Middle English Dictionary Entry
frẹ̄sen v.
Entry Info
Forms | frẹ̄sen v. Also freosen, frusen, frisen. Forms: sg. 3 frẹ̄seth, freoseth; early frest, freost, frost; p. sg. frēs, frẹ̄sede; ppl. i-)frōre(n, i-vrōre, i-)frōzen, frōsen. |
Etymology | OE frēosan; frȳst, frēoseþ; *frēas, ge-fruron; *ge-)froren. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
Of the weather: to be cold enough to freeze water, to be severely cold; it freseth, the frost freseth, it is freezing weather, it freezes.
Associated quotations
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)620 : And his hou neuer neuorlost [Jes-O: ne uorleost], Wan hit sniuw ne wan hit frost.
- c1300 SLeg.Mich.(LdMisc 108)617 : Þe hore forst cometh ȝwane it is so cold þat it freoseth a-nyȝt.
- a1350 Mon in þe mone (Hrl 2253)5 : When þe forst freseþ, muche chele he [the man in the moon] byd.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)247 : Þei it comenci to snewe and frese.
- c1350 Cmb.Ee.4.20.Nominale (Cmb Ee.4.20)575 : Forste for he fresuth [F il gele].
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)8.115 : Whon þe Forst freseþ, foode hem [birds] bi-houeþ.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.4300 : If the Monthe of Juil schal frese.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)193a/a : In somere no þing may grow þere for grete brennyng heete, noþer in wynter for fresyng colde.
- c1400 Femina (Trin-C B.14.40)45 : Ore pluit ore gele: Now hyt Reyneþ, now hit frest.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1645 : Sche [Medea] koude make..to hayle and snowe And frese also.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)7249 : It thundred loude, it ffres, hit hayled.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)84/5 : It freseth more strongly in þo contrees þan on this half.
- a1456(c1425) Lydg.Valentine (Trin-C R.3.20)116 : Euery sesoun, wheþer hit thowe or freese.
- a1475 Leve lystynes (Brog 2.1)p.32 : When the froste fresys.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)132 : It hadde not yet nothir reyned ne snowed ne frosen.
- 1543(1464) Hardyng Chron.B (Grafton)301 : In feueryere when it [did] fryse [rime: Dunfryse].
2.
(a) Of water or water vapor: to turn to ice, freeze; ~ togider [modeled on L con-gelare]; ~ is, freeze to ice; of a body of water: to freeze over; (b) of ice or frost: to form by freezing, to form; (c) to adhere by freezing, freeze (to something).
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Mich.(LdMisc 108)609 : Ȝif it is þoruȝ-out cold þat huy [drops of water] alle i-frozen [vr. i-frore] beo, Þanne it is haul puyr.
- c1300 SLeg.Mich.(LdMisc 108)621 : Þanne freost [vr. freoseth] þe þicke Myst.
- a1300 11 Pains(1) (Jes-O 29)150 : Half heo doþ in o fur And half in-to A froren mur.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)97 : Ðo god bad ben ðe firmament, Al abuten ðis walkne sent; Of watres froren, of yses wal, Ðis middel werld it luket al: May no fir get melten ðat ys.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)5354 : Þat þut water yurore [B: ifrore, frore, froren] is.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.323 : Þe froren [vr. frozen] see.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)138a/b : Hoore frost..is vapour I frore..He [coldness] findeþ vapour and gadreþ perties þerof and congeliþ & fresiþ hem in to þe substaunce of hay[le].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)153a/a : In wynter selden or neuere put water freseþ.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.121 : Þe snowe lay in þe feld, þe water frese biside.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.122 : Þe water of Temse, þat frosen was iys.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)728 : When þe colde cler water fro þe cloudez schadde & fres er hit falle myȝt to þe fale erþe.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)170/3 : It [river] freseth so strongly [vr. it es..so hard frosen]..þat..men han foughten vpon the Ise with grete hostes.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)61/22 : Anoþer water þat on nyghtes fresez hard.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)132b/b : Þorgh water not wele congeled or frosen.
- ?a1425 WBible(2) Gloss.Ecclus.(Cld E.2)43.22 : The cooldnesse of the northrun wynd makith watris to be frozun togidere.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2883 : Þe grete flode of Granton..Þai fand it forsen [vr. frosyn]..a fotethike yse.
- c1453(c1437) Brut-1436 (Hrl 53)571/21 : Temmes þat tyme was so sore frosen that the vintage of Burdeux went ouer Shoters Hill.
- a1475 Rev.St.Bridget(3) (Gar 145)102/31 : What is this but hayle frore to-gidre of waters of vnclennesse.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)51b : To freysse: gelare, congelare.
