Middle English Dictionary Entry
stẹ̄ren v.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | stẹ̄ren v.(1) Also ster(e, sterre, stiere(n, stire(n, (chiefly WM or early SWM & SW) steor(e(n, sturen, (16th cent.) steare & (chiefly N) stē̆r(e & (early) steoran, -æn, stiran, -æn, (SWM) storen, (infl.) steorene; sg.3 stereth, etc. & sterus, steriȝt, (early) steoræð; p. stered(e, etc. & sterd, stierde, stird, (early SW) sturde. |
Etymology | OE stēoran, stēran, (WS) stīeran, stȳran. Some forms and senses are not clearly distinguishable from similar forms and senses of stiren v., to which some quots. here may belong; cp. esp. stiren v. 5.(a), (b), and 11b.(a), (b), (c). |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. isteren v.
1.
(a) To guide the course of a ship or boat; steer (a vessel); also fig.; ~ oute; (b) to lead (sb. to a place); guide the movement of (an animal or a bird); guide the direction of (sth.); direct (sth. toward sb. or God); of Fortune: lead (sb. in a certain direction); refl. proceed (to a place); of an object: ?steer its course in moving [1st quot.]; ~ awei, dispel (sorrow); (c) to guide (sb., the soul, one's life, etc.), counsel; lead (sb. to love, goodness, etc.); lead (the soul from its Christian state or faith); -- used without obj.; direct (sb. that he do sth.); of Christ: guide someone spiritually [quot. ?c1200, 1st]; (d) to conduct oneself; refl. conduct oneself (in a certain way); (e) ?to serve as guide in one's action.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)43/24 : Hie [Noah] swa stierde on ðe muchele wilde flode ðe ouerȝiede all middeneard.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)43/27 : Swa scule ða gastliche stieres-menn steren ða arche of ðe hali cherche.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)69/752 : As ha weren iwatere com a strom þet te schip ne mahte na mon steorin.
- c1390(1377) Death Edw.III (Vrn)26 : A Rooþur..steered þe schip & gouerned hit..Þe Roþur was..Edward þe þridde.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.993 : He that behinde sat to stiere Mai noght the forestempne hiere.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)139a/a : Þe steresman doutiþ and not neuer whidirward he schal stere þe schip ariȝt.
- c1400(a1376) PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)9.30 : Ȝif he ne arise þe raþere & ariȝt sterede [vr. stere], Þe wynd wolde wiþ þe watir þe boot ouerþrowe.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.4 : For in this see the boot hath swych travaylle..that unneth I it steere.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)14099 : To þer schipes þey gaf þer tent To stere þem boþe fer & hende.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)185 : Þe weiht ovur þe watur sterus And þe lettrus to his lord ledus.
- c1450 Trin-C.LEDict.(Trin-C O.5.4)605/27 : Proreto: to sterne or to stere out.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)28/175 : Blis vs, lord, here for charite I hit crafe, The better may we stere the ship.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)13210 : I launchit to se..With myche noy in the night my nauy to stere.
b
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Roy 17.A.27)21/164 : Cleopest þeo þinges godes þet nowðer sturien ne mahen ne storen [Bod: steoren] ham seoluen buten as þe heh king hat ham.
- c1400(1375) Canticum Creat.(Trin-O 57)658 : God..ȝaf vs leue To noyen ȝow fable, And alle our mal[is] he sterede to ȝow.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.282 : Allas, Fortune..Nought roughte I whider thow woldest me steere.
- a1450(a1400) Titus & V.(Add 36523)2054 : Hederward he shall hym stere And on Pilate he shall be wroken.
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)380/5 : Many..in prosperite preysen & loven god, but in aduersite þey stiren impacyence aȝens hym.
- c1450(c1415) Roy.Serm.(Roy 18.B.23)262/23 : Euery naturall beest oþur birde moueth hym aftur þat he is stered by plesaunce oþur displesaunce withowte-forth.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)11342 : What sterd þe into þis stede?
- ?c1450 Nicod.(1) (Sion Arc.L.40.2/E.25)155 : Thurghout alle þe Iewery Sykyr men haf þai soght At stere þam [shafts] strenghefully.
- a1500(a1400) Cleges (Adv 19.1.11)150 : Sche hym comforttyd..Hys sorewe away to stere.
c
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)38/13 : Mon steoræn sceal his aȝene childum mid æȝe & mid lufe.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)88/7 : Gescead is iȝefan þare sawle to wissiȝenne & to steorene hire aȝene lif & alle hire dæda.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)1559 : Jesu Crist..shall ben Uppo þatt bodiȝ hæfedd, To fedenn & to fosstrenn hemm, To steorenn & to berrȝhenn.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)15259 : Þatt lærede genge..iss sett her att te ster To sterenn baþe þoþre.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)95/16 : Ich am ȝewundred of ðe, Ratio, þe scalt..wissin and stieren ȝe ðe saule ȝe ðe lichame, [etc.].
