen.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)317 : Crist made preesthode and chase..certeyn persoons as þe apostlis.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)2207 : Bysshop þere he was, Ychose by seynt Dunstone.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)2010 : The duke Josue was chosyn os a prince.
- c1450 Capgr.Rome (Bod 423)56 : Þe hoost chase him emperour.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)153/49 : The childe xal be chosyn a preste.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)1325 : They chase hym kyng by voice of the land.
3.
(a) To make a choice or decision; ~ of, choose among (things); ~ amis, aright, make the wrong (proper) choice; ~ at avis, wille, choose at discretion (will); ~ bi lot; he mai ~, he has free choice, the decision is his; I mai not ~, I have no choice, I am helpless; (b) to exercise one's power to choose freely or to make a decision; (b) to consent or agree (to sth.).
Associated quotations
a
- a1225(OE) Vsp.A.Hom.Init.Creat.(Vsp A.22)219 : To chiesen ȝief [h]y wolden hare sceappinde lufie oðer hine ferleten.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)2227 : Cheos ȝet of þeos twa: oðer chear ananriht..oðer..streche forð þine swire, scharp sweord to underfonne.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)110a : Cheose nu..of..eorðlich elne & heouenlich to hweðer ha wule halden.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)144/422 : Angeles gode, þat chose aryȝt.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3181 : Blameth noght me, if that ye chese amys.
- c1390 Ȝhit is god (Vrn)63 : Nou may we chese to leue or take.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1829 : Ches for ous bothen, I you preie.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.176 : Thanne maystow chese whether thow wolt sippe Of thilke tonne that I shal abroche.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.898 : And yaf hym to the queene, al at hir wille To chese wheither she wolde hym saue or spille.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.1748 : Yif vs..what yow list, we may nat chese.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.955 : Ches if thow wolt synge or daunce or lepe!
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4426 : If youre goode wille I leese, I mot be deed; I may not chese.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.5.55 : Nero constreynede Senek..his mayster, to chesen on what deeth he wolde deye.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)399 : The tersel egle..shal first chese.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)14/32 : Yf he mygth not haue hys wyl þat tyme..he xuld ellys haue it a-noþer tyme; sche xuld not chese.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)206/30 : At þe last sche myth not chesyn; sche fel in a lityl slomeryng.
- a1450(1400) Eche man be war (Dgb 102)111 : Haue heuene or helle: chese of two!
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)12.125 : Thanne Chosen they In Euery Cite Be lot, As that time here hap myhte be.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)1389 : Who so oþer-wise hase chose.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)826 : Lytell wenythe the fole, who so myght chese, What harme it were gode Caleise for to lese.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4388 : If þou will chalang þaim be chaunce, chese if þe likis.
- c1450 Treat.Fish.(Yale 171)1 : Now will y cheys of iiij good disportes..of huntyng, haukyng, fowlyng, and fyschyng..and þer of to treyt.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)1874 : It is riȝte hard to chese, of to þat beth riȝte nauȝt.
- (1469) Paston (Gairdner)5.38 : That neyther of hem wer bownd to other, but that they myth schese bothe.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)48/169 : Alas, dere childe, I may not chese.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)13/19 : Whanne euere a man avisingli and chesingli loueþ or hatiþ, chesiþ or refusiþ..aȝens þe doom of resoun.
- a1500(a1400) Ipom.(1) (Chet 8009)3751 : Off the best shall ye haue: Chosse at your owne avyce!
b
- c1330(?c1300) Spec.Guy (Auch)216 : And ȝaf to man fre power To chese.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.1237 : Thanne haue I gete of yow maistrye..Syn I may chese, and gouerne as me lest?
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)1658 : Men mote boþe wynne and lese; Chaunce ne lete[þ] noman chese.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1431 : Ageynes whos myȝt no mortal man may chese.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.1504 : Folie is, whan man may chese, For accident his substaunce ay to lese.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)93 : Fre wille to chese..Gude or ille whether he wil have.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4637 : Canst thou yit chese..What best thi socour myghte be?
c
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.51 : If he wille þe lond ȝeld, & to þe pes chese.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.267 : Þe Inglis þerto ches [a truce], if Almanz wild consent.
