The right plesaunt and goodly historie of the foure sonnes of Aymon. Englisht from the French by William Caxton, and printed by him about 1489. Ed. from the unique copy, now in the possession of Earl Spencer, with an introduction by Octavia Richardson.

CHAPTER XIV.

¶ How after that Reynawd, Alarde, and Guycharde were retourned to Mountalban, after the bataylle that they had by the woode of the serpente, they made grete sorowe for the love of Rychard there broder / that was in the handes of the kynge Charlemagne / and how he was delivered by the wytte of Mawgys.

Now telleth the history / that whan Mawgys was come agayne to Mountalban / soo moche wrothe he was, that he myghte nomore, for the love of Rycharde that was take / And by cause that reynawd and his bretherne made therfore soo grete sorowe, Incontynente that he was lighted from his horse / he wente into his chambre, and made hymselfe to be dysarmed; and after he toke of all his clothes, and put hymself all naked / and this doon, he toke an herbe and ete it, and as soone that he had ete it / he swelled like a padde / and thenne toke an other herbe / and chaufed and helde it betwene his teeth / and anone he be came all blacke as a cole ²in his face, as one that is beten wyth staves² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. i.] / and his eyen reled in his hede ³as he had be other dronken or madde³ [^3—3 quil sembloit quil deust mourir, F. orig. q. i.] / and dysguysed hymself wonderfully, that he that had well knowe hym afore [ne leust congneu, F. orig. q. i.] shold not thenne have sayd that he had be mawgys. And whan

he was thus ¹torned and¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. q. i.] countrefayt / he toke a grete mantell and a hode, and clothed hymselfe therwyth, and toke on his fete a grete payre of botes, & the staff of a pylgryme in his hande. And thus arrayed, he yssued oute of mountalban. And whan he was oute, he sette hymselfe for to goo the waye so grete pase that no horse cowde not have waloped so fast / tyll that he cam to mountbandell, byfore the tentes of themperour Charlemagn, [folio T.v.a] or ever that Rowlande were come there agayn. and there he helde hym styll, & spake no thynge at all / but loked oonly vpon the kynge & vpon his pavylion / And whan he went, he halted wyth thone fote / and lened before the kynges tente vpon his staff, and kept the one of his eyen close. And whan he sawe the kyng com out of his pavylion / he nighed hym, & sayd, 'God of heven, that suffreth deth & passion in the crosse, kepe you, kyng Charlemayn, fro deth & fro pryson, and from evyll treyson /'

'Vassall,' sayd the kyng charlemagn / 'god confounde you! for I shall never truste vpon none suche a begger as ye be / by cause of the evyll theef mawgis / the whiche hath deceyved me many tymes / for whan he wil, he is a palmer, a knyghte, or a gryfon, or elles a heremyte / be suche maner that I can not beware of hym. And yf it playse god & hys blessed moder, I shall avenge me ones vpon hym, how that the game gooth' / And whan mawgys herde themperour speke of this manere, he answered no thynge / and kepte hym styll a grete while; and after he sayd to the kyng, 'Syre, yf mawgis be a theef / all other poure folke be not so. I have more nede of helthe than I have to doo ony treyson; & it is well seen on me that I am not the body that myghte doo ony grete harme / Syr, I come from Ierusalem, where I have worshypd the holy grave, and have doon my oblacyons in the

temple of salamon, and yet I must goo to rome & to saynt Iames in gales, and god wyll. But I dyd passe yesterdaye over balencon & over gironde [et entre dedens ung dromon, F. orig. q. ii. back.] / wyth x men, ²my servauntes,² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. ii. back.] that I ledde alwayes by the waye wyth me for to kepe & defende my body. And whan I had passed over gyronde / ³I cam wyth my meyne thrughe a wood nyghe montalban³ [^3—3 Je vins par dessoulz montauban, F. orig. q. ii. back.] / where I mette wyth many brygantes & theves, that slewe all my men, & al that I had thei toke [folio T.v.b] fro me, and lete me goo / and gladde I was whan soo fayr I was deliverde of theym. And after I asked of the folke of ye countrey what men they were that ⁵had so⁵ [^5—5 so had, orig.] slayn my men / and they dyd telle me that they were the four sones of aymon, & a grete thef that was called mawgys ²wyth theim² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. ii. back.] / And I asked theim why they wold set theymself to so fowle a craft & vnhappy / seen that thei were so grete gentylmen born. and the peple of the countrey answerde me that they were constrained for to doo so, by cause they had soo grete poverte wythin mountalban that they wyst not what to doo / but I dyde never see so cruell a man as the same mawgis is / for he bounde my handes behinde my backe whan he had robbed me / and thenne he bete me so sore that I wende to have deyed therof / and hathe arayed me as ye see. Syr, ye be the best kynge of the worlde, & ye be lord of all this londe, wherfore I pray you, for god, that ye wyll do me right of thise four sones of aymon, & of maugis that grete theef' / And whan charlemagn vnderstode thise wordes, he righted his hede vp & sayd / 'Pilgryme, is it true as thou sayst' / 'ye, syre,' sayd mawgis / 'Now tell me thy name,' sayd charlemagn / 'Syr,' sayd mawgis, 'my name is gaydon, & I am borne in bretayn, & I am a grete man in my countrey / wherfore I requyre you, in

the worship of the holy sepulture ¹that I have soughte,¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. q. ii. back.] that ye doo me ryght' / 'Pylgryme,' sayd Charlemagn, 'I can not have noo ryght of theim my selfe / for I promyse the! yf I had theym, all the worlde sholde not save theym, but that I sholde make theim deye a shamfull dethe.' 'Syre,' sayd thenne mawgis / 'sith that ye can doo me no righte of theym, I beseche all myghty god, that is in heven, that it playseth hym for to doo it' / 'Syre,' sayd the barons, 'this pylgryme semeth to be a goode man and a true / as I suppose / For it is well seen on hym / gyve to hym your almes [folio T.vi.a] yf it playse you' / And thenne the kyng commaunded that men sholde gyve hym [trente, F. orig. q. ii.] xx. li. of money / and mawgis toke theym & put it in his hode / and he sayd in himself / 'ye have gyven to me of your owne good, but ye have doon like a fole / I shall reward you right dere for it or ever I departe fro you.' and whan he had the silver, he asked after some mete, for goddys sake / for sin yesterdaye he had not eten, as he sayd / 'by my feyth,' sayd Charlemagn, 'thou shalte have ⁴mete & drynke⁴ [^4—4 omitted, F. orig. q. ii.] ynough.' And anone they brought to hym mete / and he set hym doun, [sur ung eschaquier, F. orig. q. ii.] & toke & ete well of the beste. [car Il en auoit mestier, F. orig. q. ii.] And the kynge sayd to hym, 'now ete fre, good pylgryme, For thou shalt be well served' / and mawgys ete styll, and answered never a worde, but be held oonly the kyng in his visage / And the kyng sayd to hym, 'tell me, pilgryme, & hide no thynge fro me / why haste thou loked so sore vpon me!' 'syre,' sayd mawgis, 'I shall tell you it wyth ryght a good wyll / Wyte that I am a well traveylled man; but in noo place that ever I was / I saw never, nether crysten man nother sarrasyn, soo goodly a prynce / ne soo curteys / as ye be one / wherof of all the pardons that I have

wonne in my vyage makynge, I gyve you the halfe freely' / 'Certes, pylgryme,' sayd the kynge, 'and I take it gladly / And I thanke you moche therof.' And mawgis gaaf hym thenne, ¹for a wytnesse of the same,¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. q. ii.] his palmers staff ¹for to kysse it.¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. q. ii.] Thenne said the barons / 'certenly, syre, the pylgryme hath given you a fayr gifte; ye oughte to rewarde hym well for it' / 'Syr,' sayd mawgis, 'I aske none other rewarde for it / ²but that ye wyll take my gyfte a worthe / and that I may reste me here a while / for I am very syke and wery'² [^2—2 car Je suis plus malade quil ne me fait mestier, F. orig. q. iii. back.] / And thus as ye kyng spake to mawgis, cam thenne Rowlande and Olivere, and all their folke, that broughte Rycharde for a prysoner.

[folio T.vi.b] And whan Ogyer and Estorfawde, the sone of Oedon / and the duke Naymes, sawe that Rowlande wolde goo to the pavylion of Charlemagne wyth Rychard, They came to Rowland and sayd to hym / 'Syre Rowland, how canne you hate Rycharde soo sore / that ye wyll yelde hym to Charlemagne' / 'Lordes,' sayd Rowlande, 'what will ye that I shall doo wyth him; te'l me and I shall doo it' / 'Syre,' sayd they, 'we wyll that ye delyver Rycharde, and ye shall saye that it was a nother prisoner.' 'Lordes,' sayd Rowland, 'yf I canne doo this, I shall doo it gladly' / All thise wordes herde a yoman, [aymon, in text orig.] that Incontynent spored his horse / and came to the kynges tente, [la ou Il vit le roy, F. orig. q. iii. back.] and sayd to Charlemagn, 'Syre, I brynge you tydynges sore strange / we have fou[g]hte by [be, orig.] the ryver syde of Balencon / where there Reynawde, the sone of Aymon, hath kept his owne right well agenst rowlande your nevewe / and setteth not a strawe by hym. And Rowlande loste there more than he wanne.' Whan the emperoure Charlemagne vnderstode that worde / he was abasshed

gretly; and after he sayd to the yoman, 'Telle me, my frende, how was yet of my nevewe Rowland' / 'Syre,' sayd the yoman, 'he foughte [au gue de balancon, F. orig. q. iii. back.] wyth the four sones of Aymon, that deffended theymselfe well. But Rowlande hathe broughte wyth hym prisoner one of the foure sones ²of Aymon² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. iii. back.] > / the whyche is the mooste hardy & the moost valiaunt of theim all / in all poyntes.'

