The historie of the vvorld: commonly called, The naturall historie of C. Plinius Secundus. Translated into English by Philemon Holland Doctor of Physicke. The first [-second] tome

THE FOVRTH BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF NATVRE, (Book 4)

WRITTEN BY C. PLINIVS SECVNDVS.

From whence first arose all the fabulous lyes, and the excel∣lent Learning of the Greekes. (Book 4)

THe third Sea of Europe beginneth at the mountaines Acroceraunia, and endeth in Helle∣spont: it containeth besides nineteene smaller gulfes or creekes, 25 thousand miles. With∣in it, are Epirus, Acarnania, Aetolia, Phocis, Locris, Achaia, Messania, Laconia, Argolis, Megaris, Attica, Boeotia. And againe from another sea the same Phocis and Locris, Doris, Phthiotis, Thessalia, Magnesia, Macedonia, Thracia. All the fabulous veine, and learning of Greece, proceeded out of this quarter. And therefore we will therein stay somewhat the longer. The countrey Epirus, generally so called, beginneth at the mountaines Acroceraunia. In it, are first the Chaones, of whom Chaonia taketh the name: then the Thesprotians, and Antigonenses: the place A∣ornus, and the aire arising out of it so noisom and pestiferous for birds. The Cestines, and Perrhoebians with their mountaine Pindus; the Cassiopaei, the Dryopes, Selli, Hellopes, and Molossi, among whom is the t•…•…mple of Iupiter Dodonaeus, so famous for the Oracle there: the mountaine Tomarus, renowned by Theo∣pompus for the hundred fountaines about the foot thereof.

CHAP. I.

¶ Epirus.

EPirus it selfe reaching to Magnesia and Macedonia, hath behinde it the Dassa∣retians aboue named, a free nation, but anon the sauage people of the Dardani∣ans. On the left side of the Dardanians, the Trebellians and nations of Moesia lye ranged: afront there ioine vnto them, the Medi and Denthelates: vpon whom the Thracians border, who reach as farre as to Pontus. Thus enuironed it is and defenced round, partly with the high hill Rhodope, and anon also with Haemus. In the vtmost coast of Epirus among the Acroceraunia, is the castle Chimaera, vnder [unspec L] which is the spring of the kings water. The townes are, Maeandria and Cestria: the riuer of Thesprotia, Thyamis: the colonie Buthrotium: and the gulfe of Ambracia, aboue all others most famous, receiuing at his mouth the wide sea; 39 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. Into it runneth the riuer Acheron, flowing out of Acherusia, a lake of Thesprotia 36 miles from thence: and for the bridge ouer it 1000 foot long, admirable to those that admire and wonder at all things of their owne. In the very gulfe is the towne Ambracia. The riuers of the Molos∣sians, Aphas and Arachtus. The citie Anactoria, and the lake Pandosia. The townes of Acarna∣nia, called before time Curetus, be Heraclea and Echinus: and in the very entrance and mouth thereof, Artium a Colonie of Augustus, with the goodly temple of Apollo, and the free citie Ni∣copolis. When ye are gone out of the Ambrecian gulfe into the Ionian sea, yee meet with the [unspec M] Leucadian sea coast, and the promontorie of Leucate. Then the creeke, and Leucadia it selfe, a demie Island, sometime called Neritis, but by the labour of the inhabitants thereby, cut quite from the Continent, but annexed to it again by meanes of the winds blowing together heapes

of sand, which place is called Dioryctus, and is in length almost halfe a mile. A town in it there [unspec A] is called Leucas, sometime Neritum. Then the cities of the Acarnanians, Halyzea, Stratos, Ar∣gos surnamed Amphilochicum. The riuer Achelous running out of Pindus, & diuiding Acar∣nania from Aetolia, and by continuall bringing in of earth, annexing the island Artemita to the firme and maine land.

CHAP. II

¶ Aetolia.

THe Aetolian nations, be the Athamanes, Tymphei, Ephiri, Aenienses; Perrhoebi, Dolopes, Maraces and Atraces, from whom the riuer Atrax falleth into the Ionian sea. The Towne [unspec B] Calydon in Aetolia is seuen miles and an halfe from the sea, neere to the riuer Euenus: then followeth Macynia and Molychria, behinde which Chalcis standeth, and the mountaine Ta∣phiassus. But in the very edge and borders thereof, the Promontorie Antirrhium, where is the mouth of the Corinthian gulfe, not a mile broad where it runneth in, & diuideth the Aetolians from Peloponnesus. The promontorie that shooteth out against it, is named Rhion: but vpon that Corinthian gulfe are the townes of Aetolia, Naupactum and Pylene: but in the mid-land parts, Pleucon, Halysarna. The mountaines of name: in Dodone, Tomarus: in Ambracia, Gra∣nia: in Acarnania, Aracynthus: in Aetolia, Acanthon, Panaetolium and Macinium.

CHAP. III.

¶ Locri. [unspec C]

NExt to the Aetolians are the Locri, surnamed Ozolae, free States and exempt: the towne Oeanthe: the hauen of Apollo Phaestius: the creeke Crissaeus. Within-forth are these towns Argyna, Eupalia, Phaestum, and Calamissus. Beyond them are Citrhaei, the plaines of Phocis, the towne Cirrha, the hauen Chalaeon: from which, seuen miles within the land, is the free citie Delphi, vnder the hill Pernassus, the most famous place vpon earth for the Oracle of Apollo. The fountaine Castalius, the riuer Cephissus running before Delphos, which ariseth in a citie, sometime called Liloea. Moreouer, the towne Crissa, and together with the Bulenses, Anticyra, Naulochum, Pyrrha, Amphissa an exempt State, Trichone, Tritea, Ambrysus, the re∣gion [unspec D] Drymaea, named Daulis. Then in the inmost nouke of the creeke, the very canton and an∣gle of Boeotia is washed by the sea, with these townes Siphae and Thebae, which are surnamed Corsicae neere to Helicon. The third towne of Boeotia from this sea is Page, from whence pro∣ceedeth and beareth forth the necke or cape of Peloponnesus.

CHAP. IV.

¶ Peloponnesus.

PEloponnesus, called before time Apia and Pelasgia, is a demy Island, worthie to come be∣hinde no other land for excellency and name; lying betweene two seas, Aegeum and Ioni∣um: like vnto the leafe of a plane tree, in regard of the indented creekes and cornered nouks [unspec E] thereof: it beareth a circuit of 563 miles, according to Isodorus. The same, if you comprise the creekes and gulfes, addeth almost as much more. The streight where it beginneth to passe on and go forward, is called Isthmos. In which place the seas a bouenamed gushing and breaking from diuers waies, to wit, from the North and the East, do deuoure all the breadth of it there: vntill by the contrary running in of so great seas, the sides on both hands being eaten away, and leauing a space of land betweene, fiue miles ouer, Hellas with a narrow necke doth meet with Pel oponnesus. The one side thereof is called the Corinthian gulfe, the other, the Saronian. Le∣cheum of the one hand, and Cenchraea of the other, do bound out and limit the said streights where the ships are to fetch a great compasse about with some danger, such vessels I meane as [unspec F] for their bignesse cannot be conueighed ouer vpon wains. For which cause, Demetrius the king, Caesar the Dictator, prince Caius, and Domitius Nero, assaied to cut through the narrow foreland, and make a channell nauigable with ease: but the attempt and enterprise was vnhappie, as appeared by the issue and end of them all. In the middest of this narrow streight which we

haue called Isthmos, the colonie Corinthus, beforetime called Ephyra, scituate hard to a little [unspec G] hill, is inhabited, some 60 stadia from both sea sides: which from the top of the high hill and castle there, which is named Acrocorinthus, wherein is the fountaine Pirene, hath a prospect in∣to both those contrarie seas. At this Corinthian gulfe there is a passage or cut by sea from Leu∣cas to Patrae of 87 miles. Patrae a Colonie, built vpon the promontorie of Peloponnesus, that shooteth farthest into the sea, ouer-against Aetolia and the riuer Euenus, of lesse distance, as hath bin said, than fiue miles in the very gullet and enterance, do send out the Corinthian gulfe 85 miles in length, euen as far as Isthmos.

CHAP. V.

¶ Achaia. [unspec H]

AChaia, the name of a prouince, beginneth at Isthmus, aforetime called it was Aegialos, be∣cause of the cities, scituate so orderly vpon the strand. The principal and first there is Le∣cheae abouenamed, a port towne of the Corinthians. Next to it Oluros, a castle of the Pel∣leneans. The townes Helice, Bura, and (into which the inhabitants retired themselues, when these beforenamed were drowned in the sea) Sicyon, Aegira, Aegion, and Erineos. Within the country was Cleone and Hysie. Also the hauen Panhormus, & Rhium described before: from which promontorie fiue miles off standeth Patrae aboue mentioned, & the place called Pherae. of 9 hils in Achaia, Scioessa is most knowne, also the Spring Cymothoe. Beyond Patrae is the towne Olenum, the colonie Dymae. Certain faire places called Buprasium and Hirmene: & the promontorie Araxum. The creeke of Cyllene, the cape Chelonates: from whence to Cyllene is [unspec I] two miles. The castle Phlius. The tract also by Homer named Arethyrea, and afterwards Aso∣phis. Then the country of the Elians, who before were called Epei. As for Elis the city it selfe, it is vp higher in the mid-land parts, 12 miles from Pylos. Within it standeth the Chappell of Iupiter Olympius, which for the fame of the games there, containeth the Greekes and Chaldeans account of yeares. Moreouer, the town sometime of the Piseans, before which the riuer Alphe∣us runneth. But in the borders and coast therof the promontorie Icthys. Vpon the riuer Alphe∣us, there is passage by water in barges to the townes Aulos and Leprion. The promontory Pla∣tanestus; all these lie Westward. But toward the South, the arme of the sea called Cyparissius, and the city Cyparissa, 72 miles in circuit. The townes vpon it, Pylos, Methone, a place and forrest called Delos: the promontorie Acritas: the creeke Asineus of the towne Asinum, & Co∣roneus [unspec K] of Corone; and these are limited with Tenarus the promontorie. There also is the regi∣on Messenia with 22 mountains. The riuer Paomisus. But within, Messene it selfe, Ithome, Oe∣chalia, Arene, Pteleon, Thryon, Dorion, Zanclum, famous townes all for many occurrents at sundry times. The compasse of this arme of the sea is 80 miles, the cut ouer-crosse 30 miles. Then from Tenarus, the Laconian land pertaining to a free people, and an arme of the sea there in circuit about 206 miles, but 39 miles ouer. The townes Tenarum, Amiclae. Pherae, Leuctra, and within-forth Sparta, Theranicum: and where stood Cardamyle, Pitane, and Anthane. The place Thyrea, and Gerania. The hill Taygetus: the riuer Eurotas, the creeke Aegylodes, and the towne Psammathus. The gulfe Gytheates, of a towne thereby (Gytheum) from whence to the Island Creet, there is a most direct and sure cut: all these are inclosed within the promontorie [unspec L] Maleum. The arme of the sea next following is called Argolicus, and is 50 miles ouer, and 172 miles about. The towns about it Boea, Epidaurus, Limera, named also Zarax. Cyphanta, the ha∣uen. Riuers, Inachus, Erasinus: betweene which standeth Argos surnamed Hippium vpon the Lake Lerne, from the sea two miles, and nine miles farther Mycenae: also where they say Tiryn∣tha stood, and the place Mantinea. Hills, Artemius, Apesantus, Asterion, Parparus, and eleuen others besides. Fountaines, Niobe, Amymone, Psammothe. From Scylleum to Isthmus 177 miles. Towns, Hermione, Troezen, Coryphasium and Argos, called of some Inachium; of others, Dipsium. The hauen Cenites, the creeke Saronicus, beset round about in old time with woods of Oake; whereupon it had the name, for so old Greece called an Oake. Within it stood the towne Epidaurum, much resorted vnto for the temple of Aesculapius, the promontorie Spirae∣um, [unspec M] the hauens Anthedon, and Bucephalus: and likewise Cenchreae which we spake of before, being the other limit of Isthmus, together with the chappell of Neptune, famous for the games there represented euery fiue yeres. Thus many creekes doth scotch and cut Peloponnesus: thus