4a.
(a) To have a preference for (sth.), prefer; ~ rather, ~ er; ~ first, mest, before al other, prefer (sth.) to all other things; ~ led for gold; (b) to show favor to (sb.); the chosen of Israel; ben icorn, be favored (with sth.).
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)100b : Soð wisdom is..cheose ear licomes hurt þen..sawle þrowunge.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)45/2 : Zelleres of cloþ þet chieseþ þe þyestre stedes, huer hi zelleþ hare cloþ.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2407 : If so be that thow be in doute..chees rather to suffre than bigynne.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.1384 : She..Chees rather for to dye than assente To been oppressed of hir maydenhede.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)23862 : Hu mai he be him-seluen hald Þat cheses him þe led for gold.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)1/18 : Þat lond he chees before all oþer londes as the beste & most worthi lond.
- c1430(a1410) Love Mirror (Brsn e.9)42 : Our Lady..chase rather to be reputed as wycked [etc.].
- c1430(a1410) Love Mirror (Brsn e.9)68 : He chase rathere to flee.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1621 : The chekker was choisly þere chosen þe first, The draghtes, the dyse, and oþer dregh gaumes.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.7 : It was accordant to his hele, And for his ese..he chese it meste.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)1849 : Rather he ches to dey & sterue Than suffre that yt sholde serue.
- a1475 Rev.St.Bridget(3) (Gar 145)87/30 : Her ambicion..ches rather to hate God..þen to love him.
b
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)9623 : Drihhtin haffde chosenn hemm [the Israelites] & heȝhedd hemm.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)53/581 : Þu chure seoððen iþe alde lahe abraham.
- c1330(?a1300) Guy(2) (Auch)p.406 : Leman..Wiþ a knaue child þou art y-corn þat douhti beþ of dede.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)77.35 : Þe chosen of Israel.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.43.20 : I ȝyue drinc to my puple, my chosene.
4b.
(a) To choose (sth.) as a way of life; dedicate or devote oneself to (Christianity, priesthood, chastity, poverty, etc.); -- with obj. or to phrase; (b) to have a liking (for sth.); indulge (in pleasure, etc.); -- usu. refl.
Associated quotations
a
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)834 : Þe liffule leaue of hali chirche, þe ich ichosen habbe.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)prol.31 : And summe chosen chaffare, to cheeuen the bettre.
- c1390 St.Greg.(Vrn)4/28 : Þe sunne of him was strong and steorne, And ȝit he was to god i koren.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)10856 : Þe maidenhed þat þou has chosen.
- a1425 I þanke þe lorde (Roy 17.A.27)194 : Al my loue to þe is core.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)206/2 : For the loue of a maydon fre I haue me choson to chastite.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)29/20 : He þat for god solitary lyffe chesys.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)1091 : He lyued poorely and pouert chees.
- (1451) Capgr.St.Gilb.(Add 36704)141/21 : Wilfully he chase honest pouerte.
b
- a1350 God þat al þis myhtes (Hrl 2253)44 : To wickede werkes y me chees.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.276 : Synful mannes soule is bitraysed..whan he cheseth flesshly delices.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)6230 : It folowith not that they Shulde..not..her soules leese, That hem to worldly clothes chese.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1773 : For ai a child mot him chese to childire geris.
- c1450(?a1400) Parl.3 Ages (Add 31042)255 : And chese me to the chesse that chefe es of gamnes.
5.
