Norton Strange Townshend family papers, 1807-1995

Summary

Creator:

Townshend family

Abstract:

The Norton Strange Townshend Family papers include correspondence, diaries, essays, lectures, printed matter, clippings, financial and legal papers, photographs, daguerreotypes, ephemera, realia, maps, and books belonging to the Townshend and Dodge families, who were connected by the marriage of Margaret Wing (granddaughter of Norton Townshend) and Homer Levi Dodge (grandson of Levi Dodge) in 1917. Much of the collection documents the life and career of politician and agricultural educator Norton Strange Townshend, including his political, educational, and social reform activities.

Extent:

20.5 linear feet of manuscripts, 66 cased photographs, 3 linear feet of paper photographs, 8 cubic feet of photographic slides, 6 cubic feet of realia.

Language:

English

Authors:

Collection processed and finding aid created by Shannon Wait

Background

Scope and Content:

The Norton Strange Townshend Family Papers consist of 20.5 linear feet of manuscripts, 66 cased photographs, 3 linear feet of paper photographs, 8 cubic feet of photographic slides, and 7 cubic feet of realia, arranged into 13 series. For more detail, see scope and content notes, below.

The Correspondence series (Boxes 1-10) contains all the collection’s letters, postcards, and telegrams (with the exception of official military correspondence, financial correspondence, and genealogy correspondence, which are under "Topical Files," "Financial Correspondence," and "Genealogical Correspondence," respectively). Correspondence spans the years 1827-1989 and makes up around one quarter of the collection. It is subdivided by family into the "Townshend Subseries" and "Dodge Subseries," and arranged chronologically, with undated items at the end. The series contains correspondence to and from prominent Ohio politicians, such as Salmon P. Chase; who wrote 34 letters to Townshend; William Medill; Rutherford B. Hayes; and notable agricultural educators, including James Sullivant and John Klippart. Correspondence among family members is also voluminous, and documents a wide variety of issues during the mid-19th to early-20th centuries, including social and family life, courtship, women’s work and viewpoints, travel, and attitudes toward education. For an index of correspondents, see "Additional Descriptive Data."

The Joel Townshend papers series (Box 10) brings together documents by and related to Norton Townshend’s father, Joel Townshend (1780-1864). It includes a few religious writings, as well as financial and legal documents that shed light on the family’s life in Northamptonshire, England, and Ohio. Most items date from 1810 to 1830, with the exception of a biography of Townshend written in the 1930s or 1940s by his great-grandson, H. Percy Boynton.

The Norton S. Townshend papers series (Boxes 10-26) is the largest series in the collection and contains diaries, published and unpublished writings, printed materials, clippings, broadsides, biographical materials, and other items relating to nearly every facet of Townshend’s adult life. These materials document Townshend’s political involvement, particularly in local and national antislavery, in agricultural movements, and in the U.S. House of Representatives. The series also includes papers about his educational career, family life, Civil War service, and religious views and work. Townshend frequently worked and reworked his ideas on paper, and both his published and unpublished writings are a rich source of intellectual and reform history. Townshend was also an inveterate collector and preserver of interesting items, including materials relating to northern Ohio’s Liberty Party, his admission tickets to medical courses and the World Anti-Slavery Convention, an application to the Ohio State Asylum for the Education of Idiotic and Imbecile Youth, of which he was a trustee, and dozens of fliers and handbills for lectures given by himself and others.

The Margaret Bailey Townshend papers series (Boxes 26-27) is comprised of two diaries, a rich autobiographical writing entitled "Genealogy," describing her childhood and education, a small number of clippings, and materials relating to her education and career as a teacher in Illinois and Ohio in the 1850s. Many items in the Realia series (below) also relate to Margaret Bailey Townshend.

The Other Townshend family members’ papers series (Boxes 28-30) contains materials relating mainly to Townshend’s children and their spouses, but also includes James B. Wood (Townshend’s father-in-law), Harriet Wood Townshend (Townshend’s first wife), Margaret Wing Dodge (Townshend’s granddaughter), and several other relatives. The bulk of this series is made up of their writings, which are autobiographical, religious, and cultural in subject. Also of interest is biographical information on family members, including articles on Townshend’s children, who were early students of Ohio State University, and a number of obituaries of these family members.

The Dodge family papers series (Boxes 30-34) consists of materials produced and collected by the Dodges of upstate New York, from 1839 to approximately 1970, and documenting their family life, travels, hobbies (in particular the outdoors and canoeing), financial and legal transactions, and civic engagement. Incorporated are some writings by various family members, including Levi R. Dodge, F. Isabella (Donaghue) Dodge, Homer Dodge, and family friend Lydia Sayer Hasbrouck; topical files, the bulk of which are 20th century; biographical materials such as obituaries and clippings; and periodicals on topics of interest to the Dodges.

The Genealogical research series (Boxes 35-37) reflects the family’s interest in its own history and consists of correspondence, family trees, historical essays, as well as commercially produced family histories for some lines. The materials reflect a particular interest in finding links between various family members and such prominent figures as the Townshends of Raynham Hall, the Green family of Vermont, and General Grenville Dodge. This series pertains mainly to the 20th century and is arranged by family, except for the correspondence, which is arranged chronologically.

