Middle English Dictionary Entry
lō̆ven v.(2)
Entry Info
Forms | lō̆ven v.(2) Also love, lof(e(n, lowe(n, (N) loif, (N & NM) louve, loufe, (early) lovie(n, lufe, (early SW) lofvie, luve, luvie(n, luviæn. Forms: sg. 2 lǒufes; sg. 3 lō̆veth, (N) lō̆ves, (early SW) luveth; pl.ind. (early SW) lō̆vieth, luvieth; pl. impv. (early) luves, (early SW) luvieth; p. lō̆ved(e, lō̆fed, lō̆wed(e, lǒufed, (N & NM) lō̆vet, lō̆wet, (error) laved, (early SW) luvede; ppl. i)lō̆ved, lō̆vede, lō̆fed. |
Etymology | OE lofian. Early forms with -u- are due to confusion with lǒven v. (1). ME lō̆ven v. (2) is often difficult to distinguish from louen v. (4) and lō̆ven v.(1). |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) To praise (sb. or sth.) [usually for a specific act or favor]; -- also without obj.: ~ of (for), praise (sb.) for (sth.); ben loved of, be praised by (sb.); (b) ben to ~, to be praised, be praiseworthy; ~ lof (lovinge), sing (someone's) praises; (c) in exclamations: drighten be loved, loved be god, God be praised; i love oure lord, I praise or thank the Lord; loved be thi might, thy power be praised; etc.; (d) to worship (God, Christ); also, worship (a pagan deity, a man); -- sometimes difficult to distinguish from (a).
Associated quotations
a
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)ded.87 : Unnc birrþ baþe lofenn Godd Off þatt itt wass bigunnenn & þannkenn Godd tatt itt iss brohht Till ende.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.155 : Pope Adrian þe firste was praysed for þat he graunted to Charles þe mynistres of prelates; oure prelates aren loved [Higd.(2): be commended; L laudantur] for þat þey doon þe contrarie.
- c1390 Susan.(Vrn)353 : Þen the folk..lowed [vrr. lovyd; lowely thanked] þat loueli lord.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)12005 : Sum him loued..And sum him blamed.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)19078 : Louand [Trin-C: Louynge] vr lauerd, þan he lepe.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)9.24 : For loued es [L laudatur] sinful in yernynge Of his saule.
- c1400 St.Anne(1) (Min-U Z.822.N.81)1044 : Þan was scho glad & loued god of þat dede.
- a1425(?c1375) NHom.(3) Leg.(Hrl 4196)13/214 : To schip þai gat him in þat space And loued god hertly of his grace.
- a1425 NHom.(3) Leg.Suppl.Hrl.(Hrl 4196)36/127 : Ful mekill mirth made al hir frendes And loued god þat hir had raysed.
- c1425 Bible SNT(1) (Cmb Dd.12.39)Deeds 16.25 : Poule ande Silas, lowtande vnto God, loued [L laudabant] hym in alle his sonde.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)74/3 : I suld be kyndyld & lightyd to loyf [L ad laudandum] god, qwos praysynge is not cumly in synnar mouthe.
- c1440(a1400) Eglam.(Thrn)333 : He loues Gode of his lane.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)47 : Wherfore miche ouȝten lay persoones forto make and apprise and loue the now spoken bokis.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)18/28 : Þei walkid in myddis þe fier, louynge here Lord.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)44/145 : I lowe þi lare, both lowde and stille.
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)334/41 : Alle inwarde mihtes & affecciones, to-geder reiocynge, loovene & wirchepene godde.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)7594 : Ector..lowet the lede for his his leue speche.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)658 : His hert & his hardynes hiȝely he lofed.
- c1475(?c1425) Avow.Arth.(Tay 9:French&Hale)511 : Þen loghe þat damesell..And louet..God and Sir Gawan.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)3854,3860 : It was lykand To se þe childe his god louand..On þair knees þai knelid all doune And loued god with deuocioune.