Charlemagne began thenne to lepe for Ioye, whan he vnderstode thise tydynges / and came oute of his tent, & behelde & sawe Rychard, that Rowlande [son nepveu, F. orig. q. iii. back.] brought. Whan Charlemagn sawe rycharde, he knew hym well incontynente, & began to crie for grete ioye that he had / 'by my soule, nevew, it is well seen that ye have be there, for elles Richarde sholde [folio T.vii.a] not have ben take' / 'Certes,' [Sire, F. orig. q. iii.] sayd Rowlande, 'well lied Ogier to you / for if he had not be / ye four sones of aimon were take as well as one' / and thenne said the kyng to richard / 'Hoursone! by the feyth that I owe to god, ye shall be hanged by the necke / but first ye shall have of evylle & of tormentes ynough.' 'sire, sayd Richarde, 'I am in your prison. I fere me not to be hanged as long as reynawd, my broder, shall may light vpon bayarde / and that mawgis be a lyve, alarde & guycharde, my righte dere bredern / for yf ye doo to me ony owtrage, no castell, ne towne, ne fortresse shall not kepe you; but that thei shall make you deye an evyll deth or two dayes be passed.' Whan charlemagn herde richard speke so proudly, he was right an angred for it, & toke a staff with both his handes, & smote Richarde therwyth vpon the hede so harde that he made the blode renne oute of it to therthe / And whan richard felt hymself thus wounded, he vaunced hymselfe / and toke the kynge wyth both his armes by the waste, &

wrastled togyder alonge whyle, so that thei fell both doun, thone here & the other there. And Richarde ¹rose vp quyckly, &¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. q. iii.] wolde have renne vpon charlemagn, but oger & salamon seased him & kept him therfro / and after they sayd to charlemagn, 'Sir, ye have doon overmoche amys for to bete a prisoner.' 'certes, my lordes,' sayd richard, 'it is more dishonour to the kyng for to smyte me / than it is to me for to defende my body / but he is well wonte to doo suche owtrages / for it is not the first that he hath doon, nor it shall not be the last' / And whan mawgis sawe that charlemagn had smyten richarde / he was sore an angred therfore / that he had almoste layd vpon hym [le roy, F. orig. q. iii.] wyth his palmers staff; but he thought if he had doo soo, bothe Rycharde & he shold have be deed. and whan charlemagn sawe that richard spake so boldly, he said to hym, 'richard, god confounde me yf ye scape me for all your [folio T.vii.b] wyckednes / for ye shall soone be hanged ⁴by the necke.'⁴ [^4—4 en brief, F. orig. q. iii.] 'sir,' sayd richard, 'speke more courtesli, yf it playse you, for I shall see you soner be fleyn quycke than ye shall see me hange / nor ye shall not be so hardy to doo so.' ⁵'what somever ye prate / say, or crake'⁵ [^5—5 Si ne meschapperez vous mye toutesfois, F. orig. q. iii.] / sayd charlemagn, 'ye shall not scape me, but ye shall be hanged or nyghte; and wold god I helde as faste your bredern, & mawgis, ⁶that theef,⁶ [^6—6 omitted, F. orig. q. iii.] as I hold you now / for they sholde be hanged wyth you to bere you company, bycause ye sholde not be a ferde.' ¶ All thus as richarde strove with charlemagn / he torned hymself & sawe mawgis behynde him, that held hymself styll lenyng vpon his staff; and he knewe hym well, wherof he was well glad, for he wyste well he shold not deye sith mawgis was there. And whan richard had seen mawgis, he was sure of his liff, & sayd to charlemagn,

'syre, where shall I be hanged, tell me?' / 'certes,' sayd charlemagn, 'at the gibet of mountfawcon; & there shall your bredern may se you, & mawgys your cosyn' / 'Sire, it is no reyson that suche a man as I am sholde be hanged / but make peas wyth vs, & ye shall doo wysly / & yf ye doo not soo, ye shall sore repent it, as I trowe.' And whan mawgis had herde all that he wold here, he made no lenger taryeng / but he went out of the pavyllion & said no worde / and whan he was out of it, he began to walke so grete a pas that no horse myght not have folowed hym, and passed thrugh the wood of the serpent, & dyd somoche that he cam to mountalban, where he fonde Reynaud & his folke, that wayted for hym / And whan reynawd saw him com wythout richard, he was full sory, so that he fell doun in a swoune / and alard & guychard toke him vp & sayd to hym, [Sire Regnault beau frere, F. orig. q. iv.] 'Fair broder, ye doo as a childe / ye ought not to make suche sorow' / 'holde your peas, traytours,' sayd reynawd / ²'for ye have lost the beste knyght of the [word, orig.] worlde,² [^2—2 dieu vous confonde car par vostre deffaulte a este perdu le meilleur chevallier du monde, car se vous leussiez suiuy; il neust mye este prins mais vous ny ousastes mye aler pour crainte. Et aussi vous ne vouliez point que Je y alasse pour le secourir car Je y eusse bien este a temps. Or lavons nous perdu ne Jamais ne le verrons, F. orig. q. iv.] For I see Mawgys come alone, [folio T.viii.a] wherfore I beleve that Richard is deed / for if he were a lyve, Mawgis wold have brought him wyth hym, For he never myssed of no thyng that he toke in hand' / And whan alard & guychard vnderstode thise wordes / thei toke therof so grete a sorow that they fell both doun in a swoune to therth / And whan they were com agen to theymself, they made so grete sorowe that it was pyte for to see; and this hangyng, cam there Mawgis. And whan he saw the grete sorowe that his cosins made, he was wrothe for it, And sayd to them,

'What eyleth you, fayr cosins, that ye make so evyll chere' / 'Alas, mawgis,' sayd Reynawde / 'what is doon of our broder richard?' 'Cosin,' sayd mawgis, 'richard is yet in prison; but charlemagne hath sayd that he shall make hym to be hanged at the gybet of mountfawcon / And hath sayd that he shall not kepe hym longe alyve, leest ye & I shold rescue hym. And here is xx. [trente, F. orig. q. iv.] li of money that charlemagn hath gyve me in hys pavylyon, and made me have bothe mete & drinke at my plaisur. [au pres de luy, F. orig. q. iv.] Now shall it be seen yf ye love Rychard, and yf ye be a goode knyghte or not; for ye must socoure & delyver hym by force of armes, or elles he shall deye, for all the world shall not kepe hym otherwyse therfro.'

Reynawd was well recomforted whan he herd ³maugis speke;³ [^3—3 ses parolles, F. orig. q. iv. back.] > & after he sayd / 'sith that it is so that Richard is yet alive, yf I had but myself, my brethern & mawgis, yet sholde I kepe richard fro deth, mawgre the power of charlemagne' / and thenne mawgys, wythout ony long abidyng, toke of his cope & his hode, and toke an herbe & ete it, and anone the swellyng went fro him [et puis se arma, F. orig. q. iv. back.] / and whan he was armed, he presented hymself to reynawd [moult honnorablement, F. orig. q. iv.] / and incontynent al his bredern put theymself in armes / And anone they toke their waye towarde mountfawcon / And whan they were come to a bowe shotte nyghe from it, Reynawde sayd to his folke / 'Lordes, yf ever [folio T.viii.b] ye loved me / thynke for to doo now so moche that my brother rycharde may be rescued from this shamfull deth. For I promyse you that I shall brynge hym wyth me, or elles I and my brethern & Mawgys shall deye wyth hym' [et Ils sont tieulx comme vous scaues, F. orig. q. iv. back.] / 'Syre,' sayd his men, 'doubte not of vs / for we shall doo our devoyre' / 'brother,' sayd

thenne Alarde, 'lete vs lighte here doun / and lete vs hide ourself wythin that busshe that we se yonder; for yf we were seen, the frenshemen myght kylle our broder rychad or ever they wolde come.' 'Broder,' sayd Reynawde / 'ye speke wysely' / and thenne they lighted doun a fote, and put theymself in a bushemente wythin a wode [de sappin, F. orig. q. iv. back.] ²that was nyghe Mountfawcon,² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. iv. back.] Reynawd at the right side of it / Alard at the lefte side, and wyth hym Guycharde & Mawgys /

Well, ye have herde how thei were sent to the playn of valcolours, and the payne that Reynawde & his bredern suffred; and thenne howe they wente & socoured kynge yon of Gascoyn, that had betrayed theim / And how Reynawde dyde fyghte wyth Rowland, wherof he was sore trayveylled / and had ben all redy thre dayes wythoute slepe, and therfore ye ought not be merveylled yf Reynawd, his bredern, & mawgis fell a slepe / and, to saye the trouth, assone as Reynawd, his bredern, & mawgis were enbusshed vnder the sapyn trees, thei fell in to so harde a slepe that thei forgate richard / Now god, for his pite / have pite vpon him, ²and kepe hym² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. iv. back.] / For otherwyse he muste deye /