The Collection-related materials series is made up of documents and articles that shed light on the outreach efforts made on behalf of the collection, particularly for the Easterly items, prior to their accessioning by the William L. Clements Library. The series is comprised of fliers, museum publicity materials, and articles on exhibits. Materials date from the late 20th century, particularly the 1990s.

The Books series contains three items that are housed with the collection: Sermons on Various Subjects by the Late Rev. Thomas Strange, Kilsby, Northamptonshire, with Some Memoirs of His Life (1807); the Townshend Family Bible (with manuscript notes on births, deaths and marriages); and Robert W. McCormick’s 1988 self-published biography of Townshend: Norton S. Townshend, M.D. Antislavery Politician and Agricultural Educator. The rest of the books, including books from the personal libraries of Norton Townshend, Joel Townshend, Margaret Bailey Townshend, and the Dodge family, are housed in the Book Division of the Clements Library; for the list of titles, search for "M-3437" in the University of Michigan's library catalog.

The Visual materials series is arranged by type of item and then by subject. This includes daguerreotypes by prominent daguerreotypist Thomas M. Easterly, other photographs, drawings/prints, and maps. The materials range from the 1840s to the 1970s. See also Realia series below.

The Realia series contains approximately 8 linear feet of objects, including items from the childhood and teaching career of Margaret Bailey Townshend, intricate hairwork jewelry and a hair wreath made with the locks of at least 16 family members, geological materials and fossils collected by Norton Townshend and possibly Thomas Easterly, and other three-dimensional objects such as a glass vial for medicine, ribbons from the Ohio State Fair, and decorative objects. Also noteworthy are a number of paper objects, such as Civil War era chromolithograph animal toys, a Japanese paper lantern, and an alphabet game for children.

The Dodge Photographic Slides series includes eight cubic feet of photographic slides, totaling approximately 22,000 slides, attributed to Homer L. Dodge. They document travels around the southwest United States and to countries such as Japan, Canada and Sweden.

The Miscellaneous series contains envelopes without accompanying letters, blank letterhead, and a binder of transcriptions of select letters from Harriet Wood Townshend to Sarah Wood Keffer.

Biographical / Historical:

The Townshend Family papers deal chiefly with the Townshend family of Clay Coton, England, and Avon and Columbus, Ohio, particularly with abolitionist, politician, and agricultural educator, Norton S. Townshend (1815-1895). The collection also includes items from the Dodge (of Massena, New York), Wing (of Bement, Illinois), Wood (of Avon, Ohio), Bailey, and Easterly (both of St. Louis, Missouri) families, who were linked to the Townshends through marriage. Although the Dodges and Townshends were not connected until 1917, the Dodge materials date from 1838 and are quite voluminous.

Norton Strange Townshend:

Norton Strange Townshend was born on Christmas Day 1815 in Clay Coton, Northamptonshire, England, the only child of Joel and Rebecca (Norton) Townshend. The family made their living by farming and grazing livestock on 200 acres of rented land. Norton began his education at four years of age at Bitteswell Seminary in Leicestershire and continued to study there until the family immigrated to the United States in 1830. When the Townshends settled on a farm in Avon, Ohio, Norton’s numerous duties on the farm forced him to end his formal education, although he continued to be taught by his father and made good use of the family library of over 100 books. During this period, Townshend learned a great deal about livestock breeds and expressed an interest in innovative farming techniques, such as draining fields with tile and grafting fruit trees with a wax mixture.

In 1836, Townshend taught district school for a year, as well as Sunday school at the Congregational Church in Avon, indicating that his schooling, though informal, had been effective. In 1837, he began the study of medicine with Dr. Richard L. Howard, and in the winter he attended classes at Cincinnati Medical College. While in Cincinnati, he befriended Salmon P. Chase (future Ohio Senator and Governor, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice. and U.S. Treasury Secretary) and worked as a "forwarder" on the Underground Railroad, procuring and dispatching carriages hiding escaped slaves northward.

Townshend continued his medical studies at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, receiving his M.D. in May 1840. After graduation, he immediately set sail for Europe, where he observed surgeries and toured hospitals in Scotland, Ireland, England, and France, made temperance speeches and visited relatives in Northamptonshire, and served as a delegate at the World Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840 in London, the latter at the urging of his friend James G. Birney (see Related Collections, below). Returning to Avon, Ohio, the next year, he began his medical practice, and in 1843 married a family friend, 17-year old Harriet Wood.

In the 1840s, Townshend became very active in civic life, joining the anti-slavery Liberty Party and subsequently its successor, the Free Soil Party, and serving as a trustee at Oberlin College. In 1848, he was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, where he took advantage of a deadlock between Democrats and Whigs to secure a partial repeal of Ohio’s discriminatory Black Laws and cast the deciding vote to send Chase to the U.S. Senate. In 1850-51, he unsuccessfully proposed extending the franchise to women and African Americans at the Second Ohio Constitutional Convention. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from 1851-53 and then served in the Ohio State Senate 1854-1855.