many seas I say do rore and dash against it. For on the North side the Ionian sea breaketh in: on [unspec A] the West it is beaten vpon with the Sicilian. From the South the Cretian sea driueth against it: Aegeum from the Southeast, and Myrtoum on the Northeast, which beginning at the Me∣garian gulfe, washeth all Attica.

CHAP. VI.

¶ Of Arcadia.

THe midland parts thereof, Arcadia most of all taketh vp, being euery way far remote from the sea: at the beginning it was named Drymodis, but soone after Pelasgis. The towns in it be Psophis, Mantinea, Stymphalum, Tegea, Antegonea, Orchomenum, Pheneum, Pala∣tium, from whence the mount Palatium at Rome tooke the name. Megalepolis, Catina, Boca∣lium, [unspec B] Carmon, Parrhasiae, Thelphusa, Melanaea, Heraea, Pile, Pellana, Agrae, Epium, Cynaetha, Lepreon of Arcadia, Parthenium, Alea, Methydrium, Enespe, Macistum, Lampe, Clitorium, Cleone: betweene which townes is the tract Nemea, vsually called Berubinadia. Mountains in Arcadia, Pholoe with a towne so named. Item, Hyllene, Lyceus, wherein was the chappell of Iupiter Lycenus, Maenalus, Artemisius, Parthenians, Lampeus, and Nonacris: & eight besides of base account. Riuers, Ladon, issuing out of the meeres and fens of Pheneus, Erymanthus out of a mountaine of the same name, running both downe into Alpheus. The rest of the cities to be named in Achaea, Aliphiraei, Abeatae, Pyrgenses, Pareatae, Paragenitiae, Tortuni, Typanaei, Thryasij, Trittenses. All Achaaea generally throughout, Domitius Nero endowed with freedom. Peloponnesus from the promontorie of Malea to the towne Lechaeum vpon the Corinthian [unspec C] gulfe, lyeth in bredth 160 miles: but ouer crosse from Elis to Epidaurum 125 miles: from O∣lympia to Argos through Arcadia 63 miles. From the same place to Phlius is the said mea∣sure. And all throughout, as if Nature made recompence for the irruptions of the seas, it riseth vp in 76 hills.

CHAP. VII.

¶ Greece and Attica.

AT the streights of Isthmus beginneth Hellas, of our countrymen called Graecia: the first tract thereof is Attica, in old time named Acte. It reacheth vnto Isthmus on that part [unspec D] thereof which is called Megaris of the colony Megara, or against Pagae. These 2 townes as Peloponnesus lieth out in length, are seated on either hand, as it were vpon the shoulders of Hellas. The Pageans, and more than so, the Aegosthenienses lie annexed to the Magarensians, and owe seruice to them. In the coast thereof is the hauen Schoenus. Townes, Sidus, Cremyon, Scironia rocks for three miles long, Geranea, Megara, and Eleusin. There were besides, Oenoa and Probalinthus, which now are not to be seen, 52 myles from Isthmus. Pyraeeus and Phalera, two hauens ioined to Athens by a wall, with in the land fiue miles. A free citie this is, and nee∣deth no more any mans praise: so noble and famous it is otherwise, beyond all measure. In At∣tica be these fountains, Cephissia, Larine, Callirrhoe, and Enneacreunos. Mountains, Brilessus, Megialcus, Icarius, Hymettus, & Lyrabetus: also the riuer Ilissos. From Pyraeeum 42 miles off, [unspec E] is the promontorie Sunium, likewise the promontorie Doriscum. Also Potamos and Brauron, townes in times past. The village Rhamnus, and the place Marathon, the plain Thriastius, the town Melita and Oropus, in the confines or marches of Boeotia. Vnto which belong Anthedon, Onchestos, Thespre a free town Lebadea: and Thebes surnamed Boeotia, not inferior in fame and renown to Athens, as being the natiue country, & as men would haue it, of two gods, Liber and Hercules. Also they attribute the birth of the Muses in the wood Helicon. To this Thebes, is assigned the forest Cithaeron, and the riuer Ismenus. Moreouer fountains in Boeotia, Oedipo∣dium, Psammate, Dirce, Epigranea, Arethusa, Hippocrene, Aganippe, and Gargaphiae. Moun∣tains ouer and besides the forenamed, Mycalessus, Adylisus, Acontius. The rest of the towns be∣tweene Megara & Thebes, Eleutherae, Haliartus. Plateae, Pherae, Aspledon, Hyle, Thisbe, Ery∣thrae, [unspec F] Glissas, and Copae. Neere to the riuer Cephissus, Lamia, and Anichia: Medeon, Phligone, Grephis, Coronaea, Chaeronia. But in the outward borders, beneath Thebes, Ocale, Elaeon, Sco∣los, Scoenos, Peteon, Hyrie, Mycalessus, Hyreseon, Pteleon, Olyros, Tanagia, a free State; and in

the very mouth of Euripus, which the Island Euboea maketh by the opposite site thereof, Au∣lis, [unspec G] so renowned for the large hauen that it hath. The Boeotians in old time were named Hyan∣tes. The Locrians also are named withall Epicnemidij, in times past Letegetes, through whom the riuer Cephissus runneth into the sea. Townes, Opus (whereof commeth the gulfe Opunti∣nus) and Cynus. Vpon the sea coast of Phocis, one & no more, to wit Daphnus. Within-forth among the Locrians, Elatea, and vpon the bank of Cephissus (as we haue said) Lilea: & toward Delphos, Cnenius and Hiampolis: again, the marches of Locri, wherein stand Larymna and Thronium, neere vnto which the riuer Boagrius falleth into the sea. Townes, Narycion, Alope, Scarphia: after this, the vale called of the people there dwelling, Maliacus Sinus, wherein bee these townes, Halcyone, Econia, and Phalara. Then Doris, wherin are Sperchios, Erineon, Boi∣on, Pindus, Cytinum. On the back-side of Doris is the mountain Oeta. Then followeth Aemo∣nia that so often hath changed name. For one and the same hath bin called Pelasgicum, Argos, [unspec H] and Hellas, Thessalia also, and Dryopis, and euermore tooke name of the kings. In it was borne a king called Graecus, of whom Greece bare the name: there also was Hellen borne, from whence came the Hellenes. These being but one people, Homer hath giuen three names vnto, that is to say, Myrmidones, Hellenes, and Achaei. Of these, they be called Phthiotae who inhabit Doris. Their towns be Echinus, in the very gullet & entrance of the riuer Sperchius: and the streights of Thermopylae, so named by reason of the waters: and foure miles from thence Heraclea, was called Trachin. There is the hill Callidromus: and the famous townes, Hellas, Halos, Lamia, Phthia, and Arne.

CHAP. VIII. [unspec I]

¶ Thessalie.

MOreouer in Thessalie, Orchomenus, called before-time Minyeus; and the towne Almon, or after some Elmon; Atrax, Pelinna, and the fountaine Hyperia. Townes, Pherae, behind which Pierius stretcheth forth to Macedonie: Larissa, Gomphi, Thebes of Thessalie, the wood Pteleon, and the creeke Pagasicus. The towne Pagasa, the same named afterwards Deme∣trias; Tricca, the Pharsalian plains with a free city; Cranon and Iletia. Mountains of Phthiotis, Nymphaeus, most faire and sightly for the naturall arbors and garden workes there: Buzigaeus, Donacesa, Bermius, Daphissa, Chimerion, Athamas, Stephane. In Thessaly there be 34, where∣of the most famous are, Cerceti, Olympus, Pierus, Ossa: iust against which, is Pyndus and Oth∣rys, [unspec K] the seat and habitation of the Lapithae; and those lie toward the West: but Eastward, Pe∣lios, all of them bending in manner of a theatre: and before them stand raunged wedge-wise, 72 cities, Riuers of Thessalie, Apidanus, Phoenix, Enipeus, Onochomus, Pamisus: the fountain Messeis, the people Boebeis: and aboue all the rest the most famous riuer Peneus, which arising neere Gomphi, runneth for 500 stadia in a wooddie dale between Ossa and Olympus, and halfe that way is nauigable. In this course of his, are the places called Tempe, 5 miles in length, and almost an acre and a halfe broad, where on both hands the hils arise by a gentle ascent aboue the reach of mans sight. Within-forth glideth Peneus by, in a fresh green groue, cleare as chrystall glasse ouer the grauelly stones; pleasant to behold for the grasse vpon the banks, and resounding again with the melodious consent of the birds. It taketh in the riuer Eurotus, but entertaineth [unspec L] him not, but as he floweth ouer the top of him like oile (as Homer saith:) within a while after that he hath carried him a small way, letteth him goe againe and rejecteth him, as refusing to mingle with his owne siluer streams, those poenall and cursed waters engendred sor the infer∣nall Furies of hell.