- (1471) Rec.Throne Edw.IV (Roy 17.D.15)p.281 : Thayre offeryng thay made devoutly, Lovyng and thonckyng God of his victory.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.20.13b : Bute þei maken hem bi a feyninge for to þanken and lowen God, and spekin of Hym wiþ here mouþ.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)75b : To lowfe [Monson: Love], vbi to prayse.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)9.24 : The synful is loued of his flaterers.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)17.4 : Louand [L Laudans], i sall incall god.
- c1450(c1400) Emare (Clg A.2)124 : Þey loueden hem wyth honour.
- a1500(?c1450) Florence (Cmb Ff.2.38:Vietor)704 : Syr Emere horsyd hys lorde a gayne And loouyd god he was not slayne.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)248/169 : The son of Centuryon..Of the palsy he helyd anone; Thay lowfyd hym oft sythe.
- c1450 Eglam.(Clg A.2)333 : He beraft þe gyant his lyfe And loued ay Goddis lore.
b
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)ded.77 : Witt shulenn tredenn unnderrfot..Þe dom off all þatt laþe flocc..Þat tæleþþ þatt to lofenn iss.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)105.12 : Þai..looued his lofe [L laudaverunt laudem eius] nighte and dai.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)321 : In his wordes trowed þai And loved his lovyng als þai couth say.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4590 : Þe lede is litill to loue þat leuys ay in sorowe.
- a1500 Orfeo (Hrl 3810)2/12 : Of alle þing þat men may se, Moost to lowe, forsoþe, þey be.
c
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5262 : I loue godd [Göt: I-loued be godd] þat þou liuand es!
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)150.5-6 : Loues [L laudate] him in chimbes ofe mirthe and blisse; Alkine gaste loue [L laudet] lauerd þat isse.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)925 : 'Lorde, loved he worþe,' quod Loth, 'upon erþe!'
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1256 : Bot, I louue þat ilk lorde þat þe lyfte haldez, I haf hit holly in my honde þat al desyres.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)369 : I loue Gode of þis loue [?read: lone]!
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)4305 : Of þis dere day-werke, þe Dryghtten be louede!
- c1440(?a1400) Perceval (Thrn)2039 : Mahown, loued be thi myght!
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)259 : Slik sotellte I haue, Sa clere a witt & sa clene, my creatoure I lofe, Þat all þe notis at I neuyn nobly I can.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)5624 : Ȝit miȝt neuir, I lofe oure lorde, my lege, ȝow withstande.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)351 : 'Loue we god!' he says by dene.
- a1500(c1386) St.Erk.(Hrl 2250)324 : Oure Savyoure be lovyd!
- a1525(?1481) Cov.Leet Bk.491 : Neuerthelesse, loued by God, the Meire..came amonges them & sessed them.
d
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)7997 : Þær comenn forrþ to lofenn himm [Christ] An weppmann & an widdwe.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)8444 : Godess Sune birrde Beon att te temmple, þær þær Godd Wass lofedd aȝȝ & wurrþedd.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)14585 : Nulleð heo..habben þe to kinge buten þu..afo hæðene laȝen..& luuie heore mahimet.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)14843 : We scullen an londe luuiæn [Otho: lofuie] ure drihten.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)1265 : He be-hehte..[þ]at hire [Diana] wolde he louie [Clg: teman]..wirche hire one temple.
- a1400(c1300) NHom.(1) Gosp.(Phys-E)p.2 : And wel bird euer ilke man Lof god after that he kan.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1703,1719 : Þenne he laued [read: loued] þat Lorde..Bifore þy borde hatz þou broȝt beverage in þede..Lovande þeron lese goddez þat lyf haden never.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)1124 : Al songe to loue þat gay juelle.
- c1400 St.Anne(1) (Min-U Z.822.N.81)1482 : Dragons sall do þe honor, & lyons lybardys for þe socour Lowe hym for uther store.
- c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)59/27 : Þe persyenes..bi-gan to wirchipe hym & loue hym riȝte als he hade bene a godd.