In January 1854, Harriet died of tuberculosis. Townshend married a 31-year old mathematics teacher, Margaret Ann Bailey, in October (see Margaret Bailey Townshend biography, below). Margaret became stepmother to his two surviving children, James and Mary (the firstborn, Arthur, died of croup at age four), and had three of her own: Arthur, Harriet, and Alice (see Townshend children biographies below). Margaret’s sister was married to the renowned daguerreotypist Thomas Easterly, who took portraits of Townshend and the Baileys.

In 1854, Townshend ended his full-time practice of medicine and devoted himself to farming and to the establishment of Ohio Agricultural College at Oberlin, which offered practical scientific training to farmers. The College was moved from Oberlin to Cleveland during the following two years in an attempt to attract more students, but never received the enrollment that Townshend and his colleagues envisioned. In 1857, Townshend became a trustee of the Ohio State Asylum for the Education of Idiotic and Imbecile Youth, an institution he had helped to found. He would remain on the Asylum Board for 21 years. He was also elected a member of the State Board of Agriculture, 1858-1863, and 1868-1869, twice serving as its president.

In January 1863, Townshend was appointed medical inspector in the Union Army at the rank of lieutenant colonel. He traveled through the south and west, inspecting hospitals, prisons, and camps and monitoring quantities of food, vaccines, and medical supplies, until he was honorably mustered out of the service in October 1865. Townshend then returned to the farm and, in 1869, accepted a one-year appointment as Professor of Agriculture at Iowa Agricultural College in Ames during its first operational year. After coming home, he served as a trustee of the new Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College (which became Ohio State University in 1877), at a time when its site and curriculum had not been determined. He voted for its location in Columbus and argued against including liberal arts classes in its curriculum, preferring a purely vocational school, but lost out on that measure.

In 1873, Townshend was asked to resign from the Board of Trustees so that he could be elected chair and professor of Agriculture during the first academic year. He served as professor for the next 18 years, while supervising the Ohio State Farm and the Agricultural Experiment Station for a time. In 1892, he was made Ohio State University’s first Professor Emeritus to honor his teaching and research at the University. He died July 13, 1895, at the age of 79. Three years later, he was honored by Ohio State University with the dedication of Townshend Hall, the newly-built agricultural building.

Margaret Ann Bailey Townshend:

Margaret Ann Bailey was born July 26, 1823, in Clarksburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), to John and Sarah (Lang) Bailey. She was the second of five children: Adoniram "Judson", born 1821; Anna "Miriam" (1826);, Sally Melinda "Linda" (1830); and Mary (1833). The family had moved repeatedly by the time that Margaret had reached age ten: first to Kentucky in 1826, where they were very poor; then to St. Louis County, Missouri, by 1830; and from there, south to nearby Jefferson County, Missouri, around 1832. John Bailey was employed farming and preaching. Early in life, he owned three slaves, but freed them for religious reasons around the time that he married Sarah.

In August 1835, both parents died of "congestive fever" (probably malaria) within four days of each other, leaving five orphans under the age of 15. The children were divided among three households, and Margaret and Miriam went to live with a neighboring physician, Dr. Hathaway, who promised to provide them with an education but instead required endless labor from them and sold their possessions for his own benefit. Margaret wrote to her uncle, who found a new, more kindly guardian for Margaret and Miriam. Using her dwindled inheritance of less than $200 from the Bailey estate, she was able to begin her formal education. She attended the Monticello Female Seminary in Godfrey, Illinois (25 miles north of St. Louis), from 1842-1846. After graduation, she taught school there in order to support and pay for the educations of her sisters.

By 1849, she was in southern Ohio, teaching at the Putnam Classical Institute, and then in 1853, secured employment at the Esther Institute in Columbus, where she taught mathematics and served as assistant principal. On October 17, 1854, she married Norton Strange Townshend, whom she had met through her physician, and left city life for his farm to the north.

Margaret thus became stepmother to Townshend’s two children, James and Mary, and soon began adding children of her own to the family. Arthur Bailey Townshend was born in 1855, followed by Harriet in 1857, and Alice in 1860. In addition to raising five children, financial documents show that Margaret managed the farm while her husband was away, first from 1863-1865, while he was serving as a medical inspector, and then in 1869-1870, when he went to Ames, Iowa, to serve as Professor of Agriculture.

Margaret was also active in civic life. During the Civil War, she raised funds for the U.S. Sanitary Commission. She also participated in the annual Ohio State Fair, serving as a judge of bread, butter, and sewing machines. After moving to Columbus, she founded the Ohio State University Club, a lecture and literary group for women in Columbus, and hosted the meetings in her own home. She died of pneumonia March 14, 1912, at the age of 88.