CHAP. IX.

¶ Magnesia.

TO Thessaly, Magnesia is annexed: the fountaine there is Libethra. The townes, Iolchos, Hirmenium, Pyrrha, Methone, Olizon. The promontorie Sepias. Townes moreouer, Ca∣stana, Sphalatra, and the promontory Aenantium. Towns besides, Meliboea, Rhisus, Erym∣ne. [unspec M] The mouth of Peneus. Towns, Homolium, Orthe, Thespiae, Phalanna, Thaumacie, Gyrton, Cranon, Acarne, Dotion, Melitaea, Phylace, Potinae. The length of Epirus, Achaia, Attica and Thessalie, lying straight out, is by report 480 miles; the bredth 287.

CHAP. X. [unspec A]

¶ Macedonie.

MAcedonie, so called afterwards (for before-time it was named Emathia) is a kingdome consisting of 150 seuerall States, renowmed for two kings aboue the rest, and ennobled fometime for the Monarchie and Empire of the world. This countrie lying farre in be∣hind Magnesia and Thessaly toward the nations of Epirus Westward, is much troubled and infested with the Dardanians. The North parts therof are defended by Paeonia and Pelagonia, against the Triballi. The townes be these, Aege, wherein the maner was to interre their kings: [unspec B] Beroea, and Aeginium, in that quarter which of the Wood is called Pieria. In the outward bor∣ders Heraclea, and the riuer Apilas: more townes, Phina, and Oloros: the riuer Haliacmon. Within-forth are the Haloritae, the Vallei, Phylacei, Cyrrestae, Tyrissaei: Pella the Colonie: the town Stobi of Romane citizens. Anon, Antigonia, Europus vpon the riuer Axius, and ano∣ther of the same name through which Rhaedias runneth: Heordeae, Scydra, Mieza, Gordiniae. Soone after in the borders, Ichnae, and the riuer Axius. To this bound the Dardani: Treres, and Pieres border vpon Macedony. From this riuer, are the nations of Paeonia, Parorei, Heorden∣ses, Almopij, Pelagones, and Mygdones. The mountaines Rhodope, Scopius, and Orbelus. The rest is a plaine countrie, wherein Nature seemes to set out her riches; in the lap whereof are the Arethusij, Antiochienses, Idomenenses, Doberienses, Trienses, Allantenses, Andaristenses, •…•…oryllij, Garesci, Lyncestae, Othrionei, and the free states of the Amantines and Orestae. Co∣lonies, Bulledensis & Diensis. Xilopolitae, Scotussaei free; Heraclea, Sintica, Timphei, and Co∣ronaei. [unspec C] In the coast of the Macedonian sea, the towne Calastra, and within-forth, Phileros, and Lete: and in the middle bending of the coast, Thessalonica, of free estate and condition. To it ftom Dyrrachium, it is 114 miles, Thermae. Vpon the gulfe Thermaicus, be these townes, Di∣caea, Pydna, Derrha, Scione: the promontory Canastaeum. Townes, Pallene, Pherga. In which region these mountaines, Hypsizorus, Epitus, Alchione, Leuomne. Townes, Nissos, Brygion, Eleon, Mendae, and in the Isthmos of Pallene, the Colinie sometime called Potidaea, and now Cassandria, Anthemus, Holophyxus the creeke, and Mecyberna. Townes, Phiscella, Ampelos, Torone, and Singos: the Frith (where Xerxes king of the Persians cut the hill Athos from the Continent) in length a mile and a halfe. The mountaine it selfe shooteth out from the plaine into the sea, 75 miles. The compasse of the foot thereof takes 150 miles. A towne there was in [unspec D] the pitch of it, Acroton. Now there be Vranopolis, Palaeotrium, Thyssus, Cleone, Apollonia, the inhabitants whereof be named Macrobij. The towne Cassera, and a second gullet or creeke of the Isthmus, Acanthus, Stagira, Sitone, Heraclea, and the region lying vnder Mygdonia, wherein are seated farre out from the sea, Apollonia and Arethusa, Againe in the coast, Posi∣dium, and a creeke with the towne Cermorus: Amphipolis a free state, and the people Bisaltae. Then the riuer Strimon, which is the bound of Macedonia, which springeth in Haemus: of which▪ this is worthy to be remembred, that it runneth into seuen lakes before it keepeth a di∣rect course. This is that Macedonie, which sometime conquered the dominion ouer all the earth: this ouer-ran Asia, Armenia, Iberia, Albania, Cappadocia, Syria and Aegypt; yea and [unspec E] passed ouer Taurus and Caucasus: this ruled ouer the Bactrians, Medians, and Persians, and possessed all the East: this hauing the conquest of India, raunged after the tracts of Father Liber and Hercules. This is the very same Macedonie, of which in one day Paulus Aemilius our Generall, sacked and sold 72 cities. See the difference of fortune in two men.

CHAP. XI.

¶ Thracia.

NOw followeth Thracia, among the most valiant nations of Europe, diuided into 52 re∣giments of souldiers. Of those States in it, the Denseletes and Medi, whom it grieues [unspec F] me not to name, doe inhabit neere to the riuer Strymon on the right side, as farre as to the Bisaltae aboue-named: on the left, the Digeri, and many townes of the Bessi, euen to the ri∣uer Nestus, which inuironeth the bottome of the hill Pangaeus, between the Eleti, Diobesi, and Carbilesi, and so forward to the Brysae and Capaei. Odomanta a towne of the Odrysians, sen∣deth

out the riuer Hebrus to the neighbour-borderers, the Carbiletes, Pyrogeris, Drugeri, Cae∣nicks, [unspec G] Hypsalts, Beni, Corpilli. Botiaei, and Edons. In the same tract the Selletae, Priautae, Di∣loncae, Thyni, Celetae, the greater vnder Haemus, the lesse vnder Rhodope: between whom, run∣neth the riuer Hebrus. The towne scituate beneath Rhodope, was before-time named Ponero∣polis; soone aster by the founder, Philippopolis: but now of the site thereof Trimontium. The ascent of Haemus vp to the top, taketh six miles: the backe-side and hanging thereof downe to Ister, the Moesians, Getes, Aoti, Gaudae, and Clariae, and vnder them the Arraei, Sarmata whom they call Areatae, and Scythians: and about the sea coast of Pontus, the Morisenes and Sitho∣nians, from whom the Poet Orpheus descended, doe inhadite. Thus Ister boundeth it on the North: in the East, Pontus and Propontus: Southward, the sea Aegaeum, in the coast whereof from Strimon, stand Apollonia, Oestima, Neapolis, and Polis. Within-forth, the Colonie of Philip, and 325 miles from Dyrrhachium, Scotusa, Topiris, and the mouth of the riuer Nestus. [unspec H] The hill Pangaeus, Heraclea, Olynthos Abdera a free citie, the meere and nation of the Bisons. There, stood the town Tinda, terrible for the horses of Diomedes that stabled there. Now at this day, Diceae, Ismaron, the place Parthenion, Phalesina, Maronea called Ortagurea before-time. The mountaine Serrium and Zonae: then, the plaine Doriscus able to receiue * 1.1 •…•…0000 men: for so Xerxes took a iust account of his armie and numbred it. The mouth of Hebrus: the hauen of Stentor: the free towne Aenea, together with the tombe of Polydorus, the region sometime of the Cicones. From Doriscus, the coast bendeth crookedly to Macron-Tichos, for 122 miles. About which place the riuer Melas, whereof the creeke be areth name. Townes, Cypsella, Bi∣santhe, and that which is called Macron-Tichos, what way as stretching forth the walls along [unspec I] from Propontis to the Creeke Melanes betweene two seas, it excludes Chersonesus as it run∣neth out. For, Thracia of one side beginning at the sea coast of Pontus, where the riuer Ister is discharged & swallowed vp, hath in that quarter passing faire and beautifull cities, to wit, Istro∣polis of the Milesians, Tomi, and Calatis which before was called Acernetis. It had sometime Heraclea and Bizon, which sunke and was lost in a gaping chinke of the earth; but now in stead thereof Diony sopolis, called before Crunos The riuer Ziras runneth hard by it. All that tract, the Scythians named besides Aroteres, possessed. There townes were, Aphrodisius, Libistos, Zigere, Borcobe, Eumenia, Parthenopolis, Gerania, where it is reported that the nation of the Pygmeans kept, whom the barbarous people call Catizi, and they are of beliefe that they were chased away and put to flight by cranes. In the edge thereof next to Dionysopolis, there is O∣dessus of the Milesians, the riuer Pomiscus, the towne Tetranaulocos: the mountaine Haemus [unspec K] bearing forth with a huge top into Pontus had in the pitch therof the towne Aristaeum. Now in the coast is Mesembria and Anchialum, where Messa was. The region Astice. There was the towne Anthium, now there is Apollonia. The riuers Panissa, Rira, Tearus, Orosines Townes, Thynnias, Almedessos, Deuelton with the poole which now is called Deultum, belonging to the old souldiers. Phinopolis, neere vnto which is Bosphorus. From the mouth of Ister to the entrance of Pontus, some haue made it 555 miles. Agrippa hath set to 40 miles more. And from thence to the wall aboue-named 150: and so from it to Chersonesus 126. But neere to Bospho∣rus is the arme of the sea Gasthenes. The hauen surnamed of old men, and another likewise of women. The promontory Chrysoceras, whereupon standeth the town Bizantium of free estate, called before-time Lygos. From Dyrrachium it is 711 miles. Thus much lies out the main in [unspec L] length between the Adriatick sea and Propontis. Riuers, Bathynias, Pydaras, or Atyras. Towns, Selymbria, Perinthus, annexed to the Continent 200 pases broad. Within-forth, Byzia the castle of Thracian kings, hated of Swallowes, vpon the horrible and cursed fact of Tereus. The region Camica: the colonie Flauiopolus, where before-time the town was called Zela. And 50 miles from Byria the Colony Apros, which is from Philippi 188 miles. But in the borders, the riuer Erginus, where was the town Gonos. And there you leaue the citie Lysimachia, also now in Chersonesus. For another land passage or Isthmus there is of like streightnes, alone in name, and of equall breadth with that of Corinth. Likewise on both sides two cities do beautifie and set out the stronds, which they take vp not vnlike to the other, to wit, Pactiae from Propontis and Cardia from the gulfe Melane: as for this, it taketh the name of the forme and proportion [unspec M] of the place made like a heart: and both, afterwards, where inclosed within Lysimachia 3 miles from the * 1.2 long walls abouesaid. Chersonesus from Propontis side, had Tiristasis & Crithotes, also Cissa fast vpon the riuer Aegos: now it hath from the colony Apros 32 miles Resistos, ouer∣against

