Frontmatter

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Page  [unnumbered] CENTER FOR JAPANESE STUDIES BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NUMBER 10 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY: A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS

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Page  [unnumbered] JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY: A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCE AND RESEARCH MATERIALS COMPILED BY: RICHARD K. BEARDSLEY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NAKANO TAKASHI, TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION CONTRIBUTIONS BY: MORIOKA KIYOMI, TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION OKADA YUZURU, TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION WITH INDEXES TO AUTHORS AND LOCALITIES BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERIES NUMBER 10 ANN ARBOR/THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS/1970 PUBLISHED FOR THE CENTER FOR JAPANESE STUDIES

Page  [unnumbered] Copyright ~ by the University of Michigan All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press and simultaneously in Don Mills, Canada, by Longman Canada Limited Manufactured in the United States of America

Compiler's Introduction

pp. i-v

Page  I COMPILER'S INTRODUCTION A. General B. Notes on Selection and Annotation C. History of the Disciplines D. Acknowledgements A. GENERAL This compilation appears to have no precursors. Neither Japanese nor foreign bibliographers have made any broad, systematic collections of available literature on Japan in the various areas of sociological interest. A very few special-area bibliographies exist, as on family structure and demography, and the Bibliography of Japanese Anthropology and Archeology (Bibliographical Series No. 3 ) offers a rather sketchy general selection,in its sections on Japan; otherwise, students must make do with entries -- variably classified -- in works of much wider scope or with library catalogs. To account for this paucity, we must recall that sociological disciplines are not very long established in Japan nor too widespread for informal channels to serve most needs. But such informal channels inevitably begin to fail as research contributions accumulate and the discipline enlarges. As an initial survey, thus, this broadly planned contribution may be useful to Japanese scholars. But it was first conceived and subsequently carried through mainly to serve non-Japanese researchers in sociology and social anthropology of Japan. This Guide presents a broad though selective sample of materials in the several areas of empirical research in which Japanese scholars have been active, with particular attention to the two decades from 1945 to 1966, and with commentary on each entry. In all these respects it follows patterns established for -he Bibliographical Series of the University of Michigan Center for Japanese Studies, in which it takes its place; but, unlike Guides in older disciplines, it covers journal articles as well as books and monographs. Compilation began modestly when the late Professor Okada Yuzuru, chairing the Department of Sociology at the Tokyo University of Education, was in residence as a visiting scholar at the Center for Japanese Studies. He began by calling attention of colleagues and graduate students to materials relevant to their projects. He then expanded this effort into a preliminary survey of literature, especially on family structure and demography. Following him as visiting scholar, Professor Morioka Kiyomi, of the same Department of Sociology, took over the present writer's efforts to update and expand the unpublished Okada compilation. Professor Morioka drew materials from his own extensive bibliography on family structure but also, to accommodate JaDan-area student interests in other aspects of sociology and social anthropology, he compiled materials on various other subjects. At this point the advantage of carrying through a more extensive project and of doing so in Japan became evident. Professor Nakano Takashi in 1964 graciously accepted the task of building on the nucleus gathered by his-colleagues and, from his home base in the sociology department at the Tokyo University of Education, supervised the systematic selection and annotation of materials during the next two years. At this stage he established the final plan to present, in balanced coverage, an up-to-date selection of research materials, taking account both of the state of sociology and related disciplines in Japan and of principal lines of interest abroad. Together we revised and added categories as materials came to light from the period under closest scrutiny, 1946-1966. Decisions as to limits, organization, and format were were made jointly by both compilers; while Nakano held main responsibility for searching out materials and annotating them in Japanese and for authoritative transliteration of authors' names insofar as might be possible, Beardsley had main charge of all translation and of final annotation in English. We address persons in sociology and social anthropology as these fields are defined outside of Japan. Very few Japanese wear the label "social anthropologist." There are sociologists, ethnologists, and folklorists, all of whom carry out fieldwork at home that is essentially the sort of research a foreign social anthropplogist or sociologist would do in Japan. We trust that in an era of increased multidisciplinary research, especially in such societies as Japan, this compilation will have value to persons in other disciplines. The title of this Guide designates its contents from the viewpoint of American and other Western scholars, but we have attempted to follow a comfortably lenient and inclusive definition of the appropriate scope of contents. A large proportion of users, we.hope, will be students just embarking on a research career who may not yet have settled definitely on a fruitful and appealing subject. This compilation offers many intriguing phenomena that have not been fully treated by Japanese researchers, and even more that receive scarcely passing mention in Japanese studies abroad despite intensive attention on the part of Japanese scholars. Newcomers to research on Japan are urged to browse through the entries, perhaps unexpectedly to discover a i

Page  II COMPILER'S INTRODUCTION subject exactly to their taste; or, in any event, to avoid waste of time duplicating data already accumulated in Japanese. All too few persons have acquired the skills needed for research, in comparison with the countless problems offered in the many changing dimensions of Japanese society. Far better to unlock portions of the Japanese sociological storehouse to the outer world and then push on to original work on real and important problems, rather than replicate work well enough done already or fail to be aware of what Japanese phenomena may contribute along the advancing frontier of one's discipline. B. NOTES ON SELECTION AND ANNOTATION Our purpose is to serve immediate research interests of empirical nature, especially those calling for fieldwork. This purpose excludes or minimizes attention to certain sorts of sociological literature in Japan. Much more might be done, for instance, with materials illustrating the history of Japanese sociological studies, or materials illuminating the theoretical underpinning of sociological, ethnological, or social anthropological thought. Neither goal is pursued here, on grounds that such aims would expand our compilation mainly with replications, reviews, or critiques of European and American sociological literature. These materials only rarely would be helpful to our imagined typical non-Japanese user who, we assume, is already familiar with theory and important American or European case studies in the original languages and who, at this point, wants information and viewpoints on Japanese society. These materials are what we provide. We do furnish leads to research of pre-war periods, although giving our main attention to postwar research, on the assumption that some students will need a springboard to materials offering historical background. We also go beyond strict limits in another sense. Our contents mainly represent the dimensions of research done by Japanese sociologists. Rather than seek out material to meet every foreign taste, we have tended to bypass certain areas where Japanese research is thin. Where major differences in definition of disciplines occur, we have gone outside of sociology sensu stricto to include entries from what are neighbor fields in Japan (for instance, from demography, folklore, and communications research) to present materials important to social anthropologists or sociologists abroad. Obviously, certain lacunae here will prove to be due to our decisions as to limits rather than to lack of research materials, so we urge users to consult other sources. In some cases, other Guides in this Bibliographical Series will fill the gap, since we have restricted entries on some subjects to avoid duplicate listing of materials available in Guides to the fields of Geography, History, and Political Science. As might be expected, certain problems of transliteration and translation have been difficult to solve without amibiguity. There is no such thing as absolutely authoritative transliteration of proper names in a society where persons accept without question entirely different renderings of their own names (e.g., our late colleague Okada Yuzuru who answered equally to Okada Ken); and where place names not only have different readings but have changed from one historical period to another. Resigning to the inevitable, we have listed a few alternative personal name readings parenthetically following the reading we have chosen. An Index of Authors and an Index of Localities may help to reduce confusion. The connotations of a good many Japanese terms for traditional institutions and other social phenomena are lost or distorted by the closest English renderings. In other cases, it is not the everyday language but the scholarly jargon of English and Japanese that fail to coincide, owing to their different intellectual roots. We assume it is fruitless to append a glossary, in lieu of coping with the questions encountered in each item. We trust it has been possible to clarify points most likely to mislead or confuse, often by entering the Romanized Japanese term as well as an approximate translation in the title or annotation or both. Annotations describe the contents factually and, where this might not suffice, suggest the most useful features of a work. In some cases we offer criticism of a work's shortcomings or distortions, Since these are matters of opinion, users may not always agree. In any case, the materials are there for users to accept or reject according to their own taste. To be sure, we try to select the best works where alternatives are available; but space limits preclude listing all good materials, and it should not be necessary to add that omission of any work does not necessarily imply deprecatory evaluation of it. The nature of the literature requires that we pay attention to journal articles as much as to books and series. It is an earlier work that suffers, if anything, for we have tried to economize by listing later materials (or collections and series) that provide leads to short and, often, scattered papers of earlier date, even though the unlisted original paper may be superior in detail or intelligibility and freshness. ii

Page  III COMPILER'S INTRODUCTION C. HISTORY OF THE DISCIPLINES Most works in this bibliography are of postwar date, published after 1945. But they represent fiel ds whose intellectual taproots reach back as far as early Meiji times, when a few Japanese scholars became devoted to the grand social visions of Comte, Spencer, and Morgan. As distinct, empirical disciplines, however, these fields -- sociology, ethnology, folklore -- took shape later than might be supposed. In fact, their separate distinction dates from barely a decade before World War II. After this war, the senior leaders in each fields were men of one age. They had been college students in Tokyo during the effervescent 1920's, and all had broken away from the then prevailing teaching to move in the direction of empirical research. In time, their work decisively changed the character of social sciences in Japan. For some years, as these young scholars pursued their new gospel, they enjoyed an ecumenical colleagueship that led them to read the same books, talk together, and write for each other's journals even while each pursued his particular interests and inclinations. They had individual specialties, not different disciplines. It was in their middle years, in the 1930's, that their individual interests became the basis for differentiation of sociology, ethnology, and folklore into separate disciplines. These men, the first professionals in their respective fields, were still vigorous and active in postwar years. Hence, the major works of the founding generation of these still youthful disciplines find listing in this Guide without requiring departure from its basic prirciple of main emphasis on postwar research. To be sure, when Toda Teiz5 inherited the chair of sociology at Tokyo Imperial University in the early 1920's, several strains of sociologicalethnological thought already were rooted in Japan. As early as 1885 an Anthropological Association (Jinrui Gakkai) was formed. And a strain of ethnological-folkloristic research can be dated from 1907 when Yanagida Kunio and friends organized a Homeland Research Association (Kyodo Kenkyukai). As for sociology, Toda's own chair was founded at Tokyo Imperial University in 1893, while the first Sociological Association (Shakai Gakkai) was established in 1896. Up to Toda's time a considerable gap separated sociological theory from any form of empirical data-gathering, including fieldwork. One finds exceptions, to be sure. Several groups of enthusiastic laymen, notably those around Yanagida, omnivorously gathered data out of motives ranging from antiquarianism, through love of country life, to nationalist fervor. But they occupied no academic posts; they addressed not students but the general public who sought entertainment rather than guidance in an intellectual career; and they characteristically were unconcerned about theory to guide their research and integrate their findings. They were not unlike their contemporaries who formed local historical societies in Britain and the United States or became Volkskiindler in Germany. On the other hand, the sociology courses that were being started in several universities, following Tokyo's example, were devoted almost wholly to the academically respected task of expounding grand social theory on models derived from Comte, Spencer, Morgan, Maine, and MacLennan. The anthropologists of the time, in a separate faculty, taught anthropometry and biological evolution, not society or culture. Though within universities it was the anthropologists in particular who were sympathetic toward non-academic students of Japanese customs, neither they nor the academic sociologists had found room to utilize this sort of research in their courses by 1920. Toda, on the other hand, after a trip around the world via Europe, spent a period in contact with leading American empirical sociologists at Chicago, and brought back high enthusiasm for fieldwork and quantitative research, applying the latter method immediately and extensively to materials such as the first Japanese census, compiled in 1920. Several students in his classes, hitherto bored with the abstractions of grand theory, seized enthusiastically on his new gospel and spread it among their friends. Though these companions were in a variety of fields, together they read treatises by Durkheim, Tonnies, Tarde, Simmel, MacIver, Cooley, and Sumner. Further, while browsing in the Kanda bookstores, they discovered Malinowski's glamorous and fresh field reports, functional studies by Radcliffe Brown, and world-distribution studies by Wilhelm Schmidt. These works all revealed to them certain elegant ways of bringing integrative socio-cultural theory into contact with the empirical challenge of fact-finding. Such young men as Oka Masao (enrolled in sociology), Koyama Takashi (sociology), Furuno Kiyoto (religion), Ariga Kizaemon (art history), and Suzuki Eitaro (ethics), later were to gain separate distinction as ethnologists and sociologists, allthe while retaining their personal ties with each other. Toda, in effect, had transplanted strong seedlings from a setting of arid armchair speculation into the rich new soil of empirical science. But not until the 1930's did academic flowering occur. One reason was the lack of suitable jobs through the 1920's. There were few academic posts for persons now termed behavioral scientists. The few posts were in sociology, and first priority in this field went to theoretical, non-empirical sociology. So, emerging from Toda's strong influence in college, the young gradutates took jobs where they could find them and shared their interest in the science of society only in their afterhours. Several met Shibusawa Keizo. He was a wealthy businessman, college-trained in ichthyology, whose enthusiasm for fisheries had broadened into patronage for studies of fishing gear and fishing methods, general material culture, and economic organization. The collection of artifacts he and his friends accumulated in his attic gave a name to the Attic Museum, an institute which published reports by members of his group. Shibusawa was not greatly senior in age to the sociologist Oka Masao or the art history student Ariga Kizaemon. These latter two young men had come together in college, both being from Nagano prefecture; iii

Page  IV COMPILER'S INTRODUCTION and in common with Shibusawa, each had graduated from Higher School in Sendai. Hence, the three enjoyed a regional intimacy. Shibusawa knew the older Yanagida Kunio, a man of rather less wealth yet able to support similar enthusiasms, who was eventually to become the high priest of the discipline of folklore and already had gained repute through his published reports on Japanese folk culture. For two decades Yanagida had been central in a group of like-minded men. Among the advantages he could offer to his acquaintances and followers was his excellent library of up-to-date European journals and books. Through his support Oka and his friends started a journal, Minzoku (Peoples), in 1924. Though Yanagida throughout his life kept links with a network of local amateur enthusiasts, some of those closest to him eroded away from the group, and Oka and Ariga in turn broke away to follow separate interests. Oka seized the chance Shibusawa offered him to study in Austria under Wilhelm Schmidt. Others later followed the same path. Oka returned to become outstanding for his devoted advocacy of Kulturkreis ethnology. Meanwhile, Ariga stayed in Japan and, like Suzuki Eitaro and Koyama Takashi, began a lifetime career of village studies. These slightly diverging paths led to a differentiation among ethnology, sociology, and folklore that was increasingly clear by the middle 1930's. Among those following the sociological path, Suzuki Eitar5 used rural communities to test sociological notions from abroad, especially the ideas of rural sociologists in the United States. Koyama Takashi, Kitano Seiichi, and others carried on one of Professor Toda's main interests, the sociology of family, in the village setting. Furuno Kiyoto also examined villages but with special attention to their religious organization. Sociological theory, especially of American flavor, tended to be the underpinning of many of these studies. The view of Ariga Kizaemon, on the other hand, was perhaps closest to that of the British social anthropologists. Ariga's village studies sought to develop formulas accounting for institutions of village society in terms of their functional setting, especially their ecological accommodation through economic organization. All of the above interests formed the core of empirical sociology in Japan. Ethnologists such as Oka diverged from sociologists by virtue of their paramount interest in the larger cultural sphere of East Asia and the Pacific. While Japanese culture, viewed historically, prompted research queries and hypotheses, in their attempt to gather relevant data they perceived Japan just as one segment of a much larger cultural reservoir. Generally speaking, the only ethnologists who specialized on Japan were those sharing Shibusawa's enthusiasms, who became associates of the Attic Museum under his patronage. Meanwhile, Yanagida upheld the banner of folklore. He reorganized his"Thursday Club," which had been founded a decade earlier in 1924, and brought in such persons as Nakayama Taro, Kindaichi Kyosuke, Origuchi Shinobu, Hayakawa Kotaro, and Okamura Chiaki. For a time an emigre White Russian named Nevsky was part of the group. Yanagida launched his new group on a program of study of mountain villages, followed by study of fishing villages. A young man who entered the field in 1934, Omachi Tokuzo, joined this fieldwork and stayed on to become Yanagida's most prominent disciple, taking the lead in collecting and categorizing the many local varieties of custom, belief, and organization in traditional areas. Folklorists in this fashion built up Japan's main repository of information on exotic and out of the way localities, whereas sociological research, though also oriented to the rural side, dealt more regularly with mainstream rural areas. A sense of common interest and joint enterprise lingered among all these persons, as is evident in the list of contributors to early issues of Minzokugaku Kenkyu (Journal of Ethnology), which began in 1935. Yet, when this journal was born, it merely filled out the roster of journals founded for the needs of each separate field. Each discipline by this time had its favorite subject matter, its particular theoretical issues; and the pathways of ethnology, sociology, and folklore tended more and more to diverge after the middle 1930's. It should be noted, again, that there were still inequalities of support. Through all these years teaching positions were opened only in sociology, and these were few, indeed. Most of the early scholars were amateur in the literal sense that they gained a living as government employees, school teachers, or businessmen, or lived on private means and indulged in research at their own expense and only on their own spare time. To most Japanese social scientists, the explosive outbreak of war in Europe, Asia, and the Pacific brought a succession of intellectual and ethical crises which built up to the ultimate catastrophe of defeat of the nation they identified with, whatever the quality of their participation or alienation during the war years. Most social scientists, even though holding their peace during the war, had endured a long and chilly period as semi-outcasts during the prewar and war years. They had had virtually no news of activities and trends in their fields abroad, outside of Axis nations, and constraints on their own freedom of research and expression had deepened continuously from 1937 to 1945. Following defeat, however, there was new release for their energies and desires. Now there was fresh life in their habitual research areas as well as a rush of new ideas from abroad. While American methods and subjects were prominent, to many Japanese there seemed to be little coherence or depth to American social science philosophy. In rural research, many sociologists began to look at society through the once-taboo prism of Marxian thought, and a good many started to examine attitudes and "consciousness" or ishiki, a term conceived as encompassing feudal vs. modern self-images, political awareness, a sense of class identity and class consciousness. A fair portion of this research was rooted in acceptance of Marxist postulates of social evolution; but everyone, whatever his theoretical orientation, was keenly aware of the probability that defeat and subsequent social engineering was going to revolutionize to their core the various sectors of Japanese society. Almost all researchers were concerned with structural changes brought to village society by land iv

Page  V COMPILER'S INTRODUCTION reform and other postwar measures. A vigorous new Rural Research Society (Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai, abbreviated within the profession as Sonken) was formed. Sociologists, ethnologists, and folklorists were prominent in a series of multidisciplinary team studies of Tsushima, Noto, and Sado Island, launched under the coordination of the Nine Learned Societies, Kyugakkai Rengo. Results are listed in several chapters of this bibliographical Guide. The American presence in the postwar Occupation (1945-1952) exposed Japanese to a welcome flow of information about innovations in the several so-called behavioral sciences in the United States. They were quick to examine these innovations and trends and to use them in reshaping existing studies as well as in initiating new subfields of sociology and ethnology. Industrial sociology, one of the new fields, did have somewhat earlier roots in the midwar era, comprising studies of worker morale and attitudes in war materiel industries; but now it was led by Odaka Kunio into broader studies of attitudes and occupational structure among urban workers. Research on social stratification, developing in turn out of industrial sociology, became a specialty in its own right. Demography drew scholars from economics and mathematics as well as from sociology. It acquired an identity as a distinct discipline, and soon developed great expertise, gaining added luster from being one academic enterprise of social science origin that was also valuable to the government for national planning. A number of young social scientists helped create a research field in mass communications, receiving graduate training in this subject at the Journalism Institute of Tokyo University. Social psychology, known but hardly practiced before the war, achieved respectable standing in sociology in the early postwar years. Recruits tended to be drawn from psychology undergraduates disenchanted with academic departments of psychology which, as bastions of experimental psychology, were typically hostile to any sort of personality research until very recently. Other students with a sociological background also entered social psychology as graduates. Finally, urban sociology also began to develop after the war, especially after 1955 when Japan, hitherto a predominantly rural nation clearly moved toward a future as a highly urban society. Urban sociology drew such established men as Isomura Eiichi as well as younger scholars. Ethnologists in the first, impoverished postwar years joined sociologists in studying Japanese society; a good many, in fact, would have had no scholarly means of subsistence had not jobs been opened to them in studies sponsored by the Civil Information and Education Section of the Occupation headquarters forces. With these studies in Japan they fortified their previous experience in Taiwan, Korea, China, Manchuria, and the Western Pacific. Some persons with such background (e.g., the late Okada Yuzuru) went on into university teaching positions as academic sociologists; but some others (e.g., the late Ishida Eiichiro and the somewhat younger Izumi Seiichi) applied their experience abroad in creating and bolstering university programs in ethnology and cultural anthropology. Then, as fast as economic conditions improved, ethnologists and archaeologists shifted their research outside of Japan to Peru and Brazil, Southeast Asia, India, Nepal, Iran, and (recently) Africa. In the postwar years many regional universities and colleges were established in Japan and, in the new intellectual climate, these new institutions made room for the teaching of ethnology or cultural anthropology as well as sociology. For the first time numerous academic posts were opened to these empirical social sciences. (As in pre-war decades, of course, economics, geography, and the formal or constitutional aspects of political science had strong standing as social sciences; the study of political behavior, however, has been incorporated in college teaching and research as a subfield of sociology -- political sociology -- rather than in conjunction with government and law.) The majority of posts in the academic world were in sociology. To this day, ethnologists tend to have attachments to a variety of departments rather than to possess a home of their own. But they now do have academic positions to occupy, as very few did previously. The second and third generations of Japanese social anthropologists, ethnologists, and sociologists on the scene as the 1970's decade opens are pushing toward new frontiers. Often younger persons have a year or two of study abroad, from which they return with new methods and viewpoints. Apart perhaps from the field of folklore, which was so closely associated with the late Yanagida Kunio himself, each of the fields reviewed here has every prospect of continuing to diversify, gain methodological sophistication, and grow. Patterns will not duplicate those abroad but will reflect most international currents and make distinctive contributions to those currents. D. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As described above, a nucleus for this bibliography was compiled by Professor Okada Yuzuru and added to by Professor Morioka Kiyomi, both of the Department of Sociology, Tokyo University of Education, during their respective periods as visiting scholar at the University of Michigan. Professor Nakano Takashi took charge on an enlarged plan from 1964 to 1966, working in Japan. There he was assisted by Kitahara Ryuji, now Assistant in the same Department of Sociology, Tokyo University of Education. Mr. Kitahara provided much of the material on social movements. To assist in special categories, we obtained advice and assistance from colleagues. Professor Hara (then Sue) Hiroko of the East Asian Research Institute, Tokyo University, made major contributions to Chapter 27, Personality. Professor Kakizaki Kyoichi, of the University of Librarianship, gave advice on urban sociology. Translation was done at the University of Michigan, except for portions given first translation v

Editorial Note

pp. vi

Page  VI EDITORIAL NOTE by Professors Okada and Morioka. The principal translators were graduate students at the University: Robert L. Ramseyer (anthropology) and Stanley Fukawa (sociology). After translations and transliterations were checked and revised by the U.S. compiler, Richard K. Beardsley, they were given to graduate students for technical editing. Merrily Baird and Molly Tobin accomplished most of this exacting work. Final typing of the manuscript was in the competent hands of Marcia Curtis, while final proofreading was in the hands of Frank Shulman; both were student assistants in the Center for Japanese Studies. Calligraphy for all entries was done by Mrs. Chizuko Taeusch; that for the indices was done by Mrs. Yoko Kato. At each stage of work at the University of Michigan the contents were inspected, standardized, and revised by Richard K. Beardsley, who bears final editorial responsibility. The compilers express deep appreciation to all the above-mentioned assistants; to the staff of the University of Michigan Asia Library, especially Mr. Yukihisa Suzuki, for their generous cooperation in searching out materials or giving advice and reference assistance on innumerable problems of transliteration and translation; and to the successive Directors of the Center for Japanese Studies, Robert E. Ward and Roger F. Hackett for their unremitting support during the long period of preparation. Funds for much of the work in Japan and funds and facilities for work at the University of Michigan were generously provided by the Center for Japanese Studies, which also has borne the cost of publication. EDITORIAL NOTE To make materials accessible even to nonspecialists, all names of authors are Romanized; titles are shown first in characters, followed by Romanization, followed by translation. We show the inclusion of articles (enclosed in quotation marks) in volumes and of volumes in sets or series of different title by the word "in" placed between the lesser title and authors' names of the larger compilation. We endeavor to follow Library of Congress standards for Romanization, including minimal use of hyphenated word elements. Thus, "social history" is rendered shakaishi (not shakai-shi or shakai shi). An exception is in rendering place names. To avoid confusion over the basic form of place names for users not fully familiar with Japanese forms, we transcribe the basic name, then add separately any suffix showing its administrative category. Thus, we write Tokyo to (not Tokyo-to or Tokyoto). In English portions (translated titles and annotations) we do not mark long vowels for proper names. Certain works present an English title in addition to a Japanese title. Unless the English is a reasonably close translation, we enter our own translation as well as the English title, marking the latter (Eng. title:...). The more complex problem of terms for social and historical features that have no close English equivalent can be covered by no single rule, but we have tried to cope within the annotations by offering the Japanese term as well as a word, phrase, or brief explanation in English; some such explanation will be found in each chapter, if not in each individual entry. A few frequently cited series are rendered by acronyms of the Romanized Japanese terms. The abbreviated citations are: HSKG > E '~ Hoshakaigaku (Legal sociology) JMK A 0,/ Jink5 mondai (Population problems) JMK Annual J 0 )t S L, _ Jinko mondai nempo (Population problems annual) KKK ) 1 sV L Kyodo kenkyu koza (Homeland studies symposium) KKSKG 'j] I_ ~. Kikan shakaigaku (Sociology quarterly) MZGHR a ^ t $ - Minzokugaku hyoron (Ethnological review) MZGKK r,d Fji ' Minzokugaku kenkyu (Journal of Ethnology) SKGHR X-JL ~ *a Shakaigaku hyoron (Sociology review) SKGZ E;, e _ Shakaigaku zasshi (Journal of sociology) SSK Annual;, rt, *,-, Sonraku shakai kenkyu nempo (Rural society research annual) vi