Townshend Children and Their Families:

Norton S. Townshend and his first wife, Harriet (Wood) Townshend had three children. The first was Arthur Smith Townshend, who was born November 11, 1844, and died of croup on May 11, 1849. A second child, James Houghton Townshend, was born September 28, 1846, and in the early 1870s moved to Minnesota, where he learned the milling business. He lived most of his adult life in Stillwater, Minnesota, and in 1882 married Sarah McCartney, with whom he had four children, only one of whom, Grace (b. 1884), lived past the age of one year. James died of tuberculosis at age 41 on June 29, 1888.

Norton and Harriet’s youngest child, Mary Rebecca, was born on December 21, 1849. She married Henry Patrick Boynton, a lawyer, in 1875 and they had four children--three biological (Arthur, Sidney and Percy) and one adopted (Olga). Percy was considered the "family archivist," whose brief biographies of several ancestors are in the collection.. Mary died March 5, 1915, in Elyria, Ohio.

Townshend and his second wife, Margaret (Bailey) Townshend, also produced three children. The eldest was Arthur Bailey Townshend, born July 30, 1855. Arthur was in the first graduating class of what is now Ohio State University, and became a physician, studying at Starling Medical College in Columbus, Ohio, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. Remaining in New York City, he married Ella Whitley in 1890, and they had one son, Bailey Townshend, born 1896. Arthur died in 1929.

The Townshends’ second child was Harriet Norton Townshend, born September 12, 1857. Harriet also attended Ohio State, although she did not graduate. Harriet was engaged, but her fiancé died before the wedding; she never married. She worked as a librarian at the Ohio State University Library for over 30 years, and was active in several lecture clubs. She lived to be 92, dying May 1, 1950.

The youngest child was Alice Margaret Townshend born June 18, 1860. Like her siblings, Alice attended Ohio State University, graduating in 1880. She married Charles Mayhew Wing, son of Townshend’s friend and Ohio State University trustee Lucius B. Wing. Charles was the president and general manager of the Wing Cigar Company of Columbus, Ohio, and president of First National Bank there. The pair had five children: Lucius (1882-1946), Shirley (1885-1925), Margaret (1886-1981), Alice (1888-1935), and Herbert (1895-1960). Alice and Charles died in 1926, within a year of their son Shirley’s death. Through Margaret Wing, the Townshends are connected to the Dodge family.

Dodge Family:

Thomas Dodge was born in New Hampshire in 1773. In 1799, he married Hannah Kesar (b. 1777), and the couple had 11 children between 1800 and 1821. Their firstborn was Thomas Dodge, Jr., followed by Wallis, Nancy, Luther, Eliza, Hannah, Sibel, Levi and Lepha (twins), Clarissa, and Angeline. From the time of Thomas and Hannah’s marriage until 1817, the family lived in Vermont, where Thomas was a captain and major in the Andover militia. They then moved to Massena, New York, and purchased 160 acres of land, which they farmed. As the children reached adulthood, several of them left New York and travelled west; Thomas Jr. went to Indiana, where he farmed and did business, and Wallis left for New Orleans. Among them, the 11 brothers and sisters produced 44 children.

Unlike several of his brothers, Levi R. Dodge remained in Massena, marrying Lois Payne in 1844; they had seven children. He worked as a clerk for a period, but spent most of his life as a farmer,. Their fourth child, Orange Wood Dodge, was born in 1850. Orange married Florence Isabella Donaghue, known as Isabella or "Bell", in 1882, though Bell had a number of admirers before her marriage. Both were graduates of Potsdam Normal School. After graduating from Middlebury College in Vermont, Orange Dodge worked as a teacher of classical languages, science, and geometry at the Ogdensburg Free Academy, beginning around 1880. Isabella was active in lecture groups and a dedicated volunteer at the library, which named its children’s room for her.

The couple’s first child, Fletcher Donaghue Dodge, was born in 1883, followed by Homer Levi Dodge in 1887. The brothers attended the Ogdensburg Free Academy, where their father taught. After graduating from high school, Fletcher got a degree from St. Lawrence University, and held jobs as diverse as businessman, civil engineer, and trade association lobbyist. He married three times: first to Ray Cohen, a Jewish art teacher in 1913; then in 1927 to Emilie Davis, with whom he had a daughter, Jane Mansfield Dodge; and finally to Eleanor Hill Amendt in 1956. Fletcher committed suicide in 1971, after developing glaucoma and a number of other health problems.

Homer Dodge attended Colgate University and got his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Iowa in 1914, continuing on as an instructor and then assistant professor. At the University of Iowa, he met Margaret Wing, a Home Economics instructor, and the two married in 1917, thereby connecting the Dodges to the Townshend Family. Their first child, Alice, was born in 1920, followed by Amy in 1923 (stillborn), and Norton in 1927. During his lifetime, Homer held numerous faculty and administrative positions at the University of Oklahoma, American Association of Physics Teachers, the National Research Council's Office of Scientific Personnel, and was President of Norwich University 1944-1950. He was also an avid canoeist and lover of nature. He died in 1983, two years after the death of Margaret Wing Dodge.

Acquisition Information:

1997-2011. M-3437, M-4183, M-4460, M-4724, M-4732, M-4733, M-4851, M-4881.