the colony Pariana. And Hellespontus, diuiding Europe from Asia, seuen stadia asun∣der [unspec A] (as we haue said) hath foure cities there opposite one against another, to wit, in Europe, Calippolis and Sestos; in Asia, Lampsicum and Abydos. Then, is the promontory of Cherso∣nesus Mastisia, iust contrary to Sigeum, in the crooked front whereof is Cynossema: for so is Hecubaes tombe named, the very rode of the Athenians nauie. The towne and chappell of Prote∣silaus: and in the very vtmost forefront of Cherronesus, which is called Aeolium, the towne Elaeus. After it, as a man goeth to the gulfe Melane, the hauens Caelos, Panhormus, and the a∣boue-named Cardia. The third sea of Europe, is in this manner bounded and limited. Moun∣taines of Thrasia ouer and aboue those afore rehearsed, Edonus, Gigemorus, Meritus, and Me∣lamphyllon. Riuers falling into Hebrus, be Bargus, and Suemus. The length of Macedonie, Thracia and Hellespontus, is set downe before. Some make it seuen hundred and twenty miles. The breadth is three hundred and eighty miles. The sea Aegium tooke that name of a rocke, [unspec B] betweene Tenedos and Chios, more truly than of an Island named Aex, resembling a goat, and therefore so called of the Greekes; which all at once appeareth to rise out of the mids of the sea. The sea-men that saile from out of Achaia to Andros, discouer it on the right hand, and to them it presageth some dreadfull and mischieuous accident. Part of the Aegaean sea is laid to the Myrtoum, and so called it is of a little Island, which sheweth it selfe to them that set saile from Gerestus to Macedonie, not farre from Charistos in Euboea. The Romanes comprehend all these seas in two names: namely, Macedonicum, all that which toucheth Macedonia and Thracia: and Graeciensum where it beateth vpon Greece. As for the Greekes, they diuide euen the Ionian sea into Siculum and Creticum, of the Islands. Also Icarius they call that between Samos and Mycione. All the other names are giuen by gulfes and creekes, whereof we haue [unspec C] spoken. And thus much verily as touching the seas and nations contained in this manner with∣in the third section or gulfe of Europe.

CHAP. XII.

¶ The Islands betweene those lands, among which, Creta, Euboea, Cyclades, and Sporades: also of Hellespont, Pontus, Moeotis, Da∣cia, Sarmatia and Scythia.

ISlands ouer against Threspotia, Corcyra: 12 miles from Buthrotus, and the same from the cliffes Acroceraunia 50 miles, with a citie of the same name, Corcyra of free condition, also [unspec D] the towne Cassiope, and the temple of Iupiter Cassiopeus: it lieth out in length 97 miles. Homer called it Scheria and Phaeacia: Callimachus also, Drepane. About it are some others: but ben∣ding toward Italy, Thoronos: and toward Leucadia the two Paxae, fiue miles diuided from Corcyra. And not farre from them before Corcyra, Ericusa, Marate, Elaphusa, Malthace, Tra∣chiae, Pytionia, Ptychia, Tarachie. And from Pholachrum a promontory of Corcyra, the rocke into which their goeth a tale, that the ship of Vlisses was turned, for the resemblance it hath of such a thing. Before Leucadia, Sybota. But between it & Achaia there be very many: of which Teleboides the same that Taphiae: but of the inhabitants before Leucadia, they be called Ta∣phias, Oxie, and Prinoessa: and before Aetolia, the Echinades, Aegialia, Cotonis, Thyatira, Geo∣aris, Dionysia, Cyrnus, Chalcis, Pinara & Mystus. Before them in the deep sea, Cephalenia and [unspec E] Zacynthus, both free states: Ithaca, Dulichium, Same, Crocylea, and Paxos. Cephalenia some∣time called Melaena, is 11 miles off, and 44 miles about. As for Same, it was destroied by the Romanes: howbeit, still it hath three townes: between it and Achaia is Zacynthus with a town, a stately Island, & passing fertile. In times past it was called Hyrie, and is 22 miles distant from the South coast of Cephalenia. The famous hill Elatus is there. The Isle it self is in circuit 25 miles. Twelue miles from it is Ithaca, wherin stands the mountain Neritus. And in the whole it takes vp the compasse of 25 miles. From it 12 miles off is Araxum a cape of Peloponnesus. Before this Island in the main sea there appeare Asteris and Prote. Before Zacynthus 35 miles full East, are the two Strophades, called by others Plotae: and before Cephalenia, Letoia. Be∣fore Pylos three Sphagi•…•…, and as many before Messene, called, Oenussae. In the gulfe A sinaeus [unspec F] three Thyrides: in the Laconian gulfe, Teganusa, Cothon, Cythera with the towne, named be∣foretime Porphyris. This lies fiue miles from the promontorie Malea, dangerous for ships to come about it, by reason of the streights there. in the Argolick sea are Pityusa, Irine & Ephyre

and against the territory Hermonium, Typarenus, Epiropia, Colonis, Aristera: ouer against [unspec G] Troezenium Calauria, halfe a mile from Plateae: also, Belbina, Lacia and Baucidias. Against E∣pidaurus, Cecryphalos, and Pytionesos, six miles from the Continent. Next to it is Aegina a free state, 17 miles off, and for 20 miles they saile by it. The same is distant from Pyraeeum the port of the Athenians, 12 miles, and beforetime was vsually called Oenone. Against the pro∣montory Spiraeum, there lie onposite Eleusa, Dendros, two Craugiae, two Caeciae, Selachusa, Cenchreis and Aspis. Also in the Megarian gulfe, there be foure Methurides. As for Aegilia, it is 15 miles from Cythera, and the same is from Phalaserna a towne in Creet 25 miles. And Creet it selfe, lying of one side to the South, and the other to the North, stretcheth forth in length East and West; a famous and noble Island for a hundred cities in it. Dosiades saith it tooke that name of the nymph Creta daughter of Hesperis: but according to Anaximander, of a king of the Curetes. Philistides, Mallotes, Crates, haue thought it was called first Aeria, and after∣wards [unspec H] Curetis: and some haue thought it was named Macaros for the blessed temperature of the aire. In bredth it exceedeth in no place 50 miles, and in the middle part broadest it is: but in length it is full 270 miles: in circuit 589 miles: and winding it selfe into the Creticke sea, so called of it, where it stretcheth out farthest Eastward, it puts forth of it the promontory Sam∣monium iust against Rhodos, and Westward Criu-Metopon, toward Cyrenae. The principall townes of marke, be Phalaserne, Elaea, Cysamum, Pergamum, Cydon, Minoum, Apteron, Pan∣tomatrium, Amphymalla, Rhythimna, Panhormum, Cyteum, Apollonia, Matium, Heraclea, Miletos, Ampelos, Hyera-pytna, Lebena, Hierapolis. And in the midland parts, Cortyna, Phae∣stum, Gnossus, Potyrrhenium, Myrina, Lycastus, Rhamnus, Lyctus, Dium, Asum, Pyloros, Rhy∣tion, Clatos, Pharae. Holopyxos, Lasos, Eleuthernae, Therapne, Marathusa, Mytinos. And other [unspec I] townes about the number of 60, stand yet vpon record. The hils be Cadiscus, Idaeus, Dictae∣us, and Morycus. The Isle it selfe, from the promontory in it called Criu-Metopon, as Agrippa reports, is distant from Phycus, a promontory of the Cyrene 225 miles. Likewise from Capes∣cum point, it is from Malea in Peloponnensus 80 miles. From the Island Carpathus, which lies Westward from the cape Sammonia, 60 miles. This Island aforesaid lyeth between it and Rhodos. The rest about it be these: before Peloponnesus two Coricae, and as many Mylae: and on the North side, when a man hath Creet on the right hand, there appeares Leuce iust against Cydonia, together with the two Budorae, against Matium, Cia: against the promontory Itanum Onisa and Leuce: against Hierapytna, Chrysa, and Caudos. In the same coast are Ophiussa, Bu∣toa, and Rhamnus: and when men haue fetched about and doubled the point Criu-Metopon, [unspec K] appeare the Isles called Musagores. Before the promontory Sammonium, Phocae, Platiae, Sir∣nides, Naulochos, Armedon and Zephire. But in Hellas, yet still in Aegium, Lichades, Scar∣phia, Maresa, Phocaria, and very many more ouer against Attica, but townelesse, and therefore obscure and of no reckoning: but against Eleusin, the noble Salamis, and before it Psytalia: and from Sunium, Helene fiue miles off: and Ceos from thence as many, which our countrimen haue named Caea: but the Greekes Hydrussa, cut off and dismembred from Euboea. In times past it was 500 stadia long: but soone after, foure parts almost, namely those that butted vpon Boeotia, eaten vp by the same sea: so as now the towns remaining that it hath, be Iulis and Car∣theaea. For Coressus and Paecessa are perished & gone. From hence as Varro saith, came the fine linnen cloath that women vse: yea, and Euboea it selfe hath been plucked from Boeotia, and di∣uided [unspec L] with so little an arme running betweene, that a dridge ioineth the one to the other: eui∣dent it is to the eie, and well seen, by reason of two promontories in the South side, to wit, Ge∣nestum, bending toward Attica, and Capharens to Hellespontus: and one vpon the North-side, to wit, Caeneus. In no part thereof doth it extend broader than 40 miles: and no where doth it gather in narrower than 20. But in length from Attica as far as Thessalie, it lies along Boeotia 150 miles: and containeth in circuit 365. From Hellespont, on Caphareus side, it is 225 miles. In times past renowned it was for these cities, Pyrrha, Porthmos, Nesos, Cerinthus, Oreum, Di∣um, Aedepsum, Ocha, Oechalia, now Chalcis, ouer against which stands Aulis in the main: but now, for Gerestum, Eretria, Carystus, Oritanum, Artemisium, the fountain Arethusa, the riuer Lelantum, the hot waters called Hellopiae, it is of great name: but yet in more request for the marble of Carystus. In former time it was called commonly Chalchodontis or Macris, as Dio∣nysius [unspec M] and Ephorus doe say: but Macra, according to Aristides: and as Callidemus would haue it, Chalcis, for the brasse there first found: and as Menoecmus saith, Abantias: and last of all Aso∣pis,