Page  VII TABLE OF CONTENTS Page COMPILER'S INTRODUCTION i A. General i B. Notes on Selection and Annotation ii C. History of the Disciplines iii D. Acknowledgments iv EDITORIAL COMMENT vi I. BIBLIOGRAPHIES 1 II. GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS 8 A. Yearbooks 8 B. Statistics 10 C. Dictionaries 12 III. PERIODICALS 15 IV. METHODOLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH 21 V. GENERAL WORKS AND FESTSCHRIFTS 29 VI. POPULATION AND MANPOWER 34 A. General 34 B. Rural Aspects of Population and Manpower 43 C. Urban Aspects of Population and Manpower 49 VII. PREHISTORY AND ANTIQUITY 54 VIII. SOCIAL HISTORY 58 A. General 58 B. Modern Periods 60 C. Tokugawa Period 63 D. Pre-Tokugawa 66 E. Special Aspects 67 IX. ECONOMIC HISTORY 72 A. Modern (1868 —) 72 B. Pre-Modern Periods 74 C. Special Aspects 76 X. FAMILY 78 A. General 78 B. Marriage 90 C. Succession 96 XI. KIN AND NON-KIN GROUPS AND RELATIONSHIPS 99 A. Age-Groups and Age-Status Systems 99 B. The Dozoku System and Kin Networks 101 C. Other 111 XII. RURAL COMMUNITIES 117 A. General 117 B. Pre-Modern Periods 126 C. Early Modern Period (1868-1945) 129 D. Recent Period (1945- ) 133 XIII. FISHING COMMUNITIES 135 XIV. URBAN COMMUNITIES 142 A. General and Metropolitan 142 B. Lesser Cities and Towns 148 C. Neighborhoods and Districts 151 D. Pre-Modern Cities 155 E. Urban Fringes and Suburbs 155 vii

Page  VIII Page XV. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 157 A. General 157 B. Rural Social Stratification 159 C. Urban Social Stratification 162 D. The Outcaste Stratum 163 XVI. WOMEN 167 XVII. HUMAN AND LABOR MANAGEMENT 170 A. Industry and Human Management 170 B. Workers and Employees 174 C. Labor Unions 181 XVIII. SOCIAL CHANGE 184 A. General and Industrial 184 B. Rural Social Change 188 XIX. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 193 A. General and Modern Period 193 B. Pre-Modern Periods 199 C. Meiji Era 200 XX. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 202 A. General and Biographical 202 B. Through World War II 204 C. After World War II 206 D. Labor Unions 207 E. Peasant Movements 210 F. Student Movements 212 XXI. SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL WELFARE 214 XXII. RELIGION AND FOLKLORE 217 A. General 217 B. Community-Centered Organization 221 C. Ritual, Belief, Oral Literature 224 D. Folkloristic and Historical Reconstruction 227 XXIII. COMMUNICATION 230 XXIV. EDUCATION 236 XXV. VALUES AND ATTITUDES 241 A. Ideology 241 B. Sociocultural Value Foci 242 XXVI. DEVIANCE 251 XXVII. PERSONALITY 254 AUTHOR INDEX 261 LOCALITY INDEX 271 viii

Bibliographies

pp. 1-7

Page  1 CHAPTER I BIBLIOGRAPHIES Bibliographic compilation has long been a specialized art in Japanese scholarship. The products of this art are rich and diverse. In this section we do not attempt to gather all potentially useful material, or even sample it. Our interest is more modest, more narrowly focused. Here we attempt to guide students to bibliographies on areas of Sociology or Social Anthropology, i.e., to compilations directly concerned with subject matter represented in succeeding chapters of the present Guide. A guiding principle, moreover, has been to favor compilations that give access to articles in journals, serial publications, and collections. Entry into such periodical literature is difficult or impossible from general bibliographies. In consequence, we have sought collections compiled by sociologists or social anthropologists, lists of books and articles appearing in professional journals of these fields, and collections (by whatever author) that specifically emphasize subject matter represented in this Guide. Very extensive categories of bibliography omitted from this section should not be overlooked by students attempting a definitive survey of a given subject. The specialized bibliographies shown here, though they tap relatively brief reports which often are most rewarding, are seldom exhaustive or definitive except for limited purposes. A more comprehensive, reliable view of the full range of Japanese publication is to be had from examining comprehensive general guides -- bibliographies of bibliographies and the so-called general bibliograf phies of social sciences or of Japanese publishing as a whole. Such works are well covered in two other guides in this Michigan Bibliographical Series: on Japanese political science by Robert E. Ward and Hajime Watanabe (see Entries 1 to 107); and on Japanese history by John W. Hall (see, especially, pp. 17 ff.). Exemplifying the general works covered in the companion guides just named, each of two classic compilations offers a separate section devoted to sociology: Amano Keitaro, Hompo Shoshi no shoshi (A bibliography of Japanese bibliographies), Tokyo, 1933; or the monumental work of Hatano Ken'ichi and Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Kenkyu ch5sa sank5 bunken soran (General survey of reference works for study and research), Tokyo, 1934. Their contents are dated, ending more than a generation back; and the absence of analytic listing of journal contents limits their utility in the search for material on many subjects of current interest; yet to make a thorough search for pertinent literature one should examine these and similar works. For more up-to-date works, the student should consult library catalogs, notably the National Diet Library's annual Zen-Nihon shuppambutsu somokuroku (General catalog of Japanese publications), Tokyo, 1951 +. These general works give little guidance to journal contents and only incomplete guidance to non-commercial publications issued by universities and professional societies; but, notwithstanding these limits, they are basic to a search for relevant literature on any major subject. Entries in this section are selected as guides to research on Japanese society, not as guides to the disciplines of anthropology and sociology. To this end, we have defined subject matter to suit the expectations and convenience of non-Japanese scholars. Thus, for instance, we draw attention to folkloristic research on Japan, since it presents material useful to, say, a British or American ethnologist or sociologist, notwithstanding the fact that folklore has developed in the Japanese scholarly world as a discipline distinct from anthropology and sociology. Conversely, since in Japanese cultural anthropology much research deals only incidentally if at all with Japan, anthropology is represented by only one item (Izumi); archaeology concerned with typology and dating rather than with social institutions is omitted, as is biological anthropology. We also omit guides to theoretical sociology based on European models of speculative social thought. A bias, though not a firm limit, is introduced by our primary concern with postwar sociology, which has considerably more empirical orientation than pre-war sociological work in Japan. Students seeking bibliography that presents pre-war sociological thought should consult the so-called general bibliographies of social science noted above, which provide initial access to the older sociological monographic work. Pre-war sociological research on particular subjects has been taken into account, of course, in all other sections of this Guide. A student seeking information on trends of thinking about family structure, population problems, or the social significance of religion, for instance, should refer to the chapters on family, population, and religion for citations representing the various views since the early 1920's. We recommend the following procedure as suited to bibliographic search on most problems in the SociologySocial Anthropology field: 1. Consult any specialized bibliographies that appear to cover the subject of interest. 2. Examine relevant sections in several of the better general bibliographies listed in the Michigan guides to Political Science and History. Bearing in mind that some social science categories are defined by Japanese bibliographers in ways unlike the already variable definitions used by American bibliographers, one should not restrict search too narrowly to one or two categories (e.g., where an American might seek studies of "attitudes" under society or religion, their listing in Japan may be under politics or folklore, instead; "urban studies" may be treated more regularly as economics or geography than as sociology). 3. Following leads discovered in the preceding steps, consult one of the yearbooks and appropriate journals (see Chapters 2 and 3, below) as well as volumes of the Zen-Nihon shuppambutsu somokuroku 1

Page  2 2 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY (General catalog of Japanese publications) of the and a subject of interest for Japanese scholarly litNational Diet Library. This step should expand and erature, have been given extremely little biblioup-date the list of materials. graphic attention. (See, however, Nihon Minzokugaku 4. Inspect one or more of the general guides to Kyokai, Item 1.024, for partial coverage.) This periodical literature. Most such indexes are highly guide, also, does not specifically treat regional selective, hence not fully reliable in verifying studies, nor do other guides in this series, except, whether periodical information exists. Yet one may in partial fashion, the guide on Japanese geography identify promising journals other than the ones by R.B. Hall and Toshio Noh. To accommodate bhose listed in this guide and, if time permits, search who wish information on particular regions and on their indexed contents individually. regional comparisons, we provide an Index '- LocaliOne final word: regional qualities of Japanese ties (pp. ) that are the subject of field social phenomena, though striking to any observer work treated in the literature we survey. 1.001. American Library Association (ed.), Guide to Japanese reference books (Nihon no sanko tosho H Jif ~ V. 1 I ). A.L.A., Chicago, 1966, 303pp. Based on Nihon Toshokan Ky5kai g by (Japan Library Association) (ed.), Nihon no sanko tosho At 0 ) ( (Japanese reference books). Tokyo, Nihon Toshokan Kyokai, 1962, 335pp. An indexed and annotated guide of Japanese reference books compiled by an editorial committee of librarians from the National Diet Library and various Japanese and American universities. English annotations are translated and abbreviated from the original published in Japanese. A very useful work, though the English translation is simplified and omits a considerable number of items that appeared in the Japanese version. 1.002. Bureau of the Census, Foreign Demographic Analysis Division, Bibliography of social science periodicals and monograph series: Japan, 1950-1963. Washington, United States Government Printing Office, 1965, 4 4 346pp. Indexes. Very comprehensive classified, annotated bibliography of social science serial publications and monographs published in Japan since 1950. Annotations are in English. Provides titles in characters, romanization, and English translation. Based mainly on Library of Congress holdings. Of the 2,112 publications listed, 36 are classified under cultural anthropology (mostly archaeological), 77 under sociology, 236 under statistics (including prefectural and municipal series), 7 under social psychology. Serial entries usually list five titles as a sample of the contents. 1.003. "Chiiki kaihatsu kankei bunken mokuroku At Y F - A 1' (Bibliography on regional development.)" Tokyo Shisei Chosakai, Toshi mondai _., T ~i' r]~? (-Urban Problems: Journal of the Tokyo Institute for Municipal Research). Part I, vol.55, no.2, 1964, pp.88-96; Part II, vol.55, no.3, 1964, pp.95-106; Part III, vol.55, no.4, 1964, pp.91-102; Part IV, vol.55, no.5, 1964, pp.84-99. Contents cover a wide area including coordinated development, attracting new industries, industrial location, and economic development. Fukutake Tadashi (ed.), Hayashi Megumi kyoju kanreki kinen rombunshu: Nihon shakaigaku no kadai (Essays in honor of the 6lst birthday of Dr. Hayashi Megumi: themes in Japanese sociology). See Entry 5.004. Fukutake Tadashi (ed.), Shakaigaku ronshu: chosa hokoku hen (Essays in sociology: survey reports). See Entry 5.007. Hayashi Motoi, Hyakusho ikki no dento (Tradition of agrarian rebellion). See Entry 20.061. Hidaka Rokuro (ed.), Shakaigaku ronshu: riron hen (Essays in sociology: theory). See Entry 5.009. 1.004. Honjo Eijiro 7 $ y > f, et al. (eds.), Nihon keizaishi daisan bunken - - ~ ~ A ~,K (A third bibliography of Japanese economic history). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1953, 12 + 600pp. This is the third in a major series of bibliographical publications by Professor Honjo. All volumes contain major sections of books and periodicals on political, social, and legal matters, as well as economic history. The first volume, entitled Kaihan Nihon keizaishi bunken (A revised bibliography of Japanese economic history), combines and brings up to 1931 two previous bibliographies published in 1924 and 1926. The second, entitled Nihon keizaishi shinbunken (A new bibliography of Japanese economic history) (1942), covers 1932 to 1940. The third volume covers 1941 to 1950. Besides its three main sections (general5 general history, and economic history), it has appendices on local history periodicals and major periodicals, and an index of titles. This series is succeeded by Keizaishi nenkan (Yearbook of economic history) (1955 -1956), Keizaishi bunken (A bibliography of economic history (1957-58), and Keizaishi bunken kaidai (Annotated bibliography of economic history). 1.005. Hosokawa Karoku ~W A '1 ~I 7, et al. (eds.), Nihon shakai shugi bunken kaisetsu: Meiji ishin kara taiheiyo senso made jg s /C - - j6 % $.u X H vi, f (Commentary on Japanese socialist literature: from the Meiji Restoration to the'Pacific War). Tokyo, Otsuki Shoten, 1958, 339 + 31pp. An expansion of an earlier work by Hosokawa under the same title; he divides the period 1868-1945 into five

Page  3 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 3 periods. For each period he outlines the socialist movement, other social movements, and trends in thought; then comments on literary works. Works commented on include separate volumes, magazines and newspapers, articles, editorials, translated materials, and manifestos. 1.006. Ide Fusae ' I zC and Nagahara Kazuko iA<, T 4i + (eds.), Noson fujin mondai bunken mokuroku H At pit /A If 4p XC rk; s A (Bibliography of materials on the rural woman). Tokyo, Nogyo S5go Kenkyu Kankokai,^, ^ l qT^ (Interdisciplinary Agricultural Research Publications), 1952, vi + 70pp. Bibliography of books and articles published between 1925 and 1950. Includes rather detailed comments on the most important works. 1.007. Ishikawa Akihiro, I, f^, "Shakaigaku ni okeru rodo rodoshA kenkyu Ajt/ 1 - la i f e }'(t4 % ~ A, (Research on labor and the laborer in sociology)." Rodo Hogaku Kenkyusho n t H ' A! r trf (Labor Law Institute) (ed.), Kikan rOdoh5h 4 {J Irf -4 r (Labor law quarterly), no.46, 1962, pp. 134-145. An introduction to the significant postwar sociological studies of labor law. Outlines their content, discusses their special characteristics and touches on methodological problems. 1.008. Ishikawa Tomoyoshi / )''] v. )E, et al. (eds.), Nihon no rodo kagaku \ ) 4 f % I (Japanese labor science). Tokyo, Nanzando, 1950, 427pp. A collection of essays by scholars in the field of labor science published in honor of the 61st birthday of Teruoka Gito, former chief of the Institute of Labor Science and a pioneeer in this field in Japan. Includes 17 essays and a bibliography. Most of the essays are in the field of labor medicine and cover such topics as worker safety, occupational sickness, factory hygiene, etc., with historical review. The bibliography is detailed and will be of use to scholars in the field of labor sociology. A brief history of the institute and a listing of Teruoka's principal publications are appended. 1.009. Itazawa Takeo 5;Y. ( AJ, "Minzokugaku no bunken mokuroku " -? f 9 j 3._ * A (Bibiliography of folklore)." Minzoku A-;A (Folk), no.8, 1928, pp.128-129. Materials from the early period of Japanese folklore studies. 1.010. Izumi Seiichi + i - (ed.), Cultural Anthropology in Japan, Tokyo, Tokyo Electrical Engineering College Press, 1967, 6 + 112pp. A listing in English (pp.1-53) and Japanese (pp.54-93) of 587 titles in several subfields of cultural anthropology and Japanese folklore, covering all continents. Japan (_including the Ryukyg Islands and the Ainu) is dealt with in 200 books and articles covering culture history, myth, rural studies, and folkloristic studies. A subject index and an area index are included. 1.011. "Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho shuyo kankobutsu (1960 nendo iko) )- I If ~ t t t $ a (W04,A / 4)(Major publications of the Institute of Population Problems (since 1960))," in Koseisho Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho y5ran 4?. t X fiU W M lM ff ) Ct 7 T T jt (Bulletin of the Institute of Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare). Tokyo, 1965, pp.19-33. Index by author and title of materials appearing in the various publications of the Institute. Covers Jinko mondai kenkyu (Research in population problems), Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho nempo (Annual reports of the Institute of Population Problems), Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho kenkyu shiryn (Insititute of Population Problems research series), and the English pamphlet series. 1.012. Keizaishi Kenkyukai A y t._ f ~ (Institute of Economic History) (ed.), Keizaishi bunken t, '_,_{~<; (Bibliography -of economic history). Tokyo, Nihon Hy5ronShinsha, 2 vols., 1957 and 1958. These two volumes succeed Keizaishi nenkan (1955-56), with similar contents: Japanese, Oriental, and European economic history. This series is followed by Keizaishi bunken kaidai (Annotated bibliography of economic history). 1.013. Keizaishi Kenkyukai _ [~ t ~ b (Institute of Economic History) (ed.), Keizaishi nenkan,~-:t! - ^i (Yearbook of economic history). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoron Shinsha, 3 vols. Vols. 1 and 2, 1955. Vol.3, 1956. Continuation of Nihon keizaishi daisan bunkdn (A third bibliography of Japanese economic history) edited by Honj5 Eijiro and others. Sections on the Orient and Europe are added. 1.014. Kinsei Shomin Shiryo Chosa Iinkai ' An ^ t. )t if (Committee to survey modern historical materials on the common people) (ed.), Kinsei shomin shiryo shozai mokuroku ML i -, - tjr Tt II i?0 (Catalogue of location of modern historical materials on the common people). 3 vols. Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai. Vol.1, 4 + 255pp., 1952; ol. 2, 4 + 486pp., 1954; vol.3, 10 + 240 + 8pp., 1955. Based on a national survey. Lists location, content, quantity, date, and availability of materials on periods since 1600. Includes materials held by individuals, shrines, and temples.

Page  4 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1.015. Kitano Seiichi - i ff -4. "Noson shakaigaku bunken mokuroku J -t -t V '7t ' j t (Bibliography of village sociology)." Nihon Shakai Gakkai J J4I fJt ~ T x (Japan Sociological Society), Nempo shakaigaku $ ~ / h (Sociological annual), no.4: Toshi to noson, _ it z t At (City and village). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1936, pp.152-176. Bibliography of works on village sociology published between January, 1933, and June, 1936. Includes works on economics, history, geography, language,and folklore. 1.016. Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan Shibu, Rodosho Toshokan T jL i / \1 A A K X ~' A ~; W? (Ministry of Labor Library, Branch of the National Diet Library) (ed.), Sengo r5d5 kankei bunken mokuroku * Xt J ff 7 1 Jl, 4C4 ', t (Bibliography of postwar labor materials). Tokyo, Ramu Gyosei Kenkyusho, 1964, 228pp. Includes references to 6,050 materials published between 1946 and September, 1962. Categories are (1) general problems, (2) employment, (3) labor conditions, (4) labor and management, the labor movement, (5) managerial labor, (6) laborer's way of life, (7) laws and administration, (8) social security, (9) labor culture. 1.017. Kokuritsu Kyoiku Kenkyusho j AL A ~ P ' [t (QNational Educational Research Institute) (ed.), Meiji iko kyoiku bunken s5og mokuroku: Kyoiku bunken s5go mokuroku dai isshu ~ 3; f A a / A i gt ~,./XX ^- A 1 - I (General bibliography of educational materials published since the Meiji Period: General bibliography of educational materials, no.1.). Tokyo, Insatsuch5, 1950, 380pp. Based on a survey of materials in major libraries and private collections as of March, 1949. Classifies materials under theory of education, general education, administration, school management, school education, teaching methods in the various disciplines, methods of directed study, curriculum, spedial education, and social education. 1.018. Koyama Takashi ]' L!i ]~, "Nihon kazoku kenkyu bunken V A' k K, f i3(Bibliography of materials on the Japanese family)." KKSKG, no.3, 1949, pp.95-101 and no.4, 1950, pp.77-84. Arranges and classifies materials on the family published since the Meiji period. Includes research not only by sociologists, but also by authorities on civil law, legal historians, historians, and authorities on folklore. 1.019. Koyama Takashi )1' LI 1T, "Nihon shakaigaku bunken kaidai, Showa juichinen ichigatsu - Showa juninen sangatsu J 4 4- /At /Ut _ 4 I A <S i I m - 0;* I\2 3 f(Explanatory 'bibliography of Japanese sociology, January 1936 to March 1937)." Nihon Shakai Gakkai As;- t P ~ (Japan Sociological Society) (ed.), Nempo shakaigaku dai 5 shu shukigo: shakai kihan (Sociology annual, number 5, autumn: social norms). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1938, pp.314-359. Bibliography and interpretation, including foreign works translated into Japanese. 1.020. Morioka Kiyomi 4. 1 i, "Kazoku shakaigaku sank5 bunken mokuroku (1945-1959): sengo ni okeru kazoku kenkyu no doko; s jJ '; (1 4S-I~? 1t) I l | ft',7. A' ) 0 1 ' fi' Bibliography on the sociology of the family (1945-1959): trends of family studies in postwar Japan [a paper attached])." Kokusai Kirisutoky5 Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho (Social Science Research Institute, International Christian University publications), II, B Shakai kagaku janaru (The journal of social science), no.1, June, 1960, pp.185-254. Presents sociological studies of the family, especially field studies, under 17 main headings. Includes education and sociology of law. This is the most comprehensive listing for the period 1945-1959. The attached essay is based on the bibliography. Nakano Takashi, "Shakaigaku ni okeru ie no kenkyu: Ariga Hakushi no gyoseki o chushin to shite" (Sociological research on the ie in terms of Professor Ariga's findings). See Entry 10.051. 1.021. Nihon Gakujutsu Kaigi 3 4 tf A - A -A(The Japan Science Council), Biankakei bunken mokuroku: Nihonjin no seikaku kenkyu hen 9; -,;-_; J - -- ^ -. f 0 &- ([Bibliography of materials related to the literary course: research on Japanese personality). Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Kaigi, 1963, 153pp. Bibliography prepared as part of a Ministry of Education sponsored psychological study of Japanese personality in 1959-1960, plus later additions including materials published up to 1961. Since direct studies of Japanese personality are rare, most of these works are in closely related areas. There are eleven categories directly related to personality plus sections on culture, religion, myth, ethics, thought, language, folklore, literature, art, education, law, politics, society, economy, and history. 1.022. Nihon Hoshakai Gakkai \; 4~ i ' (Japan Association of the Sociology of Law) (ed.), "l5shakaigaku bunken mokuroku /: )Q '4 1 (;,Bibliography of the sociology of law)." 1. From the end of the Pacific War to September, 1949. HSKG, no.1, 1951, pp.195-201. 2. October, 1949 - June, 1951. HSKG, no.2, 1952, pp.192-198. 3. July, 1951 - April, 1952. HSKG, no.3, 1953, pp.181-189. 4. May, 1952 - December, 1952. HSKG, no.5, 1954, pp.181-189.

