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Israel Shreve journals, 1788-1797 (majority within 1788-1789)

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Summary

Creator:
Shreve, Israel, 1739-1799
Abstract:
The Israel Shreve collection consists of two journals and one letter written by Shreve. The journals document a surveying expedition led by Colonel George Morgan, traveling by boat from Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, to establish a colony called New Madrid, located in present-day Missouri.
Extent:
220 pages
Language:
English
Authors:
Collection processed and finding aid created by Bethany Anderson, 2008

Background

Scope and Content:

The two Israel Shreve journals overlap chronologically; one was written between December 19, 1788, and July 5, 1789, and the other covers his expedition from January 3, 1789, to February 12, 1789. The former journal consists of 200 pages, while the latter 19 pages. Both, however, contain earlier and later dated material separate from the main narratives of the journals. Also included in the collection is a brief letter written by Shreve to his son, John Shreve (b. c.1862), on August 5, 1797.

The December 19, 1788 - July 5, 1789, journal relates Shreve's journey from his home in Rostraver Township, Pennsylvania, on December 19, 1788, to join Colonel George Morgan's surveying expedition bound for the Northwest Territory. With the goal of reconnoitering land in Spanish territory for the establishment of New Madrid, a group of over 50 individuals left Pittsburgh on January 3, 1789. The party was comprised of Colonel Morgan, Shreve, Captain William Taylor, and others. In addition, Native Americans, such as George White Eyes (the Indian ambassador for the expedition), John White Eyes, and members of the Seneca, Delaware, Shawnee, and Munsee were all present.

The large expedition traveled by boat along the Ohio River through West Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio, until they reached the mouth of the Mississippi River on February 14, 1789. After having traveled approximately 40 miles down the Mississippi, they arrived at Anse a la Graisse (sometimes spelled Lance la Grais in the journals) on March 13, 1789. Although the site was inhabited by Delaware Indians, it was here that the Spanish crown had given permission for Morgan to build his colony. While the group surveyed and constructed buildings, Morgan demarcated the boundaries of the town. On May 1, 1789, Shreve and others began their voyage back to Pittsburgh, where they arrived on June 19, 1789.

Throughout the journal, Shreve describes a great deal of the geography and environment. He notes water levels and various tributaries they encountered during their journey along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. He also writes about local flora and fauna, especially birds and species of trees. Shreve mentions people their party passed, especially those in "Kentucke" boats. Some of these were merchant vessels, while others were filled with settlers bound for the Northwest or Spanish territory.

Though Shreve is more interested in writing on the landscape and environmental conditions, he also provides some commentary on Native Americans. He describes the Native Americans they met when they arrived at Anse a la Graisse. He also witnessed people fleeing to Spanish territory, especially to places like Anse a la Graisse and Natchez, in order to escape Native American hostilities. Shreve writes, "…many of them left Good Farms, and moved away on account of the savages murdering the Inhabitants and stealing their Horses, such has been the Neglect of Congress as to affoard them no relief they are now forced to become subjects to the King of Spain, many of them unwillingly…" (1: 87).

The shorter journal contains a more detailed account of events that transpired between January 3, 1789, and February 12, 1789, and appears to have been written from Fort Massac. He comments about their stop at Muskingum on January 5, where the group witnessed negotiations between Governor Arthur St. Clair (1743-1818) and the Six Nations - known as the Treaty of Fort Harmar. Ten Native Americans departed with Colonel Morgan to be ambassadors to other tribes, and to relay the news of the treaty. Shreve also describes their brief interludes at Fort Harmar, Fort Finney, and Fort Massac. In addition to his entries, he includes two copies of letters written by Colonel George Morgan: one is a recruitment notice for the expedition, dated October 3, 1788, and the other is a letter addressed to the Delaware Indians on March 2, 1789. Morgan signed the letter as "Taimenand," an appellation which had been given to him by the Delaware several years earlier.

The journals provide a great deal of information about both the relationship between Native Americans and white settlers, and about the experience of boat travel along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers during this period. Above all, they are of interest for their insight into the dynamics of 18th century surveying and city planning expeditions.

NB: In 2019, the Shreve journals received significant conservation treatments. As part of the conservation process, the paste-down pages in volume one were lifted, revealing hitherto inaccessible/unknown travel accounting. The hidden page was not re-pasted down and is now the first page of the volume.

Biographical / Historical:

A Quaker of English-Dutch heritage, Israel Shreve (1739-1799) was one of eight children born at Mt. Pleasant, New Jersey, to Benjamin Shreve (b.c. 1706) and Rebecca French Shreve (b.c. 1709). Shreve was married twice, first to Grace Curtis (b.c. 1740), and then to Mary Cokely (1749-1824). He had a total of eleven children from the two marriages. The most well known of his progeny was Henry Miller Shreve (1785-1851), who introduced steamboat travel to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and was credited with making improvements in the steamboat and steam engine. The city of Shreveport, Louisiana, is named after him.

Shreve is best known for his involvement in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). In 1775, Shreve was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Second New Jersey Regiment by the Provincial Congress, and was then promoted to colonel in 1776. He fought in several important battles with General George Washington, such as the Battle of Brandywine and the Battle of Germantown. He retired from military duty in 1781.

After the end of the Revolution, Spain sought to lure settlers to its Louisiana Territory by offering land grants. In response, George Morgan (1743-1810), a retired Revolutionary War colonel who was also a merchant, land speculator, and Indian agent, engaged in a number of negotiations with the Spanish Minister, Don Diego de Gardoqui (1735-1798). He was given land along the western bank of Mississippi River, located in present-day Missouri, in order to establish a colony. Originally called Anse a la Graisse, which was a Delaware settlement, Morgan renamed the site New Madrid. Shreve accompanied Morgan and others during the first expedition to New Madrid, during which he wrote the journals that comprise this collection.

Acquisition Information:
2005. M-4505.3 .
Processing information:

Cataloging funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the "We the People" project.

Rules or Conventions:
Finding aid prepared using Describing Archives: A Content Standard (DACS)

Contents

Using These Materials

Info for Visitors

How to Request

Ordering Reproductions

Download PDF Finding Aid
RESTRICTIONS:

The collection is open for research.

USE & PERMISSIONS:

Copyright status is unknown.

PREFERRED CITATION:

Israel Shreve Journals, William L. Clements Library, The University of Michigan

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Collection

Israel Shreve journals, 1788-1797 (majority within 1788-1789)
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Total components 3
Last indexed 2023-08-09