Ppl. (a) Of persons: choice, elegant, excellent, distinguished, noble; handsome, beautiful, fair; coronest, kiddest ~, most distinguished; even ~, equally excellent; comeli ~, loveli ~; kindeli ~, naturally fair; also, choice or singular (cuckold); (b) of things: choice, excellent, fine, fair; gold ~, pure gold; ~ bote, singular revenge.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)25210 : Ich þe leden wulle cnihtes of mire leode..alle icorene..to uehte swiðe gode.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)25670 : Howeles dohter icoren [Otho: icore] Eleine wes ihaten, aðelest maidenen.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)55/592 : Saul..kempene icorenest.
- c1225 St.Kath.(1) (Tit D.18)1295 : Fif siðe tene i-cudde & i-corene, & of ferrene i-fat.
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)268 : Heo schal beon his quene icore.
- c1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)579 : Icham a bird in bour briȝt, Of wel heiȝe kin ycorn.
- c1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)1431 : Þat was so comly corn.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)148 : Y no seiȝe neuer ȝete bifore So fair creatours ycore.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)766 : Y ȝylde me her to Charlis kyng, þe beste knyȝt y-core.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2593 : Noon..hadde of oother auauntage..So euene were they chosen.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)4.140 : Bote he beo A Cokewold I-kore, cut of boþe myn Eres!
- ?a1425(a1400) Brut-1377 (Corp-C 174)321/2 : Sere Leonell, Kyng Edwardes sone..went towarde Myleyn with a chose meyne of þe gentils of Englond.
- a1450(?c1430) Lydg.DM(1) (Hnt EL 26.A.13)370 : How dar this dethe sette on me areste, That am the kynges chosen officere?
- a1450(c1433) Lydg.St.Edm.(Hrl 2278)422/499 : Twenty..Off chose personys.
- a1450 Pride Life (ChrC-Dub)244 : My kinde korin kniȝtes.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)407 : We holden hit sinne, To maken hem comelokur corn þan hur kynde askyþ.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)415 : Þey þat craven by craft comelokur seme þan þei ben kindeli coren.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)978 : Þe kiddeste ycore þat corone weldus.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)624 : Arystotill..one of þe coronest clerkis þat euer knew letter.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1910 : I, þe corounnest [Dub: Coroundest] kyng of kyngis all othire.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)208 : Too hundred schippis..with xxv thousand of chose men.
- a1500(?a1325) Otuel & R (Fil)732 : Roulond is a knyȝt y-core.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)1057 : An hert shewyd hym Richard byfore..whenne he hym perceyuyd so louely y-core [etc.].
- a1525 Conq.Irel.(Dub 592)22/18 : Yongelynges I-corne, that so many perilles hawe to-geddre I-soffred.
b
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B:Berberich)74.17/1 : Oþer ys to lacedomum swyðe ȝecoren.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)134/23 : Þu wyllt habben alle fæȝere þing & icorene, & wult beon waclic þe seolf & unwurð.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)7698 : He lette bringen him bi-fore garisome wel i-chose.
- a1350 Most i ryden (Hrl 2253)34 : Hire chyn ys chosen ant eyþer cheke whit ynoh ant rode..ase roser.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)105 : Þi bodi, þat was so white ycore, Wiþ þine nailes is al totore.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)319a/a : Chose melk [L electum lac]..schal haue foure qualitees: colour, odour, liquour, and sauour.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.593 : Euery tour bretexed was so clene Of chose stoon..Þat to beholde it was a verray wonder.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.933 : To bilde a paleys and a riche halle, Whiche schuld[e] ben his chose chefe dongon, His royal se and souereyn mansioun.
- (?c1422) Hoccl.ASM (Dur-U Cosin V.3.9)79 : More to thee profyte shal my lore Than chosen gold.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)24a/a : A way of helyng more eligible i. chesyng [L eligibilior].
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)26a/b : Þe more chose way of helynge.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1786 : Ȝone kynge..karpes full large, Because he killyd þis kene..He sall hafe coren-bote, so me Criste helpe!
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)146 : A coroun off gold jcorn.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)337 : Þe chosest for inchantement at he chese couthe.
- c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251)254/12 : A precyus medcyn..made of xii chosyn spysis.
