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The creation of color in eighteenth-century Europe
Sarah Lowengard
Year: 2008, c2007.
Publisher:  Columbia University Press. 
© Columbia University Press
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table of contents
Title Page
Copyright and Permissions
List of Illustrations
Video ClipThe Play of Light
Acknowledgments
Technological Tasks and Philosophical Ideas
Introduction
[Epigraph]
Methodological Considerations
The Order of This Book
Cultures of Sciences, Cultures of Technology
[Intro]
Concerns about Progress and Improvement
Changing Attitudes toward Commerce
The Role of Technology as an Aspect of the Goals for Commerce and Improvement
A New Role for the Sciences
Communal Activities
Interpreting Authorities
Consumption and Consumerism
Changing Systems of Patronage and Support
Premium Societies
New Forms of Dissemination, Changing Forms of Participation
Conclusions
Enlightened Participation
Color as Subject and Model
Number, Order, FormColor Systems and Systematization
[Intro]
Number, Shape, and Form
Color Tables or Color Graphs
Abraham Gottlob Werner's Geological Classifications
Separating Color from Colored Objects (Other Graphic Systems)
Circles and Wheels: Isaac Newton, "C.B." and Louis-Bertrand Castel
The Usefulness of Charts and Circles, Combined
The Order of Harris's Circle
Black and White in Harris's Color System
Two Dimensions to Three
Visualization, Systematization, Order, and Meaning for Color (or, What Is Art, to a Scientist?)
Expertise and Experienceor, What is Science, to an Artisan?
[Intro]
The Presentations
Discussions of Physics, Primarily Optics
Chemistry in Painting
Chemistry and Quality
Proving Poor Quality
Questions of Experience and Observation
Where Do Good Ideas Come From?
Publications, the Disagreement, and Personal Enlightenment
What Is Science, for an Artisan?
Conclusion
A Final Word
Conclusions
Interactions Between Techniques and Ideas
Parameters of Color Quality
[Intro]
Parameters of Color Quality
The Cost of Coloring
Ideals and Realities
Establishing Goodness
Confirming Good Color
Improving Goodness
Value of Testing Systems
Coloration and Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century
[Intro]
Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century
Early Ideas about Coloration
Chemistry in Eighteenth-Century Theories of Coloration
Reception and Reconfigurations
Coloration Beyond the Dyehouse
Chemistry and Restoration
Conclusion
Sources, Materials, Techniques
[Intro]
The Creation of Color
Coloring Sources
Coloring Particles to Coloring Materials
Coloring Techniques
Changes to Processes in Eighteenth-Century Colormaking
Some Further Thoughts
Details of Products and Production
Information and InspirationVerbal Sources
[Intro]
Lecture Presentations
Society Meetings, Lectures, and Presentations
Apprenticeship
Other Verbal Transfers
Information and InspirationObject Sources
[Intro]
Reading Objects
Information and InspirationPrinted Sources
[Intro]
Eighteenth-Century Publication
Sources for Sources of Inspiration
Information in Printed Works
Periodical Publications
Single-Subject Works
Publications Specifically about Color
Other Published and Unpublished Works Based on the Written Word
Conclusions
PublicationInstitutionalizing Practices through Print
[Intro]
The Descriptions des arts et métiers and the Creation of Color in Objects
PublicationOrder in Publication
[Intro]
Urges to Simplify
Words for ColorNames, Nomenclatures, the Problems of Black and White
[Intro]
Color Nomenclature in Practices
Key Words
The Difficulties of Black and White
Artists and ColormenConstant de Massoul
Artists and ColormenMauclerc
Artists and ColormenAugust-Ludewig Pfannenschmid (Color Communication, Mayer Variants)
[Intro]
Pfannenschmid's Presentation
Pfannenschmid's Color Triangle
Making the Mathematical More Practical?