Custodial History:

The collection has been donated to the Clements Library through the generosity of Alice Dodge Wallace and other descendants of the Townshends. The items were received in several installments, 1997-2009.

Arrangement:

<p>The Norton Strange Townshend family papers have been arranged into 13 series. Within each series, items are arranged chronologically or by topic. See scope and content notes for a more detailed explanation.</p>

• Series I: Correspondence
• Series II: Joel Townshend papers
• Series III: Norton S. Townshend papers
• Series IV: Margaret Bailey Townshend papers
• Series V: Other Townshend family members’ papers
• Series VI: Dodge family papers
• Series VII: Genealogical research
• Series VIII: Collection-related materials
• Series IX: Books
• Series X: Photographs and Visual Materials
• Series XI: Realia
• Series XII: Dodge Photographic Slides
• Series XIII: Miscellaneous (housed after the Books series, in Box 41)

Rules or Conventions:

Finding aid prepared using Describing Archives: A Content Standard (DACS)

Related

Additional Descriptive Data:

Alternate Locations

The majority of books accompanying the collection, including items from the personal libraries of Norton S. Townshend, Joel Townshend, Margaret Bailey Townshend, and the Dodge Family, have been transferred to the Clements Library's Book Division. For the list of titles, search for "M-3437" in the University of Michigan's library catalog.

Four maps have been transferred to the Map Division: "The wonderground map of London Town" (1914), "Map of the United States to illustrate Olney's School Geography" (c. 1840), "Ornamental map of the United States and Mexico" (1848), "Perrine's new military map illustrating the seat of war" (1862).

Forty daguerreotypes and ambrotypes, two prints, and two wooden boxes have been transferred to the Graphics Division.

Related Materials

The Salmon P. Chase papers, located at the Library of Congress, contain correspondence from Norton S. Townshend.

The Salmon P. Chase collection, located at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Archives, contains correspondence from Norton S. Townshend.

The George Washburn papers, at the Western Reserve Historical Society, contain correspondence from Norton S. Townshend.

The W.G. Markham papers at Cornell University contain correspondence from Norton S. Townshend.

The Rutherford B. Hayes and Hayes family papers at the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center contain two letters from Norton S. Townshend and six letters that mention him.

Townshend’s Civil War Medical Inspector File is at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

Ohio State University Archives has a "biographical file" on Norton S. Townshend, and a letter from Robert Browning to Margaret Bailey Townshend, concerning the naming of the Browning Dramatic Society at the Ohio State University.

Oberlin College Archives has the minutes of the Oberlin College Board of Trustees; Townshend was a trustee 1845-1857.

The John H. Klippart papers at the Ohio Historical Society contain correspondence from Norton S. Townshend.

Wilbur H. Siebert papers at the Ohio Historical Society contain notes from an interview with Townshend concerning his role in the Underground Railroad.

The Lakewood Historical Society owns several Norton S. Townshend letters, including one to his parents concerning politics in 1848.

Iowa State University Archives has a file on Norton S. Townshend, including several biographical articles, a description of his teaching style, and a course catalog that shows what classes he taught 1869-1870.

Lorain County Historical Society, Elyria, Ohio.

Colorado State University has some textiles from the Townshend family in its Historic Costume and Textiles Collection, including a nightshirt and smock made by Rebecca (Norton) Townshend and worn by Joel and young Norton, respectively. They also have a embroidered bag owned by Norton Townshend’s daughter, Harriet.

Missouri Historical Society has a number of Easterly daguerreotypes related to these Townshend papers.. Easterly’s daguerreotypes are also held at the Newberry Library and the Smithsonian Institution.

The Center for the History of Physics at the American Institute of Physics has the Homer L. Dodge papers.

The William L. Clements Library has the James G. Birney papers, which may contain references to Norton Strange Townshend and the Liberty Party in Ohio.

Bibliography

Adams, George Worthington. Doctors in Blue. Henry Schuman: New York, 1952.

Blue, Frederick J.Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics . Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1987.

Brown, Jeffrey P. and Andrew R.L. Cayton [eds.].The Pursuit of Public Power: Political Culture in Ohio: 1787-1861 . Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994.

Fletcher, Robert Samuel.A History of Oberlin College, from its foundation through the Civil War (2 v.) . Oberlin: Oberlin College, 1943.

Kilgo, Dolores A.Likeness and Landscape: Thomas M. Easterly and the Art of the Daguerreotype . St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1994.

History of Lorain County, Ohio ,with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers . Philadelphia: Williams Brothers, 1879.

McCormick, Robert.Norton Strange Townshend: Antislavery Politician and Agricultural Educator . Self-published, 1988.

Marcus, Alan I.Agricultural Science and the Quest for Legitimacy . Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1985.

Mendenhall, Thomas C. and James E. Pollard.History of the Ohio State University . Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1920.

Middleton, Steven. The Black Laws: Race and the Legal Process in Early Ohio. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005.

Scheumaker, Helen.Love entwined: The curious history of hairwork in America . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.

Siebert, Wilbur Henry. The Mysteries of Ohio’s Underground Railroads. Columbus, Ohio: Long’s College Book Company, 1951.

