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Title Page
Copyright and Permissions
Acknowledgments
Dedication
List of Illustrations
Maps
Tables
Preface
Introduction
: The Global Context
: The Early Modern World
The Argument
The Mughal Empire
The Dutch Republic
Conclusion
: Climate and Early Modern World Environmental History
Intro
The Little Ice Age
Historians and Climate History
Europe
China
West Africa
Global Climate Connections
Conclusion
: Eurasia and Africa
: Pioneer Settlement on Taiwan
Intro
The Dutch East India Company
Taiwan before Dutch and Chinese Settlement
The Dutch Regime
Chinese Domination
Conclusion
: Internal Frontiers and Intensified Land Use in China
Intro
Land and the State
Land Reclamation for Wet Rice Production in Hunan Province
Land Reclamation in the Hills: The Yangzi Highlands
Indigenous Peoples and Qing Pressure
The Northern Frontier
Conclusion
: Ecological Strategies in Tokugawa Japan
Intro
Japan in 1600
State Power
Seclusion
Population Growth in the Seventeenth Century
The Seventeenth-Century Economy
Controlling the Rivers
Forests in the Seventeenth Century
Demands on the Rural Economy
Responses to Scarcity: Simplicity and Austerity
Responses to Scarcity: Control of Human Fertility
Responses to Scarcity: Intensified Fishing and Whaling
Regeneration of Forests
The Northern Frontier: Tokugawa Exploitation of Hokkaido
Conclusion
: Landscape Change and Energy Transformation in the British Isles
Intro
Growth of a Powerful Centralized State
Population, Disease, and Food Production
Capitalist Farmers and Peasant Farmers
Draining the Fenlands
Forest Depletion
Royal Navy and English Oak
A New Energy Source
Markets and Consumption
Conclusion
: Frontier Settlement in Russia
Intro
Defining the Russian Heartland
Conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan
The Forest-Steppe
Tatars
Forts and Cossacks
The Belgorod and Simbirsk Lines
Postfrontier Consolidation
The Environmental Impact
Conclusion
: Wildlife and Livestock in South Africa
Intro
The Setting
Khoikhois
Dutch Settlement
Trekboers
Trekboer and Nguni
Environmental Impact of Dutch Settlement
The Cape as Global Rest Station
Conclusion
: The Americas
: The Columbian Exchange:
Intro
Population and Disease
The West Indies
Columbian Rule in Hispaniola
Slaves and Gold
Sugar Planting
Cattle Ranching
The Environmental Impact
Conclusion
: Ranching, Mining, and Settlement Frontiers in Colonial Mexico
Intro
First Impressions
Disease and Death
Colonial Land Use
Eurasian Invaders
Early Ranching and Settlement Frontiers
The Cortés Estates
The Valle del Mezquital
Silver and the Chichimecas
The Far North
Introduced Livestock and Their Environmental Impact
Silver Mining and Mercury Pollution
Ecological and Economic Crisis
Conclusion
: Sugar and Cattle in Portuguese Brazil
Intro
Forests and Indians
Brazilwood
Settlement and Population
Sugar
Tobacco
Cattle
Gold and Diamonds
Tribute to the Old World
The Environmental Impact
Conclusion
: Landscapes of Sugar in the Antilles
Intro
The Lesser Antilles: Barbados
Martinique
Saint Domingue
Jamaica
Benefits to Western Europe
Conclusion
: The World Hunt
: Furs and Deerskins in Eastern North America
Intro
The Sixteenth-Century Fur Trade
Beaver and Other Furbearers
The Seventeenth-Century Saint Lawrence Fur Trade
Hurons and Mohawks
New England and New York in the Seventeenth Century
French and Ottawas in the Great Lakes Region
The Imperial Conflict
The French-Iroquois Wars
The French Western Fur Trade
The Expanding English Fur Trade in the Eighteenth Century
Creek Deer Hunters
Eighteenth-Century Deerskin Trade Trajectory
Impact of the Fur Trade on Indians
Environmental Changes
Conclusion
: The Hunt for Furs in Siberia
Intro
Western Siberia
Central and Eastern Siberia
Furs, Tribute, and the Russian State
Russian Hunters and Traders
Conquest and Settlement
Impacts on Indigenous Peoples
Kamchatka and the Pacific
Sea Otters in the Pacific
Environmental Effect of the Russian Conquest
Conclusion
: Cod and the New World Fisheries
Intro
The Prey
The Early New World Cod Fishery
Seventeenth Century
The Eighteenth Century
Settlement on Newfoundland
The New England Fishery
The Market for Codfish
Impact of the Cod Fishery
Colder Waters
Conclusion
: Whales and Walruses in the Northern Oceans
Intro
The Prey
Indigenous Arctic Whaling
The Basques
Exploration in Northern Waters
Early Coastal Whaling
Open Sea and Drift Ice Whaling
Frederick Martens
The Expanded Eighteenth-Century Hunt
British Whaling and the Final Demise of the Greenland Bowhead
The Ancillary Hunt for Walruses
Economic Benefits
Conclusion
Conclusion
Notes
Introduction
Chapter 1: The Early Modern World
Chapter 2: Climate and Early Modern World Environmental History
Chapter 3: Pioneer Settlement on Taiwan
Chapter 4: Internal Frontiers and Intensified Land Use in China
Chapter 5: Ecological Strategies in Tokugawa Japan
Chapter 6: Landscape Change and Energy Transformation in the British Isles
Chapter 7: Frontier Settlement in Russia
Chapter 8: Wildlife and Livestock in South Africa
Chapter 9: The Columbian Exchange: The West Indies
Chapter 10: Ranching, Mining, and Settlement Frontiers in Colonial Mexico
Chapter 11: Sugar and Cattle in Portuguese Brazil
Chapter 12: Landscapes of Sugar in the Antilles
Chapter 13: Furs and Deerskins in Eastern North America
Chapter 14: The Hunt for Furs in Siberia
Chapter 15: Cod and the New World Fisheries
Chapter 16: Whales and Walruses in the Northern Oceans
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
A-D
E-K
L-R
S-Z
About the Author
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