Page  5 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 5 1.023. Nihon Minzoku Gakkai $ 4 % 4 J; (Japanese Society of Ethnology) (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku no kaiko to tembo _ b ' 0,. L A _ (Prospect and retrospect in Japanese ethnology). Tokyo, Nihon Minzokugaku Kyokai, 1966, 369 + 66pp. Commemorating the 30th anniversary of the Ethnological Society, contains essays examining the history of each area of ethnology and pointing directions for the future. A 66 page bibliography is appended. Section one contains essays on the development of ethnological theory (historical ethnology, social anthropology, ethnological study of material culture, culture theory, culture-and-personality, ethnology and related disciplines.) Section two covers the development of ethnological area studies in Japan and Malaysia, northeast Asia, east Asia, central Asia, India and Nepal, southeast Asia, Oceania, west Asia and Africa, and America. Part three is a study of the development of ethnology in university education and research organs. 1.024. Nihon Minzokugaku Kyokai - \,& 1f-f 1 1X (Japanese Society of Ethnology) (ed.), Minzokugaku kankei zasshi rombun somokuroku, 1925-1959 A Aft T S (General bibliography of ethnological articles in journals.) Tokyo, Nihon Minzokugaku Kyokai, 1961, 199pp. Indexes articles published in eight periodicals of ethnology, folklore, and anthropology. Items are categorized by 15 subjects (language, society, technology, economics, etc.) and 21 regions. Japanese regions are covered on pp.125-170; Ryukyu, Sakhalin, and other outliers on pp.171-176. No annotations are given. 1.025. Nihon Minzokugaku Kyokai _ 41 I-;1s 't h ~(Japan Society of Ethnology) (ed.), "Nihon Minzokugaku Kyokai kaiin ni yoru jittai chosa (chiiki betsu) ichi ran i\ t f | 4 z i 1 4 f j '1 - tJ (Field work by members of the Japanese Society of Ethnology (by regions)) [Eng. title: Classified List of Field Works by Members of the Japanese Society of Ethnology: in Ethnology, Sociology, Linguistics, Archaeology, Physical Anthropology and Related Sciences]." MZGKK, vol.28, no-.l, 1965, 145pp. In each area the investigator, length of time of field project, title, classification of subjectand the report of findings are listed. There is no index of personnel and only about 40% of the members reported their work for this volume. 1.026. Nihon Shakai Gakkai I - '; / - (Japan Sociological Society) (ed.), "Kinsei Nihon ni okeru shakaiteki seiso oyobi ido ni kansuru hogo shuyo bunken mokuroku ML t 13it 1h' S in )C>ou cil} ). k In ma 1a n e fun e. 4r /k Bibliography of basic Japanese language works on social stratification and mobility in the pre-modern period)." SKGHR, vol.4, no.3, (whole no.15), 1954, pp.92-109. 1.027. Nihon Shakai Gakkai_ Ad t- /? S (Japan Sociological Society) (ed.), "Shakaigaku bunken mokuroku: Showa 13 nen iko do 16 nen sue made 4 /i ' A- U' 9 13 $ 4 16 4 f 3f (Bibliography of sociology: 1938-1941." Nempo shakaigaku kenkyu - 4> o ' - Z j (Sociology research annual), no.1, Tokyo, Takayama Shoin, 1944, pp.443-457. Sociological publications on Japan, followed by a listing of materials for all of Asia classified by area. 1.028. Nihon Yunesuko Kokunai linkai 3. )- 5 7Z, - (.Japan Committee for UNESCO), Nihon Gakujutsu Kaigi Yunesuko Iinkai a e Ar i t A ( (UNESCO Committee, Japan Science Council). Jinko mondai kankei bunken mokuroku NJ Lj M+ At _- _ ' Jf -4(Bibliography of materials related to population problems, 1945-1951). 1952, 46 + 20pp. Bibliography of demographic scientific articles and books published in Japan. Includes an index of author's names. 1.029. Nihon Yunesuko Kokunai Iinkai e -, t a X (Japan Committee for UNESCO), Shakai kagaku bunken kaidai t -f jj$ I (Annotated bibliography of social science materials). Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai, 1962, 296pp. Gives a brief comment on each of the important articles and books published from 1945 to 1959. Koyama Takashi of Tokyo Municipal University supplies an interpretive article and the individual comments for the section on sociology. Makino Tatsumi supervised the section on materials related to education in Japan and Asia, including educational sociology. 1.030. Nogyo Sogo Kenkyusho tosho mokuroku. $ n J/ _ X, ^T X1 t 134 (Catalogue of the library of the National Research Institute of Agriculture). Tokyo, Norinsho Nogyo Sogo Kenkyusho, 1950, 299pp. Catalogue of books collected between establishment of the Institute in November, 1946, and March, 1949. 1.031. Okayama Daigaku Sangyokeiei Kenkyukai ]\1 dJ tat)f,% jS - 7 Xj -' (Association for Research on Industrial Management, Okayama University) (ed.), Chiiki kaihatsu ni kansuru bunken mokuroku j, J Vf A 1z fTV J; ' is _ A; 4 i4 (Bibliography of materials on regional development). Okayama, Okayama Daigaku Hobun Gakubu, 1964, 93pp. Bibliography of postwar research reports and of basic source materials arranged by research discipline. Ranges from theoretical papers to statistics. Attempts to show the general trends in this research. 1.032. Omachi Tokuzo KfIJfT,, et al. (eds.), "Minzokugaku bunken mokuroku $-Y /4 J1 8) I A (Bibliography of folklore materials)." Nihon minzokugaku taikei dai 13 kaa; Nihon minzokugaku no chosa hoho, bunken mokuroku, sosakuin / t / ^ T hi4, 13 4 A V4 if /4* _1* I I O'k -1 U "-/V- f~ T4 5C W& 1~ )

Page  6 6 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY,j, 1 (Outline of Japanese folklore studies, volume 13: survey methods in Japanese folklore studies, bibliography, index). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1960, pp.159-363. Omachi Tokuzo, et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku no chosa hoho bunken mokuroku sosakuin (Survey methods in Japanese folklore studies: bibliography and index). See Entry 4.033. Omi Tetsuo, "Toshi shakaigaku no genjo to kadai" (Present condition of and themes for urban sociology). See Entry 14.022. 1.033. Ours. Takeshi >/ t', "Kyoiku shakaigaku kankei bunken, At J 1 t P - j < (Bibliography of educational sociology)." SKGHR, no.2, 1950, pp.34-37. Materials published between the end of the war and 1950. 1.034. Rodo Mondai Bunken Kenkyukai I; flatq M 9 'X / (Association for Bibliographical Study of Labor Problems) (ed.), Bunken kenkyu: Nihon no rodo mondai jik % A' tt I 0I) t t, J(-Bibliographical study: Japan's labor problems). Tokyo, Rod5 HBgaku Kenkyusho, 1966, 300 + 12pp. Result of ten years of study led by Ujihara Shojiro of Tokyo University. Critical study of 3,000 entries, classified in six categories: (1) legal interpretations, (2) labor market, (3) wage labor and hours, (4) living problems, (5) unions and labor-management relations)and (6) miscellaneous. An index of principal authors is included. 1.035. Saito Shoichi irk -, "Toshi shakaigaku hobun bunken;f Ji C i k. (Bibliography of urban sociology in the Japanese language)." Nempo Shakaigaku 1 X Y j Z f (Sociology Annual), no.4, Toshi to noson 4 4 L Y (City and village), 1936, pp.141-152. Japanese materials, including magazine articles, published from 1933 to July, 1936. 1.036. Sato Takeshi I V t, "Saikin no taishu goraku, yoka no kenkyu: tsuke shuyo bunken mokuroku 0 iL y th t)^,TR', Aft 7 JXt f; 4t! fk (Recent popular recreation, research on leisure: with a bibliography of the most important literature)." Shiso + 1 (Thought), no.431, May, 1960, pp. 113-130. The first part of this essay is devoted to the introduction of foreign research in this field; the latter half is a history of Japanese research on popular recreation. The bibliography covers approximately sixty Japanese works. 1.037. Semmon Toshokan Kyogikai 1 I ' /s t X iZ (Association of specialized libraries) (ed.), Nihon tokei sosakuin J s _ t 1 (Complete index of Japanese statistics). Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1959, 41 + 1483pp. The most comprehensive index of statistics published in Japan including materials not published for sale. When surveys are taken at regular intervals the latest statistics are used. Significantly changed forms of survey or of publication are noted as far back as 1945. For irregular surveys or surveys taken only once, all statistics are included since 1950, especially important ones since 1945. 1.038. "Shakaigaku bunken mokuroku A~jh. f fi jC; $: t 0 (Bibliography of sociology)." SKGHR, included irregularly. Nos.26 (1957) to 30 (1958) contain a detailed bibliography of materials published from 1945 to 1955, classified as introductions, general theory, and survey methods. No.60 (1965) has a detailed listing of materials published in 1963. 1.039. "Shakaigaku hyoron somokuj i ': A )^ f i (Eng. title: General Index to the Japanese Sociological Review)." SKGHR, no.39-40, 1960, pp.114-128. Index for nos. 1-40 (1950-1960). Lists only authors and titles and does not give page numbers. 1.040. "Shakaigaku kenkyu (dai 1 go - dai 20 go ) somokuji AL z f/ ( % I { ~ A z~ 2 ),& ' X (Index to the Journal of Sociology (Nos.1-20)) [Eng. title: The list of contents of SHAKAIGAKU KENKYU]." Tohoku Shakaigaku Kenkyukai, L At i/; ~, ' - (Tohoku Association of Sociology) (ed.), Shakaigaku kenkyu ti if 'ff ), (Journal of sociology), no.20, 1961. 1.041 Shiso henshu-bu )J. A.t j A ~ (The editors of Shiso) (ed.), "Shiso somokuJi (ji daiichigo shi daigohyakugo) ji Taisho junen jugatsu shi Showa yonjuichinen nigatsu: tsuke shippitsusha betsu sakuin X-U%' Z6 Ad (^^ \ S- # te ) _ A 10 10 H t A &/4 2 M J v 1 (Index to Shis5, nos. 1-500, October 1921 to February 1966: with an index of authors)." Shiso A. ~ (Thought), no.501, 1966, pp.139-224. A complete listing of the tables of contents of each issue from the first issue of Shiso in 1921, to No.500 in 1966. Page numbers are omitted. Prewar issues contained articles written chiefly by philosophers and literary scholars, but postwar numbers also have many essays by social scientists and natural scientists. Although the character of the magazine has changed, it continues to have a great influence with intelligentsia and students. This index is a useful tool in following trends in Japanese social criticism over a period of forty-five years.

Page  7 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 7 1.042. "Showa 35 nendo bunka jinruigaku kankei kampon rombun mokuroku I'aU 3 5- $ X- )a 4tJ it. t $J A' Ax ' 1 ~ (Bibliography of books and articles on cultural anthropology." MZGKK, vol.25, no.1-2, 1961, pp.103-105. Materials published between April, 1960, and March, 1961. 1.043. Suzuki Jiro 3 ui -. (ed.), "Toshi to sonraku no shakaigaku: bunken to kaisetsu L A~ f.i) L tJ ) '_ '' J E X (Urban and rural sociology: literature and comments))" in Suzuki Jiro (ed.), Toshi to sonraku no shakaigakuteki kenkyu, f -t.t 0 i)i- X ' f. / (Sociological research on city and village). Tokyo, Sekai Shoin, 1956, pp.221-306. Contents: I. City - urbanization, satellite cities, commuting and leaving home for long periods of work, day and night population, military bases, prostitution. II. Village - family and marriage, age-class system, territorially based groups, social stratification, collective groups, the village and outside society. 1.044. Takahashi Akira 1 and Fujitake Akira 4 kf' "Ideorogii kankei bunken mokuroku (2) Nihon hen /I " 1 X - ( ^ L V ^ 4ik f(Bibliography on ideology (2) Japan)." Shiso; Ag (Thought), no.404, 1958, pp.113-138. Bibliography of materials written by Japanese published between the 1920's and 1958 listed under three major headings: (1) General theory, (2) Theory of ideology and science, (3) Aspects of ideology (class and class consciousness, world view, public opinion and political consciousness, national characteristics and ethnic consciousness, theory of Japanese culture, ideology and the arts, concrete analysis of social ideology, ideological education and control, miscellany). 1.045. Takanashi Akira: At ","Bunken kaidai X i' j (Annotated bibliography) " in Okochi Kazuo evs-. and Ujihara Shojiro o ) j!.; (eds.), Rodo kumiai no soshiki to un'ei 4_ j,* A/ U7 )j,' 1 _ L_ t (Organization and management of labor unions), in Koza: R5d5 mondai to rodoho, I: fodo kumiai no soshiki to un'ei u 4 L /' f' j I,. -; ) ' Q.M- T L t (Labor problems and labor law series, I: organization and management of labor unions), vol.1. Tokyo, Kobundo, 1958, pp.316-322. Annotated listing of the principal postwar studies on the labor union, especially on organizational problems. 1.046. Tokyo-to Shakai Fukushi Kaikan x,; ~ A- 4. 7, it -* '(Tokyo Prefectural Welfare Hall) (ed.), Shakai fukushi kankei bunken mokuroku o-_ ~ Ad ~[j 1 / jl 'Q v,(Bibliography of social welfare), no.5, 1965. Tokyo, Tnkyo-to, Shakai Fukushi Kaikan, 98pp. Essays and books published in 1964. Broad definition of social welfare is used for selecting materials. 1.047. Uchiyama Masateru V^ XJ t f,3 "Nomin undo ni kansuru shuyo na bunken to shiryo t 3 l\ WtQ r 'h gS $ tf ti t9- 3F 0(Main literature and other materials on agrarian movements)." Nochi kaikaku to nomin undo X S t + L X 'S CLand reform and agrarian movements). SSK Annual, no.2, Tokyo, Jichosha, 1955, pp.198-217. Introduces in outline form literature on agrarian movements, largely based on the bibliography (1950 -1954) published by the National Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Yasuda Saburo, "Toshi shakaigaku no kaiko" (Urban sociology in retrospect). See 14.029.

General Reference Works

pp. 8-14

Page  8 CHAPTER II GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS This chapter is designed for "troubleshooting" the problems that similarly harass every student of Japan, whatever his field of work. First, it provides for the usual encyclopedia or "World Almanac" problems: how to discover or verify the date or location of an event, or ascertain other facts and figures. Beyond this are the problems peculiar to transliterating or translating from Japanese: what reading of a person's name or a location is "correct"; what special connotations may lurk in a Japanese word unrevealed by a small desk dictionary? How does one verify that a given locality underwent a change of name through history or recent administrative shifts? Such information is often infuriatingly elusive. One can work serenely only by being broadly aware of the principal types of reference resources and knowing their capacity and limitations. Happily, the Japanese aptitude for systematic compilation makes available a wide range of works for ganeral assistance. Most of these works would be marginal in some degree to the subject matter of this Guide, and their listing would run into the hundreds. Hence, we have strictly observed narrow limits here, covering only reference materials that pertain most directly to the interests of sociology and social anthropology. Of course, such materials do not fully relieve all the common reference problems referred to above -- we list no geographical gazeteers or maps, and no name-reading dictionaries, for example. Such problems are comr - to all social science research and are dealt with in previously published Guides in this Bibliographical Series. Rather than needlessly duplicate listings in these readily accessible guides, we urge the user to consult the following: by Robert E. Ward and Haj ime Watenalie on Political Science; by John W. Hall on History; and by Robert B. Hall and Toshic Noh on Geography. Using the several Guides, students will find suitable lists of atlases and dictionaries of place names; of dictionaries of general history as well as of economic, political, legal, agricultural)and other special areas of history; of chronologies; of biographical dictionaries and guides to personal name-readings. So.urces of gaeoera] statistics and of various sorts of economic or political statistics are given. There are, also, helpful guides to language usage in the pre-modern and modern periods. Given this wide coverage in previously published Guides, the present Guide can safely narrow its range to materials peculiarly central to sociology and social anthropology. In some degree, this chapter on General Reference Works is a "residual" category for materials not readily located under a restricted subject but of more "general" scope. As cross-references, it cites certain reference works that do fit a particular subject-category and so have been placed elsewhere for efficient reference use; but users seeking what they consider a general reference work for a particular problem (e.g., demographic discussion of words for social groups or a religious ceremony) should search the most appropriate chapter in addition to consulting this chapter. Specialized compendia, in other words, are not invariably listed here, where we have placed general reference works. This chapter presents its contents under the following three headings: a. Yearbooks (dates; incremental statistics; events; activities of organizations), b. Statistics (quantitative data and the definitions for interpreting them), c. Dictionaries (definition and discussion of terms, historical and contemporary). A. YEAR BOOKS Yearbooks resemble American almanacs in their contents. General yearbooks report events in all fields of society and cite, with appropriate statistics, changes during the preceding year. Thus, for instance, compact summary is available for agriculture, fisheries, foreign trade, health and vital statistics, trends of population growth and distribution, production, crime, and welfare. Specialized yearbooks give more detailed and comprehensive review of developments in their particular field of interest. We list only a few most widely used general yearbooks. Moreover, we give only a sampling of the many specialized yearbooks that are available, choosing those of relatively broad scope. Almost any Japanese organization or special group, to give evidence of its stability and respectable status, is apt to produce a yearbook as soon as it can get access to a press, so their number is virtually uncountable. Local and regional governmental and private bodies provide yearbooks, as do national organizations. No sample is provided here, but students engaged in fieldwork or case studies who are able to discover such local compendia may benefit greatly from their use. 2.001. Asahi nenkan " f X iFL (Asahi yearbook). Tokyo, Asahi Shimbunmha, 1924-, annual./ One of the most comprehensive and valuable yearbooks of general scope. The first yearbook (1924) appeared in Osaka. The 1965 edition (l004pp.) covers January to December, 1964, treating the Olympic games in this year, in addition to its usual entries, the world, Japan, the who's who, and lists of companies, organizations, and universities. 8

Page  9 GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS 9 2.002. Chiho jichi benran j_ 2 7 \ X,tt(jHandbook of local autonomy). Jichisho Bunsho Kohoka g i J[ Qt. A ~ s (Public Information Section, Local Autonomy Ministry) (ed.). Tokyo, Jichisho, 1957-, annual. Statistics and materials on local administration and finance, and a listing of all local administrators and councilmen. Kenko Hoken Kumiai Rengokai (ed.), Shakai hosho nenkan (Yearbook of social security). See Entry 21.005. 2.003. Kosu nenkan Y> A: m (Transportation yearbook). Kotsu Kyoryokukai Shuppanbu j '. t4 7 -; t j P (Publication Department, Council on Cooperation in Transportation) (ed.). Tokyo, Kotsu Kyoryokukai, 1947-, annual. Written by employees of the Transportation Ministry and the Japan National Railways. Contents: (1) general information, (2) Japan National Railways, (3) private railroads, (4) manufacture of railway vehicles, (5) automobiles, and (6) urban transportation. 2.004. Mainichi nenkan X 1 4 -O (Mainichi yearbook). Tokyo, Mainichi Shimbunsha, 1920-, annual. One of the representative general yearbooks comparable to the Asahi nenkan, published at first from Osaka. The 1966 yearbook (892pp.) carries articles from October, 1964, to September, 1965. "Minryoku" Henshu Iinkai (ed.), Minryoku (National power). See Entry 5.016. Naikaku Tokeikyoku, Nihon teikoku shiin tokei (Statistics of causes of death in the Japanese empire). See Entry 6.033. Nihon kyoiku nenkan (Japan yearbook of education). See Entry 24.029. 2.005. Nihon rodo nenkan 3 + f Al 4 4% (The labor yearbook of Japan). Hosei Daigaku Ohara Shakai Mondai Kenkyujo Ai -/Q 1K!? As 1/: f f (Hosei University Ohara Institute for Social Problems) (ed.). Tokyo, Keizai Shimposha, 1920-, annual. The oldest labor yearbook in Japan. Contents and policies have varied in this interval. Recent volumes are divided into (1) labor conditions, (2) labor movement, and (3) labor policies. Includes surveys, materials from newspapers and magazines, statistical tablesand a bibliography. 2.006. Nihon toshi nenkan y $- >X 4i q At^ (Yearbook of Japanese cities). Zenkoku Shichokai It. it a X (National City Mayors' Association) (ed.). Tokyo, Inoue Shobo, 1931-, annual. Published annually since 1931, except for 1944-47. Records and materials covering a wide range of urban affairs. 2.007. Shakai jigyo nenkan j j j. f ~ (Yearbook of social work). Chuo Shakai Jigyo Kyokai r~ ye /-j,, 4 1$ A (Central Social Work Society) (ed.). Tokyo, Chuo Shakai Jiyo Kyokai, 1933-1942, annual. Pre-war precursor to Shakai hosho nenkan (Yearbook of social security); underwent a change of name to Nihon shakai jigyo nenkan (Yearbook of Japanese social work), edited by the successor organization, Shakai Jiyo5 Kenkyusho (Institute of Social Work), though without change of content. Contents vary only slightly from year to year, and usually provide an overall survey of the past year, treat the Imperial Household, control and liaison, expenditures, relief, housing and pawnshop measures, unemployment relief, medicine, and child protection laws. 2.008. Shiryo rodo undoshi ' A /t 4 ' N4 t t (Historical materials on the labor movement). Rodosho j) 4j X (Ministry of Labor) (ed.). Tokyo, Romu Gyosei Kenkyusho, 1951-, annual. Basic collection of materials on the postwar labor movement. Each volume gives an outline of trends for the year and covers organization problems, major union meetings, labor administration, laws and decisions, movements of the reform parties (Socialist, Communist, Democratic Socialist), local disputes and labor conditions, and the development of the labor movement in local areas. Includes a listing of the major labor and management organizations, a chronology of major events, and labor statistics. Averages about 1500pp. per volume. 2.009. Yomiuri nenkan i A M -(Yomiuri yearbook). Tokyo, Yomiuri Shimbunsha, 1946-, annual. Comparable to the Asahi nenkan and Mainichi nenkan, but began much more recently in 1946 (1947 yearbook), as the Yomiuri seiJi nenkan (Yomiuri yearbook of politics). Subsequently broadened its scope. The 1966 yearbook (780pp. covers September, 1964, through August, 1965. Zenkoku Shakai Fukushi Kyogikai (ed.), Nihon shakai fukushi nenkan: Showa 35 nendo han (Japan yearbook of social welfare: 1960 edition). See Entry 21.014.

Page  10 10 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY B. STATISTICS In volume and variety, statistics on Japan are enviably plentiful even to the point of being overwhelming. Sources listed here constitute only a narrow selection aimed entirely at assisting research in standard areas of demography, general sociology, and social anthropology. To set looser limits would quickly outrun the space appropriate to statistics in this Guide. Again, for broader coverage, especially in the field of economic statistics. students should consult other Guides in this series; the most generous listing is given in the Guide to Japanese Political Science, by Robert E. Ward and Hajime Watanabe. A few specialized compendia of statistics are listed in appropriate later chapters. Though crossreferences are usually entered here, the reader interested in data on a particular subject is urged to examine entries in sections most suitable to his subject. While Japan's statistical records are far and away the most voluminous, authoritative and sophisticated of any Asian nation and surpass or equal those of non-Asian countries as well, two points of caution mut be observed in using them. The first is the question of accuracy. Relatively high standards achieved in postwar statistics do not preclude distortions and inadequacies for Japan any more than for any other nation; standards prior to the war were weaker, however, and figures on population and related subjects prior to the first modern Japan census of 1920 should be used with particular caution and cross-checked in every way possible. Though early materials are often remarkably and demonstrably accurate, the user should use great caution before relying on any given figure. A second important caution concerns definitions of social, political and other entities represented in statistical compilations. Medical terms in vital statistics have undergone several redefinitions while gradually approaching international standardization; census districts have been redraw;; the boundaries of towns, cities, etc., have shifted drastically through administrative amalgamation without change of name. Many other matters, in this rapidly transforming nation, give rise to confusion about definitions which, though often unavoidable, nevertheless set disastrous traps for the unwary user of statistical data. Serious users are urged to consult such a source as the Shitei tokei chosa yogo teigishu (Definitions of standard terminology for statistical surveys) (Entry 2.020) for guidance. Probably the most generally useful and authoritative source of governmental statistics (the national and prefectural governments compile the major bulk of statistical data, in any case) is the pre-war Nihon teikoku tokei nenkan (Statistical yearbook of the Japanese empire) (Entry 2.014) and its postwar successor Nihon tokei nenkan (Statistical yearbook of Japan) (Entry 2,018). In its scheme of organization and detail it resembles the Statistical abstract of the United States and it is an almost equally basic and valuable reference. Where it is insufficiently informative, the listing here emphasizes guidebooks to agencies and organizations that publish statistics which may more exactly meet the user's needs (e.g., Entries 2.0}6, 2.017, 2.019, 2.022, 2.023, 2.025). The user should bear in mind that, while accuracy may be greatest in the statistics of the national government and its ministries and his chances may be best to find what he needs in their regularly recurrent publications, lower units of government (prefecture, metropolitan governments, some lesser cities) also regularly publish statistical surveys and summaries. Even very small towns and villages provide occasional statistics. Finally, semipublic and private organizations or corporations frequently are good sources of regular or occasional statistics on their area of activity (e.g., the National League of Fisheries Cooperatives, several large banks and corporations, social welfare organizations). The problem lies in locating such sources, and the guidebooks listed here provide assistance for this problem. 2.010. Jinko dotai t5kei J, J eJ 't 4A^t (Vital statistics). Koseisho Daijin Kanbo Tokeichosabu A} I-Ij t JK x T'rac Ago %;vf (Statistics and Survey Division, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Health and Welfare). Tokyo, Koseishn Daijin Kanbo T5keichosabu, 1947-, annual. A continuation of the pre-war Vital Statistics for the Japanese Empire. Generally published about three years after the year to which the statistics refer. 2.011. Meiji iko todofuken tokeisho sogo mokuroku 4 kil JA ~ f, At i\ /; ' At (Comprehensive bibliography of statistical works of units of prefectural status since the opening of the Meiji era). Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan 1 I I /) a I- 4 (National Diet Library). Tokyo, National Diet Library, 1958, 151pp. Gives an extensive list of 73 organs associated with prefectural and metropolitan governments, covering their shifts and changes since the early Meiji period. 2.012. Minkan tokei chosa shiryo ichiran -f A A j Guide to non-governmental statistical materials). Keizai Dantai Rengokaig / i (League of Economic Organizations). Tokyo, Keizai Dantai Rengokai, 3rd ed., 1962, 293pp. Index. Lists statistical materials published by private organizations, with an index of organizations. A list of official statistical agencies is appended. First edition appeared in 1956, second edition in 1959. 2.013. Nihon teikoku jinko dotai tokei A js ' ~ j - - j.t(i -(Vital statistics for the Japanese

Page  11 GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS 11 Empire). Naikaku Tokei Kyoku f V I Vt 4i (Cabinet Statistical Bureau), 1922-1946, annual. Statistics on births and deaths have been kept in Japan since 1872, marriage and divorce since 1880, stillbirths since 1886. These have been published annually since 1922. Since 1946, the name of the publication has been changed to Jinko dotai tokei [Vital statistics), published from the Koseish5 Daijin Kanbo (Secretariat to the Ministry of Health and Welfare). 2.014. Nihon teikoku tokei nenkan 3 A-' i 4,,i A (CStatistical yearbook of the Japanese empire). Naikaku Tokeikyoku I1;, t_ /j (.Cabinet Statistical Bureau). Tokyo, T5ky5 Tokei Kyokai, 1882-1939, annual. Official statistics of the pre-war Japanese government. The editorial responsibilities moved through various bureaus in different periods but for most of the time were in the hands of the Cabinet Statistical Bureau. See Entry 2.018 for the postwar equivalent series. 2.015. Nihon teikoku t5kei tekiy5o ' W i - \ a (Abstract of statistics of the Japanese Empire). Naikaku Tokeikyoku 1 A 9 /, Y 1 i (Cabinet Statistical Bureau). Tokyo, Naikaku Tokeikyoku, 1887-, annual. Tgkei Kyokai, 1952, 69pp. Provides a chronological list of statistical surveys from 1868 to 1950, preceded by an outline history of surveys done in Japan. Covers the following seven categories: population, labor, primary production, manufacturing, commerce, trade, other. Can be used as a guide to the compiling of statistics and organization of statistical surveys. 2.017. Nihon tokei hattatsu shi J 8 A\ I (Development of statistics in Japan). Nihon Takei Kenkyujo g t t f r r uf (Japan Statistical Institute) Ced.), Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1960, 3 + 6 + 310 + 10pp. Bibliographic footnotes. Identifies the various statistical offices and services of the government through a historical review of their founding and expansion. 2.018. Nihon tokei nenkan ofx ftut (Statistical yearbook of Japan). S5rifu Tokeikyoku- A/ J a-.t AJ (Office of the Prime Minister, Bureau of Statistics) (Sed.). Tokyo, Nihon T5kei Kyokai, 1949-, annual. Continuation of Nihon teikoku tokei nenkan. T3is is the definitive and official collection of statistics on Japan, comparable in general to the Statistical Abstract of the United States. See Entry 2.014 for the equivalent series prior to World War.II. 2.019. Nihon tokei ossakuin f 4 At \ l | (General index of Japanese statistics). Semmon Toshokan Kyogikai i At f I T4 ' -4 VA CCouncil of Specialized Libraries) (ed.). Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1959, 1483pp. This analytic index is basic for users of statistics, in showing for any given set of statistical tables what public agency or private organization gathered the data in what survey, as well as indicating what tables carry the results of given surveys. Compiled under the guidance of a committee headed by Masaki Chifuyu, cooperating with the National Diet Library, the Bureau of Statisticsand other prime agencies. Appendices include a list of statistical surveys and a list of data arranged under the several responsible agencies. 2.020. Shitei t5kei chosa yogo teigishtm ts S 5R f Na fl " 2 k o (Definitions of standard terminology for statistical surveys). Gyosei Kanricho Tokei Kijunkyoku 4 fj At # -( St '. t,J (Administrative Management Agency, Bureau of Statistical Standards). Tokyo, Gyosei Kanricho, 1962, 367pp. Indispensable guide for persons using Japanese statistical materials, drawing on surveys between 1951 and 1960 for definitions of categories and items surveyed. Standardized terminology of industries and occupations is given. An index arranged by kana is offered. 2.021. Sorifu Tokeikyoku hachijunen shi k5 f. ^i4 V At /1\t 4 t4j (An eighty year history of the Bureau of Statistics of the Office of the Prime Mintser). Sorifu Tokeikyoku Y Jj'L.,tfi(Office of the Prime Minister, Bureau of Statistics) (ed.). Tokyo, Sorifu T5keikyoku, 1951, 41 + 758pp. A detailed history from the establishemnt of a Department of Statistics in 1871, showing changes in the organization and methods of statistical services of the central government through the first national census (1920) and postwar reorganization up to 1951. 2.022. Todofuken tokei kankobutsu mokuroku Showa 34 nendo X, $ T i -%T ^ 1 'eS 1 (Bibliography of prefectural statistical materials, 1959). Gyosei Kanricho Tokei Kijunkyoku je 9 aT 4T a I v o r CAdminjstrative Management Agency, Bureau of Statistical Standards). Tokyo, Gyosei Kanricho, 1960, 51pp. Gives a prefecture-by-prefecture list of statistical publications in 1959. Includes metropolitan units.