Index of Correspondents:

Ames Jr., Azel .	1870: December 8 and 22 1880: February 26 1905: January 11 and 23
Bailey, Gamaliel.	1855: March 30
Bliss, Philemon .	1885: April 12
Boynton, Mary (Townshend)	1865: April 4 and 17 1866: October 5 1895: July 22 1896: June 8 1911: July 26 1912: February 5 and 18, March 7 and 31, Undated (Box 6, Folder 26)
Chase, Salmon P.	1848: January 20 1849: January 23 and 26 1850: February 24, July 15, August 10 1851: May 24, June 16, October 22, November 5 1852: February 24, June 16 1853: May 7, June 8, August 5 and 21, September 9 (two letters), October 31 1854: February 10, February 12, March 18, August 6 and 14, October 30 1855: January 6, February 13 1861: February 1, March 26, July 31, October 26 1862: January 20 1863: January 17, March 27
Coon, John V.	1849: February 2
Cotton, Jerome.	1852: January 15
Dodge, Margaret Wing .	1909: June 29, July 9, 14, 26 and 31, August 5 and 13 1917: June 26, July 3, August 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 20 (two letters), 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30 1920: November 18 1923: February 21, August 17, November 28 1924: July 9 1925: November 4, 20, 23 1927: August 29, December 5 1931: September 25 1933: July 17 1934: June 27, July 23, November 18, December 13, December 30 1935: April 23, April 24, June 14, August 14 and 24, September 7 and 22 1936: June 28 1937: January 22 1938: August 9 and 28, December 23 1940: May 15, November 20, December 9 and 12 1941: February 1, 9, and 24 1942: February 7, May 3 and 20, June 28 1943: February 15 1944: October 15 1956: September 1 1962: August 21 1963: May 17 1964: March 22, August 11 and 13 1965: December 31, 1965 1966: November 16 1967: March 25, April 5, June 22 and 28, August 20, September 4 1968: April 10, May 23, 1969: July 12, August 4 1970: February 5 1971: December 22 1973: May 2, August 13 1975: June 29 1978: February 14, December 22
Easterly, Miriam (Bailey) .	1858: October 17 Undated (Box 6, Folder 20),
Fairchild, James.	1877: February 17 1897: February 13
Gangener, A.M.	1861: March 8
Greenwood, Grace.	1889: July 4 1890: January 23 1895: July 17 Undated (Box 6, Folder 26)
Griffing, Charles S.S.	1852: January 5 1875: June 21 1878: June 22
Hayes, Rutherford B.	1870: September 20 1888: April 16
Hines, Homer H.	1877: June 6
Hubbard, William B.	1862: November 12
Hutchins, John.	1849: February 3
Klippart, John.	1860: May 24 1863: November 27 1864: December 28 1868: March 20
Langston, John Mercer .	1861: February 19.
Livermore, Abiel A.	1878: December 1
Medill, William .	1851: July 8
Meeker, Claude.	1924: August 1
Mendenhall, Thomas .	1919: January 13
Milliken, John M.	1863: March 4 1884: January 19
Norton, Elizabeth.	1833: February 22 1841: April 1
Norton, John.	1844: June 27
Norton, Thomas.	1832: March 20
Orton, Edward.	1871: January 8
Schneider, Elizabeth .	1913: September 29, December 13 1914: February 27, March 12, April 16, September 26, December 17 1915: February 2, April 5 1916: May 23 1928: May 19, November 21 1929: October 5 and 21, 1930: March 27, November 6 1932: August 17 1934: August 8 1942: August 29 1943: July 8, November 30 1946: April 9 1951: September 6 1953: September 26 1954: June 4, October 1, December 21 1955: July 7 1956: March 31, December [?] 1957: April 10, September 13 1959: January 27 1960: April 4, November 19 1961: April 3 1965: February 18, July 4 1969: November 24
Strange, Mary .	1839: March 23
Sullivant, James .	1872: March 17 1873: January 6 1886: August 8, September 13
Townshend Wing, Alice .	1895: July 26 1917: October 18 1919: November 19 1923: September 7 1925: November 2 and 18
Townshend, Arthur .	1865: April 17
Townshend, Harriet Norton .	1907: June 28 1924: September 23 1944: September 20 1946: February 7, December 16 1947: July 22, July 30
Townshend, Harriet (Wood)	1841: August 11 1852: April 16, 26, and 28, May 11, 20, and 26, July 2, 4, and 21, August 15 and 24, September 27, October 5 and 22, November 16 1853: April 4, 9, 17, and 28, May 23 1854: January 1 Undated (Box 6, Folder 19), Undated (Box 6, Folder 20)
Townshend, James H.	1864: November 21, December 2, 10, and 23 1865: January 6 and 13, February 16, May [?] 1882: June 2, 17, and 22 1887: June 8, July 11 and 20 Undated (Box 6, Folder 19)
Townshend, Joel.	1827: July 19 1840: August 4 Undated (Box 6, Folder 18 [two letters]),