as the Poets commonly name it. Without in the Myrtoum sea be many Isles, but of grea∣test [unspec A] marke be Glauconnensis and Aegilia: and neere to the promontory Gerestum about Delos certain lying round together, whereupon they tooke their name Cyclades. The first and chiefe of them, Andrus with a towne, is from Gerestum 10 miles, and from Ceum 39. Myrsilus saith it was called Cauros, and afterwards Antandros. Callimachus nameth it Lasia: others Nonagria, Hydrussa and Epagris: it takes in compasse 93 miles. A mile from the same Andros, and 15 from Delos, lieth Tenos, with a town fifteen miles in length: which for the plenty of water A∣ristotle saith was called Hydrussa, but others name it Ophiussa. The rest be these, Myconos with the hill Dimastos, 15 miles from Delos. Scyros Syphnus, before-time named Heropia and Acis, in circuit 28 miles about: Seriphus 12 miles, Praepesinthus, Cythnus, and Delos it selfe, of all others most excellent by far, as being the midst of all the Cyclades, much frequen∣ted for the temple of Apollo, and for merchandise and trafique. Which hauing a long time flo∣ted [unspec B] vp and downe, as it is reported, was the only Island that neuer felt earthquake vnto the time of M. Varro. Mutianus hath recorded that it was twice shaken. Aristotle giueth a reason of the name in this sort, because it was discouered and appeared on a sudden. Aeglosthenes termeth it Cynthia: others Ortygia, Asteria, Lagia, Chlamydia, Cynethus, and Pyrpile, for that in it fire was first found out. It is but 5 miles about, and riseth vp by the ascent of the hil Cinthus. Next it is Rhene, which Anticlides called Celadussa, and Helladius Artemite. Moreouer, Syros, which antient writers haue said to be in circuit 20 miles, and Mutians 160. Oliaros, Paros, with a towne, 38 miles from Delos, of great name for the white marble there, which at first men called Pactia, but afterwards Minois. From it seuen miles and a halfe is Naxus (18 miles from De∣los) with a towne which they called Strongyle, afterwards Dia, within a while Dionysias, of [unspec C] the plentifull vines, and others, Sicily the lesse, and Callipolis. It reacheth in circuit 75 miles, and is halfe as long again as Paros. And thus far verily they obserue & note for the Cyclades; the rest that follow for the Sporades. And these they be, Helenum, Phocussa, Phaecasia, Schi∣nussa, Phalegandros, and 17 miles from Naxos, Icaros: which gaue name to the sea, lying out as far in length with two towns, for the third is lost: before-time it was called Dolichum, Macris, and Ichtyoessa. It is scituate Northeast from Delos 50 miles: and from Samos it is distant 35 miles. Between Euboea and Andros there is a frith 12 miles ouer. From it to Gerestum is 112 miles and a halfe: and then no order forward can be kept: the rest therefore shall be set downe huddle by heapes. Ios from Naxus 24 miles, venerable for the sepulchre of Homer: it is in length 25 miles, and in former time called Phaenice. Odia, Letandros, Gyaros with a town, [unspec D] 12 miles about. It is from Aneros 62 miles. From thence to Syrnus 80 miles. Cynethussa, Te∣los, famous for costly ointment. Callimachus calls it Agathussa. Donysa, Pathmos, in circuit 30 miles. Corasiae, Lebinthus, Leros, Cynara, Sycinus, which before-time was Oenoe, Heratia the same that Onus, Casus otherwise Astrabe, Cimolus, alias Echinussa, Delos with a towne, which Aristides nameth Byblis, Aristotle Zephyria, Callimachus Himallis, Heraclides Syphnus and Acy∣tos, and this of all the Islands is the roundest. After it Machia, Hypere sometime Patage, or af∣ter some Platage, now Amorgos, Potyaegos. Phyle, Thera; when it first appeared it was called Calliste. From it afterwards was Therasia plucked: and between those twain soone after arose Automate, the same that Hiera: and Thia, which in our daies appeared new out of the water neere Hiera. Ios is from Thera 25 miles. Then follow Lea, Ascania, Anaphe, Hippuris, Hip∣purissusa. [unspec E] Astipalaea, of free estate, in compasse 88 miles: it is from Cadiscus a promontory of Creta, 125 miles. From it is Platea, distant 60 miles. And from thence Camina, 38 miles: then Azibnitha, Lanise, Tragia, Pharmacusa, Techidia, Chalcia, Calydna, in which are the townes Coos and Olymna. From which to Carpathus, which gaue the name to the Carpathian sea is 25 miles, and so to Rhodes with a Southerne winde. From Carpathus to Casos 7 miles: from Casos to Samonium a promontorie of Crete, 30 miles. Moreouer, in the Euboike Euripe, at the first entrance wel-neere of it are the foure Islands Petaliae, and at the end thereof, Atalante, Cyclades, and Sporades: confined and enclosed on the East with the Icarian sea coasts of A∣sia: on the West with the Myrtoan coasts of Attica. Northward with the Aegaean sea: and [unspec F] South with the Creticke and Carthaginian seas; and take vp in length two hundred myles. The gulfe Pegasicus hath before it, Eutychia, Cicynethus, and Scyrus aboue said: but the vtmost of all the Cyclades and Sporades, Gerontia, Scadira, Thermeusis, Irrhesia, Solin∣nia, Eudemia, Nea, which is consecrate vnto Minerua. Athos before it hath foure, Pepare∣thus

with a town somtime called Euonos, 9 miles off, Scyathus 5 miles, and Iulios with a town [unspec G] 88 miles off. The same is from Mastusia in Corinthos 75 miles, & is it self in circuit 72 miles. Watered it is with the riuer Ilissus, from thence to Lemnos 22, and is from Athos 87. in com∣passe it containeth 22 miles and a halfe. Townes it hath, Hephaestia and Marina, into the Mar∣ket place wherof the mountain Athos casteth a shadow in the hottest season of sommer. Thas∣sos a free State is from it fiue miles: in times past it was called Aeria or Aethria. From thence Abdera in the continent is 20 miles: Athos 62: the Isle Samo-Thrace as much, being a free priuiledged state, and lying before Hebrus. From Imbrus 32 miles: from Lemnus 22 miles and a halfe: from the coast of Thracia 28 miles: in circuit it is 32 miles, and hath the rising of the hill Saoces for the space of ten miles, and of all the rest is fullest of hauens and harbors. Callimachus calleth it by the old name Dardania. Betwixt Cherrhonesus and Samo-Thrace is Halomesus, about 15 miles from either of them: beyond lieth Gethrone, Lamponia, Alope∣conesus [unspec H] not farre from Coelos, an hauen of Cherrhonesus: and some other of no name or re∣gard. In this sea let vs rehearse also the desart and vnpeopled Isles, such as we can finde names for, to wit, Desticos, Larnos, Cyssicos, Carbrusa, Celathusa, Scylla, Draconon, Arconesus, Di∣ethusa, Scapos, Capheris, Mesate, Aeantion, Phaterunesos, Pateria, Calete, Neriphus and Po∣lendus.

The fourth of those great seas in Europe, beginning at Hellespont, endeth in the mouth of Moeotis. But briefly we are to describe the forme of the whole sea, to the end the parts may be sooner and more easily known. The vast and wide Ocean lying before Asia, and driuen out from Europe in that long coast of Chersonesus, breaketh into the maine with a small and narrow is∣sue, and by a Firth of 7 stadia, as hath been said, diuideth Europe from Asia. The first streights [unspec I] they call Hellespontus: this way Xerxes the King made a bridge vpon ships, and so led his ar∣mie ouer. From thence there is extended a small Euripus or arme of the sea for 86 miles space to Priapus a city of Asia, wheras Alexander the great passed ouer From that place the sea grows wide and broad, and again gathereth into a streight: the largenesse thereof is called Propon∣tis, the streights Bosphorus, halfe a mile ouer; and that way Darius the father of Xerxes made a bridge ouer and transported his forces. The whole length of this from Hellespont is 239 miles. From thence the huge main sea called Pontus Euxinus, and in times past Axenus, takes vp the space between lands far dissite and remote asunder, and with a great winding and tur∣ning of the shores bendeth back into certain horns, and lieth out-stretched from them on both sides, resembling euidently a Scythian bow. In the very mids of this bending it ioineth close [unspec K] to the mouth of the lake Moeotis, and that mouth is called Cimmerius Bosphorus, 2 miles and a halfe broad. But between the two Bosphori, Thracius and Cimmerius, there is a direct strait course between, as Polybius saith, of 500 miles. Now the whole circuit of all this sea, as Varro and all the old writers for the most part do witnesse, is 2150 miles. Nepos Cornelius addes there∣to 350 miles more. Artemidorus maketh it 2919 miles. Agrippa, 2360 miles. Mutianus, 2865 miles. In like sort some haue determined and defined the measure on Europe side to be 4078 miles and a halfe: others, 1172 miles. M. Varro taketh his measure in this manner: from the mouth of Pontus to Apollonia 188 miles and a halfe: to Calatis as much. Then to the mouth of Ister 125: to Boristhenes 250: to Cherrhonesus a towne of the Heracleates, 375 miles. To Panticapaeus, which some call Bosphorus, the vtmost coast of Europe, 222 miles and a halfe, which [unspec L] which in all makes 1336 miles and a halfe. Agrippa measureth thus: From Byzantium to the riuer Ister 560 miles: then to Panticapaeum 630: from thence the very lake Moeotis taking into it the riuer Tanais, running out of the Rhiphaean hills, is supposed to beare the compasse of 1306 miles, being the farthest bound betweene Europe and Asia. Others again make 11025 miles. But surely from his mouth to the mouth of Tanais, and take a streight course, it is 375 miles without question. The inhabitants of that coast haue beene named in the description and mention of Thrace, as farre as to Istropolis: now from thence the mouthes of Ister. This riuer arising among the hills of Abnoba a mountaine of Germanie, ouer against Rauricum a towne in Gaule, passing many a mile beyond the Alpes, and through innumerable Nations vnder the name of Danubius, with a mightie encrease of waters, and where hee first begin∣neth [unspec M] to wash Illyricum, taking the name of Ister after he hath receiued three score riuers, and the one halfe of them well neere nauigable, rolleth into Pontus with six huge streames. The first mouth of it is Peuces, soone after the Island it selfe Peuce, of which the next Channell