Page  12 12 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2.023. Tokei chosa gaidobukku -^ s. - Tt a 7' 77 (Guidebook to statistical surveys). Masaki Chifuyu 5 i3 4. and Matsukawa Shichiro t, )' -<- V. Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1951, 288pp. An annotated guide to 335 statistical surveys done during the Allied Occupation (1946-1951), following procedures recommended in the so-called Rice Report issued by the first U.S. Statistical Mission to Japan. Appendices include an index of statistical materials, an index of categories, and an index of surveys by name. 2.024. Tokei chcsa soran: tokei riyosha e no tebiki \, -A| & f t t S X,/ -) 1| (Prospectus of statistical surveys: a guidebook for users of statistics). Minobe Ryokichi s A ~ an and Matsukawa Shichiro )f l )1 --. Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1956, 466pp. Covers 1576 public.and private surveys (in Part I) and 197 labor union surveys (in Part II) published from 1951 through 1955, the interval since statistical procedures were revised (1951) according to the report and advice of the second U.S. Statistical Mission to Japan. For a guide to years prior to 1951, see Masaki Chifuyu (1951), this section. 2.025. Tokei shiryo kaidai,t V - ~Q L4 " (Annotated bibliography of statistical data). Naikaku Tokeikyoku Jj ~, 1 /,Tv (Cabinet Bureau of Statistics). Tokyo, Zenkoku Keizai Chosa Kikan Rengokai, 1936, 4 + 18 + 571 + 46 + 8pp. This is the most basic bibliographic guide to pre-war Japanese statistical data. It lists publications of ministries and all manner of other public offices and private organizations. For periodical series, it lists the initial date and indicates frequency of publication. Indexes of categories and items are included. C. DICTIONARIES Specialized sociological and anthropological dictionaries are very few in the sea of dictionaries and encyclopedias on things Japanese. Among them, moreover, the greater number -- intended for the edification of Japanese, not foreigners -- markedly emphasize Euro-American concepts, theories, and terminology. Accordingly, the rare few that are, above all, informative about Japanese society and culture are exceedingly useful research tools. Our effort has been to compile a full list of such works, without needlessly duplicating listings for social science fields covered in other Guides of this series. Attention is called to two items of quite comprehensive nature. One is the four-volume set Nihon shakai minzoku jiten (Dictionary of Japanese sociology and ethnology) (Entry 2.035) published between 1952 and 1960. It carries specialist contributions from many persons coordinated through a committee of anthropologists and sociologists and is authoritative on most contemporary phenomena as well as providing historical depth. Originating as a response to pleas for information from Americans in the Occupation agencies, it is particularly well oriented to serve the needs of foreign scholars, even though preliminary plans to publish an English-language translation could not be carried through. The other is the Shakaigaku jiten (Dictionary of sociology) (Entry 2.028) published in 1958. Also a landmark accomplishment of many scholarly contributors, it has been selected from among numerous works of similar title precisely because of its focus on phenomena of Japan rather than on sociology as a universal discipline. The seven volumes on "vocabularies" compiled under the leadership of Yanagida Kunio (Entries 2.040-2.046) should not be overlooked as works of decidedly broad quality. They are, in effect, comprehensive dictionaries of traditional and regional sociocultural phenomena which, for convenience, the compilers organized by the standard or dialect terms for these phenomena. They provide splendid insight into particularly Japanese nuances of organization and behavior, with due attention to the historical dimension. Maps and gazeteers are adequately covered in other Guides of this series. For convenience, however, two handbooks of administrative placenames are given here in cross-reference. For similar purpose, cross-reference listing is made of handbooks naming and describing corporations. 2.026. Aono Hisao ~ ~ ~, Okada Yuzuru 1AW U IV and Wakamori Taro 4i A J, J (eds.), Kyodo shakai jiten A + A t - 0 (Dictionary of folk society). Tokyo, Kaneko Shobo, 1956, 19 + 603pp. A guide book for research into local communities from the integrated point of view of sociology, geography, history, ethnology and folklore. Each entry is explained and illustrated with examples. 2.027. Asakura Haruhiko 4I i j and Inamu'a Tetsugen At 4 L Lu (eds. ), Meiji seso hennen jiten Wd Ad rr, )3 4, X Aim a (Chronologial dictionary of Meiji social conditions). Tokyo, Tokyodo, 1965, 694pp. A chronological listing of miscellaneous events useful for knowledge of the daily life, customs, fashions) and commerce of the common people in the terminal years of the Meiji period. Contains numerous statistical tables, a bibliography, and an index. Daiyamondosha (ed.), Daiyamondo kaisha sangyo soran (Diamond general survey of corporations and industries). See Entry 17.004.

Page  13 GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS 13 Daiyamondosha (ed.), Daiyamondo kaisha shokuin roku (Diamond register of corporation personnel). See Entry 17.005. Daiyamondosha (ed.), Daiyamondo shokuin roku: hijojo kaisha keizai dantai han (Diamond register of personnel: Corporations and economic bodies not listed on the stock exchange). See Entry 17.006. 2.028. Fukutake Tadashi 4~, A, Hidaka Rokuro 3 ~r -- f and Takahashi Akira & A 1 —(eds.), Shakaigaku jiten - t f AI t 9CDictionary of sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1958, 977 + 83pp. The only sociological dictionary which specifically includes Japanese phenomena; other works of similar title follow Euro-American patterns and deal with non-Japanese materials. Contributors are from sociology and many related disciplines. Contains approximately 2700 articles, an index of names in both Western languages and Japanese, and a subject index. 2.029. Isomura Eiichi (^; _F - Ced.), Toshi mondai jiten A i iJ~ ~ (Dictionary of urban problems). Tokyo, Kajima Kenkyusho Shuppankai, 1965, 773pp. Covers seventeen major categories each subdivided into smaller units. These categories are: the origin of cities, types of cities, urban environment, society and labor, economy and industry, education and culture, leisure and tourism, politics and administration, urban design, urban planning, urban research, city constitutions, and urban statistics. The work includes an index. Jichisho Shinkoka (Bureau of Promotion, Local Autonomy Ministry) (ed.), Zenkoku shichoson yoran (National directory of municipalities). See Entry 19.014. 2.030. Kyoto Daigaku Bungakubu Kokushi Kenkyushitsu )M KA if t ) jC 71 f A X (Kyoto University, the Faculty of Arts Seminar of Japanese History) (ed.), Nihon kindaishi jiten 3 j$4 K\ ) - A (Dictionary of modern Japanese history). Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1958, 990pp. + supplement, charts, maps, tables. Compiled by twenty-two top rank historians of Kyoto University. Includes about 3300 entries covering the period from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth. Among thirty-six charts are ones on reformation of the Meiji government, on political party genealogy, etc.; statistical tables show population change 1872-1956, trade 1868-1955, etc. 2.031. Minzokugaku Kenkyusho r\ 4 ' M KC (Institute of Folklore) Ced.), Minzokugaku jiten ^ S t f (Dictionary of folklore). Tokyo, Tokyodo, 1951, 714 + 22pp. A comprehensive but concise work compiled by the group of folklorists led by Yanagida Kunio. Essays on general subjects are included, as well as detailed entries on Japanese customs, festivals, mythology, folklore, and social organization. The choice of entries and of explanations reflects the field work and viewpoint of Japanese folklorists. 2.032. Minzokugaku Kenkyusho,~/ /J~ t f (Institute of Folklore) (ed.), Sogo Nihon minzoku goi WI,^ 1- 4x // (Comprehensive vocabularies of Japanese folklore). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1955-1956, 5 vols. Compiled on the basis of classified vocabularies of agricultural villages and nine other vocabularies published by Yanagida Kunio. It explains the denotative and connotative changes of words connected with Japanese folkways. 2.033. Morita Seiichi Bi ~ (ed.), Genten ni yoru kinsei nosei goi shu, } - ). V __ 3 9. /.(Pre-modern agricultural administrative terms collected from original sources). Tokyo, Hanawa Shobo, 1965, 296pp. Words from fourteen Tokugawa period works explaining agricultural administration. The terms are fully annotated and an index is included. Of the fourteen works, four were edited in the central provinces and ten in Higo. 2.034. Nakayama Taro At i J_ P Ced.), Nihon minzokugaku jiten 0 4-: ' \ 4; (Dictionary of Japanese folklore). Tokyo, Showa Shobo, 1932, 868 + 54pp.; supplement, 1935, 398 + 32pp. An attempt to organize information on Japanese folk beliefs and practices. Its contents were dictated by the treatment of subjects available in published literature. Consequently, the work is outdated in many respects and still useful information is sometimes buried in no longer important entries. Nihon Chizu Kabushiki Kaisha (Japan Map Corporation) (ed.), Zenkoku shichoson haichi bungo benran (Handbook of abolished and established municipalities). See Entry 19.018. Nihon Hoso Kyokai (ed.), Nihon densetsu meii (Dictionary of Japanese legends). See Entry 22.063. 2.035. Nihon Minzokugaku Kyokai \;+ 1%. By ' (Japanese Society of Ethnology) (ed.), Nihon shakai minzoku jiten 4t x- J f+ Y 6 ' ~ (Dictionary of Japanese sociology and ethnology). Tokyo, Seibundo Shinkosha, 4 vols.: vol.1, 1952, 16 + 462pp.; vol.2, 1954, 6 + 474pp.; vol,3, 1958, 6 + 412pp.; vol.4, 1960, 5 + 292pp.

Page  14 14 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY This dictionary gives a comprehensive picture of Japanese culture, with main articles as well as detailed entries on sociological, political, economic, religious, linguisticand folkloristic subjects. Experienced scholars compiled each entry citing empirical studies. Bibliographies accompany most entries. Numerous instructive cuts and plates are included. 2.036. Nihon Shakai Jigyo Tanki Daigaku /A am a> * X A -(Japan Social Work Junior College) (ed.), Shakai fukushi jiten (m )J 4t d ~ (Social welfare dictionary). Tokyo, Fukushi Shunjusha, 1952, 486 + 32pp. Contains 220 entries, some of which are articles of several pages. Very useful index. 2.037. Nishitsunoi Masayoshi _ it i F-* Ced.), Nenju gyoji jiten m i -4 - I (Dictionary of annual functions). Tokyo, Tokyodo, 1958, 972pp. A dictionary of annual functions in contemporary Japan and of regular events conducted in the past. Includes as appendices "official annual events", "Calendar of folk events", and "Ritual calendar." Noson Hosei Kenkyukai (Society for Research on the Rural Legal System) (ed.), Norin suisan seido jiten (Dictionary of the agricultural, forestry, and fishery systems). See Entry 19.020. 2.038. Otsuka Shigakkai } ~'t 3 Z (Otsuka Historical Society) (ed.), Kyodoshi jiten ~ (Dictionary of folk history). Tokyo, Asakura Shoten, 1955, 795 + 92 + 32pp. Puts major emphasis on social and economic terms from the Edo period; also includes terms from folklore, archaeology, the arts, and from general culture. Appendices include a bibliography, a table of deviant or abbreviated characters, a chart of special products of different areas, and a chart of provincial temples (kokubunj i). 2.039. Shimmei Masamichi 4[ ^ ij A _, Shakaigaku jiten 7 -y i 4 U A (Dictionary of sociology). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1944, 6 + 962pp. The first dictionary of sociology published in Japan, and still a valuable guide to sociological theory. It arranges entries according to sociological categories and subcategories, not in alphabetical order. As it emphasizes theoretical sociology, it carries few references to Japanese field studies; yet its biographies and critiques of the work of Japanese sociologists are particularly useful. 2.040. Yanagida Kunio j V W fl (ed.), Fukuso shuzoku goi A f 4 \X (Vocabulary for clothing customs). Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1938, 8 + 207pp. A collection of customs and words used in various parts of Japan regarding clothing and clothes-making. 2.041. Yanagida Kunio t Q ]i A, Saiji shuzoku goi, g _ - Y, (Vocabulary for annual functions). Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1939, 49 + 706pp. A collection of customs and words concerning annual functions in various parts of Japan. 2.042. Yanagida Kunio j4 Q1 i A, Soso.huzoku goi f _ A t 1 _ (Vocabulary for funeral customs). Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1937, 7 + 233pp. A collection of words concerning funeral ceremonies and customs used by common people in various parts of Japan. 2.043. Yanagida Kunio Z GI ~ j, Zokusei goi )V ) t ~ (Vocabulary of the family system). Tokyo, Nihon Hori Kenkyukai, 1943, 31 + 253pp. Vocabulary for Kinship and family relations, classified under: maki (household federations) and relatives; main and branch families; cousin and parent-child; setting up the parent-child relationship; family head and successor; family; and private property of family members. 2.0o44. Yanagida Kunio ' 6g W and Kurata Ichiro -, Bunrui gyoson goi 9 Gi, 14 1 s (Classified vocabulary of the fishing village). Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1938, 68 + 388pp. Collection of words relating to kinds of boats and their parts, boat handling, boat building, beliefs concerning boats, winds, fishing, fishermen, fishing organization, seaweed and salt gathering, and other customs in fishing villages. 2.045. Yanagida Kunio and Omachi Tokuzo r, -- Kon'in shuzoku goi 4 - { V s (Vo&abulary of marriage customs). Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1937, 10 + 399pp. Miscellany of marriage customs in various parts of Japan, giving an extensive vocabulary of special and local terms. 2.046. Yanagida Kunio N ~ 1s I and Yamaguchi Sadao 4 M A ~, Kyoju shuzoku goi J_ At - 1t 4 (Vocabulary for housing customs). Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1939, 34 + 302pp. A collection of words for house and house-life used by common people in various parts of Japan.

Periodicals

pp. 15-20

Page  15 CHAPTER III PERIODICALS From the immense range of popular and scholarly periodicals that are a facet of Japan's strikingly prolific publication industry, we have selected a limited list of journals. The serials listed here are selected on the basis that they consistently carry studies of a sociological and ethnological nature on Japanese subjects. This selection includes, in the first place, journals that are regarded as the national professional organs of sociologists, ethnologists, and folklorists. In addition, we list certain publications issued by academic associations of geographers, historians, legal scholars, and psychologists, and periodicals of agencies concerned with demography, journalism, and social work, inasmuch as their contents focus on Japanese sociocultural phenomena, past or present. Periodicals not found in the list Supplied here which nevertheless are frequently useful to research are of two sorts, in general: (1) popular and intellectual periodicals of a general nature (including newspapers and the sogo zasshi or general magazines); and (2) academic serials emanating from individual universities and regional organizations. A sufficient list of major newspapers and popular journals is provided in the Guide to Political Science (R.E. Ward and H. Watanabe) No.1 (revised) of this Bibliographic Series. Newspapers listed there include, of course, the "Big Three": Asahi, Mainichi, and Yomiuri, which have national coverage and national circulations of several millions each; also listed are newspapers that specialized in economic and financial coverage (Sangyo keizai, Nihon keizai, etc.) and a selection of regional newspapers. Shukusatsuban (reduced-size editions) published by the Asahi and Mainichi are intended for libraries and carry a classified index of contents for each monthly volume. The indexes to these editions make them convenient for research use, although the small print makes them troublesome to read; and these two periodicals, at least, are not infrequently available in libraries abroad. Weekly and monthly journals described in the same Guide (Asahi Janaru, Chuo koron, Sekai, Shiso, and others) frequently carry articles of commentary of social science interest authored by intellectuals and professional scholars. Far East collections in a good many American libraries usually are current in the most important magazines of this nature. As to regional professional journals and the "house organs" of particular universities or research institutions, these comprise a portion of Japan's hibaihin or non-commercial publication which is all too often only fragmentarily accessible to would-be users unless they happen to be on the spot at the moment of publication. Articles of general sociological and ethnological interest appear in many such periodicals, as well as in irregular publications that also swell the mass of hibaihin, some of which are cited in later chapters of this Guide. Not a few of these "house organ" journals are regular vehicles for the research publication of sociologists or social science faculty at the institution of im — print. The limited space in this Guide precludes an attempt to annotate a comprehensive list; to list any sample would bind us to unintended invidious distinctions. As a compromise, therefore, we offer an abbreviated find-list-of publishing institutions below, at the end of this Introduction, to indicate the range of sources. Users of research materials discover that a given journal, or its sponsoring association, has been apt to end suddenly and be replaced by another of different name. Or, on the contrary, they find that a given title has been used by quite unrelated and dissimilar journals (see, for instance, five journals under the name Shakaigaku kenkyu, Entries 3.032 to 3.036). These confusing shifts merit explanation. It must be remembered that the disciplines under survey here are relatively youthful in the Japanese academic world and had only a weak professional structure prior to World War II. A good many organizations had relatively few members; those who banded together were sometimes a limited group of devoted followers of one eminent scholar, and their societies might depend mainly on personal generosity for publication expenses. A half dozen of the pre-war periodicals listed here for their significant contributions were nevertheless short-lived.4 Some ran into economic straits; others were so much the personally-stamped creatinn of a single, enduring editor that they could not continue after his death or retirement from the post. Publishers, as well, acquired identity with a journal such that, if its editors shifted to a new publisher, they found themselves Cand still do) under pressure to alter the journal's title or lose the discount they desired. Even the stronger journals that survived depressions and the war suffered delays of schedule and irregularities for lack of funds or facilities, especially through the war, while weaker ones simply became extinct and, when reborn, carried a new name. Finally, in certain cases, the association of a journal with a particular scholarly school or faction accounts for name changes that reflect a schism of doctrine. These various circumstances account for many of the name-changes of scholarly periodicals, as well as for the demise and reappearance of a single name. It may help the user to know the genealogy of major journals in the principal disciplines: folklore, sociology, and ethnology. Folklorists of the school of Yanagida Kunio were earliest in initiating a periodical publication, in 1913. The folklore journal genealogy runs: Kyodo kenkyu (1913 -1925); Minzoku Cwritten f 4f ) C1925-29); Kyodo (1930-32); Shima (1933-34); Minkan densho (1935-49); Minzokugaku (written \ Y r' ) kenkyu (1950-52); and Nihon minzokugaku (-written ~ a 4 T ) (1953 —). In 1929, one of the hitherto joint editors with Yanagida, Origuchi, parted company to edit his own journal, Minzokugaku (-written T f?t ) (1929 - 15

Page  16 16 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1933). Genealogy of the main sociological journal began in 1924. It runs Shakaigaku zasshi (1924-30); Kikan shakaigaku (1931-32); Nempo shakaigaku (1933 -1943); a wartime hiatus without publication (1943-47), (but see Toa shakai kenkyu); Shakaigaku kenkyu (1947 -1948); and Shakaigaku hyoron (1950 —). The principal journal of ethnologists, not begun until 1935, managed to survive under a single title, Minzokugaku (written 4, /j ) kenkyu, until the present. However, its supporting association, the Japanese Ethnological Society, underwent two changes of name, in 1942 and 1964. And this Journal should not be confused with a short-lived periodical identical in romanization, Minzokugaku (written N 'i 7 ) kenkyu (1950-52), which represented folklore, ( 4I ), not ethnology ( T Af ). Periodical series not individually annotated here that are issued by particular institutions as their journals, monographs, reports, reviews, annuals, etc., are particularly noteworthy as sources of reports of research done in the region where the issuing university or research center is located. Some articles of broader nature or of considerable interest as contributions to theory and method appear in such institutional series, of course, and are cited in appropriate sections of this Guide whether or not the series carrying them regularly deals with sociological or ethnological material; but it is not possible to list here all such local series. However, researchers seeking social data on a particular region of Japan should examine the contents of periodicals issued by institutions and associations in that region. A list of the institutions most active in publication of material of sociological interest is given here. INSTITUTIONS ISSUING "HOUSE ORGAN" SERIAL PUBLICATIONS WITH PRIMARY SOCIOLOGICAL CONTENTS Western Japan Kyushu University(a) Hiroshima Universi y Okayama University ) Osaka University Kyoto University(a Kwansei Gakuin Aichi University Aichi Gakugei University Nagano Ky5doshi Kenkyukai (a) issues more than one serial Tokyo vicinity International Christian University Joshi University Keio University Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyu sho Kyoiku University Meiji University Nogyo Sogo Kenkyusho Tokyo University: Ky5y5 Gakubu Shimbun Kenkyusho Tokyo Bunka Kenkyusho (Tokyo vicinity) Toritsu University Tokei Sari Kenkyusho Toyo University Waseda University Northern Japan Nihon Bunka Kenkyusho (in Sendai) Tohoku University (a) Hokkaido University 3.001. Chirigaku hyoron, A f $~ i (CThe geographical review of Japan), Nihon Chiri Gakkai - j~ j,; (Association of Japanese Geographers) (ed.). Tokyo, Kokin Shoin, 1928-, monthly. Professional organ of the Assocaition of Japanese Geographers. Contains essays by members of the Association and others, news of the Association, and book reviews. 3.002. Gekkan rodo mondai i4Jt 7 t At " (Labor problems monthly). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoron Shinsha, 1958-1964, monthly. Writers are usually professors, commentators,and journalists concerned with labor problems. Most articles deal with the labor movement or the peace movement; research reports are rare. However, each issue contains a valuable bibliography of labor-related materials edited by the Ohara Institute for Social Research at Hosei University. 3.003. Hoshakaigaku O (Sociology of law), Nihon Hoshakaigakkai \.: r itiew o Japanese Association of Sociology of Law) (ed.). Tokyo, Yuhikak, 1951-, bi-annual or annual. Organ of the Japanese Association of Sociology of Law, published once or twice annually since March, 1951. Includes essays, symposiums, reports of field studies, reports of acttivities in this field, and bibliographical materials. Numbers 7 through 12 are single title volumes; beginning with no.13, the publication resumed the format of a journal. 3.004. Jido shinrigaku no shimpo } A T 0) 4f (Eng. title: Annual review of Japanese child psychology). Nihon Jid. KenkyUjo id 4 t t Id (Japanese Institute of Child Research) (ed.). Tokyo, Kaneko Shobo, 1962-, annual. Each year reviews new research in -child psychology with explanation and evaluation, and provides a birdcs eye view of the field. Covers work in all areas of child psychology under the following headings: general essays, physical aspects, perception and recognition, thinking, learning, intelligence, language behavior, personality, social and moral attitudes, social behavior, conditions for personality formation (family, teacher and class), problem child and treatment, special children, and psychological testing. 3.005. Jinko mondai kenkyu k v VP (d,; The journal of population problems) CJMK). Tokyo, Koseisho Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho, 1940-, quarterly (monthly from wartime to 1948). Each issue contains four sections: survey research, materials, statistics, and miscellany. Contains basic statisticsand reports of research by the staff of the Institute of Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare.