Now shall we telle you of Charlemagne, that was in his pavylion. he called to hym the duke Naymes & rychard of normandy, & sayd to theym, 'Lordes, what counseyll gyve you me? ye knowe that rychard the sone of aymon is of grete power / I fere me that reynawd shal com to socour him whan I shall sende him for to be hanged, & therfore I must sende [ung tieul homme de ma part, F. orig. q. v.] [folio V.i.a] company for to withstande reynawde, his bredern, & Mawgis.' And thus as the kyng and the duke Naymes spake togyder, he loked before hym & saw

Berenger of valoys / and called hym, & sayd to hym / 'Berenger, ye are of my men, For ye hold of me scotlond & wales / ye oughte to come serve me in Fraunce wyth all your pouer every yere ones whan I have nede. I shall now quyte you & relesse vnto you all the servyse that ye owe me, to you & to your eyres for evermore, soo that ye wyll take [aillez pendre richart, F. orig. q. v.] Richard, the sone of Aymon, ²and see that he be hanged & strangeled at Mountfawcon.² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. v. back.] And yf Reynawde com there for to rescue hym / I praye you that ye wyll take in hande my quarell.' 'Sire,' sayd Berenger, 'I see well now that ye love me but a lityll / whan ye sende me to doo suche a dede. it were to me a grete shame yf I dyd it; for no thynge that is to my disworshippe, I wyll not doo wyth my good wylle / and also ye ought not to conseylle me to it, nor suffre me to doo so. Yet have I lever to serve you, as mi dute is for to doo, than that I shold doo the same that ye wolde put me to.' And whan Charlemain sawe that Berenger wold not doo it / he called to hym therle Guydellon, & sayd to hym, 'Guydellon, ye be my man, & holdeth Bavire of me; and ye ought to serve me at ony tyme that I call you, with thre [deux, F. orig. q. v.] thousande men / yf ye wyll goo hange Richarde, ²the sone of aymon / I shall make you free, &² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. v. back.] I shall gyve you ye cyte of mascon' / 'I wyll not doo it,' sayd therle Guydellon; 'but I telle you for certeyn that Richard shall have noo harme if I may helpe hym fro it to my power.' Thenne sayd Charlemagn, 'goo oute of my sighte / for ye be no good man' / And thenne he sayd to rychard, 'by god, yet shall ye be hanged in dispite of theym' / Thenne called Charlemagne Oger the dane, & sayd to hym, 'Ogier, ye be my man. it is shewed vnto me that ye dyd [folio V.i.b] the

other daye treyson agenste me in the playn of Valcolours, for love of Reynawde / Now shall it be seen now yf it is true or not / Yf ye wyll goo hange Richarde, I shall gyve you the cyte of Lion. And I shall holde you quyte of all the servyse that ye owe me, & your eyres also, for evermore.' 'By the feith that I owe to you, sire, I shall not doo it, for ye wote how Richarde is my cosin germayn; and I telle you, that who soever shall hange Rycharde ¹the sone of Aymon,¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. q. v. back.] I defy hym, and I shall helpe Reynawde wyth all my power' / 'Go fro me,' sayd charlemagn, 'goodys curse have ye / nevertheles, by my berde, yet shall he be hanged' / And whan he had sayd so / he called to hym the bysshop Turpyn, & sayd to hym, 'Ye bysshop, I shall make you pope ¹of rome¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. q. v. back.] yf ye wyll hange Rychard.' 'syre,' sayd the bysshop Turpyn / 'What saye ye / ye knowe well that I am a preest / and ye wyll that I shold hange folke / yf I dyd so, I shold lese my masse, & be regulet / and also ye knowe well that Richarde is my cosin / wolde ye that I sholde commytte treyson vpon my kynsmen / certes, it were agenst reyson' / 'Soo helpe you god,' sayd Charlemagn, ²'ye leve it neyther for kynred nor for masse, but as a cowarde; ye leve it only for fere that your crowne sholde be bete.'² [^2—2 vous le laissez plus pource quil est vostre parent que pour dieu ne pour vostre messe, F. orig. q. v. back.]

Thenne called Charlemagn, Salamon of breten, & sayd to hym, 'Salamon, ye knowe well that ye be my man, & that ye holde breten of me / I shall gyve you ye duchie of Ansom, yf ye wyll hange Richarde, ¹the sone of Aymon.'¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. q. v. back.] 'Syr,' answerde Salamon / 'yf it playse you to commaunde me ony other thynge, I wyll be redy to doo it wyth a good wyll, but this I wyll not doo / And I telle you for certeyn, that

rycharde shall have noo harme, yf I maye' / 'Salamon,' sayd the kyng / 'ye be a traytour, sith that ye wyll not doo my commaundement.' And after this he sayd, 'Rycharde, I wyll that ye [folio V.ii.a] know well that ye shall be hanged in dyspyte of all thy kynsmen' / 'Sir,' sayd Richard / 'peraventure it shall be otherwyse than ye wene.' and thenne Charlemagn tourned hymself towarde Rowlande, and sayd to hym / 'Fayr nevewe, goo & see that he be hanged, I praye you / for it is well reyson that ye doo thoffyce, sith that all the frenshemen have faylled me / & also ye have taken hym / wherfore ye must nedes hange hym; and I shall gyve you Coleyn vpon the ryn, & soo many other countreys that ye shall have ynoughe.' 'Syr,' answerde Rowlande, 'yf I dyde this, I shold be taken for a traytour / For I have answered Richarde a fore that I toke hym, that he shold have noo harme of his body; and yf ye make hym deye, no man shall never truste me vpon my feyth / Wherfore I praye the xii peres of Fraunce, that none of theym wyll take the charge vpon hym for to see hym hanged / for yf he were hanged / I sholde be dyffamed / And I promyse you, that who shall hange Richarde, I shall goo to Reynawde / and shall put myself in hys pryson / and yf he wyll pardonne me his broders deth, I shall helpe hym vndre my othe agenste all men wyth thre thousande fyghtyng men, well arrayed on horsbacke' / 'Nevewe,' sayd Charlemagne, ²'the devyll spede you / ye ben all false vnto me.'² [^2—2 de dieu soyes vous mauldit, F. orig. q. vi.]

And whan Charlemagn sawe that he myght not bringe his wyll aboute ³for to hange Rycharde,³ [^3—3 omitted, F. orig. q. vi.] he was soo wrothe ⁴that he shoke for angre,⁴ [^4—4 quil ne scauoit que faire, F. orig. q. vi.] and rose vpon his fete, & sayd / 'Lordes, ye knowe well that I

am the sone of kyng Pepyn, & of the quene Bethe. my fader was norished in Fraunce, and I fled in to Spayn to Alaffre vpon the see; and there I dyd many merveilles of armes that I was made knyght, & dyde conquere salienne, my love, that forsake XV. kynges bering crowne for my sake; and she cam with me in to [la doulce france, F. orig. q. vi. back.] Fraunce, [folio V.ii.b] and thenne I was crowned kynge ³accordynge to the right of my patrymonye³ [^3—3 omitted, F. orig. q. vi. back.] / and thenne I dyde wed the sayd lady galiene wyth right grete ioye, & wende to have had my royame in peas / but the same day that I was crowned, the xii peres of Fraunce purposed to have made me deye at cristmasse nexte folowyng / but our lord sent me an angell / and made hym to telle me that I shold goo hide myselfe / the whiche I dyde so, & I durste not saye agenste it / nor I wyst not where I sholde hide me / but god wold that I sholde fynde Bason, a grete theef / that brought me in to a pytte; and this hangyng, men conspired my deth / but Bason [Bazyn, in text orig.] shewed me all togyder, & thorughe his ayde I toke myn enmyes; and I punysshed theym afterwarde at my wylle; and so shall I do by you / yf there be ony that wyll doo contrary to my wyll. And I am delibered to enquere eche of you by this maner, for to see who shall be false or true to me.' Whan Charlemagn had sayd this, he torned towarde the sone of Oedon, & sayd to hym / 'Escouff, com forthe! I have brought you to grete honour, & we have norysshed you full derely. ye knowe that ye holde Langres of me; yet shall I doo to you moche more good than I have doon, for I shall gyve to you therldomes of mountferraunt & of clermount, so that ye will goo hang that hourson rychard' / 'Sir,' sayd escouff, 'ye wote well that moreoedon holdeth all the

lond that ye speke of, and I had never no [ne, in text.] thing therof / but I am felaw wyth Rowland in armes; and whan I shall be lord of that londe my father holdeth in his hande, I shall fulfyll your commaundement' [et vostre volente, F. orig. q. vi.] / 'By saynt Denys of Fraunce, ye must goo see that he be hanged,' sayd charlemain, ³'& I shall make you lord of moo londes.'³ [^3—3 omitted, F. orig. q. vi.] 'Sir,' sayd estorfawde / 'is it erneste that ye speke?' 'ye,' sayd Charlemagn. 'By my hede, syre,' sayd Estorfawde / 'Ye wolde not be wyth me for to see Rycharde hange, for halfe [folio V.iii.a] of your royame' / Whan the kyng herde that he was thus repreved / he toke a staff, & caste it after Estorfawde [pour le frapper, F. orig. q. vi.] / but Estorfawd sterte from his place, and ⁶the staff brake in peces agenste a post⁶ [^6—6 le baston ala frapper au rubant si grant coup que le baston en ala en deux pieces, F. orig. q. vi.] / And whan the xii. peres sawe that / they wente all out of the pavylion of Charlemagn. And whan that charlemagn retorned hym / and sawe that none of all the xii peres wolde abyde there wyth hym, Thenne he sayd to the duke Naymes, 'where be my xii peres goon?' 'Syr,' sayd the duke Naymes / 'they ben all goon oute of your pavylion / and not wythout a cause, for it becometh not to suche a ³noble³ [^3—3 omitted, F. orig. q. vi.] kynge as ye be, for to smyte his barons / for ye shold be sore blamed.'