- c1450 Myldeste of moode (BodR 22)21 : Aungellys syng a-bowte þe chererchy, Lovyng þat lorde wyth hevynly melody.
- c1425(a1400) Wycl.Pseudo-F.(Dub 245)320 : Þise pseudoes..maken a newe craft to preye & to loue god.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)3/75 : We lofe the, lord, with all oure thoght.
2.
(a) To approve (sth.), agree to; consent to (an action); recommend (that sth. be done); witness (a charter), approve (a grant of land or privileges); ~ red, approve of (counsel), agree to (a plan of action); (b) used without obj.; (c) to permit (sth.), allow; ?turn (a deer over to the dogs); (d) ?to promise (sth.).
Associated quotations
a
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.656 : And ic Oswi, Norþhimbre kyning, þeos mynstres freond & þes abbotes Saxulf, hit loue mid Cristes mel..And we, þes kyningas swustre, Cyneburh & Cynesuith, we hit louien.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)998 : We mæwen faren riche ȝif we ræd luuieð [Otho: louieþ].
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)4151 : Al his folc luuede [Otho: louede] þene ræd.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)16987 : Ich þe wullen suggen sælest alre ræden; ȝif þu hine wult luuien æft he þe likeð.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)106/28 : Ful wil to þet fulðe wið skiles ȝettunge..hunti þrefter wið wohunge..luuie [Nero: luuien; Tit: luue; Recl.: sett] tide oðer stude forte cumen i swuch keast.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)5359 : Þo saiden hii in halle, 'þisne read we louieþ [Clg: halde] alle.'
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)16938 : Alle hii louede þane read.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)20783 : Alle we louieþ þane read.
- c1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)173 : I lovue þat we lay lotes on ledes vchone, & who-so lympes þe losse, lay hym þer-oute.
b
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.656 : Ealle þa þing þet ic wat þet ðu geornest on ure Drihtnes halfe, swa ic lufe & tyðe.
c
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)30/22 : For þi, mine leoue sustren, þe leaste þet ȝe eauer mahen luuieð [Tit: luues] ower þurles -- Alle beon ha lutle.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)18 : Ȝif he haue a deere that be his felawe, he loueþ [?read: leueþ; F baillera] hym to þe houndes, in entent þat he may waraunt hymself.
d
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)9731 : Þat haue y loued, Al what ichaue mi swerd proued!
3.
(a) To appraise (sth.); set a price on (sb. or sth.), ask a price for; -- also without obj.; ~ dere, ask a high price for (sb. or sth.); (b) ~ meste of pris, to consider (sb.) of greatest value, have the highest regard for (sb.).
Associated quotations
a
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)213 : Þe sullere loueð his þing dere and seið þat it is wel wurð oðer betere.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)186/13 : Auh hwo luueð þing & loueð [?read: leueð] hit uor lesse þen hit is wurð?
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)781 : He ne lowede [vr. louede] him nouȝt to deore, as þis chapmen wolleþ echon.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1300 : Þer Merlin houed & louȝ stille & seiȝe hou men loued, schon to selle.
- ?a1475 PParv.(Win)277 : Lovon and bedyn, as chapmen: licitor.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)211/239 : 'Now, Iudas, sen he shalbe sold, how lowfes thou hym? belyfe let se.' 'For thretty pennys truly told, or els may not that bargan be.'
- a1500 Octav.(1) (Cmb Ff.2.38)727 : So feyre an hors sye he neuer none..The man hym louyd for xxx pownde, Eche peny hole and sownde; No lesse he wolde hym selle.
b
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)310 : Ac ȝef þer eni maide is þat þe Admiral luueþ [vrr. halt, telleþ] mest of pris, On hire schal beo þat flur iwent.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1500(?c1450) Florence (Cmb Ff.2.38) : Sche knelyd downe before þe crose And looueyed God wyth mylde voyce.
Note: New spelling. Sense 1. (d) or (a).