Page  17 PERIODICALS 17 3.006. Jink5 Mondai Kenkyusho kenkyu shiryo JI\ J W 24 (f f Vf X we (Research materials, Insti-tute of Population Problems) (JMK research materials). Koseisho Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho I L'J} y 1 }V1 S 9 7 v?C ~t (The Institute of Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare). Nos.l - 166, June, 1946 to September, 1965. An irregular publication of longer reports and essays. 3.007. Jink5 mondai kenkyusho nempo <kU PB A! tf?U Hf f k_(Annual reports of the Institute of Population Problems) (JMK Annual). K5seisho Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho,! i J, 1 j A,2 '5 f (The Institute of Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare). 1956-, annual. Reports on research activities of institute members. 3.008. Jinrui kagaku f r/ (Anthropological science). Tokyo, Kyugakkai Rengo (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), 1949-, annual. Title of the Kyugakkai rengo nempo p i' / _ ^ (Yearbook of the Council of Nine Learned Societies) beginning with vol.2, 1950. 3.009. Kazoku to sonraku J To Lk fo AJ (Family and village). Toda Teizo '. A _ and Suzuki Eitaro 1f. A - (eds.) Tokyo, Nikko Shoin. No.l, 1939, 322pp.; no.2, 1942, 344pp. An attempt at publication of a periodical by family and rural sociologists centering around Toda Teizo. Suspended publication after the second number, but both issues contain important articles on both family and rural sociology. No.1 contains a bibliography of Japanese materials on rural sociology published in 1938. 3.010. Kikan shakaigaku A I'j kL. f;' (Sociology quarterly). Tokyo, Nihon Shakaigakkai (Japan Sociological Association), 1931-32, quarterly. Organ of the Japan Sociological Society and successor to the Shakaigaku zasshi (1924-30). After four issues, it was replaced by the Nempo shakaigaku (1933-43). See Entry 3.031 for full genealogy to the present. No.1, The civics course, April, 1931. No.2, Research in social dynamics, October, 1931. No.3, no title, April, 1932. No.4, Studies in Eastern People, July, 1932. No.4 contains Suzuki Eitaro's "Research on rural society" and Koyama Takashi's "Descendents of samurai seen through marriage." 'f 3.011. Kikan shakaigaku 4 to AL V ^(The sociology quarterly). Hayase Toshio t Ad M_ t, Kanba Toshio Ijf Ai'^, Takeda Ryozo -; t^ _, and Suzuki Jiro /j Ad (_ X teds.). Tokyo, Tokyo Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho, 1948-50, quarterly, (irreg.). Organ of the Tokyo Institute of Social Science aimed at the integration of social sciences and the development of sociology as a special social science. It contains methodological rather than empirical studies. Its four issues appeared irregularly (1948; July, 1949; October, 1949; May, 1950). 3.012. Kyodo t j~ (Home land). Tokyo, Kyodo Hakkosho, 1930-32, quarterly. This joumnal was edited by Ariga Kizaemon, Nakamura Kichiji, and others, and centered around studies of ethnological and historical events of Shinano, Nagano prefecture. 3.013. Kyodo kenkyu f ~3 t ~ (Home land study). Tokyo, Kyodo Kenkyusha, 1913-34, monthly. This journal was edited first by Takagi Toshio, later by Yanagida Kunio, and after 1931 by Okamura Chiaki. "Home land" here does not mean the individual's native province but Japan as a cultural unity, the ancient and fundamental characteristics of which this journal proposed to clarify. 3.014. Kyoiku shakaigaku kenkyu At /at /;,~ it (The journal of educational sociology). Tokyo, Nihon Kyoiku Shakaigakkai, 1951-, annual. Organ of the Japan Society for the Study of Educational Sociology organized in December, 1948. Published semiannually from 1951 to 1957, annually since 1958. Each issue contains essays on a specific topic, general essays,and book reviews. Samples of the major topics are: industry and education; working children's education; entrance examinations; mass culture; movements in education; morals in changing society; juvenile delinquency; and regional development and education. Since 1958 a complete bibliography of Japanese material is included. Since 1960, there has been an English index and, since 1961, English summaries of each essay have been included. 3.015. Kyugakkai Rengo nemp1o )/, }t ~ j/ / (Yearbook of the Federation of Nine Learned Societies). Tokyo, Kyugakkai Reng5 A, I / '3_ (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.). 1949-, annual. This major series carries field reports of comprehensive scope and considerable depth, as well as significant interpretations. The importance and also the diversity of these studies justify an itemized listing here. (Note the periodic shift of publisher). Vol.1I - Essays on Problems in humanistic science and essays on rice, published as the Yearbook of the Council of Eight Learned Societies. Tokyo and Kyoto, Seki Shoin,

Page  18 18 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1949, 238pp. Contains essays from the general meeting of the Council of Six Learned Societies in 1948 and of the Council of Eight Learned Societies in 1949. Vol. II- Joint research on fire and miscellaneous reports Tokyo and Kyoto, Seki Shoin, 1950, 124PP. Vol.III - Academic prospects, Tokyo and Ie (Joint Research) Tokyo and Kyoto, Seki Shoin, 1951, 173PPVol.IV - Fishing people and Tsushima, discussion on reform of the fisheries system. Tokyo and Kyoto, Seki Shoin, 1952, 253pp. Vol.V - Traffic, rivers, labor Tokyo, Kinosha, 1953, 188pp. Vol.VI - Joint theme: sex; joint survey: Noto Tokyo, Nakayama Shoten, 1954, 284pp. Vol.VII - Joint theme: migration; joint survey: Noto Tokyo, Seibundo Shinkosha, 1955, 219pp. Vol.VIII - Joint themes: adaptation, Sake mimeo., 1956, 151pp. Vol.IX - Joint theme: growth -- childhood; joint survey: Amami Oshima Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1957, 232pp. Vol.X - Joint theme: growth - adolescence; joint survey: Amami Oshima Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1958, 238pp. Vol.XI - Joint theme: growth -- old age; joint survey: Amami Ushima Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1959, 155pp. Vol.XII - Joint theme: trends in each learned society; joint survey: mountains, death Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1960, 216PP. Vol.XIII - Joint theme: symbols; joint survey: islands, Sado Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1961. Vol.XIV - Joint theme: contact and transformation; joint survey: Sado II, Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1962. Vol.XV - Joint theme: Japanese regionality; joint survey: Sado III, Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1963, 323Pp. Vol.XVI - Joint theme: Japanese regionality (cont'd), Japanese beauty, review of and reflections on the joint field studies of the Council of Nine Learned Societies.Tokyo, Kaimyodo, 1964. 3.016. Minkan densho I # 1. Q (Folklore). Tokyo, published by: Minkan Densho no Kai (Folklore Society), 1935-49; Nihon Minzokugakkai (Japan Folklore Society), 1949-52; Minkan Densho Henshubu (Board of editors of Folklore), 1952-; monthly. Contains folkloristic materials collected by a group led by Yanagida Kunio and generally subscribes to his methods and objectives. 3. 017. Minzoku 4, (Race). Tokyo, Minzoku Hakkosho, 1925-29, bi-monthly. This journal was edited by Yanagida Kunio, Nakayama Taro, Origuchi Shinobuand Kindaichi Kyosuke, as a journal of the science of man in its broadest sense. Articles are mostly on Japanese folkways. 3.018. Minzoku to rekishi f 4K, ~ (Race and history). Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Fukyukai, 1919-23, monthly. This journal, edited by historian Kida Teiichi for the Japanese Association for the Advancement of Society, changed its title to Shakaishi kenkyu (Social history study) in 1923. Its purpose was to clarify the racial origins of the Japanese people and the origin of the Japanese state from the historical, linguistic, ethnological, archaeological)and mythological points of view. 3.019. Minzokugaku A 4 PI (Folklore). Minzoku Gakkai. ^ k ~ (Folklore Society) (ed.). Tokyo, 1929-33, monthly. Organ of the Folklore Society, edited by a group led by Origuchi Shinobu, who regarded folklore as a study of the ancient elements in folk life. 3.020. Minzokugaku kenkyu ', 'f (Japanese journal of ethnology). Tokyo, published by: Nihon Minzokugakkai, 1935-42; Nihon Minzokugaku Kyokai, 1943-March, 1964; Nihon Minzokugakkai, August, 1964-; quarterly 1935-42, monthly 1943-44, quarterly 1946-. Japan's chief ethnological journal containing articles, reviews, notesand correspondence. Since 1946, each article has been summarized in English. 3.021. Minzokugaku kenkyu i ~ f J (Folklore study). Tokyo, Minzokugaku Kenkyusho (Institute of Folklore), 1950-52, annual. Organ of the Institute of Folklore, as an outlet for more scholarly, longer articles by folklorists, leaving Minkan densho for their brief reports and materials. 3.022. Minzokugaku nempo f, ~ (Ethnology annual). Tokyo, Minzokugaku Kenkyusho, 1938-41, annual. Annual reports of the Institute of Ethnology of the Japanese Society of Ethnology. Besides articles on Asian peoples, it contains important articles on Japanese villages, e.g., those written by Kitano Seiichi and Oikawa Hiroshi. 3.023. Nempo shakaigaku 4~ 4 7 (Sociology annual). Tokyo, Nihon Shakaigakkai 4" )f,4 (Japan Sociological Association), Iwanami Shoten, 1933-43, annual. Organ of the Japan Sociological Society succeeding Kikan shakaigaku (1931-32). As a rule each volume contained articles dealing with a special area of sociology and also papers which were read at the previous annual meeting of the society. Examples are: Theory and practice (1933), People and state(1934), Nature and society (1935), City and village (1936), and Social models (1938). Its postwar successor was Shakaigaku kenkyu (1947-48). See Entry 3.031 for the full genealogy to the present day.

Page  19 PERIODICALS 19 3.024.- Nihon minzokugaku I k s / ~ (Japanese folklore). Tokyo, Nihon Minzokugakkai H A I d 'i,M (Japan Folklore Society), 1953-, quarterly. Organ of the Japan Folklore Society led by Yanagida Kunio, succeeding Minzokugaku kenkyu (1950-52). It emphasizes scholarly studies. 3.025. Nihon shakaigakuin nempo A At f/ _ Ad. (Japan Sociological Institute annual). Tokyo, Nihon Shakaigakuin, 1913-23, annual. Organ of the Japan Sociological Institute, edited by Takebe Tongo and Yoneda Shotaro, which was succeeded by Shakaigaku kenkyu (1925-26). Its purpose was to advance empirical studies of society. Noson Jinko Mondai Kenkyukai, Noson jinko mondai kenkyu tStudies in rural population problems). See Entry 6.117. 3.026. Shakai jinruigaku 4L h /j.. / ' CSocial anthropology). Tokyo, Shakai Jinruigaku Kenkyukai, 1958-1963 (?), quarterly (irreg.). Journal founded by younger anthropologists to give visibility to research influenced by British and American social anthropology, differing from the more traditional ethnological contents of Minzokugaku kenkyu (Japanese journal of ethnology). Contributors, organized and led by Sofue Takao, included Gamo Masao, Nakane Chie, Sue Hiroko, Sumiya Kazuhiko, Takahashi Toichi, Emori Itsuo, and Muramatsu Seiichi. Its approximate successor, an institutional organ of Tokyo University, is Sha (Society), since 1967. 3.027. Shakai kagaku hyoron p-, 4;- 5 ~ f ~ A (Review of social sciences). Kyoto, Seki Shoin, 1948-50, quarterly. Scholarly journal of the Society of Social Sciences, aiming at a closer connection between sociology and economics. Contains articles on economic and sociological theories. 3.028. Shakai keizai shigaku, z. tA (j CSocial and economic history). Shakai Keizai Shigakkai, / -,S CA x? (Association of Social and Economic History) (ed.). Tokyo, published by: Nihon Hyoronsha, 1931-34; Iwanami Shoten, 1934-43; Sekai Shoin, 1946; Shinkigensha, 1946-51; and Yuhikaku, 1951-; May, 1931-, quarterly. Organ of t.-a Shakai Keizai Shigakkai (Association of Social and Economic History) founded in December, 1930. Best of the journals specializing in this field. 3.029. Shakaigaku 4- (Sociology). Tokyo, Moriyama Shoten, 1932-33, quarterly. Scholarly journal briefly edited by Tanabe Masatoshi and Furuno Kiyoto, having as its purpose the advance of the sociological approach in all of the social sciences. It contains critical studies of sociology in Europe and America and some monogr-a s. Comprises no.1 (May, 1932), no.2 (July, 1932), no.3 (October, 1932), no,4 (January, 1933), no.5 (April, 1933). 3.030. Shakaigaku hyoron 7r:- X tFf 4 (Sociological review). Tokyo, Dobunkan, 1934-35, monthly. Edited by Hayase Toshio and others. Scholarly journal which contained mostly studies on theories. 3.031. Shakaigaku hyoron RtL i 1 7; (-Sociological study). Tokyo, Nihon Shakaigakkai d 4' )tR x A (Japan Sociological Association), Yuhikaku, 1950-, quarterly. The first eight issues aimed at the popularization of sociology as well as making closer its connection with other social sciences, but since the ninth issue it has been a standard discipline-oriented journal. Its ancestry from the initial organ of the Society is: Shakaigaku zasshi (1924-30), Kikan shakaigaku (1931-32), Nempo shakaigaku (1933-43), wartime interlude, Shakaigaku kenkyu (1947-48), Shakaigaku hyoron (1950 —). 3.032. Shakaigaku kenkyu 7r ( Sociological study). Tokyo, Nihon Shakaigakuin, 1925-26, quarterly. This journal replaced Nihon shakaigakuin nempo, but appeared irregularly (April 1925, September 1925, January 1926, August 1926) and ceased publication after vol.1, no.4 (1926). 3.033. Shakaigaku kenkyu ),~ 3 jf (Sociological studies). Tokyo, Tokyo Shakaigaku Kenkyukai, 1935-46, annual. Organ of the Tokyo Sociological Association, founded in 1924. Only two volumes (1935-36) were published. All fifteen articles deal with the family and village of Japan, Korea, Formosaand China. English summaries are included. 3.034. Shakaigaku kenkyu 4i ' 4 f; (Sociological studies). Nihon Shakaigakkai (Japan Sociological Association) Ced.). Tokyo, Takayama Shoin and Kunitachi Shoin, 1947-48, quarterly. After a wartime lapse from 1943 to 1946, the organ of the Japan Sociological Association, Nempo shakaigaku, resumed publication under this title for four issues only (vol.l: 1-3, vol.2: 1), being succeeded by Shakaigaku hyoron in 1950. Articles are devoted to clarification of the characteristics of Japanese

Page  20 20 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY society in comrnarison with Western societies. It also contains contributions by American sociologistq. SP W.nt.rv 3.031 for full genealogy to the present day. 3.035. Shakaigaku kenkyu _-F.,?t Jf 'Z (Research in sociology). Sendai, Tohoku Shakaigaku Kenkyukai, July, 1950-, bi-annual. Organ issued by the Tohoku Shakaigaku Kenkyukai (Tohoku Sociological Association). Each issue includes research essays, reports of field studies, book reviews, and news of the profession. Occasionally entire numbers have been given over to a single theme, e.g., structural-functional analysis (January 1955), Local amalgamation and local society (April 1956), Urban research (August 1959). Each issue includes an English table of contents. The association is made up of associates and alumni of Tohoku University. 3.036. Shakaigaku kenkyu 4j AL P K i$ (Sociological studies). Tokyo, Hitotsubashi Daigaku Shakaigakubu, 1956-, annual. Published as the annual report (nempo) of the Sociology Division of Hitotsubashi University, to carry papers of staff members. Sociological papers dealing with Japan occasionally appear in this journal, though most contents are neither sociological nor on Japanese subjects. Contributors, as teachers of undergraduate courses, lean toward review and critiques of theory more than toward field research and survey reports. 3.037. Shakaigaku zasshi ~A ~, f,: (Journal of sociology). Tokyo, Nihon Shakaigakkai 4j 3-;Jj4 ' <, (Japan Sociological Society), 1924-30, monthly. First organ of the Japan Sociological Society, which was organized in 1923 and has since become the only nation-wide sociological society in Japan. It contained many empirical studies, most of which were influenced by the approach of Professor Toda Teizo. It is useful in studying the history of Japanese sociology. For successors, see Kikan shakaigaku, Nempo shakaigaku, Shakaigaku kenkyu, and Shakaigaku hyoron (Entry 3.031). 3.038. Shima ~ (Islands). Tokyo, Isseisha, 1933-34, monthly. A journal for the study of folkways on islands off the Japanese mainland, edited by Yanagida Kunio and Hika Shuncho. 3.039. Shimbungaku hy5ron rf t 47 -P - (The Japanese Journalism Review). Tokyo, Nihon Shimbun Gakkai l3 ) 4 r By t A (The Japan Society for Journalistic Studies) (ed.), 1952-, annual. Organ of the Japan Society for Journalistic Studies. Contains relevant materials in all areas of masscommunications in the form of essays, survey reports) and reviews. 3.040. Shokko mondai shiryo I;- fl 'X, `7 (Materials on worker's problems). Tokyo, Kogyo Kyoikukai, 1912-39, monthly. Examines the labor and living conditions of factory workers since the late Meiji period, and plans for improvement. Edited by Uno Toshiemon for the Labor Education Association. 3.041. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai nempo At /j ^? 4 YK (Association for Rural Social Research annual), Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai t ' At' 9 x/ / (Association for Rural Social Research) (ed.). Tokyo, Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai (Jichosha 1954-63), 1954-, annual. Published annually since 1954 with the exception of 1962 and 1964. Each issue carries a thematic title and contains essays on a special theme plus an analysis of research trends in the various disciplines concerned with village society. No.9 analyzes trends over the ten year period. 3.042. Soshioroji ' A 1 ~ /"(Sociology). Shakaigaku Kenkyukai j-J /-; 1/ 7 J (Society for Research in Sociology) (ed.). Kyoto, January, 1952-, quarterly. Organ of the Society for Research in Sociology, originally a group of Kyoto University graduates. Contains essays, reports of surveys, and book reviews. From no.6 (June, 1954) to no.25 (December, 1960) English summaries of each essay were included. 3.043. Tabi to densetsu " t i f (Travel and legend). Tokyo, Sangensha, 1928-44, monthly. Popular journal containing brief reports on folkways of various places in Japan. 3.044. Toa shakai kenkyu 5i ~ -k / t (Studies in Oriental society). Toa Shakai Kenkyukai ~ t /> fies at 4 (Institute for the Study of Oriental Society) (ed.). Tokyo, Seikatsusha, 1943, 380pp. Organ of the Institute for the Study of Oriental Society. Can be regarded as a half-hearted accommodation to the insistent wartime dogma of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphereby scholars who, after a subsequent hiatus, supported the postwar journals Shakaigaku kenkyu (Sociological studies) and Shakaigaku hyoron (Sociological review). Ceased publication after no.1 in December, 1943. The only issue contains four essays, by Ariga Kizaemon, Nishioka Toranosuke, Suzuki Eitaro, and Naito Kanji

Methodology and the History of Research

pp. 21-28

Page  21 CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH Japanese sociologists and social anthropologists in their methodological essavs have returned again and again to worry over problems in two areas. For one thing, there have been successive efforts to spread information about progress and innovations in Western social science scholarship, though these efforts have wakened far less than universal interest in adopting foreign methods. Concurrent with this interest has been even more persistent concern over social history. Other methodological problems of considerable variety are dealt with as well, as the contents of this chapter show, but none yet attracts such repeated and thorough scrutiny, at current writing, as does the search for an up-to-date picture of Western thought or the quest for foolproof methods of village research. This chapter presents few of the works that introduce Western viewpoints, issues, and methods for the simple reason that their contents usually have little to do with Japan. Such studies draw illustrative examples from Euro-American society, and cite only foreign authors, as a rule, and so rarely become closely pertinent to the purposes of this Guide. We do, however, cite works on methods of survey research and structured interviewing because postwar enthusiasm for opinion-surveying and other applications of the interview method has built up a body of Japanese experience. Similarly, we cite work in the new genre of thought about social change -- namely, sociocultural aspects of "modernization" and the problem of identifying "modern" social phenomena apart from technological, demographic, economic, and political aspects of society -- because the Japanese authors, whether their position is pro or con, do evaluate this theory against the obvious and striking transformations that have been taking place in their own society. Dealing with Japanese phenomena, their work demands specific notice in this compilation. As to methods of village study, most discussion is specifically oriented to Japanese conditions. In fact, this body of methodological discussion contrasts with the Western-slanted theory noted above in its abiding disregard of the abundant Western literature on community studies. Insofar as terminology can provide clues to underlying concepts, it is worth noting that the English word "community" has been adopted and freely used by Japanese authors only in the last decade, in default of a clearly equivalent term in the Japanese language. The adoption of this term suggests that scholars who formerly debated at length which village social phenomena constitute the crucial touchstone for insight into village life may now be at the point of cor ensus, agreeing that most or all of the phenomena iti question (kin groups, local associations, power-manipulating clusters, inheritance patterns, etc.,etc.) are pertinent or irrelevant to the degree that they fall within the connotations of "community." Some leading theoreticians on village study have been Suzuki Eitaro (see Entry 4.037); Yanagida Kunio (see Entries 4.044 to 4.047) and his associate Omachi Tokuzo (see Entries 4.030 to 4.043); Ariga Kizaemon (see Entries 4.001 and 4.002) and Nakano Takashi (see Entries 4.020 to 4.024); and Fukutake Tadashi (see Entries 4.007 and 4.008). Their respective emphases in the description and analysis of villages are commented on in Chapter 12 where their contributions appear in greatest number. Here it suffices to note their primary methodological distinctions briefly. Honors for early entrance into the lists of debate are shared by Suzuki Eitaro and Yanagida Kunio. Suzuki made field research important to Japanese sociology, endeavoring to fit European sociological thought about the gemeinschaft/ gesellschaft dichotomy, etc., to village structure in Japan. Yanagida's name has become almost synonymous with folkloristic study in Japan. He stoutly and persuasively strove to fashion an approach for gathering and cataloguing village data without bias from preconceived models; at the time, his objection was against European models of family and other social entities that often were much more culture-bound than condepts which influenced Suzuki. Omachi Tokuzo, following Yanagida's premises, has also become an important theoretician on behalf of Japanese folklore by utilizing concepts and techniques favored by ethnologists of the West. Rural sociology, meanwhile, has kept its identity distinct from folklore through the effort of Ariga Kizaemon and, following him, Nakano Takashi. To them, folklorists seem to risk being entrapped in the atomistic cataloguing of fragmented data insofar as they eschew theoretical guidelines; hence, they advocate a sort of structural-functional study of relations among the various elements of village society which ties together the social system as a whole. Fukutake Tadashi, though close to the Suzuki-Ariga-Nakano tradition, takes a stance that is rather more political or ideological; in his view, research should have ameliorative objectives, and his advocacy of more equal distribution of power and opportunity leads him to close examination of traditional and new mechanisms for concentrating, restricting, and manipulating power. A number of the works selected here discuss in some detail the materials available for historical research and how to handle them, in recognition that villages and other social entities often provide an abundance of documentary resources which, however, are difficult to exploit without special training. These and other methodological discussions represented by older works as well as more recent ones tend to focus on questions of how to treat data after it has been gathered; it is only in more recent work that attention has shifted significantly to an earlier stage of research, the actual collecting of data. This latter category of methodological discussion thus concerns survey techniques, the methodology of interviewing, the merits of continuous, longitudinal studies, and the like, 21

Page  22 22 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Ariga Kizaemon, Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu (The collected works of Ariga Kizaemon). See Entry 12.001. 4.001. Ariga Kizaemon i ) ': z ~$ M, "Hikindaisei to hokensei ` ' /\ /"b- ' t i; -(Non-modern and feudal characteristics)," SKGHR, no.l, 1950, pp.2-10. Points out the superficiality of using the names of Western historical eras in analyzing Japanese society and rejects the practice of labeling non-Western characteristics as feudal. Uses such examples as urban dozokudan and ujigami faith to support his case. Ariga Kizaemon, "Kindaika to dento" (Modernization and tradition). See Entry 18.001. 4.002. Ariga Kizaemon 2 '. aF ^. M, "Minzokugaku, shakaigaku hohoron A /"i ' Al - '; - ( / (Methodology in folklore and sociology)," in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu a; I 1 X dp - (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.8, Tokyo, Miraisha, in press. An important volume presenting views of a long-time leader in Japanese sociological research theory. Comprises nine articles in which the author makes explicit statements on theory or method, though several ostensibly deal with limited substantive subject matter. Three are critiques of folklore study as practiced by the followers of Yanagida Kunio in Japan; two urge the study of ie, dozoku, enterprise, etc. in the context of a holistic view of social structure; another takes up abandoned children as a matter providing insight into collectivities; another looks at the history of social dependency now expressed as farm-tenancy; another warns against attempting urban sociology without regard for traditional social entities; and a final paper on Niigata and Shimonoseki deals with regionalism. 4.003. Chihoshi Kenkyu Kyogikai S _ 34 %f A P/dm (Research Council on Local History) (ed.), Chih-shi kenkyu hikkei Yt 4 / J 47 d (Manual of local history studies). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952, 10 + 316pp. A concise handbook for the study of local history from the primitive period to modern times. Comments, for each period, on local political and economic systems, on social life, and on important events. Useful forsociological research. 4.004. Chihoshi Kenkyu Kyogikai t 7 <__ 7 J J'/ (Research Council on Local History) (ed.), Kinsei chihshi kenkyu nyumon l r-u j 3j- %,f A pxf(Introduction to research on local history). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1955, 316 + 18pp. Revising its Chihoshi kenkyu hikkei (Manual of local history studies) (1952), the Research Council on Local History produced parallel manuals for each historical period. Of special value in this Tokugawa-period volume is Chapter 2 which furnishes photographic reproductions and guides to interpreting various local documents (jikata monjo) of the Tokugawa Period. 4.005. Chubachi Masayoshi jE f, Katei seikatsu no kozo: seikatsu kozoron josetsu ~ hL?- \ 9 a1 'A_ } i^ ~ j_&J A $t' (Structure of family life: introduction to a theory of structure of the way of life). Tokyo, Kogakusha, 1953, 126pp. Presents illustrative studies based on the author's theory of life-structure, with commentary on this theory. He conceives of physical laws, such as on the exchange of matter, as extending by way of human physiology to the organism-environment interaction studies under human ecology. Thus, the basic structure of family life, pervaded by such principles, is altered through its functional relation to the changing environment. 4.006. Chubachi Masayoshi I T -4 i, Seikatsu kozoron Jo [~ T L _Fi(A theory of the structure of life). Tokyo, Kogakusha, 1956, 218pp. A sociologically-oriented economist presents his view of problems and solutions rising from a syncretist view labelled by his term "life structure." He sees regularities that are governed both by the economic principle that labor is a basic factor of production in capitalist society, and by the sociological principle that the laborer's way of life is shaped by various rules of social relations. 4.007. Fukutake Tadashi jV - j 1 (ed.), Shakai chosa no hoho t // V, -L () j7 A Social survey methods). Tokyo, Yuhikau, 1954, 13 + 216pp. Explains how to conduct and report on field research. General introduction by Fukutake Tadashi, with essays on rural research by Tsukamoto Tetsundo, urban research by Nakano Takashi, workmen's attitudes by Takahashi Akirajand statistics on social research by Yasuda Saburo. Nakano's and Takahashi's treatments especially are oriented to conditions in Japanese society. 4.oo8. Fukutake Tadashi j A &, et al. (eds.), Nihon shakaigaku no kadai kd h l s i/ v9 J d, (Themes in Japanese sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, 6 + 596pp. A useful guide to the current status of Japanese sociology, its scope, achievements)and future tasks. Consists of articles contributed by sociologists trained at the University of Tokyo, to celebrate the 60th birthday of Hayashi Megumi, retiring chairman of the sociology department there. Includes a sketchy biography and a complete bibliography of works by Hayashi. Fukutake Tadashi, et al., Sonraku kyodotai no kozo bunseki (Structural analysis of village collective groups). See Entry 12.013.