Thenne whan Charlemagn sawe this, he called to hym Rychard of montrolonde, [de rolant, F, orig. q. vi.] & sayd to hym / 'Com forthe, Rycharde of montrolonde [de rolant, F, orig. q. vi.] / here what I shall tell you. ye know well that ye be one of theym that I love best in this worlde, but ye must doo one thynge at my request / It is that ye wil goo hange Richard, the sone of Aymon, at the gybet of mountfawcon' / Thenne Rychard of montrolonde answerde,

'Sir, I shall doo so wyth a good wyll / for I am your man, & soo I oughte not to refuse your commaundement / but, by my soule, syre emperour / yf ye wyll that I goo hange Richard, ye shall come wyth me with a thousand knyghtes well armed / and I shall hange hym where soever it playse you / And yf Reynawd & his bredern com there to rescue / I shall ieoparde my owne body for to save yours. Now see yf ye wyll do this or no, for none otherwyse wyll I not goo there one fote.' 'Goo from me, gloton,' sayd Charlemagn / 'goddys curse have thou' /

The kynge thenne called to hym the duke Naymes, and sayd to hym, 'What counseylle gyve you' / 'Syre,' sayd the duke Naymes, 'goode / yf ye wyll beleve me. [folio V.iii.b] Syre, ye wote that Reynawde, his brethern, and Mawgis, are of the best knyghtes of Fraunce / as every man knoweth well / this werre hath lasted ryght longe, For it is wel xvi. yeres that it began fyrste / and many a noble knyghte hath be slayn for the same / yf it playse you, ye shall sende worde ²to Reynawde,² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. vii.] to Alarde, Guychard, & Mawgis, that they wyll becom your men / and ye shall deliver agen vnto theym their brother Rychard ²alyve,² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. vii.] and that ye wyll doo make reynawde & alarde of the xii. peres of Fraunce. And whan Reynawd & his bredern shall see that ye have doon to theim soo grete worship, they shall serve you wyth good herte, and so that ye shall con theim grete thanke for it / and I ensure you ye shall be the more dred & more redoubted for cause of them. and yf ye have ones the four bredern & Mawgis their cosin ³to your frendes³ [^3—3 tous ensemble, F. orig. q. vii.] / there shall be no prynce in all crystendome so hardy that dare move werre agenst you / and I promyse you, sire, that the more ye kepe this werre agenste theym / the more shall ye lose therby / and,

moreover, they be all of our house by theyr fader Aymon / this knowe ye well / and therfore I can not hate theim by noo wise' / 'Naymes,' sayd charlemagne, 'I wyll not doo so / for they all have doon amys agenst [aienst, in text.] me, and so shall I doo hange Rycharde, bi the feyth of my body' / 'Syr,' sayd the duke Naymes, 'ye shall not doo so, & god wil, For he is of grete lynage, & of our lynage / for we sholde never maye suffre it nor endure, and ye also sholde be blamed full sore for it. But & ye wyll make hym deye, I shall gyve you better counseylle' / 'Telle me how,' sayd Charlemagn / 'and I shall doo it / yf it semeth me good' / 'Syr,' sayd the duke Naymes, 'sith it playse you that Rycharde shall deye, lete hym be caste in to a depe prison vnder the erthe, and make hym to be kepte surely ²there in that he scape not awaye² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. vii. back.] / and commaunde [folio V.iv.a] that noo mete at all be broughte to hym / and so shall he deye for hungre. And ye shall not be blamed yf ye doo soo' / 'Naymes,' sayd Charlemagne / 'ye doo iape wyth me / I knowe it well / whan ye doo telle me this / Ye knowe well that Maugys is to grete a nygremancer / For I shold never maye kepe Rycharde in pryson, but that mawgys wolde have hym oute thorughe his crafte / and therfore I wyll not doo as ye saye' / Thenne came Ogyer the dane / and sayd to the duke Naymes, 'Ye make to longe a sermon; lete the kynge doo wyth it as it playseth hym; For the more that ye praye him, and the worse shall he doo / but he shall make peas whan he see that he canne none otherwyse doo / But this daye shall be seen who loveth Rycharde' [et combien que son lignaige soit huy tourne dune part et se Il y a nul qui luy face mal, je les deffie de moy, F. orig. q. vii. bk.] / And whan Ogyer had sayd this / he wente oute of the pavylion, and Escouff wyth hym, and Rychard of Normandy, the bysshop Turpyn, and Guydellon of Bavyre / and made

their folke to be armed. And whan they were armed, they were well xii thousande men. And thenne ogier beganne to crie wyth a hie voys / [Damps roy, F. orig. q. vii. back.] 'Now shall it be seen who shall be so hardy for to lede Rycharde ²the sone of Aymon² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. vii. back.] to hangynge / For suche shall brynge hym that never shall come agayn / but he be hedles' / and oger wente into the pavylion where Rychard was / that was bounde bothe handes & fete, and was blindefelde. And whan Ogier sawe rycharde that was thus arrayed, he had of hym grete pyte; soo wente he to hym to have delivered hym / but he advysed hymselfe / & sayd that he shold not doo it, but he wolde tary for to see an ende of it, what the kyng shold doo therof. And whan Rychard herde Ogyer speke, he called to hym, & sayd in the presence of the duke Naymes, and of Rycharde of normandy, of Guydellon ³of bavyre,³ [^3—3 omitted, F. orig. q. vii. back.] and of the bysshop Turpyn / and of Rowland, that thenne happed to come there / [folio V.iv.b] 'Fayr lordes, I knowe well that yf it were at your playsur ye wolde lete me go quyte; and all ynoughe ye have traveylled yourselfe for me, wherof I thanke you right moche; but sith that I muste nedes be broughte to the galohous / It is better that I, poure, vnhappy, deye alone / than that ye sholde have ony harme for my sake; wherfore loke that ye lose not the good grace of Charlemagne / and I praye you that ye wyll goo vnto hym, & tell hym that he doo his wyll vpon me, for I have lever deye shortly / than to lyve longe in sorowe.' Whan Ogier sawe Richard speke soo, he was so sory for it that he felle almost doun to the grounde for grete sorow in a swoune, [et quant Il fut revenu Il dist a Richart, F. orig. q. vii. back.] and sayd to Rychard in angre, 'What saist thou, fole destestable, Wylte thou be hanged? for yf we sayd the same that thou sayst to Charlemagn / all the golde of the worlde

shold not save the, but that thou sholdest soone be hanged ¹bi the necke.'¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. q. vii. back.] 'I care not,' sayd Rychard, 'hap as it hap wyll.' And thenne he tourned hymself toward Rowland, & sayd to hym / 'I pardonne you, ¹sire¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. q. vii. back.] Rowlande, here & afore god, the feith that ye have promised me / and that ye gaaff me whan ye toke me afore balancon' / And whan Ogyer herd this he wexed almost mad for grete angre, and sayd to Rowlande, 'Syr, beleve not Richarde, for he speketh as a man that is vexed in his spyrites, and not wythout a grete cause / but kepe to hym the feyth that ye have promysed hym, for it shall be your ¹grete¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. q. vii. back.] worship yf ye doo so' / 'Ogier,' sayd Rowlande, 'doubt not / I shall kepe to Rycharde all that I have promysed hym, & more.' Whan Richarde herd that worde, he called to him oger, & sayd / 'Fayr cosin, for god, kepe your peas / for I have seen here mawgis ryghtnow / and I wote well he hath not forgoten me / For by the feyth that I owe to you, suche shall lede me to the gibet that shall soone lose his hede, and many other moo wyth hym.' [folio V.v.a] 'Cosin,' sayd Ogyer, 'is it trouth that ye saye that ye have seen Mawgis here' / 'Ye,' sayd Richard, 'withoute ony fawte.' Thenne sayd Ogier, 'blessed be the good lorde of this tydynges / now have I noo doubte of Rycharde / sith that my cosin knoweth of it.' And thenne all the xii peres of Fraunce lighted a fote / and cam to Charlemagn & sayd to hym / 'Sir, we ben all your men sworn to you. All that we have sayd & doon / we dyde it for to see whether we myghte have deliverde our cosin [richart, F. orig. q. viii.] ⁴from deth by your good wyll⁴ [^4—4 omitted, F. orig. q. viii.] / but sith that it playseth not to you that he be saved, & that ye wyll that he be hanged, we wyll not speke no more agenst it / by cause that ye angre yourselfe to sore /

Now sende Rycharde to be hanged by whom ye wyll / for he shall not be letted of vs therfro' /