tooke name, and is swallowed vp of a great miere of 19 miles. Out of the same channell and [unspec A] aboue Astropolis, a poole is bred of 63 miles compasse, which they cal Halmyris. The second mouth is called Naracustoma: the third Calostoma, neere the Island Sarmatica: the fourth Pseudostoma, and the Island Conopon Diabasis. After that, Boreostoma, and Spireostoma. Each of these are so great, that by report the sea for 40 miles length within it is ouer-matched with the same, and the fresh water may so far be euidently tasted. From it, into the inland parts of the country, the people verily be all Scythians: but diuers other nations there be that inha∣bit the coasts next to the sea: in some places the Gete, called of the Romanes Daci: in others Sarmatae, of the Greekes Sauromate; and among them, the Hamaxobij or Aorsi. Else-where, the bastard and degenerate Scythians, who are come from base slaues, or else the Troglodites, and anon the Alani and Rhoxalani. But the higher parts betweene Danubius and the sorrest Hercynius, as farre as to the Pannonian wintering harbours of Carnuntum, and the confines [unspec B] there of the Germans, the fielden countrie also & plains of Iazege, the Sarmatians possesse. But the hills and forrests, the Dakes who were expelled by them, do inhabite as farre as to the riuer Pythyslus from Marus; or peraduenture it is Duria, diuiding them from the Sueuians & king∣dome of Vannians. The parts against these, the Bastarnae doe keepe; and from thence, other Germans. Agrippa hath set downe that whole tract from Ister to the Ocean, to mount vnto 2000 miles, and 400 lesse in bredth, to wit, from the desarts of Sarmatia to the riuer Vistula. The name of Scythians euery where continually runs into Sarmatians and Germans. Neither hath that old denomination remained in any others but those, who (as I haue said) liue farthest off, and in the edge of these nations, vnknowne in manner to all men besides. But the townes next to Ister are Cremniscos, and Aepolium: the mountaines Macrocrenij: the noble riuer Tyra, gi∣uing [unspec C] name to the towne, whereas before-time it was called Ophiusa. Within the same there is a spatious Island, inhabited by the Tyragetae. And it is from Pseudostomum, a mouth of Ister, 130 miles. Soone after be the Axiacae, bearing the name after the riuer: beyond whom are the Crobyzi: the riuer Rhode: the creeke Sagaricus, and the hauen Ordesus. And 120 miles from Tyra, is the great riuer Borysthenes; also a lake and people of that name: yea and a towne 15 miles within from the sea, called by ancient names Olbropolis, and Miletopolis. Againe, in the sea side, the hauen or harbour of the Achaeans: the Island of Achilles, famous for the tombe of that worthy wight. And from it 135 miles, there is a demy Island lying out acrosse in fashi∣on of a sword, called Dromos Achilleos, vpon occasion of his exercise there of running: the length whereof Agrippa hath declared to be 80 miles. All that tract throughout, the Taurisci, [unspec D] Scythians, and Sarmatians do inhabite. Then the wilde woodland countrie gaue the name vn∣to the sea Hylaeum, which beates hard vpon it: the inhabitants are called Enaecadloae. Beyond, is the riuer Panticapes, which diuideth the Nomades and Georgians asunder: and soone after Acesinus. Some writers doe shew, that Panticape together with Borysthenes, runne together in one confluent beneath Olbia, but they that write more exactly, doe name Hypanis. See how much they erred, who haue described it in a part of Asia. It entreth into the sea with a mighty great eb be and returne of the water, vntill it be within fiue miles of Moeotis, compassing as it goeth a mighty deale of ground, and many nations. Then there is a gulfe or arme of the sea cal∣led Corcinites, and a riuer Pacyris. Towns, Naubarum and Carcine. Behind, is the lake Buges, let out into the sea by a great ditch. And Buges is self from Coretus (an arme or branch of the [unspec E] lake Moeotis) is disioyned, with a backe part full of crags and rocks. Riuers it receiueth, Buges, Gerrhus, Hypanis, comming all from diuers querters: for Gerrhus parteth the Basilides and Nomades. Hypanis, through the Nomades and the Hyleans, falleth into Buges by a channell made by mans hand, but in his owne naturall channell into Coretus. The region of Scythia is named Sendica. But in Carcinites, Taurica beginneth: which also in times past was enuironed all about with the sea, wheresoeuer now there lie plains and flat fields. But afterwards it moun∣teth vp with huge hills. Thirtie nations there be in it: and of them 24 be Inlanders. Six townes, Orgocyni, Caraseni, Assyrani, Tractari, Archilachirae, and Caliordi. The very pitch and crest of the hill, the Scytotauri do hold. Bounded they are Westward, with Cherronesus; East-ward [unspec F] with the Scythian Satarchi. In the coast next to Carcinites are these towns; Taphrae, in the ve∣ry streights of the demy Island: then, Heraclea, Cherronesus, endowed with franchises by the Romans. A foretime it was called Megarice, and is the most ciuel & fairest of all the rest of that tract, as retaining still the names and fashions of the Greekes, and is besides compassed with a

wall of fiue miles about. Then, the promontory Parthenium. A citie of the Tauri, Placia. The [unspec G] hauen Symbolon: the promontory Criu-metopon, ouer against Charambes a promontorie of Asia, running through the middle of Euxinus, for the space of 170 miles: which is the cause es∣pecially that maketh the forme abouesaid of a Scythian bow. Neere to it, are many hauens and lakes of the Tauri. The towne Theodosia, distant from Criu-Metopon 122 miles, and from Chersonesus 165 miles. Beyond, there haue been towns, Cyte, Cephyrium, Acre, Nympheum, and Dia. And the strongest of them all by many degrees, standeth yet still in the very entry of Bosphorus, namely, Pantecapium of the Milesians, from Theodosia 1035 miles: but from Cimmerum a town scituate beyond the Firth, a mile and a halfe as we haue said. And this is al the bredth there that diuideth Asia from Europe: which somtime is passeable ouer most-what on foot, namely, when the Firth is frozen and all on yce. The breadth of Bosphorus Cimmerius is 12 miles and a halfe. It hath vpon it these townes, Hermisium, Myrmecium; and within it, an [unspec H] Island Alopece. But along Moeotis, from the farthest narrow land passage, which place is cal∣led Taphrae, vnto the mouth of Bosp horus, it containes 260 miles. On Taphrae side, the Conti∣nent within-forth is inhabited by the Anchetae, among whom Hypanis springeth: and Neuri, where Borysthenes hath his head. Moreouer, the Geloni, Thussagetae, Budini, Basilidae, and the Agathyrsi, with blew haire on their heads. Aboue them, the Momades, and the Anthropo∣phagi. On Buges side aboue Moeotis, the Sauromates and Essedones dwell, but along the bor∣ders euen as far as Tanais, the Moeotae, of whom the lake was so called, and the vtmost on their backes the Arimaspi. Within a little appeare the Rhiphaean hils, and a countrey called Pre∣rophoros, for the resemblance of certain wings or feathers, occasioned by the continuall fall of snow. A part of the world thus is condemned 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dame Nature, and drowned in deepe and thick [unspec I] darkenes, dwelling within no other houses b•…•… the workes of frozen cold, and the ycie harbors of the chilling Northerne wind. Behind those hills and beyond the North pole, there is a bles∣sed and happy people (if we may beleeue it) whom they call Hyperborei, who liue exceeding long, and many fabulous and strange wonders are reported of them. In this tract are supposed to be the two points or poles about which the world turns about, and the very ends of the hea∣uens reuolution. For 6 moneths together they haue one entire day; and night as long, when the Sunne is cleane turned from them: but their day beginneth not at the spring Aequinoctiall (as the leaud and ignorant common people do imagine) and so continueth to the Autumne: for once in the yeere, and namely at our mid-sommer when the Sun entreth into Cancer, the Sun riseth with them: and once likewise it setteth, euen in the mid-winter with vs, when the Sun en∣treth [unspec K] Capricorne. The countrie is open vpon the Sunne, of a blissefull and pleasant tempera∣ture, void of all noisome wind & hurtfull aire. Their habitations be in woods and groues, where they worship the gods both by themselues, and in companies and congregations: no discord know they; no sicknes are they acquainted with. They neuer die, but when they haue liued long enough: for when the aged men haue made good cheere, and annointed their bodies with sweet ointments, they leape from off a certain rocke into the sea. This kind of sepulture, of all others is most happy. Some Writers haue seated them in the first part of the sea coasts in Asia, and not in Europe, for that indeed some be there resembling the like manners and customes, and euen so scituate, named Atocori. Some haue set them iust in the mids between both Sunnes to wit, the setting of it with the Antipodes, and the rising of it with vs: which cannot possibly be, [unspec L] considering so vast and huge a sea comming betweene. As for those that haue placed them no where but in the six moneths day-light, haue written thus much of them, That they sow in the morning, reape at noone, at sun-setting gather the fruits from the trees, and in the nights lie close shut vp within caues. Neither may we make doubt of that nation, since that so many Au∣thors doe testifie, That they were wont to send the first fruits of their corne, as far as Delos to Apollo, whom aboue all others they honour. And virgins they were that had the carriage of this present; who for certaine yeeres were venerable, and courteously entertained of all nations, vn∣till such time as vpon breach of faithfull hospitalitie, they took vp an order to bestow those sa∣cred oblations in the next marches of their neighbour borderers: and they againe to conueigh the same to their neighbours that confined vpon them, and so forward as far as to Delos. But soone after, this custome was for-let and cleane giuen ouer. The length of Sarmatia, Scythia, [unspec M] and Taurica, and of all that tract from the riuer Borysthenes, is 980 miles, the breadth 717, as M. Agrippa hath cast it. But I for my part suppose, that the measure of this part of the earth is

vncertaine: but after the order which we haue begun, let vs go forward with the rest behind of [unspec A] all this diuision: as for the pety seas thereof we haue truly shewed them already.

CHAP. XIII.

¶ The Islands Pontus.