Page  23 METHODOLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH 23 4.009. Furushima Toshio T ~ 414, Chihoshi kenkyuho: kindai chihoshi kenkyu to shakaika kyoiku j;t 3_ t;t \ J_[< )_ 3Cf 4_ ~ )_ s (Research methods in local history: research in modern local history and education in social studies). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1955, 268pp. A useful handbook bringing together information necessary for research in local history after the Meiji Restoration. Contains information on locating, interpreting, and making use of materials. 4.010. Furushima Toshio 4 X /( di and Fukutake Tadashi /f ~ X C(eds.), Noson chosa kenkyu nyumon %i V\ ^ a;f > -p (Guide to research methods for rural society). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1955, 436pp. A useful guide to field research using teamwork methods in Japanese rural communities, compiled by rural sociologists, agricultural economistsand political scientists. Includes an outline of government statistical research as an appendix. 4.011. Fuse Tetsuji A S/~ X i', "Sonraku shakai kozo bunseki hoho ni tsuite no jakkan no kosatsu: Nihon shihonshugi taisei to sonraku shakai k5zo no henyo keitai bunseki ni tsuite no shiron AT r-f k 3__f $'r X an 'T dV ox a4 #X,;A~~ Ad4a t+ + X ei v -' 7 (Eng. title: A study of the analytical method on the social structure of Japanese villages)." SKGHR, vol.13, no.2 (whole no.50), 1962, pp.2-26. Criticizes both the tendency to analyze social relations in Japanese villages as human relations divorced from the various productive relations in society as a whole, and the tendency to see village structure in models or prototypes and to discount any deviation from these as "disintegration due to urbanization." Puts forth a hypothetical framework which would consider, on the one hand, a system of external determinants of village social structure and, on the other hand, an internal social structure created by the peasants' reactions to the external system. 4.012. Imori Rikuhei )I 4 ~ ~, "Mensetsu chosa'in no kaito ni oyobosu eikyo ni kansuru chosa jJ -1 4t ~ r ^ li. I" ~ A } A ~;~ N X (Study of the effects of the interviewer on answers received)." SKGHR, vol.8, no4l (whole no.29), 1957, pp.32-42. Study based on a survey carried out in Matto, Ishikawa prefecture in July, 1956. Discusses how the interviewer himself may influence responses in several ways, through (1) his ability as interviewer, (2) the opinions he holds, (3) his attitude structure, or (4) the respondent's trust or mistrust of him. Ishida Takashi, Gendai soshikiron (Contemporary organization theory). See Entry 5.011. Ishikawa Tomoyoshi, et al. (eds.), Nihon no rods kagaku (Japanese labor science). See Entry 1.008. Jido shinrigaku no shimpo (Annual review of Japanese child psychology). Nihon Jido Kenkyujo (ed.). See Entry 3.004. 4.013. Kakizaki Kyoichi ~ i, - "Sanyoteki kansatsu chosa 4 4 ')J M LA- w Kl (Study through participant observation)," serialized in Shosai no mado 3J r ) (The study window), nos.115-122, October, 1963 - May, 1964. / Jottings by the author who lived in Niiike, Okayama prefecture, for four years, 1956-60; while studying agricultural mechanization. Various experiences narrated here bring out the peculiar advantages of participant-observer study. 4.014. Kaneda Hiro'o _ y JA 7d, "Kaitaku buraku ni okeru'socio-economic status' no sokutei to jakkan no mondai: yonshu no sukeru no it chisei o meguru ginmi Y 1W T l s' o c1 c 0-CCono S&tus g X 0) tf _ 1 i At 0 ';7-* e- ' — 74 k, 14 ~v, (Some problems on the measurement of socio-economic status in rural villages on recently opened land: corresponding results in the use of four scales." SKGHR, vol.5, no.2, (whole no.18), January 1955, pp.11-28. An ambitious study measuring socio-economic status in a rural village community. This study illustrates empirical testing through the use of sociometric tests in the rural community, and is discussed as a test of sociometric scaling methods as much as an investigation of status. 4.015. Kawashima Takeyoshi )'l A J JS, "Kindai Nihonshi no shakai kagakuteki kenkr;' 1960nen Hakone kaigi no kanso [YA ft 0) N, /4 4 I t 0 /i 0D 0 ) At )- (Social and science research in modern Japanese history: reflections on the 1960 Hakone conference)." Shiso A A (Thought), no.442, 1961, pp.107-112. Reflections on and critique of the 1960 binational conference on "Modernization of Japan" by a participant. Maintains that for successful conferences of this type the following need to be eliminated: (1) the language barrier, (2) differences in method and frame of reference between Japanese and American social scientists, (3) equivocality and obscurity in scientific terms used by Japanese scholars.

Page  24 24 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 4.016. Kawashima Takeyoshi )'1 A 1' -, et al., "Tokushu: Rusu Benedikuto Kiku to katana no ataeru mono t4 JA? / -— 7'- "''F 7 Ij rV Y 7J - ) t - ' X) (Eng. title: Special number: The problems raised by The Chrysanthemum and the Sword)." MZGKK, vol.14, no.4, 1949, pp.l-35 (although published in May, 1950, the cover date is 1949). Five critical essays evaluating The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Kawashima Takeyoshi as historian and Minami Hiroshi as psychologist praise its insights while deprecating its mixing together separate historical phases; Ariga Kizaemon scores it for disregarding important class differences: Watsuji Tetsujiro expresses total skepticism, -whereas Yanagida Kunio concedes that its arguments often hit the mark as concerns common people. Kitagawa Takayoshi, "Rodo shakaigaku o meguru mondai: sono tenkai to jakkan no hansei" (Problems in labor sociology: development and retrospect). See Entry 17.043. 4.017. Koyano Shogo A Ft V Ja, "Shakai kozo to shite no jikanteki seigo ni tsuite: toshika no shihyo no tame no ichi kasetsu ri n At L_ 0 AM i' i L 1 7 " ' | if s 0) t~ O) 0 0g) -r ) (Eng. title: On time-intervals as a factor of social organization: a hypothesis for an index oF urbanization)." SKGHR, vol.5, no.3 (whole no.19), 1955, pp.96-104. An attempt to bring time-scales into human ecology, where spatial considerations have been dominant. Analyzes rural society in terms of rhythms of production and daily life, examines Okayama City and its surrounding rural settlements in terms of their relation to social and natural rhythms. 4.018. Matsumiya Kazuya V Z -A, Mensetsu chosa ho Ad 4 T] 4 ~(Interview method). Tokyo, Fukumura Shoten, 1950, 164pp. A relevant introduction to methods of interviewing for beginners. The author stresses keeping in view the main point of an interview and the psychological basis of the interview, and urges practice to develop interviewing skill. Minami Hiroshi, "Shakai shinrigaku no tachiba kara" (From the standpoint of a social psychologist). See Entry 27.011. 4.019. Minzoku Bunka Chosakai A / 1 /)i i / /I (Folk Culture Research Committee), Shakai chosa no riron to jissai //t A' ] - o) ~ ~ f J X (Theory and practice in social research). Tokyo, Aoyama Shoin, 1948, 6 + 227pp. Discusses the history of social science fieldwork and its prospects as a mode for empirical studies. The contents cover general uses of fieldwork (Toda Teizo); rural surveys (Suzuki Eitaro); urban sociological fieldwork (Ariga Kizaemon); family (Koyama Takashi); popular religion (Ikegami Hiromasa and Akashi Michio); public opinion (Y^-hida Motoji); labor (Fujibayashi Keizo); and research on crime (iUematsu Tadashi). 4.020. Nakano Takashi 4, "'Chiiki' no mondai to shakaigaku no kadai r-i/T~ k6 ITA ' 60 's(The question of 'localities' and sociological themes)." in Fukutake Tadashi 4 A K i and Hidaka Rokuro 1, s T (eds.), Gendai shakaigaku koza -f,_ A( f - 4 t CContemporary sociology), vol.2: Nakano Takashi (ed.), Chiiki seikatsu no shakaigaku (Sociology of regional ways of life). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1964, pp.l-45. Shows that sociologists have applied the concept of "locality" to social units of varied scope, from a small neighborhood to a much larger district, weighting the larger and smaller "localities" differently according to their research interest. Suggests that modernizing change actually alters the functional weight that should be given to "localities" of different size, whether in urban or rural studies, and offers examples of such shifts of weighting (generally, modern times have given greater weight to larger localities) as revealed by the work of Ariga Kizaemon, Suzuki Eitaro, and others. 4.021. Nakano Takashi t A -, "Choki chosa V< ) $4I -t (Long-term surveys)." Serialized in Shosai no mado - n 0 (The study window), nos.106-113. Tokyo, Yuhikaku, November 1962 - July 1963. The author outlines the aims, progress,and connections between the field surveys of Tsushima, Noto and Sado and exposes conditions hampering long-term surveys in Japan. The pamphlet series in which the article appears is an advertising-cum-public relations organ of a publishing company. 4.022. Nakano Takashi - ~ ~, "Dozokudan kenkyu no kiten to kadai A_ t j:; % 0?s ) /" L t Z (Starting points and themes in dozoku group research)." in Fukutake Tadashi -, ] (ed.), Hayashi Megumi ky5ju kanreki kinen rombunsht: Nihon shakaigaku no kadai j^* J; t1k ~ -, / - 'i r-7 ~J />;7 9 ) >r j'1(Essays commemorating the 60th birthday of Professor Hayashi Megumi: themes in Japanese sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.67-84. A critique of main elements in the theory of dozoku groups as heretofore construed, respectively, by Kitano Seiichi, Oikawa Hiroshi, and Ariga Kizaemon; indicates point of mutual influence in their interpretations, shows how these interpretations derive from research data, and proposes research to resolve points of uncertainty. This paper in revised form is Chapter 1 of the author's monograph on merchant dozoku (Shoka dozokudan no kenkyu: noren o meguru ie kenkyu) (1964). 4.023. Nakano Takashi V T, "Toshi chosa 3 t (City survey)." in Fukutake Tadashi Ad y, i (ed.), Shakai chosa no hoho;f}, t t) J A (Social survey methods). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1954,

Page  25 METHODOLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH 25 pp.71-110. Provides useful background for interpreting survey categories. Deals in particular with setai ("family") which is commonly treated-as an entity in social surveys, pointing out the distinction to be drawn between honkyo setai Cprimary or basic family) and bumpa setai (branch family). The former is an established living unit; whereas some of its members living separately, who may eventually stabilize as a separate unit or may be absorbed back into their original honkyo setai, constitute the bumpa setai. Other useful observations are offered in Chapter 2 of the author's Nihon shakai yoron (Elements of Japanese society). 4.024. Nakano Takashi f, et al. (eds.), "Ariga Kizaemon kenkyu A A mf K; (The research of Ariga Kizaemon)." in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu (The collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), supplement. Tokyo, Miraisha, in press. This volume is devoted to critiques and appreciations of Ariga's sociological theories, and to reviews of his books. Nihon Minzoku Gakkai (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku no kaiko to tembo (Prospect and retrospect in Japanese ethnology). See Entry 1.023. 4.025. Nihon Rekishi Chiri Gakkai t3 f' 3_ t E- f 'T /?Z (The Society for Japanese Historical Geography) (ed.), Kyodoshi kenkyu no chosa to hoho -f Z T_ - f ' 0x) J -~ ~- ~ (Surveys and methods in the study of local history). Tokyo, Chijin Shokan, 1944, 5 + 369pp. Methods for research in local history are described by twenty-four specialists. Suggestions for rural and urban studies, studies of shrines, temples, and castles, the handling of old records; and the study of folklore make this work still useful and not fully replaced by postwar handbooks. 4.026. Nihon Shakai Gakkai Shogai Iinkai 1 A. A' 4,J. 4 $71 A- J (Liaison Committee, Japan Sociological Society), "Nihon shakaigakusha no saikin no kenkyu taido: 1954 nendo shiko no chosa yori mita (Recent research attitudes of Japanese sociologists: surveys carried out in 1954)." SKGHR, vol.5, no.1 (whole no.l17), 1954, pp. 114-119. A critique of the postwar fashionability of social surveys is noteworthy. Included as an appendix to tabulation and analysis of results obtained from a survey of members of the Japan Sociological Society made in May, 1954, which uses 366 returns from 728 questionnaires. Nishida Haruhiko and Ikeda Kazusada, "Sonraku no gyoshudo no sokutei ni tsuite" (Measurement of cohesiveness in a rural community). See Entry 12.087. 4.027. Nishihira Shigeki l1 t # -, "Mensetsu chosaho ni okeru shomondai I T t ~ 11 ^ ' ' -' t% I S(Eng. title: On the interviewing method)." in Sakaki Tatsujir5, et al (ed.), Mombusho Tokei Suri Kenkyusho iho J fr k (Eng. title: Proceedings of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics), vol.3, no.l, to vol.6, no.1, 1955-58. Part 1: vol.3, no.1, 1955, pp.54-84; Part 2: vol.4, no.2, 1956, pp.l1-7; Part 3: vol.5, no.2, 1958, pp.115-132; Part 4: vol.6, no.1, 1958, pp.83-85. Detailed instructions on interview and survey techniques, based on the author's ample experience with this method. 4.028. Nojiri Shigeo r, j if and Hosono Seishi N -f i L, Noson chosa ron ^;Vt 0 ~: I (nn surveys in the rural community). Tokyo, Chikyu Shuppan, 1952, 78pp. An introduction to research methods and research items for empirical study of Japanese rural communities. The author writes for novices in sociology and agricultural economics. 4.029. Okada Yuzuru J A 1 ~-I. (ed.), "Shakai chosa: zadankai.A * 1 Ji (Eng. title: Social research: symposium on the history and projects of social research in Japan)." MZGKK, vol.17, no.1, 1952, 98pp. Special issue. Record of a two-day symposium, in Februry, 1952, on the history of social research by Japanese ethnologists and sociologists. Twenty ethnologists and sociologists, chaired by Okada Yuzuru, discussed five themes: history of social research in Japan; experiences in independent research; postwar trends in social research; development of social research by the civil information and education section of SCAP; and, in a concluding session, theoretical issues. Okui Matatar5, et al., "Toshi chosa no hoho to kadai" (Problems and methods of city survey). See Entry 14.021. 4.030. Omachi Tokuzo IkS $ 19J, et al. (eds.), Amami Okinawa no minzoku: hikaku minzokugakuteki shomondai i, 0v0 ~) 1 2 >tL t? % PF s (Amami and Okinawa folklore: problems in comparative ethnology), [Nihon minzokugaku taikei I T, -; I f (Outline of Japanese folklore) vol.12]. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, 281pp. The first part of this volume examines annual events, religion, etc., in Amami and Okinawa folklore. The latter part of the volume uses these examples to discuss problems in comparative ethnology.

Page  26 26 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 4.031. Omachi Tokuzo Kjm e\. -, et al. (eds.), Chihobetsu chosa kenkyu - j 7} |I va _ A 'f (Surveys by regions). [Nihon minzokugaku taikei (Outline of Japanese folklore studies) vol.11]. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1960, 381pp. Reviews folkloristic research in each of the prefectures and on the Amami Islands, Sado, and the Izu islands. Identifies by name local specialists who have contributed to folkloristic studies, in effect providing a checklist of persons with whom future researchers in a particular area should make contact. 4.032. Omachi Tokuzo 0 n - _ _, et al. (eds.), Minzokugaku no seiritsu to tenkai /i / 7 r; X. M (The origin and development of folklore). [Nihon minzokugaku taikei \ / /Jx (Outline of Japanese folklore studies) vol.1]. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1960, 274pp. Essays on the relation of folklore to other fields (ethnology, sociology, history, etc.), to illustrate the subject matter, methods, and problems dealt with in folklore. 4.033. Omachi Tokuzo -., et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku no chosa hoho bunken mokuroku sosakuin YfE J ^ 9? tg 3t ~ f 5 < 4 lo g H \ A J 1 (Survey methods in Japanese folklore studies: bibliography and index). [Nihon minzokugaku taikei (Outline of Japanese folklore studies) vol.13]. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1960, 363pp. History of folklore studies in Japan, techniques for folklore studies. Pages 159-363 provide bibliography. 4.034. Omachi Tokuzo J\T? rfX,- et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku no rekishi to kadai it 4 CT) 7 Lt - r B X (The history and themes of Japanese folklore studies). [Nihon minzokugaku taikei V _ Ad _ 7T a\ _(Outline of Japanese folklore studies) vol.2]. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1960, 293pp. Contains five essays on special characteristics of Japanese society and culture, two on the history of folklore studies)and five on themes and methods in foklore studies. 4.035. Omi Tetsuo I ] ^ r, "Toshika to bunka hendo A L tL L _ 4t (Urbanization and culture change)." in Waseda Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho N Go ' Ad?; t ) (Waseda University Center for Social Science Research) (ed.), Shakai kagaku tokyu.t 9 A4,r A t C(Research in social science), vol.6, no.1, 1961, pp.89-118. An examination of theories of urbanization and culture change. Rejects the theory that urbanization is a main factor in culture change; finds these in culture itself instead. Sakurada Katsunori, "Mura to wa nanika" (What is a village?) See Entry 12.031. 4.036. Sato Takeshi M jj ^, "Saikin no taishu goraku yoka no kenkyu: fu shuyo bunken mokuroku 31 ^ it2 3 ~ < A ~ M @, (Recent research on popular entertainment and leisure, [with] appended bibliography)." Shiso i,- (Thought), no.431, 1960, pp.113-130. Although mainly an introduction to foreign studies, the latter half gives a history of Japanese research on popular entertainment. The appended bibliography includes about sixty works in Japanese. Shimazaki Minoru, "Nomin no ishiki" (The consciousness of farmers). See Entry 25.049. Shinmei Hakase Kanreki Kinen Rombunshu Kankokai (ed.), Shakaigaku no mondai to hoho (Problems and method in sociology). See Entry 5.025. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai (ed.), SSK Annual no.l: Sonraku kenkyu no seika to kadai (Results and problems of rural study). See Entry 12. 033. Suda Akiyoshi (ed.), Nihon no chiikisei (Regionalism in Japan). See Entry 22.093. 4.037. Suzuki Eitaro 4R hs a &gand Kitano Seiichi - A, Noson shakai chosa ^ tJ,^ `; - (Research methods in rural society). Tokyo, Jichosha, 1952, 4 + 276pp. Interweaves the "Suzuki school" theory of community study (of parallel importance to that of Ariga Kizaemon, q.v.) in a systematic presentation of research methods and research items for Japanese villages. Problems discussed are: selecting a village; making base maps; investigating the village's history, natural surroundings, population, occupations, kin-based groups, families, marriage, annual functions, food, clothing, housing, religion, education, recreation, authority, power relations, hostilities, inter-family relations; the collecting of personal documents, etc. Certain illustrative examples, as well as instructions, are given in this valuable guidebook for research. Tachi Minoru and Ueda Masao, "Jinko toshi shuchu no chiikiteki keitai ni kansuru ichi shiryo (gaiho): toshi jinko no shusseichi betsu kosei" (Material on regional characteristics of urban population concentration (summary): urban population structure by place of birth). See Entry 6.148. 4.038. Tahara Otoyori ~ i, t - { r, "Sonraku kyodotai ron no kento ) '- %)6 'W Xi 0) 4 t (Eng. title: A critical analysis of theories of rural community in Japan)." Tohoku Daigaku Kyoiku Gakubu, kenkyu nempo )1,! k L A ~ t t T 4: (Tohoku University, Faculty of Education, annual research reports), vol.7, 1959, pp.33-62.

Page  27 METHODOLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH 27 Critically examines previous works on the Japanese village gemeinde, especially a study by Nakamura Kichiji, et al. (1956); then puts forth his own sociological conceptual framework for the study of rural communities. Tokei Suri Kenkyusho.Kokuminsei Chosa Iinkai, Nihonjin no kokuminsei (Japanese national character). See Entry 27.024. 4.039. Tsukamoto Tetsundo A2 4 /A N, "Noson chosa. 41 - (Village surveys). ' in Fukutake Tadashi J ~; j (ed.), Shakai chosa no hoho /JL l] 0 0 (j \ (Social survey methods). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1954, pp.33-70. A useful brief introduction to sociological field studies of Japanese villages. Tsukishima Kenzo, Bunka shinrigaku kisoron (Fundamentals of cultural psychology). See Entry 27.025. 4.040. Tsukishima Kenzo. - ', et al., "Kyugakkai Rengo kyodo chosa no kaiko to hansei t ^^- Mt 1 ^ Ad^ ^ () v47 t.i- ^^ bi (Review and reflections on the joint field studies of the Council of Nine Learned Societies)." Jinrui kagaku /\ Of ^ t (Anthropological science), vol.16, 1964, pp.127 -157. Record of a symposium held at the general meeting of the Council in May, 1963. Includes reflections on and methodological criticisms of the joint research carried on in Tsushima, Noto, Amami and Sado by Tsukishima Kenzo, Nakano Takashij and Birukawa Shohei, who proceed to make valuable suggestions for future work of this type. Usui Jisho, et al., "Ibarashima: Niigata hirano ni okeru noson jittai" (-Ibarashima, an agricultural community on the Niigata plain). See Entry 12.078. 4.041. Wakamori Taro 4T~ ~;'x~, Nihon minzokugaku ~ 4- /, i (-Japanese folklore). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1953, 9 + 356pp. An attempt to systematize Japanese folklore in the manner begun by Yanagida Kunio, who conceives of folklore as the science of the daily life of common people. Discusses the subject matter, methodology, and history of Japanese folklore, and then deals with details of subject matter, citing many examples from Japanese folklorists. 4.042. Wakamori Taro Z ~.J K, Nihon minzokugaku gaisetsu 3 4-. \ //1t A fIntroduction to the study of Japanese folklore). Tokyo, Tokai Shobo, 1947, 297pp. The author is one of the leading members of the Yanagida school. Parts 1, 2,and 3 deal with folklore as a science and the methodology of the Yanagida school. Part 4 is a general survey of Japanese customs, folklore, clothing, food, pastimes, religion, etc. Pages 279-297 provide a useful bibliography of the field. 4.043. Watanabe Heiriki,, $ -t, Noson sogo jittai chosa hoho A )t At' +~ G t ai t t A (Comprehensive field survey methods in rural villages). Tokyo, N5rin Kyokai, 1954, 8 + 163pp. Describes methods for research on agricultural economy in rural villages, taking the case of a village in the T5hoku district. 4.044. Yanagida Kunio i 4 f 1, Kyodo seikatsu no kenkyuho ~ 3L- ~L j f) f i }A (Research methods for the study of rural life). Tokyo, Toko Shoin, 1935, 23 + 333pp. Describes the author's own folklore research methods. After discussing the history of foreign and Japanese folklore study, he describes research methods for the three primary aspects of folklore: (21) material or external culture, (2) culture acquired through language (speech, legend, story), and (3) thought. 4.045. Yanagida Kunio 4 ~ A i, Minkan denshoron A - 'A 4<K (On folkways). Tokyo, Kyoritsusha, 1934, 16 + 293pp. Describes the author's approach to the field of folklore identified with him in Japan. Presents his own division of culture into three aspects: material, verbal, and mental or conceptual. Valuable, together with Kyodo seikatsu no kenkyuh5 (Research methods for the study of local life), as a guide to this school of research. 4.046. Yanagida Kunio t J i ~ (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku kenkyu \ A, ~ / (Japanese folklore studies). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1935, 7 + 587pp. A collection of fourteen lectures and symposium records from the author's course on Japanese folklore given in Tokyo in 1935. There are lectures on research methods in Japanese folklore, study of dialects, folk religion, marriage, funeral, family festivals, labor, customs and manners. 4.047. Yanagida Kunio J ] 1 ~ and Seki Keigo M SA ~, Nihon minzokugaku gaisetsu ] - ]\ 1 A' wt- At (Introduction to the study of Japanese folklore). Tokyo, Tokyodo, 1948, 2 vols. A systematic discussion of the folklore methodology of the Yanagida school, useful for the detailed classification of the field. Each segment of the field is analyzed and a reading list is suggested.