Thenne sayd Charlemayn, 'by my feith now ye speke well & wisly, and now I pardonne you all' [mon mal talant, F. orig. q. viii.] / And thenne charlemagn called to hym Rypus of Riplemonde, & sayd to him, 'Rypus, yf ye wyll doo so moche for me that ye wyll goo hange Rychard / I shall make the lord of grete londes / and ye shall be my chambreleyn all your liff' / 'Syr,' sayd Ripus, 'I am all redy to fulfylle your commaundement / for Reynawde slewe my vncle be side balencon.' 'Ye speke now well,' sayd ogyer / 'ye shall be a cowarde but yf ye avenge yourself at this tyme' / And whan Ripus vnderstode Ogyer speke thus, he thoughte hymselfe the more sure for it, And ²right humble & courtesly² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. q. viii.] he kneled doun tofore themperour Charlemagne, and kyssed his fete, & after he sayd to him / 'Syre, I am ordeyned for to doo you servyse & your commaundement. Yf it playse you, ye shall make me sure that whan I shall com agen fro the hangynge of Rycharde, that none of your xii peres shall not awaite me none evyll tourne for it afterwarde' / 'Bi my feyth,' sayd Charlemagne, 'I wyll doo soo wyth a good wyll.' [folio V.v.b] And thenne he sayd to Rowlande and to Olyvere / and to all the twelve peres of Fraunce / 'Lordes, [par ma fois, F. orig. q. viii.] I wyll that ye promyse hym that he shall not be hurt by none of you, nor in tyme to come by noo maner of wyse / by cause I make hym to hange Rycharde.' The whiche thynge all the xii peres promysed hym wyth a good wylle. And whan Rypus had taken the othe of the xii peres of Fraunce for his surety / he wente to his owne tente / and made him to be armed / and whan he was armed, he lighted on horsbacke / and cam before

kynge Charlemagn / And whan themperour sawe hym / he sayd to hym, 'Rypus, take a thousande knyghtes wyth you for to kepe you / and yf Reynawd or Mawgys come there, take theym & hange theym wyth rycharde.' 'Syr,' sayd ripus / 'I shall doo your commaundement.' And thenne the kynge made theym deliver rycharde / and whan ripus had hym, he put hym to the waye, & mounted richard vpon a mewle / and put a halter at his necke, & so ledde hym forth, like as it had be a stronge [omitted, F. orig. q. viii.] theef, and brought him before the pavylion of charlemagn. And whan the kyng sawe him, he was glad of it, and sayd to rypus, [mon amy vengez moy de ce truant. Sire dist ripus... F. orig. q. viii.] 'Wolde god that all thother sones of Aymon were in the plighte that richard is now in / For I sholde well avenge you / and myselfe also vpon theim.'

Whan the frenshemen saw rychard that was led to hangynge so vilainously, they began to make suche a sorowe for hym that it was merveille / soo that none so grete was never seen / Rypus rode on his waye, & dyde somoche that he cam to Mountfawcon. And whan rypus dyde see the galous sette vp / he sayd to rycharde, 'By god, richarde, see yonder is your lodgyng, where ye shall be hanged by myn owne handes [a grant vilite, F. orig. q. viii.] / this daye shall be avenged the deth of foulques, [de morillon, F. orig. q. viii.] my vncle, that Reynaude slewe besides Balencon. The socoures of [folio V.vi.a] Mawgis is now ferre fro you, for he can not kepe you, but that I shall hang you now in dispite of Reynawd & of your other brethern' / Whan Richard herde Rypus speke so proudly, & sawe that he was so nighe the gibet / and that he sawe noo socours comyng of noo parte / he was sore agast & a ferde / and thoughte he wold kepe Ripus wyth wordes, & sayd to hym, 'Rypus, for god have pyte vpon me! For I am noo

man that shold be hanged by rayson / but I ought to be delivered by you; and yf ye wyll delyver me / I shall gyve you two hundred marke weyghte of fyne golde, & I shall make you a grete lord' / 'Certes, Richard,' sayd Ripus, 'ye speke for noughte / for I wold not leve you but that ye shall be hanged, for x of the best cytees of Fraunce.' 'Rypus,' sayd Rychard / 'sith that ye wyll not have pyte vpon my body / have pyte vpon my soule. And I praye you, asmoche as I can, that ye wyll make a preest com to me for to shryve me.' 'Certes,' sayd Rypus, 'ye shall have one wyth right good wyll.' And thenne he made come a preest, som sayen that it was a bysshop, for to shryve Richard / the whiche began to shryve hymself, & shewed to the prest ¹many moo synnes¹ [^1—1 dix fois plus de pechiez, F. orig. r. i.] than ever he dyd in his dayes / and this he dyd for to ²lengthe the tyme / and² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. r. i.] to see yf he shold have ony socours or noo. And whan Rychard sawe that his helpe cam not, he wexed almost mad, and sayd to his confessour / 'Syr, I wote not what I shold more say / gyve me absolucyon' / and he gaff him penaunce according to the terme of his liff / and the confessor went from him all wepyng. And whan Rypus sawe that Rychard was confessed / he came to hym & put the halter aboute his necke / and made hym mounte vpon the ladder, & dyd shit the cheyn ²wherat he shold hang² [^2—2 omitted, F. orig. r. i.] / & whan richard [Quant richart fut monte sur leschielle, F. orig. r. i.] sawe that his bredern cam not for to save him / he wende none other but that he shold have deyed / & delibered hymselfe [folio V.vi.b] for to suffre deth atte that owre; and thenne he sayd to Rypus, 'My frende, I pray the for god that thou suffre me awhyle tyll I have sayd an oryson that I dyde lerne in my youthe, to the ende that god have mercy of my soule.' 'I wyll not,' sayd Rypus /

'thou shalte have noo lenger respyte.' 'Syre,' sayd his men / 'yes / ye shall yf it playse you / For yf he maye doo so moche that his soule be saved / he shall praye for you in the other world / and for vs also' / And thenne Rypus gaaf respite to Rycharde, wherof he dyd like a fole [Et quant richart eut le respit Il se tourne devers orient... F. orig. r. i. back.] / And thenne Rychard tourned hymselfe towarde the eest / and beganne to saye his prayer wyth good herte and devowtly / For he trowed to have deyed wythoute remyssyon / And he sayd in this maner.

'Gloryous Ihesus / by thy blessed name / that made heven & erthe / and all the elements that ben, and wente in this world as a poure man, and saved Ionas from the beli of the fysshe, and in Bethelem reysedest Lazaron, and delyvered Danyell from the pyt of the lion. the synnes of the theef / ye dyde pardonne in the crosse / where the felons Iewes had crusified you. Also to mari magdalene her synne / ye forgaaff in the hous of Symon / For she wysshe your fete wyth grete devocyon / Iudas, the false traytour, murmured thrugh enuye / wherof ye dyde shewe to hym that he dyde grete foly; and Iudas kyssed you by grete treyson, and delivered you to the iewes, wherof he was rewarded after his deservynge. [Car pecha mallement a tort et sans raison. Dont faulcement mourust en desesperacion, F. orig. R. i.] Good lord, ye created & made our fader Adam [omitted, F. orig. r. i. back.] of the slyme of therth / and yllumyned him with the grace of the holi gost; and after ye dyd habandonne to him the frutes of paradise / but he brake your commaundement, Wherbi mankynde went to damnacion, & we all were dampned wythout remyssion / but after ye redemed vs bi the merite of your blessid passion; ye did suffre [folio V.vii.a] grete evylles and grete

afflyctyons for vs poure synners, wythout ony devocyon. Whan Longys [Longius.] dyde shove the spere in to your dygne side, the water ranne of it, and also the blode lepte into his eyen / wherof he recovered his sighte; and ye pardonned hym his synnes / whan he called vpon you for mercy. And also to Noe ye lete make by your carpenters an arke for to save hymself, and of every beest a couple. In Iosaphat, good lord, ye broughte your apostles, where ye dyde make a fayr myracle / For wyth two fysshes & fyve loves of barle / ye fed v. thousande men all their fylle / O, gode lord / as I doo byleve this that I have sayd stedfastly, kepe this daye my body fro deth that is so nyghe, that I be not hanged nor put in pryson, but deliver me from the handes of my enmyes / that I be not vytupered nor broughte to shame by Rypus of ryplemonde, that holdeth me in his gynnes / Ha, Reynaude, my right dere broder, that ye be not here now wyth my brethern & wyth my [bon cousin le saige maugis, F. orig. r. i. back.] cosyn mawgis / ye have now forgotten me, & lete me here deye, Wherfore I recomende me to god of heven.' And thenne Richard began to wepe full tendrely, & sayd to rypus, 'Rypus, doo wyth me what ye will.'

Now shall we speke of bayard, the good horse, of Reynawd, of his bredern, & mawgis. It is trouth that bayard, ³the horse of reynawd the sone of Aymon,³ [^3—3 omitted, F. orig. r. ii.] that cam of the fery, and thus he vnderstode the worde whan it was spoken as well as it had be a man / Whan bayard vnderstode the noise [et le bruit des gens que ripus avoit amene auecques soy a monfaucon... F. orig. r. ii.] that the folke made about the galous, and sawe that his mayster slept fast / he cam to reynawd, & smote him soo harde wyth his fete in the myddes of his sheelde that he

made hym awake. Soo lept reynawd vpon his fete all afrayed, & beheld what it was, and loked toward mountfawcon & saw his brother vpon the ladder. Soo made he none other taryenge, [folio V.vii.b] but lighted vpon bayarde, that ranne as the wynde / For at every tyme he lepte xxx. fote in a playne grounde. And alarde, guycharde / and mawgis awoke for love of bayarde, that made grete noyse / And whan they were all awaked / mawgis began to crye as hie as he cowde vpon his horse, 'the devyll spede the, evyll beeste, that thou hast lete me slepe soo longe' / and thenne he lighted quyckly vpon his backe / For there was noo better horse in all the worlde after bayarde. [et sen va apres regnault, F. orig. r. ii.]