HEllespont hath no Islands to be spoken of, in Europe. In Pontus are two, a mile and halfe from Europ, and 14 miles from the mouth of the riuer, to wit, Cyaneae, of others called Symplegades; and by report of fables they ran one into another: the reason was, be∣cause they being seuered by a small space betweene, to them that enter the sea full vpon them, they seemed twaine: but if they turned their eye a little aside from them, they made a shew as if they met together. On this side Ister there is one, pertaining to the Apolloniates, 80 miles [unspec B] from Bosphorus Thracius, out of which M. Lucullus brought Apollo Capitoli•…•…us. What are within the mouths of Ister we haue declared already. Before Borysthenes is the aboue named Achil∣lea, called Leuce and Macaron. This, our moderne Cosmographers in these daies doe set 140 miles from Borysthenes, from Tyra 120: from the Island Peuce 50. It is in compasse about ten miles. The rest be in the gulfe Carcinites, namely Cephalonnesos, Rhosphodusa, and Ma∣cra. I cannot passe by the opinion of many writers, before we depart from Pontus, who suppose all the inland seas or Mediterranian arise from that head, and not from the streights of Gades: and they lay for their ground an argument not without some good probabilitie, because out of Pontus the sea alwaies floweth, and neuer ebbeth againe.

But now we are to depart from thence, that other parts of Europ may be spoken of: & when [unspec C] we are gone ouer the Riphoean hils, we must passe along close by the North Ocean, and keepe the left hand vntill we come to Gades. In which tract there are reported to be very many Isles without name: of which, as Tymaeus reporteth, there is one before Scythia called Bannomanna, distant from Scythia one daies sailing: into which, in the temperate season of the spring, Am∣ber is cast vp to the shore by the waues of the sea. All the other coasts are no otherwise marked and known but by vncertain heare-say. The North Ocean from the riuer Paropamisus, where∣as it dasheth vpon Scythia, Hecataeus nameth Amarchium, which word in the language of that nation signifieth, Frozen. Philemon writeth, that the Cymbrians call it Morimarusa, i. mortuum Mare, the dead sea, euen as far as to the promontorie of Rubeae: but all beyond forward, Croni∣um. Xenophon Lampsacenus saith, That three daies sailing from the Scythian coast there is the [unspec D] Island Baltia, of exceeding greatnesse. The same doth Pythias name Basylia. There be also na∣med the Isles Oonae, wherein the Inhabitants liue of birds egges and otes. Others also, wherin men are born with horse feet, called thereupon Hippopades. Others againe of the Panoti, who being otherwise naked, haue mighty great eares that couer their whole bodies. And now for∣ward we begin at the nation of the Ingevoni, the first of all the Germanes in those parts, to dis∣couer all vpon more sure and euident report. There is the exceeding great mountain Sevo, not inferior to the high hills Riphaei, which maketh a mighty huge gulfe, euen as far as the Cim∣brians promontory, called Codanus: it is full of Islands, of which the goodliest of all is Scan∣dinavia, the bignesse whereof is not yet discouered. A part only thereof, as much as is knowne, the nation of Heleviones doth inhabit in 500 villages, who call it a second world. And as it is [unspec E] thought, Enigia is no whit lesse. Some say that these parts, as far as to the riuer Vistula, is in∣habited by the Sarmatians, Venetians, Scyrians, and Hirrians: also that the gulfe of the sea is called Clylipenus: and that in the mouth or entrance of it is the Island Latris. Also that not far from it there is another arme of the sea bounding vpon the Cimbrians. The promontory of the Cimbrians shooting far into the seas, maketh a demy Island, which is called Cartris: from which coast 23 Islands haue been discouered and known by the Roman armies; the noblest of them are Burchana, called of our countrey men Fabaria, of the plenty of a pulse called Beans, growne there of it selfe vnsowne. Likewise Glessaria, so called by the soldiers, of Amber: but of the barbarous people Austrania; and besides them Actania. Along this sea coast, vntil you [unspec F] come to the riuer Scaldis, the German nations do inhabit, but the measure of that tract canot easily be declared, such vnmeasurable discord and difference there is amongst Writers. The Greeks and some of our owne country haue deliuered the coast of Germanie to be 2500 miles about. Agrippa again ioyning with it Rhetia and Noricum, saith that it is in length 886 miles,

and in bredth 268. And verily of Rhoetia alone, the bredth well-neere is greater, at leastwise at [unspec G] the time that it was subdued, and the people departed out of Germanie: for Germany many yeares after was discouered, and yet not all of it known throughly. But if it be lawful to gesse, there wil not be much wanting in the coasts & compasse, according the opinion of the Greeks; nor in the length set down by Agrippa.

CHAP. XIV.

¶ Germanie.

OF Germanes there be fiue kindes: the Vindili, part of whom be the Burgundians, Varini, Carini, and Gurtones. A second sort, the Ingaevones, part of whom be the Cimbri, Teu∣toni, and people of thc Cauchi. The next to them be the Istaevones, and part of them be [unspec H] the Cimbri. Then the midlanders, the Hermiones, among whom are the Suevi, Hermunduri, Chatti, and Cherusci. The fift are the Peucini, the Basternae, bordering vpon the aboue-named Dacae. Faire riuers that run into the Ocean, to wit, Guttalus, Vistillus, or Vistula, Albis, Vi∣surgis, Amisius, Rhenus, Mosa. And within-forth the Hircynium hill, inferiour to none in esti∣mation, standeth to gard and inclose them.

CHAP. XV.

¶ Islands in the Gaules Ocean.

VPon the very Rhene it selfe, for 100 miles almost in length, lieth the most noble Island of [unspec I] the Batavi and Cannenufates: as also others of the Frisians, Cauchians, Frisiabones, Sturij, and Marsalij, spred within Helius and Flevus, for so be the mouthes into which Rhenus gushing, diuideth it selfe; and is discharged from the North into certain lakes: from the West into the riuer Mosa. But in the middle mouth between, hee beareth a small current and channell, and keepeth his owne name.

CHAP. XVI.

¶ England and Ireland.

OVer against this tract lieth Britannia, betweene the North and West, being an Island re∣nowned [unspec K] both in Greeke and Roman records: opposite it is vnto Germanie, Gaule, and Spaine, the greatest parts by far of all Europe, and no small sea betweene. It was some∣time named Albion, when all the Isles were called Britanniae, of which anon we wil speak. This Island is from Gessoriacum, a coast towne of Morini, fifty miles, taking the next and shortest cut. In circuit, as M. Pitheas and Isidor report, it containeth 3825 miles. And now for these thir∣tie yeares well-neere, the Romane Captaines grow into farther knowledge thereof, and yet not beyond the forrest of Caledonia, as neere as it is. Agrippa supposeth that it is in length 800 miles, and in bredth 300. Also that Ireland is as broad, but not so long by 200 miles. This Isle is seated aboue it, and but a very short cut or passage distant from it, to wit, 30 miles from the people Silures. Of other Islands in this Ocean there is none by report in circuit more than 125 [unspec L] miles. Now there be Orcades 40, diuided asunder by small spaces betweene: Acmodae 7, and 30 Haebudes. Also betweene Britaine and Hibernia, Mona, Monapia, Ricnea, Vectis, Silimnus, and Andros: but beneath them, Siambis and Axantos: and on the contrary side towards the Germane Sea there lie scattering the Glessariae, which the later Greeke Writers haue named Electrides, for that Amber was there ingendred or bred. The farthest of all knowne or spoken of, is Thule, in which there be no nights at all, as we haue declared, about Midsummer, namely when the Sun passeth through Cancer: and contrariwise no daies in mid-winter: and each of these times they suppose do last six moneths, all day or all night. Timaeus the Historiographer [unspec M] saith, that farther within-forth, and six daies sailing from Britain, there lieth the Island Mictis, in wnich white lead grow•…•…; and that the Britans do saile thither in winter vessels, couered with leather round about, and wel sowed. There be that make mention of others beside, to wit, Scan∣dia, Dumna, Bergos, and Nerigos the biggest of all the rest, from the which men saile to Thule. Within one daies sailing from Thule is the frozen sea, named of some Cronium.

CHAP. XVII.

¶ Gallia. [unspec A]

ALl Gallia, by one name called Comata, is diuided into three kindes of people, and those seuered one from the other by riuers especially: to wit, Belgica, from Scaldis to Sequa∣na: Celtica, from it to Garumna; and this part of Gallia is named Lugdunensis. From thence to the lying out of the mountaine Pyrenaeus, Aquitania, formerly called Aremorica. A∣grippa hath made this reckoning and computation of all Gaul generally, to wit, lying between Rhene, Pyren•…•…us, the Ocean, and the hills Gebenna and Iura; whereby hee excludeth Narbo∣nensis Gallia, that is in length 420 miles, and in bredth 313. Next to Scaldis there inhabited the vtmost borderers, the Toxandri, vnder many names: then the Menapij, Morini, and Oroman∣sici, ioyning vpon the tract or territorie called Gessoriacus: the Brinnani, Ambiani, Bellonici, [unspec B] and Hassi. But farther within-forth, the Castologi, Atrebatis, and Neruij, free states: the Vero∣mandui, Sueroni, and Suessiones, likewise free: the Treviri free before-time: the Lingones confederates, the Remi confederats also: the Mediomotricae, the Sequani, the Raurici, & Hel∣vetij. Colonies two, Equestris and Rauriaca. Moreouer, of Germane nations in the same Pro∣uince that dwell neere Rhene, the Nemetes, Trivochi, and Vangiones: then the Vbij, Colonia, Agrippensis, Gugerni, Batavi, and those whom we spake of in the Islands of Rhene.

CHAP. XVIII.

¶ Lugdunensis Gallia. [unspec C]

LVgdunensis Gallia containeth the Luxovij, Velocasses, Galleti, Veneti, Abricatui, Osis∣mij, and the noble riuer Ligeris: but a more faire and goodly demy-Island, running forth into the Ocean, from the very marches of the Osismij, hauing in circuit 625 miles, with the necke thereof 125 miles broad. Beyond it dwell the Nannites. Within-forth, the Hoedni confederats, the Carnuti likewise confederats, the Boij, the Senones, the Aulerici, syrnamed Eburovices, and the Cenomannes and Meldi, free States. Parrhisij, Trecasses, Andegani, Vidu∣casses, Vadicasses, Vnelli, Cariosvelites, Drabhudi, Rhedones, Turones, Itesui, and Secusiani, free States, in whose countrey standeth the Colonie Lugdunum.