Townshend, Margaret (Bailey)	1852: December 25 1854: Undated (Box 1, Folder 28) 1863: November 19 1864: January 19 and 25, July 1, 1865: January 15, 19, and 23, February 9, 17, and 19, April 16 and 27 1867: February 1 1868: April 13 1881: November 11 1895: November 5 1903: October 25 1907: February 12
Boynton, Mary (Townshend) .	1865: April 4, 17 1866: October 5 1895: July 22 1896: June 8 1911: July 26 1912: February 5 and 18, March 7 and 31 Undated (Box 6, Folder 26),
Townshend, Norton .	1839: October 28 1840: March 4, April 16, May 25, July 14 1841: January 1, February 2, April 7 1849: February 19, March 20 1850: May 9, July 3, December 31 1852: [Unclear month] 17 (Box 1, Folder 18), January 15 and 19, May 25 and 27, July 2, 12, and 20, August 2 1854: February 24 1862: May [illegible date], December 22 1863: May 9, October 24 1864: May 24, July 8, 16, and 17, August 15, 20, 22, 26, 29, and 31, September 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15, 19, 24, 26, 29, October 7 and 18, November 12, 18, 19, 20, 26, 28, December 1, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 22, 25, 29, 30 1865: January 13, 15, 19, 28, February 13, 16, 18, 22, 28, March 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 20, 28, 30, April 1, 3, 7, 8, 23, 28, May 4, 6, 9, 28, 30, June 2, 6, 7, 11, 15, 18, 28, 30, July 3, 9, 15, 18, 20, 23, 28, 31, August 7, 8, September 5, 7, 15, 16, 20 [two letters], 26, 27, 28 [two letters], 29 [two letters], October 1 [two letters], October 11 (two letters), 15, 18, 20 [two letters], 22, 27 [two letters], 31, November 1, 3, 5, 6, 9 1866: January 16 and 25, February 7, 15, and 20, March 9, 11, and 16, May 29, June 6 and 9, October 18 1867: January 15, June 15 1870: January 19, November 30 1874: March 4 and 12 1875: January 4, 16, and 20 1876: July 14 1877: January 30, February 22, March 6, September 22, October 15, December 17 1878: February 4 1879: February 10 and 11 1880: February 17, May 12 and 25, June 30, July 3 1881: April 21, May 17, July 8 and 26, August 11, September 30, October 1 and 3, November 21, December 6 and 8 [two letters] 1882: February 6 and 7, March 22, 23, and 25, April 15 and 20, May 22, June 2, 3, and 9 [2 letters], July 16, 29, and 31, August 10 [two letters]August 12, August 14, September 12, October 2, 12, and 17, November 1, 8, 11 [two letters], and 15, December 1 1883: January 1, 8 [two letters], 22, and 31, February 8, 10, 16, and 20, March 26 [three letters], April 6, 7, 12, 14, and 23, May 6, 16, and 18 1884: April 4, June 17 1885: April 29, July 4, November 19 1886: April 8, October 12, November 6 [2 letters] 1887: August 10, November 24 1888: February 15, April 22, June 16 1889: May 8, October 14 1892: March 9 and 16, May 7 1893: March 5 Undated (Box 6, Folder 19), Undated (Box 6, Folder 20), Undated (Box 6, Folder 21), Undated (Box 6, Folder 22), Undated (Box 6, Folder 23), Undated (Box 6, Folder 24), Undated (Box 6, Folder 25),
Thorne, Charles.	1877: November 17 1884: November 10 1886: December 23
Treat, Joseph.	1849: February 2
Washington, Booker T.	1903: April 17
Wood, James.	1833: May 22 and 29 1834: March 6 1841: July 7 1867: April 7
Welch, A.S.	1870: January 17 1873: December 12
Wing, Charles M.	1926: April 27, November 23
Wing, Lucius Bliss .	1877: December 31 1886: March 15, April 6 1889: November 25 1892: July 25
Cohen, Ray .	1912: January 19 1913: January 14 and 20, February 1, 13, and 23, April 8, 15, and 23, May 1 and 6, June 18, August 22, November 23 1914: March 20, April 17, May 21, October 14, November 2 and 28 1915: January 4, April 15 and 24 1916: June 29 1917: January 11, February 13, March 16, August 10 and 21, December 21 1919: April 15, August 25 1920: November 20 1921: January 8 and 28, [?] November 1922: December 20 Undated (Box 10, folder 2)