Whan Rypus of ryplemonde, that wold have strangled Rycharde, sawe come his brothern & mawgys / he was soo sore abasshed wyth it that he wyste not what he shold doo, and he sayd thenne to Rycharde / 'Richard, ye be deliverde out of my handes / For here comen Reynawde & Mawgis / and all their puissaunce, that com for to socour you; [dont je me rens a vous beau sire, F. orig. r. ii.] and yf it playse you, ye shall have mercy on me For this that I dyde / for to have broughte you here. It was put for to have awaye ye debate that Charlemagne had wyth the xii peres of Fraunce; and I knew well that ye shold be rescued wythout ony fawte by your brethern & of Mawgis.' 'Rypus,' sayd Richarde, 'mocke not wyth me / for here is to hard a mocke for me, and ye wynne not moche by, for to gabbe me of this facyon.' 'By my soule,' sayd Rypus, 'I mocke you not / it is in good ernest that I saye / ye maye see theim here not a bowe shotte a ferre, nor I seke not to doo you ony harme / but goo doun fro the ladder / and have mercy on me, I beseche you, for goddys love.'

Rychard was mervellously abashed whan he herde Rypus speke, and he torned his hede aside & sawe Reynawde, that cam a good pas / and whan he saw him, he sayd, 'ripus, I shall never clayme my broder reynawd for my broder / yf he hange you not ¹by the necke¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. r. ii. back.] to the same gibet where as ye thought to have hanged me right now.' This hangyng that Rychard spake to Rypus, Reynawd was arryved, and herde this that [folio V.viii.a] Richard had sayd to Rypus / And Reynawde began thenne to crie wyth a hie voys / 'so helpe me god, Rypus, ye be deed. For ye be a cursed man / and for your cursidnes I shall hange you my owne self at this gibet / so shall you be possessor of my broder Richardis place / for all the power that Charlemagne shall make shall not save you therfro' / This hangyng, cam there mawgis, sore chauffed, & sayd to Ripus, 'Ha, rypus, thou traytour, evyll man, ye have alwayes be redy for to doo som evyll agenst vs, but sith that I have founde you here, I shall not seke you nowhere elles' / and thenne mawgis bare vp his spere for to have perced his body therwyth, but Reynawd cryed vpon hym, 'cosyn, touche hym not, for I wolde not for a grete thynge that a nother than I sholde slee hym. For I shall avenge vpon hym my dere broder Rycharde' / and thenne he drewe oute flamberde, & smote rypus wyth it suche a stroke that he felde hym deed to therthe at the fote of the ladder; & after he sayd to his bredern, 'kepe wel that none of his folke scape, but that thei be ded or taken' / And thenne Reynawd descended a fote, & went vpon the ladder, & toke richarde betwene his armes & brought hym doun / and vnbounde him handes & fete / and after he kyssed his mouth, & sayd to hym / 'Broder, how doo ye fele your selfe? are ye not yll at ease' /

'Brother,' sayd Rycharde, 'I have noo harme / but lete me be armed, I praye you.' 'By saynte Iohan,' sayd Reynawde / 'ye shall be armed anone.' 'Brother,' sayd Rycharde, 'lete me have the armours of Rypus of Ryplemonde' / 'wyth a good wylle,' sayd Reynaude / And Incontynente he made Rypus to be had from his harneys, & made his broder richarde to be armed. therwyth he made hym to lighte on horsbacke, [folio V.viii.b] and toke hym his sheelde / and his baner. and whan Richard was well appareilled, Reynawd toke ye halter that rypus had put aboute Richardis necke / and put it aboute rypus necke; & after, he mounted vpon the ladder, & drewe hym all deed / and hanged hym there as he wold have hanged richarde, and wyth hym well xv. moo [des plus principaulx de sa compaignie, F. orig. r. iii.] of his company, suche as kyng charlemagn loved moost / and whan he had hanged [t]hem, he sayd to rycharde / 'Brother, thise many shall kepe here whatche in stede of you' / whan this was doon, mawgis came to Reynawd, & sayd to hym, 'Cosyn, telle me who waked you so well in tyme as ye were.' 'cosyn,' sayd Reynawde, 'by the feyth that I owe to god, I slept as harde³ as though I had not slept in xii. nyghtes a fore³ [^3—3 si je neusse jamais dormy, F. orig. r. iii.] / but baiard, my [le, F. orig. r. iii. back.] gentill horse, awoke me' / thenne sayd mawgis, 'O gracious lord of heven, blessed be god that made suche a horse / it is not the first good tourne that bayarde hath doon to you, my cosin, nor also it shal not be the laste.' And they all went and kyssed bayarde for the goodnes that he had shewed vnto theym /

'My lordes,' sayd Reynawde, 'what shall we now doo? we have wrought well / sith that we have rescued the gentill richarde hole & sounde / me semeth that we ought to goo to mountalban, so shall

we recomforte clare, my wyff, & my two children, that ben all evyll at ease for the love of rycharde, & so shall we ete & slepe at our case / for we have well nede therof / and we shall doo iustyce of kyng yon, that so falsli hath betrayed vs. And after tomorowe we shall assaylle [le roy charlemaigne, F. orig. r. iii.] charlemagne, that we love not / and we shall leve v hundred men wythin mountalban / and as many above mountbandell, that shall socour vs if nede be' / And thenne sayd richard / 'sir, yf it playse you, ye shall not doo soo, For ye knowe not the sorowe and the grete lamentacyon that the frenshemen made [folio X.i.a] for the love of me in thoste of Charlemagn. And I promyse you, ye oughte well to love Ogyer / Rowland / Estorfawde the sone of Oedon, Richarde of normandy / the fayr Guydellon, Salamon of bretein, and eke Olyvere of vyen / For thei toke grete debate for me wyth Charlemagn wythin his pavylion; and all this they dyde for the love of you / for they wend all for certen that Ripus shold have hanged me, and that I sholde have noo socours; but, & it playse you, gyve me leve that I maye shewe me to Ogyer the dane, & to all other our kynsmen ³that ben in Charlemagnis court,³ [^3—3 omitted, F. orig. r. iii.] For thei shal have grete Ioye for to see me scape from the dethe.'

Thenne sayd Reynawd / 'for sothe, Ogier dyd like a valiaunt man; for men ought to love ⁴their frendes,⁴ [^4—4 les sciens, F. orig. r. iii. back.] & helpe theim whan it is nede' / & after sayd Reynawde, [richart, F. orig. r. iii. back.] 'Broder, ye sonne is almoste vnder all redy. I fere me sore of you yf ye wyll goo in to the oste of Charlemagn / but & ye will nedes goo there / take wyth you four hondred knyghtes well horsed & well armed, and put theym in a bushemente nyghe by where ye go / and I shall be here wyth my folke /

and ye shall take wyth you Bondy, my good horne / and yf ye nede of ony helpe / sounde it hie as ye can well doo / and I shall socour you incontynent' / 'Syr,' sayd Richarde, 'be it as it playse you.' And thenne Reynawde toke his horne to Richarde, & foure hundred knyghtes. and Richard [omitted, F. orig. r. iii.] toke on his waye, & bare the baner of Ripus wyth hym / and he [richart, F. orig. r. iii.] dyde so moche that he came to thoost of Charlemagne / and the kyng stode armed afore his pavylion wyth his folke, that kept the way of mountfawcon / and they sawe come the baner of Rypus / ³as it had be borne by Rypus hymselfe vpon his horse³ [^3—3 monte sus son cheval, F. orig. r. iii.] /

Whan Ogier sawe Richarde com, he wende it had be Rypus of riplemonde, that had hanged Richarde / and of [folio X.i.b] the sorowe that he toke for it, he fell doun to therth in a swoune / And after, whan he was come agen to hymself, he sayd, 'Alas, we have lost Richarde, we shall never have hym agen! [trahy la regnault et maugis, F. orig. r. iii. back.] Now it is well seen, Richard, that ye had fewe frendes.' And wyth this he spored his good horse braiford / and cam agenste Rycharde / for he trowed verely that it had be Ripus. And when Charlemagn sawe that Ogier the dane ranne towarde Ripus, he sayd to his folke, 'goo after hym, barons, I shall now see whiche of you is my frende ⁶or my foo⁶ [^6—6 omitted, F. orig. r. iii. bk.] / here cometh Ripus, certeynly he hath doon well his devoyre, & hathe doon me good servyse, for he hath made me quyte of Rycharde, ⁷one of my mortalle enmyes,⁷ [^7—7 le filz aymon, F. orig. r. iii. bk.] and now Ogyer wyll kylle hym in treyson / but & I canne holde hym / I shall doo suche iustyce vpon hym that it shall be spoken of it long time here after' / And thenne spored their horses, frenshemen & bourgoyns, after Ogyer / and Charlemagn hymselfe went after hym / but Ogyer was