6a.
Theol. Of God or Christ: (a) to choose (the virtuous) for eternal life or the bliss of heaven; ~ to blisse, heven, etc.; (b) ppl. chosen to heavenly bliss, blessed; (c) ppl. as noun: the elect, the blessed; Cristes (godes) chosen.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225 Lamb.Hom.Pater N.(Lamb 487)277 : Þu from alle ufele us ales and to þin aȝen us ches.
- c1300 SLeg.Brendan (LdMisc 108)722 : Þat lond he wole þanne schewe..heom þat beth to him icore.
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)340 : For ycleped þer beoþ mony on ak ffewe ychose þerto.
- a1350 Middelerd for mon (Hrl 2253)67 : To queme Crist we weren ycore.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)635 : He bouȝt ous on þe rode, Whare þurch we ben to heuen ycorn.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.1054 : They that ben chosen of god.
- c1390 NHom.Narrat.(Vrn)259/45 : He was cald and not chosun.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)128b/a : Al þat beþ I chose beþ..I raunsoned out of þe seruyse of fendis.
- a1400 Heil & holi (Cmb Gg.4.32)16 : Praie for vs to þine childe, Þat we to his blisse be coren.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)904 : I schulde not tempte þy wyt so wlonc, To Krystez chambre þat art jchose.
- ?c1400 Wycl.CGosp.Mark (Add 41175:Hudson)43/43 : 'Good lond' [Mark 4.20] is þe conscience of chosun men þat resseyueþ wilfuly þe seed of Goddis word and kepiþ it stidefastly among aduersitees and prosperitees.
- ?a1425(a1415) Wycl.Lantern (Hrl 2324)47/25 : Crist chesiþ þe good of his chirche in to þe vessel of blisse.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)483 : For the chosen whiche he cheese, the Lord hath mad schort tho daies.
b
- a1225(?c1175) PMor.(Lamb 487)104 : Hwi boð fole iclepede & swa lut icorene.
- a1250 Cristes milde moder (Nero A.14)67 : Swete Godes moder, softe meiden & wel icoren, þin iliche neuer nes ne neuer more ne wurð iboren.
- a1275 Seinte Mari moder (Trin-C B.14.39)45 : Mildest quene ant best icorn, nist ant day þou be me forn.
- c1330 Clerk & Virg.(Auch)177 : Vp into heuen anon sche steyȝe, Þer sche is quen & leuedi corn.
- c1330 Degare (Auch)161 : A, gentil maiden, kinde icoren, Help me, oþer ich am forloren.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Rom.8.33 : Who schal accuse aȝenus the chosene [L electos] sones of God?
- (1426) Reg.Chichele in Cant.Yk.S.42 (Lamb 69)340 : All the holy chosen companye of heven.
- (?a1430) Hoccl.MG (Hnt HM 111)100 : Freend familier of Cryst, And his y-chosen virgyne, seint Ion..euangelyst.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)29/22 : Þow wer a chosyn sowle..and a peler of Holy Cherch.
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)389/1 : Blesse þou, my fader..alle thy chosen derlynges þe whiche pleseden þee fro the begynnynge of the worlde.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)2156 : As chose shepe of Crystys folde.
- c1475 Ioy blissid lady (Hrl 372)50 : O Sponsa, dei electa, O thou chosyne spouse of god.
- a1500 Abbrev.Elucid.(Pen 12)43/1 : He schall apere to his chosene men in that foorme as he did apere to his disciplis in the hill, and to reprevid men he schall apere in that foorme as he was doon vpon the crosse.
c
- c1175(?OE) HRood (Bod 343)28/11 : Ðu wære ær meretrix on ðisse worulde, ac þu eart nu godes icorenæ.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)93 : Mid hise chosene.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)119/32 : Alle his ikorene he hafð bihoten..þat hie sculen..mid him aure mo wuniȝen. Amen.