Artists and ColormenArnaud Vincent de Montpetit (Theory and Practice in the Preservation of Art)
[Intro]
Vincent de Montpetit's Theory of Deterioration
Vincent de Montpetit's Eludoric Painting Technique
Industry and IdeasJacques-Fabien Gautier, or Gautier d'Agoty
[Intro]
Gautier's Life
Gautier's Color-Printed Pictures
Gautier's Science
Gautier's Science in His Industry
Industry and IdeasJacob Christoph Le Blon's Systems of Three-Color Printing and Weaving
[Intro]
Le Blon's Life
Le Blon's Printed Pictures
Le Blon's Tapestries
The Science in Le Blon's Art
Industry and IdeasNeilson, Quemiset, Homassel (Dyers and Chemists at the Gobelins Manufacture)
[Intro]
Histories of the Gobelins Manufacture
Tapestries and Quality
A Project to Improve Manufactures
The Problems of Color at the Gobelins Manufacture
Industry and IdeasGeorge Palmer (Explanations of Color, Light, and Vision, Sometimes Complementary, Sometimes Just Perverse)
[Intro]
Palmer's Ideas about Color
Palmer's Explanation
Industry and IdeasQuintessential Blues for the Eighteenth Century (Indigo and Woad, Cobalt, Zaffer, and Smalt)
[Intro]
Indigo
Cobalt, Zaffer, Smalt
Industry and IdeasTurkey Red (Technology Transfers and Changes, Imitation and Global Trade)
Industry and IdeasA Digression about Varnish
Techniques and InnovationsCudbear and Pompadour
Techniques and InnovationsOrder and Industrialization (François Gonin's Endeavors to Improve the Cotton-Dyeing Industry in France)
[Intro]
Gonin's Manual on Cotton Dyeing
Understanding Gonin's System
The Benefits of Reorganization
Techniques and InnovationsWilliam Peckitt, George Berg (Vitreous-Color Experiments in Mid-Century Britain)
[Intro]
Early Interest and Training
George Berg's Experiment Books
William Peckitt's Treatise
Conclusions
Techniques and InnovationsJean-Baptiste Pont (Making Improvements Viable)
Techniques and InnovationsPrussian Blue
Techniques and InnovationsPurple of Cassius
Techniques and InnovationsSaxon Blue and Saxon Green
[Intro]
The Invention of Saxon Blue
The Saxon Blue Process
Object StudiesPainted and Stained Glass
Object StudiesFabric, Painted
Object StudiesFabric, Printed
Object StudiesHand-Colored Engraving
Object StudiesPorcelain Plaque
Object StudiesOil Painting
ExhibitsReferences to Encaustic Painting in Europe, 1754-1800
ExhibitsThe Cobalt Refining Process (Ore to Zaffer and Smalt, and the Isolation of Other Metals)
ExhibitsGonin's Schedule 13 May to 15 June 1756
ExhibitsUltramarine
ExhibitsTobias Mayer's Color Algebra
Mayer's Criteria
Using the Triangle
ExhibitsTreatises of Watin and Mauclerc
ExhibitsSchiffermüller's Color System
ExhibitsSections of the Supplément
ExhibitsLichtenberg on Mayer's Triangle
[Intro]
Translation
ExhibitsWerner's Color System
Notes
Technological Tasks and Philosophical Ideas
Introduction
Cultures of Sciences, Cultures of Technology
Number, Order, Form
Expertise and Experience
Interactions Between Techniques and Ideas
Parameters of Color Quality
Coloration and Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century
Sources, Materials, Techniques
Details of Products and Production
Information and Inspiration
Publication
Words for Color
Artists and Colormen
Industry and Ideas
Techniques and Innovations
Object Studies
Glossary
Index of Terms
GlossaryA-C
GlossaryD-K
GlossaryL-Q
GlossaryR-Z
References
Citation Conventions and Abbreviations
Primary
Secondary Sources
Encyclopedias
Periodicals
Web Resources
Bibliographies, Biographies, Vocabularies and Other Databases
Color Science
Histories of Color or Color Science
Color Identification and Conversion Tools
Color Cognition
Museums and Historic Houses
Online Collection Databases
People and Societies
Single color sites
Online Exhibitions
18c. Books and Articles
Articles
Single Images and Image-only Collections
Coursework and curricula
Miscellaneous Resources
Interesting Commercial Sites
About the Author
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catalog record
Title: The creation of color in eighteenth-century Europe : by Sarah Lowengard.
Author: Lowengard, Sarah
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E-Distribution Information: University of Michigan Library, Scholarly Publishing Office
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Permission must be received for any subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Please contact info@hebook.org for more information.
Source Version: The creation of color in eighteenth-century Europe : by Sarah Lowengard
Lowengard, Sarah
New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, c2007.
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.99017
Subject Headings: • Color -- Europe -- History -- 18th century
• Science -- Social aspects -- Europe -- History
• Color (Philosophy)
Notes: • Caption title; description based on screen of 2008-02-03.
• Originally published by Gutenberg-e: www.gutenberg-e.org.
• Electronic access restricted ; authentication may be required
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