all redy ferre from theym, wrothe & fyers as a lyon / and he cryed as hie as he cowde, 'Soo helpe me god, Rypus, ye be deed / and ye shall have a rewarde of that ye have doon to my cosin Rychard; and I promyse you ¹Charlemagn shall not come tyme ynoughe for to save you from my spere'¹ [^1—1 charlemaigne vous sera mauluais garent, F. orig. r. iii. bk.] / Whan rycharde herde ogyer speke thus, he sayd, 'have mercy on me, my fayr cosyn, For I am rycharde, your cosin, & not rypus / for we have hanged rypus in my place. And I promyse you my brother Reynawde hathe well avenged me vpon hym / and therfore I am come for to shewe me to you & to my other kynsmen / for I wote well that ye shall be glad therof.' 'ye make a lesyng, false traytour of ryplemonde,' sayd ogyer / 'but ye shall not scape me soo.' Whan rycharde sawe ogyer soo sore chauffed wyth wrathe [contre luy, F. orig. r. iv.] / he sayd to hym / 'Cosin, knowe not you me?' 'nay, wythout fawte,' sayd ogyer / [folio X.ii.a] 'For ye bere the armes and the baner of Ripus' / 'I have doon so, syre,' sayd Rychard, 'by cause I shold not be knowen.' 'By my soule,' sayd Ogyer / 'I wyll see your face naked, For otherwyse I wyll not beleve that that ye say.' 'Syre,' sayd Richarde / 'and ye shall see me anone' / And thenne he vnbokled hys helme & shewed his vysage / And whan ogyer sawe hym he was right glad / and went & ⁴kyssed the mouth of Rycharde full swetly⁴ [^4—4 omitted, F. orig. r. iv.] / and toke hym in his armes many tymes, & said to rycharde, all lawghyng / 'Cosyn, what have ye doon of rypus?' [le mauluais traictre, F. orig. r. iv] 'by my feith,' sayd rycharde, 'he is now Archebysshop of that feeldes / ⁴gyvynge the benedyction wyth his fote;⁴ [^4—4 omitted, F. orig. r. iv.] For my broder Reynawd hath hanged hym, his owne handes / and wolde not suffre that none other sholde sette hande vpon hym but onely hymself' / 'by my soule' sayd oger / 'he hath

doon right well.' and thenne he sayd to rycharde, 'Fayr cosin, see to your selfe / for here cometh Charlemagn / and god be with you;' and thus retourned ogyer / And whan Charlemagne sawe Ogyer, he sayd to hym, 'why wente ye towarde rypus afore me' / 'Syr,' sayd Ogyer, 'yf ye were not soo nyghe me / I sholde smyte of his hede / But I dare not doo it for love of you. goo ye to hym / for I make you sure he shall have no harme by me.' Thenne sayd Charlemagne [par ma foy ... F. orig. r. iv.] / 'I shall defende hym agenste all men.' And thenne he spored the horse wyth the spores, and cam to rycharde / wenynge to hym that it had be rypus [de ripemont, F. orig. r. iv.] / & sayd to hym, 'Come nere, my specyall frende rypus / and take no fere of noo thynge / For I shall kepe you agenste all men.' Whan Rycharde herde Charlemagne speke thus, he sayd to hym / 'I wyll that ye knowe now that I am not the false traytour Rypus, but I am Rycharde the sone of aymon / and I am the brother of Reynaude, the best knyghte of all the world, and of Alarde, and of Guycharde, and cosyn to the valyaunte mawgis [folio X.ii.b] that ye love so moche. Ye smote me to daye in the mornyng wyth a staff in the hede, wherof ye mysdyde gretly; & therfore my broder reynawd hath hanged ⁴your right wel beloved⁴ [^4—4 omitted, F. orig. r. iv. back.] rypus there as he wold have lodged me / and xv. of his felawes wyth him for to bere him feliship / now beware of me, for I defye you' / Whan Charlemagne vnderstode thise wordes, he was soo sore an angred of it, that none can be more / and spored his horse & ranne vpon rychard, and richard agenst hym / and gaaf thone to thother so grete strokes in their sheeldes that they brake bothe their speres all in peces. ⁵And wyth the same⁵ [^5—5 et apres le briser de leurs lances ... F. orig.] they recounted eche other wyth their bodies soo myghtely that the strongest

of bothe habandouned the styropes / but it happed well to charlemagn that he bode wythin tharsons of the sadle; but rycharde fell doun to therth. and whan rycharde sawe hymself a grounde / he was wrothe for it, and rose vp quyckly & set hande to his swerde / and wente & smote Charlemagn vpon his helme soo grete a stroke that he made hym all astonyed wythall; but the swerde slided vpon the helme, that was goode ¹& fyne,¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. r. iv. back.] doun to the horse necke soo harde that he cut it a sondre, ¹and with this stroke he felled ye horse sterke deed;¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig. r. iv. back.] and by all thus was Charlemagn broughte to the grounde / And whan charlemagn saw hymself a grounde, he was sore an angred for it / and lept vpon his fete right quyckely, & toke his swerde in his hande, and smote rycharde vpon his helme so harde that he made hym rele wythall / and thenne began bytwyx charlemagn [charlemgan in text. & rycharde a sore sharpe medlynge. And whan they had foughte a grete while togyder, Charlemagn began to crye 'mountioye saynt denys' / and whan rycharde herde this, he drewe him a side / and toke his horne & souned it right hie, soo that his brethern herde it well / and soo dyde mawgis. And thenne Incontynent they spored theyr [folio X.iii.a] horses, and cam toward rychard for to socour him / And thenne sayd mawgis, [seigneurs, F. orig. r. iv. back.] 'I doubte me that richard is taken, but we shall deye all wyth hym / or elles we shall have hym agen.']

Grete dyligence made reynawd for to socour rycharde. And when he was come where he was / he cryed sodenli, 'montalban,' and alard, 'pavereyment,' guychard, 'balencon,' and richarde, 'ardeyn' / and mawgys went & ranne vpon a knyghte that was called magon, otherwyse sampson, lord of pyerrefrite, & roughte him suche a stroke that he felde hym deed to the grounde; and reynawd smote vpon a nother knyght by suche a wyse

that he shoved his swerde thrughe & thrughe his body; and guychard smote a nother with his swerde soo fiersly that he cleved his hede in two peces; & alard smote the fourth knyghte vpon his helme soo grete a stroke that he cast hym deed to fore his fete; and after he ranne vpon a nother knyghte rychely arrayed, & gaff eche other suche strokes that they bothe fell doun from their horses to therth / And thenne came there reinawd, that dyde so moche that the sayd knyghte was taken prysoner / whiche was called hughe of almagn, and broughte hym [par prisonier ... F. orig. r. v.] to mountalban / what shall I telle you more / the batayll began to be felle / and soo cruell that it was grete pyte for to see / For the one spared not thother, but slew eche other as thicke as bestes. And whan reynawd sawe all redy that ye sonne was goon vndre, & that the nyght cam fast on / he was in a doubte for his bredern, and sayd, 'Good lord, thrughe thi mercy & redempcyon / kepe me & my bredern from deth & from prison / for the nyght that is at hande maketh me to be a ferde' / And as he spake thise wordes, cam there kyng charlemagn, as fast as his horse myghte walop, agenst reynawd, and reynawd agenste hym, by cause he knewe hym not / and smote eche other so harde in their sheldes that thei made their speres [folio X.iii.b] to flee in peces, and recounted togyder both wyth theyr bodyes & sheeldes soo merveyllously that they overthrewe eche other to the grounde / and thenne they rose quyckly bothe atones, and set hande to their swerdes / And thenne Charlemagn began to crye 'mountioye saynt denys' / and after sayd, 'Yf I be owtraged by one knyghte oonly, I ought not to be a kyng nor to bere crowne.' Whan reynaud vnderstode charlemain speke, he knewe hym well, & wythdrewe hymself a syde, & sayd, 'Alas,

how am I dyffamed! it is charlemagn to whom I have iousted / I have mysprysed to sore for to have set hande vpon hym / Ha, good lord / it is well XVI. [quinze, F. orig. r. v.] yeres a goon that I spake not ones wyth hym / but I shall now speke to him yf I shold deye for it / for by reyson & right I ought to lese the firste; wherfore I wyll make to hym a mendes presently, and lete hym doo wyth me what he wyll' / and whan he had sayd this, he went to Charlemagn, & kneled byfore hym, and sayd to hym / 'Sir, for god / I crie you mercy, gyve me trews tyl that I have spoken wyth you.' 'wyth a good wyll,' sayd charlemagn; 'But I wote not who ye be, ²how be it that ye have iousted wyth me.'² [^2—2 mais vous joustes moult bien, F. orig. r. v.] 'I thanke you humbli,' sayd reynaud,³ 'of that it playseth you to saye soo by me³ [^3—3 omitted, F. orig.] / Syr, wyte that I am Reynawde, the sone of aymon / and I crie you mercy / And for that pyte that our lord had vpon the cros of his moder whan he recomended her to saynt Iohan his dyscyple / I beseche you that ye wyll have pyte vpon [me] & vpon my bredern. ye knowe that I am your man / and ye have disherited me of mi londes, & have chased me ⁴oute of fraunce.⁴ [^4—4 ... de vostre terre et de la mienne, F. orig. r. v.] It is a goo xvi [xv. F. orig.] yeres; and by cause of this, are deed soo many noble knyghtes & valyaunt men, & other, in soo grete nombre that it can not be sayd, For god / ye see well what it cometh of the werre / for a lord that hath no pite in him, hath a hert as harde as a stone. [folio X.iv.a] And therfore, sire, I beseche you for god that ye have mercy on me & of my bredern that ben suche knyghtes as ye know. I speke not thise wordes for fere of deth, ne for courtyse of ryches / For god gramercy we have goodes ynoughe / but I speke it for to have your love oonly / Syr, suffre that

we have peas wyth you / and we shall becom your men for evermore, and we shall swere to you feyth & legeauns / and also I shall gyve you mountalban & my good horse bayard, whiche is the thynge that I love beste in this worlde after my bredern & mawgis / For there is not in all the world suche a nother horse [chevalier, F. orig. r. v. back.] / And yf this can not satysfye your mynde / I shall doo yet more / Playseth it to you for to pardonne my bredern / and I shall forswere Fraunce for evermore, that I shall never be seen there, and I shall goo to the holy sepulcre in Iherusalem, bare fote, for the remembraunce of you; and I nor Mawgys shall never come agen in fraunce, ²but we shall werre styll on goddys enmyes / as ben turques & sarrasins'² [^2—2 mais ferons guerre contre les tures, F. orig. r. v. back.] /