- a1225 Lamb.Hom.Pater N.(Lamb 487)55/6 : Þet he beo feder and we him icorene.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)1635 : & te endelese lif þet godd haueð ileuet his icorene.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)6/1 : Hu me droh to deaðe Cristes icorene.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)59/633 : Iblescet beo crist & alle his icorene!
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)38/655 : Alle his icorene.
- (a1333) Herebert Cryst (Add 46919)1 : Cryst, buggere of alle ycoren.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)68/9 : Þe holi gost..makeþ his ychosene zinge ine hare herten þe zuete zones of heuene.
- ?c1400 Earth(2) (PRO)45/36 : Houre Louerd þat on eorthe for eorthe was iboren..bringe eorthe to þat eorthe þer beþ his icoren.
- a1425(?a1400) PCounsel.(Hrl 674)168/16 : He wiþdraweþ neuer þe raþer his grace in his chosen.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)82/1 : Agayns godis chosyn.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)3.1576 : The chose off God, Dauid the worthi kyng.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)373/497 : Of alle my chosyn..schul ye clepyd be qwen.
6b.
Theol. Of Jesus: to choose (the Virgin for his mother); choose (the Christian community as his bride, the weak to confound the mighty); ~ to service, select (sb.) for holy office.
Associated quotations
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)18419 : Crist iss bridgume, & he shall her Himm chesenn brid onn erþe, Off all mannkinn an haliȝ follc.
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)40/689 : Þet eadi meiden þe he him cheas to moder.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)1611 : Cwen, icoren of Iesu Crist..þu schalt stihen..to drihtin in heouene.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)2.3 : To crye her holynesse, þat þei ben bifore oþer chosen of God to his service.
- c1425 Found.St.Barth.14/16 : O cryst..that..chesist the feble of the worlde to confounde the myghty.
- (?a1430) Hoccl.MG (Hnt HM 111)80 : Blessid be god þat swich a modir chees!
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)278 : Leuy and hise children..God chase to be preestis.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)139/29 : As þou me to thy modir chaas [rime: grace].
7.
(a) To collect, cull, pick (sth.); ~ out, pick out; (b) to obtain, get, find (sth.); occupy (a place); refl. keep or sustain (oneself), carry on; (c) to adopt (a child).
Associated quotations
a
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)365 : And chose out..alle þat were goede.
- 1372 Lullay lullay litel child þu (Adv 18.7.21)9 : Aȝenis my fadris wille i ches An appel.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)25434 : Þof adam rap him in a res Thoru an apul þat eue him ches.
- ?a1425(a1415) Wycl.Lantern (Hrl 2324)44/10 : Þe fischers..chosen þe good in to her vessellis.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)191/15 : Petyr chos þe gretyst fysch.
b
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)26 : His bold borwes he ches, His men he slouȝ among.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Luke 14.7 : Thei chesiden the firste seetis.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.501 : The beste wordes wolde I pike Whiche I cowthe in myn herte chese.
- (c1422) Hoccl.JWife (Dur-U Cosin V.3.9)140 : Wherthurgh, his grace I vttirly shal leese, Or per cas my lyf I ne shal nat cheese.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)27/24 : Þis creatur..jn so mech þat hyr husbond went a-way fro hir..cheys hir as sche cowde, for oþer comfort had sche noon.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)92/32 : Þis creatur had thus ȝouyn a-wey hir good..sche had no syluer to cheys hir wyth-þal.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)337 : He..drewe vp herbis, Þe chosest for inchantement at he chese couthe.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)1166 : Rame..gaff hym gold & clothing..Of þe best þat he couthe..in towne chese.
c
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)101/26 : Huanne an heȝ man ne heþ no child, ha may chiese þet child of a guod man..and maki him his zone be adopcioun.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5643 : For hir child sco þan him chess And gaue him to nam moyses.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.3.33 : Whan thow were orphelyn..and were chose in affynite of prynces of the cite.