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)27/276 : Steor me & streng me, for al mi strengðe is of þe.
- ?c1250 I-blessed beo þu (Eg 613)30 : So me led and steore Þat ich at min ende-dai ne habbe non feond to fere.
- c1390 Susan.(Vrn)304 : Þou hast Ibe presedent, þe peple to steere.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)29546 : Als þe suerd þat deles in tuin Saul and bodi..Sua dos cursing þe saul i-wise Fra..þe king o blise, And steres his cristendame fro And liuers him to þe find.
- c1400(a1376) PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)9.42 : He strengþeþ þe to stonde & steriþ [vrr. stireth, stires, stureþ, steryȝt] þi soule.
- (1444) RParl.5.105a : Maires have ben chosen..by multitude of voyces of divers persones..procurryd..to be ther..to geve thaire voices as they were stered unto.
- a1450(?1420) Lydg.TG (Tan 346)1349 : Willi planet..þat woful hertes can appese and sterre [rime: dere].
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)4/1 : Y made this boke for the gret loue that y had to my..doughtres..Hauing hertely ioye to finde wayes to stere and turne hem to goodnesse and worshippe.
- a1500(?c1414) ?Brampton PPs.(1) (Sln 1853)p.37 : Preestys..schulde..stere hem..To pes, love, and charyte.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)146/34 : Þere come a fayre schynynge man to hym and steryd hym, [etc.].
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)4 : He [fiend] stered this man that he come to the oon of these sustres.
d
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)1082 : He stird him as akniȝt.
- c1330(?c1300) Bevis (Auch)208/4442 : Beues stered him ase gode kniȝt.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)3907 : William & his wiȝes..so sturnli in þat stour stered hem.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)19822 : He sal þe lere Al o þi lijf, hu þou sal stere.
- a1400(?a1350) Siege Troy(1) (Eg 2862)51/634 : Þe king..byddeþ him bere him manly And ouer al stere [vr. steore] him stoutly.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)5056 : He layde on euery syde ryȝt, And steryd hym as noble knyȝt.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)4.80 : Ne had þei striked a strake and sterid hem þe better..Þey had be þrowe ouere þe borde backewarde ichonne.
- c1450(a1375) Octav.(2) (Clg A.2)1717 : Stow[t]lyche stere we vs yn werre And boldelyche our baners bere.
e
- c1450 ?C.d'Orl.Poems (Hrl 682)74/2188 : Lord..Mi deedis take suche as goodnes stere And crowne hir..within thyn hevenly spere.
2.
(a) To restrain (sb.), control (one's heart or emotion); with inf. phrase: restrain (sb. from doing sth.); (b) refl. to restrain oneself; of the heart: control itself; (c) to control (a fire), keep (the sea) within bounds; hold (one's tongue), restrain (someone's words or speech); hold (a dispute, battle, etc.) in check, keep under control; also, with gen.: ?restrain one's impulse to evil [1st quot.]; (d) to reproach; reprove (sb.), chide; also, refl. castigate oneself; also, ?rebuke (sb.), revile.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)38/18 : Bið þeo lufe him al to hatungæ awend, ȝif þu nelt his ȝehælpæn & him steoræn on ær.
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)25/434 : Þin herte nu þu stere.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)4295 : Strengh o luue..nan mai stere þof his hert al stillen were.
- c1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)27 : Þay ar happen also þat con her hert stere.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)1159 : To start in þe strem schulde non me stere.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.1102 : Þei..assemble I-fere, In hate brennynge, þat no man may stere.
- a1425 MChristi (Arun 286)50/342 : Þe utter man is feble and unmiȝtty, and ofte-tymes sturynge and lettyng þe inner fro gode dedys doyng.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)4.3733 : This myhti tiraunt..With couetise brent in his entraille, Whos gredi fret ther myht no mesure steere.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)5363 : Þan bows þis baratour þire brethire to stere.
- a1500(?c1450) Florence (Cmb Ff.2.38)825 : The lady..was full woo; Ther myght no man hur stere.
b
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)32/23 : Ha..ne steorið [Roy: storið] ham seolf, ne ne stondeð strongliche aȝein.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4752 : Hir eyen..wer so persyng..Þat an herte [ne] myȝt hym silf stere.
- c1450(?a1422) Lydg.LOL (Dur-U Cosin V.2.16)4.39 : His mothir..Oute brast on teres and myght her-self not stere.
- a1475 Friar & B.(Brog 2.1)p.50 : What man that thys pype doth here He schall not hemselfe stere But hope and dawnce aboute.
c
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)7/16 : Ster þeh ælces yfeles swa þu swyðest muge, swa þeh þt þu hit to wyrrsen ne gebringe.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)22/23 : Þu steorest þe sea-strem þet hit flede ne mot fir þen þu merkest.