Dodge, Fletcher.	1901: June 23, August 5 1902: March 16, April 1 1903: April 19, July 21, October 18 1904: February 23, October 3 1905: October 11 and 30, November 12 1906: January 13 [two letters], February 3, 4, 19, and 24, March 7, May 13, 14, 24, June 10, 15, 18, 22, July 2, 5, 15, 22, and 28, August 6, 19, and 24, September 2, 3, 9, and 23, October 4 and 9, November 11, 25, December 5, 9, 11, 23, and 30 1907: February 10, February 17 [two letters], March 3, 10, 12, and 31, April 7, 14, and 21, June 30, July 8, 14, and 24, August 4, 18, and 25, September 1, 8, 15, and 26, October 8, 20, and 27, November 3 and 24, December 3, 9, 15, 24, and 29 1908: January 20, February 2, March 11, 27, and 29, April 5 and 25, May 5 and 17, June 4 and 6, July 13, August 29, September 14 and 20, October 6, 14, and 27, November 3, 23, and 30, December 6 1909: January 4, 11, and 25, February 7, 9, 12, 16, and 27, March 7 and 28, April 2, July 15, August 1, September 19 and 25, November 14, December 12 and 28 1910: January 3, February 12, March 6 and 10, April 4, May 27 and 30, June 2, September 17, October 8 and 29, November 6 1911: April 5 and 15, May 17, June 28, August 31 1912: March 6, May 4 1913: January 3 and 14 [two letters], August 6, December 26 1914: February 18, March 15, September 30, October 3 1915: June 26, July 29 1916: June 3 1919: January 23 and 31, February 15, November 22 1920: February 25, March 11, April 23, May 7, 8, and 25, June 11 and 29, September 25, October 15 1922: July 14, October 31, November 21, December 20 1923: April 23 1927: December 12 1929: May 21, July 2 1933: June 6 [two letters] 1944: May 19, September 19, October 11, October [?] 1945: February 19 1946: January 2 1955: April 17 Undated [Box 10, folder 1 (7 letters)], Undated [Box 10, folder 2], Undated [Box 10, folder 3 (5 letters)], Undated [Box 10, folder 4 (3 letters)], Undated [Box 10, folder 5], Undated [Box 10, folder 6]
Dodge, Levi R.	1871: November 5
Dodge, Homer.	1914: September 25, December 22 1934: May 15 and 17 1935: January 15 1937: January 18, 22 [two letters], 25 [two letters], 26 [two letters], February 1 [3 letters], 2, 12 [two letters], 13, 19, and 20, March 2, 3, 5, and 18, June 5 and 7, September 16 1938: June 18 1941: November 8 1944: September 22, October 26, November 10, December 20 1945: January 23 and 24, August 20, November 9 1946: August 26 Undated [Box 10, folder 1] Undated [Box 10, folder 3]
Dodge, Isabella Donaghue.	1879: June 15, November 23 1880: September 1, October 24, December 5 and 7 1881: October 30 1882: May 16 and 27, October 17 and 20 1906: October 16 1908: May 1 1915: January 1 1925: April 6 1926: March 24 1928: February 14, June 4, July 11 1929: May 21 1930: November 30 1932: February 8 1934: June 20 1935: February 7, March 7 and 19, October [?], October 21 1936: December 14 Undated [Box 10, folders 4 and 5 (7 letters)]
Dodge, Lois.	1870: December 4 1871: February 16, April 2, June 1 1882: June 15
Dodge, Luther A.	1881: September 24, October 30, November 26, December 13
Dodge, Orange W.	1879: April 2 1880: October 3 1881: February 21 and 27, March 10, 16, 20, 24, and 27, April 6, 12, 21, and 26 1882: January 15, 21, and 29, February 14 and 26, March 4, 12, 16, 23, and 29, April 2, April 9, 12, 19, 22, 26, 30, and 33 [sic], May 7, 14, 25, and 31, October 17 and 28 1883: March 2 1885: May 3 and 4, October 4 and 6 1886: June 27 1892: January 1, March 24, October 29 1894: February 24 1905: October 5 and 27, November 15 1906: July 29 and 31 1913: January 14 1914: July 8 Undated [Box 10, folder 2]
Dodge, Thomas .	1843: November 25 1844: January 26, October 13 1845: March 15 1846: May 16, July 28 1847: June 25, November 11 1848: June 20, August 30 1849: May 15, October 15 1850: February 20, April 5 1852: June 29 1853: January 3, November 8 1855: January 15 1857: February 7 1859: October 20

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Abolitionists--Ohio.
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Cincinnati College.
College of Physicians and Surgeons in the City of New York.
Esther Institute (Columbus, Ohio)
Free Soil Party (U.S.)
Liberty Party (Ohio)
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Ohio State Asylum for the Education of Idiotic and Imbecile Youth.
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Iowa State University.
Mendenhall, Thomas C. (Thomas Corwin), 1841-1924.
Bailey, Gamaliel, 1807-1859.
Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873.
Easterly, Thomas M. (Thomas Martin), 1809-1882.
Fairchild, James Harris, 1817-1902.
Greenwood, Grace, 1823-1904.
Hasbrouck, Lydia Sayer, 1827-1910.
Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, 1822-1893.
Kirtland, J. P. (Jared Potter), 1793-1877.
Klippart, John H. (John Hancock), 1823-1878.
Langston, John Mercer, 1829-1897.
Medill, William, 1802-1865.
Sullivant, Joseph, 1809-1882.
Townshend, Margaret Bailey, 1823-1912.
Townshend, N.S. (Norton Strange), 1815-1895.

Places:

Avon (Ohio)
Clay Coton (England)
Columbus (Ohio)
Elyria (Ohio)
Northamptonshire (England)