Page  28 28 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Yanagida Kunio and Seki Keigo, Nihon minzokugaku nyumon (Introduction to Japanese folklore). See Entry 22.095. 4.o48. Yasuda Saburo P 1j, Shakai chosa handobukku ~ ~ ~t \ty 7. >7 (Handbook on social surveys). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1960, 7 + 249pp. A very helpful handbook with both theoretical background and detailed information for carrying out social surveys. Includes chapters on bibliographical materials, statistics, and examples of questions. Especially helpful to foreign scholars doing work in Japan. Yasuda Saburo, "Toshi shakaigaku no kaiko" CUrban sociology in retrospect). See Entry 14.029. Yazaki Takeo, Nihon toshi no shakai riron CJapanese urban social theory). See Entry 14o033. 4.049. Yoneji Minoru \ t S, "Choki sogo chosa C ~ (Long-term joint studies)." serialized in Shosai no mado P ~ ~ 5 (The study window), no.124 - 138. Tokyo, Yuhikaku, July 1964 to December 1965. A staff member of the Keio University group that studied the community of Minami Majino in the Suwa area of Nagano prefecture under the direction of Ariga Kizaemon beginning in 1958 offers many valuable experiences and advice on social surveys as applied to the study of Japanese villages.

General Works and Festschrifts

pp. 29-33

Page  29 CHAPTER V GENERAL WORKS AND FESTSCHRIFTS Only recently has Japanese professional sociological literature begun to include attempts to furnish a comprehensive synthesis of Japanese society. Japan does not yet have the equivalent of such provocative, broad-scale interpreters of American society as Parsons, Riesman, Sorokin, Warner, or Whyte. On a lesser scale, however, there are a few interpretive essays calling attention to one or more pervasive sociocultural patterns or following out the implications of a particular"theme; a selection is listed here (Entries 5.002, 5.005, 5.011, 5.023). More characteristic of Japanese work is the koza or series, not specifically tailored to an integrative thesis but comprising a master plan of chapters or sections each of which is written by a specialist. These multi-authored works are favored by publishers and koza on Japanese society appear with increasing frequency. Several such series or selections from them are listed (Entries 5.001, 5.006, 5.009, 5.014, 5.017, 5.018, 5.022, 5.024,5.027). Related to the koza are collections of essays for textbook use in college courses (JEntries 5.007, 5.009, 5.015). Most other listings in this chapter have a rather miscellaneous character. Volumes presenting a single scholar's work on a wide range of subjects (Entries 5.008, 5.020, 5.024), though not necessarily comprehensive, have the advantage of offering a consistent viewpoint. Attention should be called, also, to studies of the special social characteristics linked with certain crafts and occupations (Entries 5.001, 5.010, 5.026), which are lodged here in order not to be lost in the literature on wage-andsalary workers, Chapter 17. Finally, we list together here all festschrifts and memorial volumes. The characteristically wideranging, miscellaneous character of their contents makes it undesirable to set them under more specific categories, although some of their more notable essays are cited in following chapters of this Guide where appropriate. 5.001. Arai Tsuneyasu i l 4 A-:J, "Geino shudan ~ A ~ C (Entertainers' groups)." in Omachi Tokuzo A dA fu C~ (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei J A /? / COutline of Japanese folklore studies), vol.3: Shakai to minzoku I /j-t i _ It /RX I CSociety and folklore I). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.289-310. The author organizes his varied data around the common characteristic of Japanese traditional entertainers, that their activity is team activity. Divides groups into professional and non-professional and studies their organizations, support, continuity,and relation to local society. Ariga Kizaemon, "Giri to ninjo: ko to shi" (Obligation and sentiment: public and private). See Entry 25.005. Ariga Kizaemon, "Kindaika to dento" (Modernization and tradition). See Entry 18.001. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nihon shakai kozo ni okeru kaisosei no mondai" CThe problem of hierarchy in the structure of Japanese society). See Entry 15.001. 5.002. Ariga Kizaemon N -. ~/fT, et al., "Nihon shakai no hikindaisei n " /-; 0 P [L_<~ (The non-modernity of Japanese society)." SKGHR, no.l, 1950, pp.2-67. Four general essays and two case studies are offered in a continued attempt to develop models of feudal, other pre-modern, and modern society in order to interpret contemporary Japan. Ariga, referring to an earlier set of essays on the theme of feudalism (in Shakaigaku kenkyu (Sociological studies), vol.1, no.2, 1947) distinguishes between "feudal" and "pre-modern." Ouchi Tsutomo applies the theme to rural family structure, Sumiya Mikio to labor relations, and Matsushima Eiichi to other aspects of society. The two case studies deal with gambler-racketeers (Iwai Hiroaki) and patron-client groups among miners (Matsushima Shizuo). 5.003. Aroutiounov, S.A. (Kayama Yohei Jo A1, translator), "Minzokugakuteki Nihon homonki: Sovieto minzokugakusha no Nihon no insho ~,~ J 4> j j 7 -7 '-1- 1 an % 0 }3 4> 9 ]; H (An ethnological visit to Japan: impressions of Japan by a Soviet ethnologist) [Russian title: Etnograficeska ya poezdka Japoniyu]." MZGKK, vol.26, no.4, 1962, pp.66-73. Impressions of Sergei Alexandrovitch Aroutinounov, a member of the Soviet Academy of Science, Institute of Ethnology, on his visit to Japan in June and July, 1960. Emphasis is given to ethnological research in Japan and aspects of social life in contemporary Japan. 5.004. Fukutake Tadashi 3 A;\ _j (ed.), Hayashi Megumi kyoju kanreki kinen rombunshu: Nihon shakaigaku no kadai A i/j 0 J (Essays in honor of the 61st birthday of Dr. Hayashi Megumi: themes in Japanese sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, 2 + 4 + 596pp. Essays honoring Professor Hayashi Megumi of the Department of Sociology, Tokyo University. Includes 28 essays, 13 articles of reminiscences, an outline of Professor Hayashi's life and a bibliography of his 29

Page  30 30 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY writings. Each essay takes note of the existing literature and research trends in a particular area of sociology. 5.005. Fukutake Tadashi j ~~K j- (ed.), Nihon no shakai f I x ) P iz CJapanese society). Tokyo, Kaname Shobo, 1952, 214pp. The theme of this general analysis is the persistence of pre-modern modes of social grouping, and their blending with modern modes. Similar patterns are found in rural society (_Tsukamoto Tetsundo), merchant society (Nakano Takashi), worker society (Matsushima Shizuo), and the society of gamblers (Iwai Hiroyuki). Fukutake's essay summarizes the social groupings of Japanese society at large. 5.006. Fukutake Tadashi \ j i (ed.), Nihonjin no shakai ishiki \ A e) ~ jL/ (The social consciousness of Japanese). Tokyo, San'ichi Shobo, 1960, 307pp. A collection of studies on the social consciousness of contemporary Japanese by eleven scholars, mainly sociologists. There is no necessary consistency of viewpoint or method but the first contribution by Hamashima Akira constitutes the premise on which the others are based and the last essay by editor Fukutake ties them all together. Contents are listed separately by author in this bibliography: Hashima, Hazama, Hozumi, Ishikawa, Izumiya, Kitagawa, Ogihara, Shimazaki, and Tsujimura. 5.007. Fukutake Tadashi / 1 K, (ed.), Shakaigaku ronshu: chosa hokoku hen ju /I J' t t ~f /_ / (Essays in sociology: survey reports). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo Shinsha, 1960, 5 + 382pp. A collection of essays for use as readings in university seminars. Includes reports on postwar empirical surveys. Most chapters contain only verbatim extracts from the original long report, though some reports have been summarized. This and the collection edited by Hidaka Rokuro (see below) provide a good sampling of postwar research. 5.008. Game Masao it A j (, Nihonjin no seikatsu kozo josetsu ' /~ f 'Lt t (-Introduction to the structure of daily life of the Japanese). Tokyo, Seishin Shobo, 1961, 299pp. Four essays follow an introduction. One divides Japan into nine regions by social type; one analyzes marriage types on the basis of nine polar-criteria and shows distribution of four types of descent groups; one examines disputes over land indemnity in Miyazaki ken (using TAT among other data eliciting methods); and one reports on Japanese settlers in Brazil. Heibonsha (ed.), Warera Nihonjin: sono karada (We Japanese: the body). See Entry 27.005. 5.009. Hidaka Rokuro g 7 x X (ed.), Shakaigaku ronshu: riron hen,1L ~ S %j At ' t A (Essays in sociology: theory). Tokyo, Kawade Shob5 Shinsha, 1959, 6 + 388pp. A collection of some top-grade postwar essays for use as readings for university seminars. Contains especially important essays on family and dozoku, as well as village and city. This and the collection edited by Fukutake Tadashi (see above) provide a good sampling of postwar research. 5.010. Honda Yasuji,$'), X ~ v, "Geino t ft (CFolk arts)." in Kyo-do kenkyu koza ~ ~ f 2 2. GX (Series on local studies), vol.6: Bunka _ \_. (Culture). Tokyo, Kadokawa Shoten, 1958, pp.206-228. A useful survey of folk arts; origins, classification, and description of various sorts of folk skills, masks and musical instruments. Ainu and Okinawan dancing are also discussed. Good for beginners. Horie Yasuzo, "Nihon no kindaika no mondai" (The problem of the modernization of Japan),. See Entry 18.004. 5.011. Ishida Takashi < W \, ", Gendai soshikiron ~A. f( ~ (Contemporary organization theory). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1961, 291pp. Part one examines basic theories on contemporary organization. Part two analyzes the organization of contemporary Japan, considering the development and types of pressure groups, the meaning of stratified structure in organization, the agricultural cooperative as a prototype of Japanese organization, the organization and activities of labor unions, and the organization of nationalistic movements. Kawashima Takeyoshi, Nihon shakai no kazokuteki kosei (Familistic structure of the Japanese society). See Entry 10. 022. Kawashima Takeyoshi, et al., "Tokushu: Rusu Benedikuto Kiku to katana no ataeru mono" CThe problems raised by The Chrysanthemum and the Sword). See Entry 4.016. 5.012. Kitano Seiichi *; - (ed.), Shakaigaku ni okeru riron to Jissho: Kurauchi hakase taikan shoju kinen rombunshu A. ' w 1 Y i i e K I- o% ' 3s A} K ~ (Theory and practice in sociology: essays in honor of the retirement of Dr. Kurauchi). Tokyo, Baifukan, 1963, 2 + 340pp. Essays in honor of Kurauchi Kazuta, who lectured on sociology at Osaka University. Includes fourteen essays, an outline of Dr. Kurauchi's life, and a bibliography of his writings.

Page  31 GENERAL WORKS AND FESTSCHRIFTS 31 5.013. Komatsu Kentaro Ad Z B - tf, et al. (eds.), Takada sensei koku shukuga rombunshu: shakaigaku no shomondai - / )t. -,C 4' if 3 ~ A ~ _ (Essays celebrating the 70th birthday of Professor Takada: problems in sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1954, 3 + 496pp. Eighteen essays honoring this leader in economic sociology, plus a chronological table of the life of Dr. Takada and a bibliography of his writings. 5.014. Koza shakaigaku %%,/ J (Studies in sociology). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1957-58, 10 vols. A systematic attempt to cover the whole field of sociology. First-rank scholars are principal contributors, though less excellent articles appear. Of special interest is the volume on theory Cvol.4) based on empirical research in Japanese society and the articles on rural and urban sociology (vol.9) which give a brief introduction to trends in these fields. Vol.1 - The individual and society. Vol.6 - Class and union. Vol.2 - The group and society. Vol.7 - Mass society. Vol.3 - Society and culture. Vol.8 - Social system and social change. Vol.4 - Family, village, city. Vol.9 - History and method of sociology. Vol.5 - Nation and state. Vol.10 - Related sciences, explanation of terms, chronology, index. 5.015. Matsushima Shizuo 2 $ B; and Nakano Takashi ' By $, Nihon shakai yoron \(:4 Ja?~,~ " (Essentials of Japanese society). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1958, 274pp. Discusses the structure of contemporary Japanese society, focussing on the family, the village, the business enterprise and the labor union, aiming to show the principles of sociology in concrete situations. Chapters 1 and 2 critically review the ie and dozoku studies of Toda Teizo and Ariga Kizaemon and give a useful out — line of work in this area. 5.016. "Minryoku" Henshu Iinkai r j A ~~ a. ("National power" Editorial Committee) (ed.), Minryoku, 7-/ (National power). Tokyo, Asahi Shimbunsha, 1957-, annual. Statistical materials by prefectures on population, land, industry, culture, economy, construction, and transportation and communication, compiled to assess the rate of progress in living standards. 5.017. Nihon Jinrui Gakkai A V4 ". Y' (Japan Anthropological Society) (ed.), Nihon minzoku 'f A'p. ^ r (The Japanese people). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952, 1 + 193pp. An updated sequel to a 1935 collection of essays surveying the anthropology of Japan. Twelve specialists contribute essays on the physical status of Japanese among East Asians (in terms of cephalic index), on population shifts through history, on racial attitudes, on linguistic affinities of Japanese, on pre-Tomb Period and Tomb Period archaeology, on the rise of aristocracy, on the Japanese family, and on the nonJapanese labelled "emishi." Yawata Ichiro, in the final essay, summarizes and assesses each contribution. 5.018. "Nihon shakai no hokensei j /31 4Ji ~ i4L t. (Feudal characteristics in Japanese society)." Special issue of Shakaigaku kenkyu iJt fi ~' y- C (Sociological studies), vol.1, no.2, 1947, pp.59-136. Five articles written in the early poBtwar years of tumultuous change by Ariga Kizaemon, Sakurai Shotaro, Koguchi Iichi, Yokoyama Sadao, and Matsushima Shizuo on the "feudal nature'l of Japanese villages, modern politics, religion, commerce, and labor. 5.019. Ogyu Chikasato JK, a _J, "Nihon bunka no chiikisei to sono kozoteki rikai j ~' < ~_ 0) JY-?. ~ \ 01'.4 At ' J(Eng. title: Local distribution of selected culture elements in Japan and the structural relationships of their linkage)." MZGKK, vol.21, no.3, 1957, pp.79-84. Attempts to conjoin two currently polarized approaches: the historical and the contemporary, to reach a structural description of Japanese society. Proposes two early kinship models, now co-existing and merged: elite or samurai kinship based on patrilateral kinship groups; and the ancient non-elite type, centered on the individual person and his network of bilateral kindred. An English summary is appended. 5.020. Oka Masao A 5 At,et al., Amami, Okinawa no minzoku, hikaku minzokugakuteki shomondai 2t ' { 4t ' /) A at tLc f tX f e (Folklore of Amami and Okinawan islanders, essays on comparative ethnological problems), in Nihon minzokugaku taikei ( 4t '. 44 J '.&(Outline of Japanese folklore), vol.12. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, 294pp. Essays grouped in three sections (Amami Island, Okinawa Islands, and comparative ethnology) are permeated with ethnological concerns, among which interregional comparison is uppermost, reaching outside of the Japanese culture area. Among ethnological essays are: rice cultivation (Matsumato Nobuhiro), sickles (Yawata Ichiro), legends of the Amazon Islands (Ishida Eiichiro)) and old tales (Seki Keigo). 5.021. Okochi Kazuo fr ' ]; (ed.), Kokumin seikatsu no kadai Ai 9 o '. (Themes in national life). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1943, 441pp. A study of war-time living conditions with articles on diet, clothing, dwellings, and recreation. Of special importance is Tsuruta Michio's article on conditions of factory laborers.

Page  32 32 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ATUHROPOLOGY Omachi Tokuzo, et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei (Outline of Japanese folklore studies). See Entry 22.087. 5.022. Omachi Tokuzo ON Sy $3, et al. (eds.), Shakai to minzoku I r} t 'c \ h/~ I (Society and folklore I), in Nihon minzokugaku taikei 3 Af Aj Q 4 t 7 ( Outline of Japanese folklore studies), vol.3. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1960, 342pp. Essays on age groups, kin groups, religious groups, groups based on arts and crafts, and occupational groups examined through folklore. Origuchi Shinobu (ed.), Yanagida Kunio sensei koku kinen bunshu: Nihon minzokugaku no tame ni CEssays commemorating the seventieth birthday of Professor Yanagida Kunio: in behalf of Japanese folklore). See Entry 22.091. 5.023. Sakurai Shotaro A /, J. S, "Shakai kankei no Nihonteki tokushitsu J 'tJ 4 _ 9 ~,~ /IM j (The characteristics of Japanese social relations)." in Kurauchi hakuse taikan shoja kinen rombunshu: shakaigaku ni okeru riron to jissho I > -i -A /J T t t. >a/* f / 's t - -i i - ~ 4-(Theory and proof in sociology: essays in honor of Dr. Kurauchi). Tokyo, Baifukan,1963, pp. 173-190. Finds Japanese characteristics in the predominance of vertical over horizontal social relations. Uses mainly examples from the feudal period. 5.024. Shibata Minoru "j 1., "Nihon bunka no rekishiteki tenkai s an a i 0A Ad), 13e )& / (Historical development of Japanese culture)." in Nihon minzokugaku taikei o D r.s S e [ e d, J (J.Tapanese folklore series), vol.2: Nihon minzokugaku no rekishi to kadai 13 ~ As {R x 0,6 t >L (Science of folklore in Japan: its history and tasks). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.22-32. An interesting brief survey of cultural dynamics in the historical development of Japanese society, as seen from an ethnological viewpoint. 5.025. Shimmei Hakase Kanreki Kinen Rombunshu Kankokai f A } A t l e t La i, X X d (Society for the Publication of Essays Commemorating the 61st Birthday of Dr. Shimmei) (ed.), Shakaigaku no mondai to hoho t 4 9 j 0; S (-Problems and method in sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1959, 4 + 421pp. I Eighteen essays honoring Professor Shimmei Masamichi who taught sociology at Tohoku University. Most of the essays deal with theory or method rather than empirical study. Suzuki Tatsuzo, "Kokuminsei no kenkyu: daisanji zenkoku chosa ni tsuite" (A study of Japanese national character: the third national survey). See Entry 25.053. 5.026. Takeuchi Toshimi /T1T I] $] 41, "Shokugyo shudan I - ~x - i 1 (-Occupational groups I)." in Omachi Tokuzo }qx At j A ~, et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei J f / t- j ~. (Outline of Japanese folklore studies), vol.3: Shakai to minzoku I 4 R /z r % y//- (Society and folklore I). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.311-334. Discusses deities and customs of hunters (matagi) and woodworkers in the village and discusses organizations and traditions of founders, ironworkers, and blacksmiths. 5.027. Tanabe Hisatoshi )3 31_: 4| (ed.), Shakaigaku taikei 4 A - f. ( Outline of sociology), 14 volumes. Tokyo, Kunitachi Shoin, 1948. An early expression of postwar sociology, covering subjects usually considered in the area of folklore as well as the standard subjects of sociology. The principal subject matter in illustrative examples is Japan. Vol.1 - Family (Ariga Kizaemon). Vol.2 - City and village (Ariga Kizaemon). Vol.3 - State and class (Yokoe Katsumi). Vol.4 - Population and race (Yokoe Katsumi). Vol.5 - Occupation and labor union (Yokoe Katsumi). Vol.6 - Religion and myth (Furuno Kiyoto). Vol.7 - Convention and morality (Furuno Kiyoto). Vol.8 - Science and technology (Koyama Takashi). Vol.9 - Thought and language (Kurauchi Kazuta). Vol.10 - Literature and the arts (Usui Jisho). Vol.11 - Economy and communication (Yokoe Katsumi). Vol.12 - Public opinion and politics (Usui Jisho). Vol.13 - Law and crime (Tanabe Hisatoshi). Vol.14 - Education (Tanabe Hisatoshi). 5.028. Toky5 Daigaku Shakai Gakkai 3i Ad t 4 ' ' Z (Institute of Sociology, Tokyo University) (ed.), Toda Teizo hakase kanreki shukuga kinen rombunshu: gendai shakaigaku no shomondai 'f L st (E_,1/;L z ^,wi )j\ ^.L 0 -9 Xo (Essays in honor of Dr. Toda TeizZ's 61st birthday: problems in contemporary sociology). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1949, 2 + 552pp.

Page  33 GENERAL WORKS AND FESTSCHRIFTS 33 Twenty-four essays honoring a pioneer in quantitative studies, plus a bibliography of Dr. Toda's publications. Tokyo Jinrui Gakkai (ed.), Nihon minzoku CThe Japanese people). See Entry 7.015.