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)3493 : All þis stryfe to stere, Þis profer we vn-to yhow here, [etc.].
- c1390 Hose wolde be-þenke (Vrn)86 : Wrecched fooles..con not wel heore tonge steere.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.1088 : This matiere..non bot only god may stiere.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)3483 : Strait es for to stere þe stat, Þar might o kind es funden mat.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)935 : Fyr..myghte nat been steered [vr. sterede].
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)11850 : Þei prayd to god with gud entent þat he wold helpe þat stoure to stere.
- c1450(a1375) Octav.(2) (Clg A.2)5 : Iesu..Glady both old & younge..That wylled a whyle ster her tounge.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)255/350 : Thise qwenes with scremyng and with showte, May no man thare wordys stere?
- c1500(?a1437) ?Jas.I KQ (SeldArch B.24)st.194 : Go litill tretis..And pray the reder to have pacience Of thy defaute..And his tong for to reule and to stere.
d
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.VA (Vsp D.14)12/31 : Ealle þiss byð ælmesse, & eac þæt mann beswinge þone stunten for steore, se þe steren [Lamb.Hom.VA111: steoran] sceal, for þan þe he deð mildheortnysse gyf he þone man gerihtlæceð.
- a1150 Rwl.G.57 Gloss.(Rwl G.57)27 : [Cato(1) IV.40: Cum tu peccaris, castiga, glossed:] ster þu [te ipse subinde].
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)38/18 : Ðam stuntum monnu mon sceal steoræn æfre butæn ælcere hatunge & hine rihtlæcen.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)38/30 : Ðu þe styran scealt, þæt he seolf beo irihtlæht, [etc.].
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)38/32 : Ðe ðe monhatæ bið, ne mæȝ he wæl styræn.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)48/26 : Ðreo cyn beoð ælmessenæ..þridde is þet mon þam gyltendan styre.
- 1591(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hnt HM 2)299/314 : This stalward I would stere.
- 1591(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hnt HM 2)439/23 : The most stowtest this sight shall steare.
3.
(a) To govern, rule; be in charge; have charge of persons or animals; (b) to govern (people); command (an army, fighting men, etc.); manage (an office), administer; ?also, hold sway over (someone's heart); of God, Christ, or the Trinity: govern (man, the world, etc.); (c) refl. to take care of oneself, manage one's life; govern oneself morally or spiritually; also, ?be in control [last quot.].
Associated quotations
a
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)33/761 : In þat forest woned an herd, Þat of bestes loked an sterd.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)4450 : Þe maister iailer To ioseph taght þam for to ster.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)16304 : Þe Angell ordand all be dene..Þor wanted noyȝt..qwer swylke stewer was to stere.
- a1500(?c1450) Florence (Cmb Ff.2.38)414 : Ther modur was weddyd..To a lorde that..sterne was to stere.
b
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)40/1 : God..mid liðnysse us steoræð.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)3679 : He [Christ] wollde wundenn ben forr uss I wrecche winndeclutess..he þatt all þiss weorelld shop & alle shaffte stereþþ.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)6777 : Ure Godd iss þripell Godd Inn Allmahhtiȝ þrimmnesse..all þatt wass & iss & beoþ He shop..& steoreþþ.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Roy 17.A.27)3/6 : Maxence storede [Bod: steorede] þe refschipe in rome.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)449/4 : A noble knyȝht is fadur was..and al is Ost he stierde [Hrl: sturde].
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)2571 : Tristrem þe bailif gan to Swiftly for to stere.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)22654 : Þe twelft signe es of sorus sere, Thoru might of him þat all can stere.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)2.9 : In yherde irened salt þou stere [WBible(1): gouerne] þa.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.228 : He..wende nothing hadde had swich myght Ayeyns his wille that shuld his herte stere [vr. stiere].
- a1450 Gener.(1) (Mrg M 876)3751 : Thre thousand knightes he had to stere.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)5.1679 : Men wil wene that thou be ny wood To sle the puple..And lete me scape whiche stered hem alle.
- c1450(?a1400) Chestre Launfal (Clg A.2)684 : I nell be traytoure..Be God þat all may stere.
c
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)6847 : Ȝiff þatt tu..Willt follȝhenn..Crist, Þe birrþ beon king..To steorenn rihht te sellfenn.
- a1275(?c1150) Prov.Alf.(Trin-C B.14.39)122/495 : Ȝif..i þin helde..þu ne moȝe mid strenȝhe þe selwen steren, Þanne þanke þi louerd of alle is lone.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)12230 : Bot drightin seluen wit him were, I wend i moght me wit him stere.
4.
?To be engaged in (wickedness).
Associated quotations
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)23276 : Þaa men..sa starck war her Stitli þair wickedhed to ster.