- a1550 *Norton OAlch.(BodeMus 63)20a : Heat and colde be qualites actiue; moysture and drynes be qualitees passive..ffor they suffren the actiues evermore, as stones to be lyme & watter to be frore.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Ecclus.43.22 : The cold northerne wind bleeȝ, and the cristal freesede [WB(2): frees togidre] fro the watyr.
- a1450(?1420) Lydg.TG (Tan 346)20 : On a craggy roche, Like ise Ifrore [vr. afrore].
- a1550 *Norton OAlch.(BodeMus 63)24a : As berall or yse herde frore.
c
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)265/8 : He wold..latt þaim [his clothes] frese on hym vnto his flessh.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)118/62 : When my shone freys to my fete.
3.
Phys. & physiol. (a) Of minerals: to become solid, solidify; fig. consolidate, become fixed; (b) of physiological conditions or processes, or of an activity: to arrest or stop (the flow of blood, pain, a fever); to become immobilized or ineffective.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)198b/b : Þe norþren wynd blew and made cristal frese [L congelavit cristallum]..Stony þinges of substaunce of oore ben water in manere..but..þey ben nought yfrore onelich wiþ coldnesse of water but also by drynesse of erþe.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)204a/b : Þe brymstone þer of is yuel vapour..þer fore it freseþ nouȝt wel.
- a1450 Serm.Pater N.(Cmb Dd.11.89)478 : Wratthe harde in herte y frore, Many a soule hit maketh forlore.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.613 : Couard herte..Wherof art thow so sore afered, That thou thi tunge soffrest frese?
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)90a/a : Coldenesse fresiþ [L congelat] & lettiþ þe hete.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)93a/b : If it [þe ache] is resolued of glasy flewme hit hatte congelatiuus, fresinge.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)100b/b : Serpentis stingeþ..sonner by day þan by nyȝte for..venym..is by cold tyme as it were frore in one place.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)101a/a : Venym of a scorpioun..fresiþ þe blood with his coldenesse, and þerof comeþ deþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)101b/a : Now he [venim of a rabid dog] brenneþ, now he fresiþ.
4.
(a) Of living things: to affect with, or be affected by, cold; to suffer from exposure to severe cold; to perish from cold, freeze to death; also fig.; (b) of the heart as the seat of the emotions: to make unfeeling or callous; the froren, the hard-hearted; of a part of the body: to make numb; (c) of a person: to feel cold or chilly.
Associated quotations
a
- a1300 11 Pains(1) (Jes-O 29)181 : Summe beoþ fur-brend, and summe ifrore.
- a1350 Middelerd for mon (Hrl 2253)63 : Þe fend in fyht vs fynt so feynt: we falleþ so flour when hit is frore.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.9 : He..was i-frore [y-vrore] in a colde snowe.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)6648 : Whar Þai sal frese, bathe fote and hand.
- a1425 *Trev.Barth.(Mrg M 875)84a : Colde eyer..wringeþ þe synewis of felynge, as it fareþ in hem þat ben nyȝe frore in yse or in snowe.
- (?c1425) Hoccl.Jonathas (Dur-U Cosin V.3.9)320 : Þat myn herte as the cold frost may freese, Or elles be it brent with wylde fyr.
- 1448 *Glo.Chron.C (Arms 58:Kooper)f.196r : In his laste yeres the studye of goodnesse in him gan frese and wikked wedes gan wex vp: he was so liberall that he was fool large, so manlyche that hit bycam to pruyte, so sterne that hit was cruwell.
- a1450 Out of þe blosme (Sln 2593)13 : In wynter quan þe frost hym fres, a powre beddyng our lord hym ches.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)286/6 : He fand a man þat was nerehand frosyn to dead.
- 1451-1500 Tundale (Wagner)522 : Now he was in fyre brenand And now in colde ise fresand.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)2.127 : Þat þe fresinge frost freted to here hertis.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.722 : A manere cooldnesse that freseth al the herte of man.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)255a/a : A Grene grape..smyteþ þe synewes & rootes of teeþ wiþ colde, so þat þey maketh teeþ an egge so þat it semeþ þat þey beþ somdel yfrore.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)274b/a : His venyme is acounted most cold and..makeþ it [each member] lese feelynge as þough it were frore.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)108 : I hatte Peresce..the foollich, the founded, the froren.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)77.52 : Frosyn samyn in nyght of syn, when a man has na pite of another.
c
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.1092 : So whether that he frese or swete..He wol ben ydel al aboute.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.249 : In cold I brenne and frese in hete.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)17a/a : Congelo: to suffer colde, or fruse.