- c1440(c1350) Octav.(1) (Thrn)1557 : The emperoure..þe childe..for his sone hym chese.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)1485 : For hyr sun scho yt chese..And gart name yt moyses als funleng of the flud.
8.
To choose or take one's way; ~ wei (gate); proceed or go (to or from a place); refl. betake oneself; ~ fast, to hurry.
Associated quotations
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)2736 : Moyses..his weige ðeðen ches.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)604 : Y brouȝt him þer he ches.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)2222 : Anon of lond he ches Out of markes eiȝe sene.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)2641 : Into bretein he ches.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.146 : William..his way to Scotland ches.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)451 : To þe grene chapel þou chose.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)778 : He ful chauncely hatz chosen to þe chef gate.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)930 : Caplaynez to þe chapeles chosen þe gate.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)946 : He ches þurȝ þe chaunsel to cheryche þat hende.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1873 : To a cheefe foreste they chesen theire wayes.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)1123 : Vn-to þe cheftane he chese, And raughte hym a strake.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)493 : To þe chefe chaiare of þe qwene he chese him be-lyue.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1922 : Chese ȝow furth, my chiftanes..Laches me þis losengere.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)670 : Whan Medea the maidon..was chosyn into chamber..Hit neght to þe night.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)8270 : Achilles, þou cheses þe fast ffor to prese me with pyne in thy proud yre!
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)419 : Knightis toke there leve to fare, Ichone his owne way hym chese.
- a1500(?a1400) Torrent (Chet 8009)718 : A scheff-chambyr she hym chesys [read: ches].
- a1500(?c1400) Gowther (Adv 19.3.1)332 : Syr Gwother..in con gwon..Unto þo hye bord he chesse.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)211/14 : Lay þe cors yn þe wayne and let þe bullus chose hor way.
9.
(a) To perceive (sth., sb.); also, recognize; (b) to distinguish (one thing from another).
Associated quotations
a
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)187 : Lest ho me eschaped, þat I þer chos, Er I at steuen hir moȝt stalle.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)798 : Chalk-whyt chymnees þer ches he innoȝe.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)13509 : By the chere of Achilles he chese hym onone: So lyke was the lede to his lefe fader.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)336 : Than he ches to the kynge Rion by his coueringe cote.
b
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)86/14 : Children..foles..wytlease þet ne habbeþ nenne skele huer-by hi conne chyese þet guode uram þe kueade.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)17 : Purblynd man that..kan not cheesen good from yuel.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?a1350 Recipe Painting(1) in Clarke Lymmyng (Hrl 2253) 230/29 : Vorte maken blankplum. Tac a vessel of eorþe oþer of treo, of a galun oþer more oþer lasse, cheos þu.
- a1500 Hnt.HM.64 Artist.Recipes (Hnt HM 64) 279/25 : Chesse whether thou wold put gomme thereto or noo.
Note: Additional quot., sense 3.(a). New spelling (imp.) = cheos & chesse.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)26709 : Hame com wilfride, sacrede was he, Escoldesham his bischopes see, Þar he wonede als goddes chose Durande daies of archebischope bose.
Note: New sense for subsense 6a.(c): "godes chosen, one chosen by God for a particular purpose." (Distinguished from the godes chosen of the gloss who are "the elect, the blessed" i.e. those chosen for salvation.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)100/25 : A kniȝt þat is chosen [L lectus] by sacrament of ooþ and sworn to kniȝthode..owiþ noȝt..to forsake dedes of armes..witing wel þat he fiȝteþ noȝt onliche for his owne helthe but also for þe liberte and fredom of his comynalte .
Note: [L miles sacramento lectus ab exercitio armorum..cessare non debet, cui pugnandum est pro salute propria et libertate communi.]
Note: Additional gloss for sense 2.(d).
Note: Gloss: "to induct (a soldier) for active military service, appoint.
Note: The list of variant spellings in the form section is incomplete and needs revision to accord with standards of later volumes of the MED.--all notes per MLL