CHAP. XIX. [unspec D]

¶ Aquitania.

TO that prouince of Gaule which is called Aquitania, belong the Ambilatri, Anagnutes, Pictones, the Santones, Bituriges, named also Vibisci Aquitani, whereof the Prouince tooke name, and the Sediboniates. Then such as were enrolled into towneships from di∣uers parts, to wit, Begerri, Tarbeli, who came vnder foure ensignes, Cocossati vnder 6 ensignes, Venami, Onobrisates, Belendi, and the forest Pyrenaeus. Beneath them, Monesi, Osquidiales, Mountainers, Sibillates, Camponi, Bercorates, Bipedimui, Sassumini, Vellates, Vornates, Con∣soranni, Ausci, Elusates, Sottiates, Osquidates in the champion and plaine country, Succasses, Latusates, Basabocates, Vassei, Sennates, Cambolectri, Agesinales, ioyning to the Pictones. [unspec E] Then the Bituriges free, called also Cubi. Next to them, Lemovires, Arverni free, and Gaba∣les. Again, those that confine and border vpon the prouince Narbonensis, the Ruthenes, Cadu∣ni, Autobroges, & the Petrogoti, diuided from the Tolosanes by the riuer Tarme. Seas about the coasts, vpon Rhene the North Ocean: between it and Sequana the Britan ocean: between it and Pyrenaeus, the Gaule Ocean. Islands many, to wit of the Veneti, called also Veneticae: and in the gulfe of Aquitane, Vliarus.

CHAP. XX.

¶ The hither Prouince of Spaine. [unspec F]

AT the Promontorie of Pyrenaeus beginneth Spain, narrower not only than Gaule, but al∣so than it selfe (naturally) so huge a quantitie is wrought into it, while the Ocean of one coast, the Iberian sea on the other, do cling and presse the sides together. The very hills

of Pyrenaeus, which from the East spred all the way to the Southwest, make Spaine shorter on [unspec G] the North side than the South. The next marches of this higher prouince is the same that the tract of Tarracon, namely from Pyrenaeus along the Ocean, the forrest and mountains of Va∣scones. And first in this part you finde these townes: namely in the country of the Varduli, O∣larso, Morosgi, Menosca, Vesperies, the port towne Amanum, where now is Flaviobriga, and a colony of nine cities. The region of the Cantabri, the tiuer Sada, the port town of Victoria, in∣habited by the Iuliobrigenses. From that place the fountaines of Iberus, 40 miles. The hauen Biendium, the Origeni entermingled with the Cantabri. Their hauens Vesei and Veca: the countrey of the Astures, the towne Noega, in the demy Island Pesicus. And then the countie Lucensis, and so from the riuer Navilubio, the Cibarci, Egovarri syrnamed Namarini, Iadoni, Arrotiebae, the promontorie Celticum. Riuers, Florius and Nelo. Celtici syrnamed Neriae: and aboue them the Tamarici, in whose demy Island are 3 Altars called Sestianae, dedicated [unspec H] to Augustus, Coepori, and the towne Noela. The Celtici, syrnamed Praesamarci, and Cileni. Of Isles worth the naming, Corticata and Aunios. From the Cileni, the county town of the Bra∣cae, Heleni, Gravij, the castle Tyde, all discended from the Greekes: the Islands Cicae, the faire town Abobrica, the riuer Minius, with a broad mouth 4 miles ouer, the Leuni, Seurbi, Augusta a town of the Bracae: and aboue them also, Gallaecia, the riuer Limia. Also the riuer Durius, one of the greatest in Spaine, springing in the Pelendones country, & running hard by Numan∣tia, and so on, through the Arevaci and Vaccaei, diuiding the Vetones from Asturia, and the Gallaecians from Lusitania: and there also it keepeth off the Turduli from the Bracari. All this region aboue-said from Pyrenaeus, is full of mettall mines, to wit, gold, siluer, iron, lead, as well blacke as white, i. tinne. [unspec I]

CHAP. XXI.

¶ Lusitania.

AT the riuer Durius begins Lusitania, wherin are Turduli the old, Pesuri, the riuer Vacca, the towne Talabrica, the towne and riuer Minium. Townes, Conimbrica, Olisippo, Ebu∣ro, Britium: from whence there runs out into the sea with a mighty cape, the promonto∣rie which some haue called Artabrum; others, the Great; and many, Olissoponense, of the towne, making a diuision of land, sea, and aire aboue. In it is the side of Spaine determined and bounded, and from the compasse of it beginneth the forefront thereof. [unspec K]

CHAP. XXII.

¶ Islands in the Ocean.

ON the one hand is the North and the Gauls Ocean: on the other, the West and the At∣lanticke Ocean. The shooting forth of the promontorie aforesaid some haue reported to be 60 miles, others 90. From thence to Pyrenaeus there be writers not a few, who say it is 1250 miles, and that there is a nation of the Atabri, which neuer was, with a manifest error. For they haue set in this place by exchanging some letters, the Artotrebae, whome wee named [unspec L] before the promontorie Celticum. They haue erred also and missed in certain famous riuers. From Minius aboue named, as Varro saith, Aeminius is 200 miles distant (which some men take to be elsewhere, and call it Limaea) named of men in old time Oblivionis, and wherof go∣eth many a tale. From Durius to Tagus is 200 miles, and comes between. This Tagus is a riuer much renowned for the sand that yeelds gold. 160 miles from it the promontory Sacrum runs out from the middle front in maner of Spain: and 14 miles Varro saith it is from it to the mids of Pyrenaeus. But from Ana, by which we haue separated Lusitania from Baetica, 226 miles, ad∣ding therto from Gades 102 miles. Nations, Celtici, Varduli, and about Tagus, the Vettones-From Ana to Sacrum the Lusitanes. Memorable townes, from Tagus in the coast side, Olisip∣po, of good note for the Mares that conceiue there by the West wind. Salatia, with addition of Vrbs Imperatoria, and Merobrica: the promontory Sacrum, & another called Caeneus: towns, Ossonoba, Balsa, and Myrtius. The whole prouince is diuided into three counties or iudiciall [unspec M] courts of Assises, Emeritensis, Pacensis, and Scalabitanus. It containeth in all fiue and forty States, wherein be fiue Colonies, one Borough Towne of Romane Citisens, three enfran∣chised

with the liberties of old Latium. Stipendiaries or Tributaries 36. Moreouer, the Co∣lonies [unspec A] be thus named, Augusta Emerita: and vpon the riuer Ana, Metallinensis, Pacensis, Nor∣bensis, named also Caesariana. To it are layed and inrolled Castra Iulia and Castra Caecilia. The fift is Scalabis, called Praesidium Iulium. The free borough of Roman citises, Olyssippo, named also Felicitas Iulia. Townes of the old Latium liberty, Ebora, which likewise was cal∣led Liberalitas Iulia: Myrtilis also and Salatia, which we haue spoken. Of Tributaries, such as I am not loth to name, beside the aboue said in the additions of Baetica, August obrigenses, Ammienses, Aranditani, Axabricenses, Balsenses, Caesarobricenses, Caperenses, Caurenses, Colarni, Cibilitani, Concordienses, the same that Bonori, Interausenses, Lancienses. Mirobri∣genses, syrnamed Celtici, Medubricenses, the same that Plumbarij, Ocelenses, who also are Lancienses, Turtuli, named Barduli and Tapori. M. Agrippa hath written, that Lusitania, toge∣ther with Asturia and Gallaecia, is in length 540 miles, and in bredth 526. But all Spain from [unspec B] the two promontories of Pyrenaeus, along the seas, takes vp in circuit of the whole coast, 2900 miles, and by others 2700. Ouer against Celtiberia be very many Isles, called of the Greekes Cassiterides, for the plenty of lead which they yeeld: and iust against the promontorie of the Arrotrebae, six named Deorum [i. of the gods] which some haue called Fortunatae. But in the very point or cape of Baetica, from the mouth of the firth 75 miles, lieth the Island Gades, 12 miles long, as Polybius writeth, and three miles broad. It is from the maine, where it is neerest, Iesse than * 1.3 700 paces, in other places aboue seuen miles. The whole Isle it selfe containes the space of 15 miles in circuit. It hath within it a towne of Roman citisens named Augusta, Vrbs Iulia Gaditania. On that side that regards Spain, within 100 paces lieth another Island three miles long and one broad, wherein formerly was the towne Gades. The name of this Island, [unspec C] after Ephorus and Thilistides, is Erythia: but according to Tymaeus and Silenus, Aprodisias: the naturall home-bred inhabitants call it Iunonis The bigger of these two Gades, as saith Tymae∣us, was by them called Cotinusa, our countrymen name it Tartessos, the Carthaginians * 1.4 Ga∣dir, which in the Punicke language signifieth the * 1.5 number of seuen. Erithia the other was cal∣led, because the Tirians, who were the first inhabitants, were reported to haue had their first be∣ginning out of the red sea Erythraeum. Some thinke that Geryon here dwelt, he whose droues of cattell Hercules had away. Some againe thinke it is another, ouer against Lusitania, and there sometime so called.

CHAP. XXIII. [unspec D]

¶ The measure of all Europe.

HAuing finished our circuit about Europ, we must now yeeld the totall summe and com∣plete measure of it in the whole, that such as are desirous of knowledge be not to seek in any one thing. Artemidorus and Isidore haue set downe the length thereof from Tanais to Gades, 84014 miles, Polybius hath put down the bredth thereof, from Italy to the Ocean 1150 miles, for as then the largenesse thereof was not knowne. Now the very bredth of Italy alone by it selfe (as we haue shewed) is 1220 miles to the Alps: from whence by Lyons to the Bri∣taine part of the Morini (which way Polybius seemeth to take his measure) is 1168 miles. But the more certaine measure and the longer is directed from the said Alps to the West, and the [unspec E] mouth of the Rhine, through the place called Castra Legionum Germaniae, 1243 miles. Now from hence forward we will describe Africke and Asia.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Or 100000.
• * 1.2

  Macron-Tichos.
• * 1.3

  Iesse than 3 quarters of a miles.
• * 1.4

  Or Gadiz.
• * 1.5

  Septem, or a•…•… some r•…•…ad, Sep∣•…•…um, i. a parke or enclosure.