Thenne whan charlemagn herde reynawd speke thus, he answerde hym & sayd, 'Reynawd, ye speke for noughte / ye dyde an over grete foly / whan ye toke that hardynes vpon you for to speke wyth me in my palays as ye dyde / and yet ye dyde worse whan ye slewe my nevewe berthelot that I loved so moche; and now ye speke to me of peas, and ye crye me mercy. I promyse you for certeyn that ye shall have noo peas with me, but yf ye doo that I shall telle you' / 'Sire,' sayd reynawd, 'what shall that be? telle me, I praye you!' / 'I shall shewe it to you wyth a goode wyll,' sayd charlemagn / 'And yf ye doo it / ye and your brethern shall accorde wyth me, And I shall gyve you agen your heritage, and yet I shall gyve you / ynoughe of myn owen / It is that ye gyve me mawgys in my handes for to doo my playsur wyth hym, for I hate him [folio X.iv.b] more than ony thynge in the world' / 'Syre,' sayd reynawd / 'if I sholde deliver hym to you, what wold ye doo to hym?' / 'Reynawd,' sayd charlemagn,

'I promyse you I shold make hym to be drawen shamfully at four [omitted, F. orig. r. vi.] horses taylles thrughe parys. And after that, I shold doo take from the body of hym the limmes one after a nother, and thenne I shold make him to be brent, and his ashes to be cast at the wynde / And whan he shall be arrayed as I telle you / lete hym thenne doo his incantacyons & his magyke as he wyll / and I shall pardonne hym all that he can doo to me after that' / Thenne sayd Reynawd to the kyng / 'syre, wold ye doo it in dede as ye saye?' 'Ye,' sayd charlemagn, 'in good feyth' / 'Emperour,' sayd reynawde, 'wold you not take townes ne castelles, golde ne silver, for the raunsom of mawgis?' / 'certes naye,' sayd charlemagne. [par ma foy, F. orig.] 'Sir,' sayd reynawd, 'thenne shall we never be accorded togyder; for I tell you for certeyn, that yf ye had all my brethern in your pryson, and that ye were delibered for to make theim to be hanged, yet shold I not gyve you mawgis for to have theym deliverde oute of your handes' / 'Holde your peas thenne,' sayd charlemagn, '& beware of me / for otherwise gete ye noo peas wyth me' / 'Syr,' sayd reynawd, 'I am sory for it, for we be noo men that oughte to be cast from your servyse; [sernyse, orig.] and sith that ye defye me, I shall deffende me / and our lord shall doo me that grace, yf it playse hym, that I shall not be take of you.' And whan charlemagn herde this / he was sore angry / and ranne vpon reynawd / and whanne reynawd sawe hym come vpon hym / he sayd to hym, 'Syre, for god mercy, suffre not that I sette hande vpon you / For yf I sholde leve my selfe for to be slayne by you, I were well a myschaunt' / 'Vassayll,' sayd Charlemagn, 'all thise wordes avaylleth you not, For ye must nedes deffende yourselfe' / And thenne Charlemagne [folio X.v.a] smote hym wyth Ioyuse his swerde vpon his helme, and the

stroke slided doun vpon the sheelde of Reynawde soo that he kytted quyte and clene a grete parte therof. Whan Reynawde felte soo grete a stroke that kynge Charlemagne had gyven hym, he was sore an angred for it. He vaunced hym selfe forthe, and caught the kynge wyth bothe hys armes by the backe / and by the waast in maner of wrastelynge, For he wolde not smyte hym wyth his swerde Flamberde, and toke hym and layd vpon the necke of his horse Bayarde / for to have broughte hym wyth hym ¹to Mountalban¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig.] wythout ony other harme. And whan Charlemagn saw that he was handeled of this facyon / he beganne to crye as lowde as he myghte, 'Mountioye, saynte denys' / and thenne he sayd / 'Ha, fayr nevew [neueuew, orig.] Rowlande / where be you / Olyvere of vyenne, and ye duke Naymes / and bysshop Turpyn / shall ye suffre that I be thus taken ¹and broughte as a prysoner?¹ [^1—1 omitted, F. orig.] and yf ye doo soo / it shall be a grete shame to you all' / Reynawde began thenne to crye 'Mountalban' [son enseigne, F. orig. r. vi.] as highe as he cowde / whan he herde Charlemagne speke soo / And after he sayd / 'Ha, my bredern / and ye cosin Mawgys, com hither / and lete vs goo, for ⁴I have gyven the kynge suche a checke,⁴ [^4—4 Jay pris ung tel eschac, F. orig. r. vi.] that yf we can now brynge hym wyth vs / we shall have peas in Fraunce fromhens forthon.' Thenne the noble peres of Fraunce / as Rowlande, Olyvere / and the other, came to the socours of Charlemagne / And of that other parte / came there for to helpe Reynawd, his brethern and Mawgys, and well four hundred [hnndred, orig.] knyghtes well armed. And whan the valiaunt knyghtes were assembled togyder of bothe partyes, ye sholde thenne have seen there a merveyllous bataylle / For they slewe eche other as bestes. And there were so many speres broken, and so many sheeldes cloven / and

hewed in to peces, and so many [folio X.v.b] helmes vnbokeled / and soo many a quyras broken and perced, and so many horses that drew after theyr guttes a longe in the feeldes, and soo many a man slayne, that it was pyte for to see. [et vous prometz quil en y eut tant de occis dune part et daultre que lon ne scauoit le nombre et grande fust la pitie, F. orig. r. vi. back.] And whan Rowlande was come to the medlee, he wente vpon Reynawde, and gaaf hym soo grete a stroke vpon hys helme that he was all astonyed therwyth, and after he sayd to hym, 'Vassayll, ye have doon evill that ye trowed to have brought awaye the kyng in this maner of wyse! Ye wote well it is to hevy a bourdon for to lede of this facyon. ye shall leve hym / and yet ye shall abye full dere for it, are ye escape me' / And whan Reynawde sawe that he was thus repreved, and felte the grete stroke that Rowlande had gyven to hym ³vpon hys helmet,³ [^3—3 omitted, F. orig.] he was wrothe, and toke his swerde in his hande / holdynge alwayes Charlemagne afore hym vpon bayardes necke / and cam to Rowlande, and sayd to hym / 'Damp Rowlande, come forthe! soo shall ye wyte how Flamberde cutteth'/ And whan Rowlande vnderstode hym, he came vpon hym / And whan Reynawde sawe hym come / he lete fall doun Charlemagne & ranne vpon Rowlande / And there beganne amonge theim two a fyers medelynge. This hangyng, cam Alarde, Guycharde / and the lytyll Rycharde / and ranne vpon Rowlande atones / and gaaff hym soo moche to doo that he muste put hymselfe to flighte / wolde he or noo / And whan Reynawde sawe that Charlemagn and Rowlande had saved theymselfe, he was right sory for it, and he sayd to his bretherne, 'My brederne, ye have wroughte yll / For yf ye had be styll by me, we had doon a grete fayt / For I had taken Charlemagne, that we sholde have broughte wyth vs to

mountalban.' [mounalban, orig.] 'Syre,' sayd his bretherne / 'we are sory for it that we dyde not soo / But we had so moche to doo in a nother place, [folio X.vi.a] that it is well to vs that we scaped sauf wyth our lyves. But lete vs see that we doo well, and sowne our horne to thende ye maye gader agen togyder your folke that be soo sperkled abrode, for there is dangeour by cause of the nyghte that cometh so fast on / and calle agen your baner / for we have wonne more than we have loste, and lete vs goo to montalban.' Reynawd, that was sage, dyde as his bredern & maugis counseylled hym / Whan charlemagne sawe that reynawde had wythdrawe his baner / he was glad of it / For he saw well that his folke was at the worste hande / soo made he to sowne the retrete, & passed balencon / and dyde somoche that he cam agen to his oost / And whan he was lighted doun a fote / he sayd to his folke / 'By my soule, it gooth not well with vs / for reynawd hath put vs from the felde.' 'Syre,' sayd rowland, 'speke noo more of it, for it is not longe on you / but that we had be almost shamed. Ye dyde grete foly whan ye iousted wyth reynawd / for if he had slayn you, or take, the werre had be ended that hath lasted so longe' / I leve now here to speke of charlemagne & of rowland his nevew [et de ses gens, F. orig. A. i.] / and retorne to speke of reynawde & of his bredern, and of mawgis theyr cosin, and of their folke.