Population and Manpower

pp. 34-53

Page  34 CHAPTER VI POPULATION AND MANPOWER Japan maintains a relatively mature and sophisticated level of demographic studies. In the postwar period, besides some demographers of international repute, workers in the field as a whole meet a high standard of conceptual and methodological competence. This performance rests, of course, on uncommonly efficient systems for gathering accurate data on population at frequent intervals from all parts of the nation. Japan has had a modern form of decennial census since 1920, with intercensal sampling reported at five year intervals. Even earlier, however, data of unusual specificity permit historical studies of the composition, growth, and flow of population since the eighteenth century or earlier, although standardized nation-wide collecting of much important demographic data began only in 1872 and after. Academically, demographers tend to form a discipline more or less independent of sociology, requiring mathematical and statistical training a good step beyond the competence expected of general sociology students. Professional demographers, in fact, more often work in governmental agencies than in universities. Demographers predominate among the authors cited in the general section of this chapter; however, rural social phenomena bearing on population studies have been equally the province of general sociologists, whose works are most numerous among those cited in the second section on Rural Aspects. Postwar studies receive most attention in this compilation partly because changing trends in demographic phenomena have made much pre-war work irrelevant. Also, to considerable extent, pre-oar work was at the same time less professional and noticeably influenced by assumptions built into official "population policies." The government, even while trying to encourage high-fertility families, took a posture of desperate concern about "overpopulation" as a major justification for political expansionism. Accordingly, many population studies accepted the most fearsome growth projections and indicatedthat existing problems were evidence of "overpopulation." The postwar evidence of the "demographic transition" to consistently low fertility rates belied most pre-war projections; and a new outlook on trained -and competent population as a major national resource has focussed attention on problems of efficiently distributing this resource as a labor force rather than on the specter of undernourished, under-supplied, rapidly-spawning masses. What links pre-war to postwar studies, however, is a consistent regard for the economic aspects of population viewed as a labor supply. A large proportion of the work cited here, directly or by inference, looks toward the practical problems of anticipating and diagnosing the balance between available jobs and potential workers. A. GENERAL Included as general studies are books and papers that analyze population composition (by age, sex, marital status, residence, occupation, education, etc.); others that deal with differential fertility, birth control, and aging and mortality, leading to overall or local projections of population growth; and others that analyze internal population flow through seasonal or permanent residence shifts. A persistent and even increasing concern is with overconcentration of population as urban masses in megalopolitan districts, and with selective migration that siphons away from non-urban areas a disquietingly high total of the most vigorous and productive age cohorts. Sociological considerations enter, into studies of marriage patterns, family structure, and occupational opportunities that differentially affect fertility and migration. Human genetics literature is not covered in this Guide. The subject is undeniably an aspect of population studies, or closely linked thereto, and is a very lively field of postwar research in Japan. While a considerable quantity of genetic studies is of biochemical and medical nature, other work takes up social parameters affecting genetic components, such as social isolation of breeding groups, marriage patterns, and community structure. Nonetheless, on the grounds that genetics research has as yet rarely involved sociologists or social anthropologists or been utilized by them, it was judged to fall outside of the proper scope of coverage of this Guide. One single entry (Entry 6.120) has been retained as an exception. 6.001. Aiko Katsuya A ) 4 gi, "Tenkanki Nihon no jinko to shokugy haibun ~ t X 4^ ' 0 As U L ~T 3 t GJ4 (Japan's population and occupational distribution at the turning point)." in Nogyo sogo kenkyu ' /^,^, (Multi-disciplinary agricultural research), vol.14, no.2, 1960, pp.83-116. Using the government's 1960 "First white paper on population: problems of Japan's population at the turning point" CWelfare Ministry Publication) and its "Report on full employment" (_Prime Minister's Office Publication) this essay examines the relationship between economic progress and occupational distribution. 6.002. Aoki Hisao A j j, "Showa 37 nendo daiyonji shussan ryoku chosa kekka no gaiyo ~ $ 3 'T X]~ j;,)s, ~ p- 7 -8L:+- Ad g) WWJ ~. CSummary of the results of the fourth survey of fertility)." 34

Page  35 POPULATION AND MANPOWER 35 JMK, no.90, 1964, pp.1-54; no.93, 1965, pp.10-39; no.95, 1965, pp.36-51; no.96, 1965, pp.26-35. Studies the total number of births per person, changes through time, differences between urban and rural areas and between social classes. 6.003. Goda Eisaku /j " 1" I, "Zentsuji-cho to Kotohira-cho to no jinko ido i3 j T XX ") L 9,Y -v f 4(Eng. title: Migrants of local towns, Zentsuji-cho and Kotohira-cho in Kagawa prefecture)." Jimbun chiri J/\ I f ' (Human geography). vol.5, no.3, 1953, pp.28-37. A comparison of population movements in Shikoku, using Zentsuji with its large temple and Occupation military base and Kotohira, a tourist city with a famous shrine, based on residence changes recorded for January, April, July and October, 1951. 6.004. Hama Hidehiko;$ E X,, et al., "Nihon no megaroporisu 9 A 9 / a 1 t' ') a ( nJapan's megalopolis)." Special issue of JMK, no.94, 1965, pp.1-48; no.95, 1965, pp.1-35. Three essays comprise each issue; both issues examine the problem of demarcation and definition of "megalopolis," the migration patterns contributing to the emergence of the Pacific-Inland Sea coastal megalopolis of Japan, and its effect on rural settlements and agriculture in the area. 6.005. Hayashi Megumi mi. i-, "Hompo naichi ni okeru tohibetsu jinko zokaritsu. ^? V a l',JIX 1 W 7$ 1 (Rates of population increase by rural and urban divisions in Japan)." in Nihon Shakai Gakkai, Nempo shakaigaku, 2: Minzoku to kokka T/ */: ) r 'R i ~ ~ - f f t X (Japan Sociological Society, Sociology annual, no.2: People and state). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934, pp. 364-366. Rates of population increase in communities taken at intervals of up to 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, and above 100,000, inhabitants compared for the years 1920, 1925, and 1930, as based on national census data. 6.006. Hayashi Megumi Ah, \~, "Hompo saikin no tohibetsu jinko juyo ryo no kenkyu 4' / _ _ ~,% u U), g!~ k'L_ - I e C A (CA study of the population receptiveness of cities, towns and villages in recent Japan)." Nempo shakagaku (Sociology annual), no.3, 1935, pp.118-142. The author analyzes the extent to which communities, ranked according to population, received population from other prefectures during the decade 1920 to 1930. 6.007. Hayashi Megumi;*j, "Hompo tohi jinko no kenko to zoka ryoku As P 'd I' J U 0 f B t. At iu, ] (Rural and urban population in Japan: their capacity for balance and increase)." Jinko mondai;s A? Ad 4A (Population problem), vol.3, no.1, 1938, pp.169-213. Inquires into the balance maintained between urban and rural segments of the expanding population of Japan and speculates on their future balance and their respective capacities for growth. 6.oo8. Honda Tatsuo iS 77 If, Sanji chosetsu no fukyu jokyo ni kansuru chosa st 9d J 0 A.j, a) 1I ]y? 1~-j-(A study on the spread of birth control methods). Tokyo, Koseish5 Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho, 1953, 1 + 22pp. Analyzes the spread of birth control in Japan, by district, wifes's age, duration of marriage, number of living children, husband's occupation, and husband's and wife's education. 6.oo009. Honda Tatsuo, -f tfo *,4 "Sengo shussanryoku no bunseki - Showa niju shichi nen shussanryoku ch5sa no saishukei j/4 4 j r ) 9 4 2f J * 4 9.f ~ ~' t 9 (Analysis of postwar fertility of Japan: revised tabulation of the Fertility survey in 1952)." JMK, no.62, 1955, pp.l1-9. Analyzes data of the second fertility survey carried out by the Institute of Population Problems, in relation to social strata and occupations. 6.010. Honda Tatsuo it MW `-, "Senzen sengo no fufu shussanryoku ni okeru shussei yokusei koka no bunseki: toku ni chuzetsu to hinin no yokusei koka ni tsuite B j & 9 }|. -A ~s ) A '' $P 'Jq IJ 4 ~_ { < CI % L,4 E ~f J [ Eng. title: An analysis of the birth control effect in the marital fertility in pre- and postwar Japan, with special reference to the effectiveness of control by induced abortion and contraception practice)." JMK, no.78, 1959, pp.1-19. An examination based on five surveys on birth control carried out by the Mainichi Shimbun. The necessary data are so scarce that the author himself called this an "ill-advised plan." 6.011. Honda Tatsuo nt fr x, "Showa 32 nen daisanji shusseiryoku chosa kekka no gaiyo u *U 3 -2 3 vX A X A 7 /I j. ~ e d $ CSummary of the results of the 1957 survey on fertility)." JMK, no.77, 1959, pp.1-24. Previous surveys were made in 1940 and 1952. The 1952 and 1957 surveys were based on random samples. The 1957 survey examined 719 couples in which the wife was under fifty; self-administered questionnaires were used. 6.012. Honjo Eijiro V. J, Nihon jinko shi ' AJ/A 1. (History of Japanese population).

Page  36 36 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1941, 5 + 429pp. Collected articles on the history of Japanese population, constituting the revised edition of "Population and population problems" (1930). Deals with population in the ancient and medieval periods; urban concentration and population control in the Tokugawa period; Tokugawa period theories of population; population characteristics of the Meiji period; and problems about population before the Meiji Restoration. Ikeda Yoshinaga, "Dekasegi no igi narabini sono shakaigakuteki keiso: toku ni Hokkaido ni okeru jijitsu o shiryo to shite" (The meaning and sociological forms of working away from home: field data from Hokkaido). See Entry 17.036. 6.013. Inami Etsuji i J, "Sengo no hompo fuken betsu jinko no kototeki ido ritsu to sono gen' in EN /5> e '4X. tW~tt;[1 U 0Xj Al,2 it <) e/ ^1 t 4 94 (CEng. title: Problems on the shifting rate of prefectural poulation toward cities)." in Toshi monhdai A S At u (-Urban problems), vol.48, no.3, 1957, pp.86-99. The author carefully considers factors such as the return of wartime refugees, natural population increase in prefectures which feed population into the metropolitan areas, differing standards of living in outlying prefectures and metropolitan areas, differences in cultural level, and distance factors in population movement, and comes to the conclusion that these do not explain population movement to the cities. Finds that community and kinship ties are the most important factors. 6.014. Isomura Eiichi a 44 K-, "Bunka ishiki no hattatsu to jinko gensui no shocho )QtAU 0 Z d I tjL )t (The development of culture consciousness and signs of population decline." SKGZ, no.142, 1927, pp.1-27. A survey of 761 wome.n teachers in Tokyo, correlating their age of marriage, duration of marriage, income, house size (by mat-count), and total number of children borne. Examines correlation between social and educational level and number of children, finding no decisive contrasts. Jinko dotai tokei (Vital statistics). Koseisho Daijin Kanbo Tokeichosabu, publisher. See Entry 2.012. Jinko mondai kenkyu (The journal of population problems). See Entry 3.005. Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho kenkyu shiryo (Research materials, Institute of Population Problems). Koseisho Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho, publisher. See Entry 3.010. Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho nempo (Annual report of the Institute of Population Problems), cited in this Guide as JMK Annual. Koseisho (Ministry of Public Welfare), publisher, See Entry 3.011. 6.015. Kiuchi Shinzo to 1] c', "Jinko mondai ni okeru daitoshi shugi to chiho shugi: Noto no jinko ido no baai ( 1~ OR /, T ~~~ - 'C A, / CUrbanism and localism in the population problem: population movement in Noto)." Jimbun chiri (Human geography), vol.6, no.1, 1954, pp.1-13. Based on empirical study of population movement in the Noto Peninsula, proposes the establishment of cities of about 500,000 population scattered in rural areas to counter the concentration of population in metropolitan areas. 6.016. Kono Shigemi,vj At I?, "Jinko ido kara mita megaroporisu no tokucho 1o 7r f 2 7 ' V a r Jl I"1^ A l9,^9 f7Special characteristics of the megalopolis from the standpoint of population mobility) [Eng. title: Some characteristics of megalopolitan development in Japan: migration velocity analysis]." JMK, no.95, 1965, pp.11-20. This study attempts to analyze some notable characteristics of migration streams into the megalopolis in Japan, showing the coalescence of the three major metropolitan areas, Tokyo-Yokohama, Nagoya, and OsakaKyoto-Kobe, by making use of the index of migration velocity which Prof. D.J. Bogue and others contrived to measure relative intensities of the migration stream between geographical areas. English summary on page 207. 6.017. Kono Shigemi J P M d, "Nenrei shussho jun'i kekkon o koryo ni ireta danjoji gokei saisei sanryoku hyo G An k k I 7 < CTotal reproductive power including consideration of age, birih order) and marriage)." JMI Annual, no.9, 1964, pp.7-11. Tables based on statistics for the two biennials, 1950-51 and 1960-61, which analyze the decreasing birth rate over this important decade as it bears on population structure considered by age, birth order, married status, and death rate. 6.018. Koseisho Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho,f As j Y X i [ f i (tThe Institute of Population Problems, Welfare Ministry) (ed.), Genka no jinko mondai A 7 S U A tr l ((Present population problems). Tokyo, Kokumin Kyoikusha, 1949, 318pp. Collection of studies of population problems in Japan during the "baby boom" after World War II. Okazaki Ayanori discusses population policies; Tachi Minoru, the present and future of Japanese population; Ueda Masao, regional characteristics of Japanese population; Mikuni Kazuyoshi, the population supporting power

Page  37 POPULATION AND MANPOWER 37 of industry; Hayashi Shigeru, optimum population in Japanese agriculture; and Shinozaki Nobuo, the present and prospective conditions of birth control in Japan. 6.019. Koseisho Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho X. to J Af CV,, M The Institute of Population Problems, Welfare Ministry), Kansoku seimeihyo op A ( j (Abridged life tables). The lst-9th, 1948 -1956, Tokyo, Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho. Koyama Takashi, "Shizoku no chiikiteki ido keiko ni tsuite" (On the geographic mobility of former samurai). See Entry 15.004. Koyama Toshio, "Himpu betsu oyobi shokugyo betsu yori mitaru shussho ritsu oyobi kon'in nenrei no kenkyu" (A study of birth rate and marriage age by wealth and occupation). See Entry 10.102. 6.020. Kuroda Toshio / I. }A, "Jinko ido kara mita megaroporisu keisei to sono mondaiten /I\ 7 49 ' 5; p. " 7 1) / 4"t7 4 ) A I J Y 6 X,S t' (Eng. title: Demographic approach to megalopolis in Japan: migration behavior in megalopolis)." JMK, no.95, 1965, pp.l-10. A comparative study of three metropolitan areas: south Kanto Cfour prefectures); Tokai (four prefectures); and Kinki (six prefectures), using data from 1955 to 1963. Finds a marked ranking in the rate of natural population increase in the three areas. 6.021. Kuroda Toshio; ' Ai Jk, "Jinko ido to shusshoryoku A/ il 4 7 i - /7 (Population movement and fertility)." JMK Annual, no.7, 1962, pp.36-40. Study of fertility, its relation to population movement) and its co-variance with the structure of supplemental manpower. 6.022. Kuroda Toshio. I /41 j., "Kekkon patan no hendo to sono shusseiryoku ni oyobosu eikyo no jinkogakuteki bunseki: shusseiryoku kettei yoin puroguramu no ikkan to shite 4. By /~ 7- do 0 J ~Y g/gX h ))rt/ AS7 En t t ^ i/t 4 '. - a 1 7 7 6 — 0 I \ T (Eng. title: Marriage pattern and its effects on fertility in Japan: a part of the research program on determining factors in fertility)." JMK, no.71, 1958, pp.1-23. Analyzes changes in marriage age and marriage rate Cor ratio of unmarried persons) as factors for long-' term forecasting of population growth. 6.023. Kuroda Toshio ^. ] /~, "Konenka gensho no jinkogakuteki kenkyu l 1 7 4Ub A < 9 /N U it t, 'j (Eng. title: Demographic investigation on the problems of aging population)." JMK, no.61, 1955, pp.8-62; no.62, 1955, pp.10-42. Examines the social and economic foundation of gerontology, the basic concept of population aging, primary factors in aging of a population, its consequences for society and for labor supply, and applies all these considerations to Japan's case. Compares these findings with those from the major advanced countries. 6.024. Kuroda Toshio. V 1 fA, "Rodo ryokuritsu no nenrei kozo /4 t 4 '9) $ 'i ' - (Eng. title: Labor force participation and age composition)." in Jumyogaku Kenkyukai (The Gerontological Association of Japan) (ed.), Daisankai Jumyogaku Kenkyukai nempo / 3 ]~ J _ T L A ~ k (Gerontological Association of Japan, third annual report). Tokyo, Jumy5gaku Kenkyukai, 1958, pp. 63-67. Comparative study by prefectures based on the 1955 national census. The author works out a typology of advanced and underdeveloped areas on the basis of figures showing occupational activites and age composition of their populations. 6.025. Kuroda Toshio A, 1 it I, "Waga kuni ni okeru j inko daitoshi shuchu no tokushitsu: jinko ido no keizai jinkogakuteki kosatsu 4 v'J o I -a J j% 1 9 t B ~ - t -y -it 9 'i * I- U 'T it - s (Eng. title: Economic-demographic considerations of remarkable concentration of population in great cities in Japan)." in Toshi mondai A t ~l X (-Urban problems), vol.52, no.1, 1961, pp.13-21. Examination of population in Tokyo and Osaka and surrounding area from the 1920's to the 1950's based on census material. Studies both the reduction in agricultural population and the migrant's acceptance of lower level jobs on moving to the city. 6.026. Mainichi Shimbunsha Jinko Mondai Chosakai $ H;f[ v il J U iA iI A 4 CM0ainichi News Research Institute on Population Problems) (ed.), Nihon no jinko mondai 3 p f /), 0 T (The population problems of Japan). Tokyo, Mainichi Shimbunsha, 1950, 12 + 286pp. Separate essays on the postwar population problems of Japan: Tachi Minoru, postwar population of Japan; Inaba Shuzo, population and economic power; Aki Koichi, population and natural resources; Kondo Yasuo, population problem in terms of food supply; and Minoguchi Tokijiro, population theories. 6.027. Mihara Shin'ichi — _ X, 4 —, "Nihon ni okeru kokunai jinko ido ~ 4 1,, I U i 4/ (Eng. title: Internal migration in Japan: metropolitan populationreseaching [ed.. teaching] saturation point)." Nihon Jinko Gakkai kiyo.. J U n /, 4 ~ (Archives of the Population Association of Japan), no.3, 1955, pp.11-15.

Page  38 38 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Outline of internal migration in Japan since the beginning of the twentieth century. Points out two characteristics: (1) movement from the southwest toward the northeast, and (2) movement from rural to urban areas. Measures the geographic shift of population center. There is an English translation pp.ll-16. 6.028. Minoguchi Tokijiro k. \2 T, "Nihon genka no shitsugyo wa ikani shiyte hassei n shitaka pI 'jt>i }- ) 0 S 1t -PA \ 14 - L t I LT -(How did the present unemployment of Japan come about?)." in Ueda Teijiro L^ w X; C(ed.), Nihon jinko mondai kenkyu Y 4s, Y 4 XM 3;% % (Studies of Japanese population probles), vol.2 Tokyo, oKych5kai, 1934, pp.342-422. The author ascribes the unemployment in Japan from 1920 to 1930 to the fact that rising demand for goods and rising production of goods were not balanced by increases in the labor force. 6.029. Miyaide Hideo A, / i, "Gendai ni okeru toshi e no jinko shuchu, Z lx 7< s lo B f o lt/,J _V1t1n (C(Characteristics of contemporary population concentration in metropolitan areas) [Eng. title: Feature of the population centralization into metropolis of modern times]." in Toshi mondai, ' %1 g (Urban problems), vol.52, no.1, 1961, pp.1-12. A discussion of economic factors in the centralizing of population. Introduces past theories ae!d presents data from Tokyo. 6.030. Morita Yuzoi o, "Jinko no chiriteki bumpu to potenshiyaru: Nihon jinko no potenshiyaru chizu os U ) Siti ra ojf J - v, J the a) Pim Min i t's Off ice, Geographical distribution of population and its potential: the map of Japanese population potential)." in Hitotsubashi ronso Ja pan' ft m (Hitotsubashi review), vol.42, no.5, November 1959, pp.17-31. Examines various theories for measuring geographical distribution of population, and adopts the theory and formula of Professor John Stewart of Princeton to calculate the influence on any given point exerted by the surrounding population. Uses data for 1900, 1920, and 1955, and demonstrates that Tokyo and Osaka are foci of population potential. Tokyo dominates in economic potential, calculated by adding a factor for average per capita income. 6.031. Morita Yuzo j I j1, "Jinko zoka no bunseki /N X\ i,47 # ( t(An analysis of population growth). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1944, 12 + 464pp. A cadlection of articles on population growth. Two deal with Japan, one asserting a stable growth rate, the other treating the phenomeon of rising death rate during the Meiji period of urbanization. An appendix gives estimated birth rates since 1868. Naikaku Tokeikyoku, Nihon teikoku jinko dotai tokei (Vital statistics for the Japanese Empire). Naikaku Tokeikyoku. See Entry 2.018. 6.032. Naikaku Tokeikyoku V]'f 1 $L [ 7 or Sorifu Tokeikyoku t. 0 7 (-Cabinet Statistical Bureau or Statistical Bureau of the Prime Minister's Office), Kokusei chosa hokoku I At Wi 4 0- o (National census report). Japan's first modern census was taken in 1920, subsequent censuses have been held in 1920, subsequent censusese been held in 1925, 1930, 1935, 1940, 1947, 1950, 1955, 1960, and 1965. Detailed reports are published on each. However, the report on the 1940 census was not published until 1961-62. Pre-war censuses were administered by the Cabinet Statistical Bureau (Sorifu Tokeikyoku), postwar ones by the Statistical Bureau of the Prime Minister's Office (Naikaku Tokeikyoku). For details see Yasuda Saburt, Shakai chosa handobukku (Social survey handbook), pp.49-59. In addition to volumes of national statistics, separate volumes are published for each prefecture. Publication dates for each census are 1920 (published through 1923-31), 1925 (1926-34), 1930 (1931-35), 1935 (1936-39), 1940 (1961-62), 1947 (1948), 1950 (1951-55), 1955 (1956-59), 1960 (1961-63). 6.033. Naikaku Tokeikyoku 1\1 Ad A t or Sorifu Tokeikyoku h o> -f "' bet 7 CCabinet Statistical Bureau or Statistical Bureau of the Prime Minister's Office), Nihon teikoku shiin tokei A 4f );1 aL eg '- (Statistics of causes of death in the Japanese Empire). Tokyo, Naikaku Tokeikyoku, 1909-, annual. 6.034. Nojiri Shigeo T /u 1 T, "Nihon ni okeru kogyoka no shinten to kokunai jinko ido no seikaku 1 At I- V s t '1 LJ\ 1 ^t < a L l4 Ans UaN 4^i a) 4- (Eng. title: The true nature of development of industrialization and internal migration in Japan)." Nihon Jinko Gakkai Kiyo (Archives of the Population Association of Japan), no.3, 1955, pp.33-36. Seeks special features of migration between rural villages of pre-modern coloration and rapidly industrializing cities since the Meiji Restoration. The author concludes that movement from agriculture to industry was extremely weak. An English translation is found on pp.35-38. 6.035. Noma Kaizo - A Nihon no jinko to keizai T r. <a) j r. 4 — ^C(Population and economy of Japan). Tokyo, Nihon Hyaronsha, 1941, 36 + 407pp. Represents the expansionist theory in pre-war Japanese scholarship. In the author's interpretation, Japanese population will continue to increase as death rates decline faster than birth rates. Protecting population trends, he concludes that neither farming nor industry can absorb the increase, which leaves migration to Manchuria and Southeast Asia as the only solution.

Page  39 POPULATION AND MANPOWER 39 6.036. Ogino Shimako PI~ J -, "Chiiki betsu ni mita kinnen no rojin shibo t B Alj ]1; A- 4- c / b _ pt. L(Eng. title: Regional differences in the recent mortality of the old people in Japan)." JMK, no.93, 1965, pp.40-48. Analysis of the structure of mortality among the aged using the 1960 Special report on vital statistics. Analyzes differences by prefectures and by cause of death. 6.037. Ohashi Kaoru _S j., "Toshi kanrakugai ni okeru jinko ryudo no seishitsu: Osaka 'Minami' sakariba no kosatsu o chushin to shite Be ti A I 1T X / -, lI B 0 f i 1 I 1 ' 9 ) 9 9~!.- ~ i \ tLT (Characteristics of population fluidity in an urban entertainment district: the Osaka "Minami" pleasure quarter)." in Toshi mondai kenkyu /tf ~ ] Fjf f J(Journal of municipal problems), vol.8, no.2, 1956, pp.58-81. Statistical study of population fluidity in an entertainment district. 6.038. Okazaki Ayanori ^J jC g j, Dai niji (1952 nen) shussanryoku chosa 2-; P (I 2 4) 2 \,y -i -7 -, j (The second fertility survey [1952]). Tokyo, Koseisho Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho, 1953, 1 + 70Opp. Describes the difference in fertility of Japanese women by social stratum, marriage age,and duration of marriage; based on the second fertility survey carried out by the Institute of Population Problems in 1952. 6.039. Okazaki Ayanori 1/ L ),j, Kekkon to jinko _ -~ r J- av (Marriage and population). Tokyo, Chikura Shobo, 1941, 7 + 242pp. Discusses marriage from the point of view of an advocate of the policy of population encouragement, dealing with the change of marriage rate, official encouragement of marriage, wedding expenses of the first marriage, average marriage age and its decline, the marriage area, the gap between consummation of marriage and its registration, consanguineous marriage, and the statistical relation of marriages to births. 6.o4o. Okazaki Ayanori fl A 1 _ JL Nihon jinko no jisshoteki kenkyu,{ 4 - ' j 10 it. % (An empirical study of Japanese popuglation). Tokyo, Hokuryukan, 1950, 63 + 602pp. Analyzes the growth of Japanese population in terms of births, still-births, deaths, marriages)and divorces. Deals with the effects of World War II on the population composition of Japan. 6.04l. Okazaki Ayanori At L jet, "Nihon ni okeru yusei seisaku to sono kekka ni tsuite io tI ltI 4 /t C -- 1\- (Eugenic policy and its effects in Japan)." JMK, no.61, 1955, pp.l-7. Describes the changes of eugenic policy in Japan, especially in the postwar period. 6.042. Okazaki Ayanori 4J A, j "Shussanryoku chosa kekka no gaisetsu g X t A -t MY-9 Vt t(Summary of the results of a fertility survey)." JMK, vol.1, no.7, 1940, pp.I-95. Summary of the results of fertility survey of 71,606 cases selected by sampling methods by the Institute of Population Problems in 1940. 6.043. Okazaki hiYii, "Nihon ni okeru shussho ritsu teika no bunseki d 7D at a ' m a 4' n ke ^Of/X;7 (Analysis of the decline of the birth rate in Japan)." JMK, no.89, no.89, 1963, pp.-. Comparative demographic analysis of statistics from 1920, when the birth rate first began to drop, until 1955. 6.o044. Sekiyama Naotaro ` Al j Jt g, Kinsei Nihon jinko no kenkyu L A, I: A 1 9 /ivF t (A study of population in the Tokugawa period). Tokyo, Ryiginsha, 1948, 282pp. Deals with static and dynamic conditions of population, city concentration of population, and decrease of rural population in the Tokugawa period. 6.045. Sekiyama Naotaruo ~A Lb MI x, Nihon Jinko shi n no jt t (History of the population in Japan). Tokyo, Shikai Shobo, 1942, 11 + 261pp. Treats the history of the population of Japan under three periods: before the middle ages, from the middle ages through the Tokugawa period, and the Meiji period and later. Describes static and dynamic conditions of population, population problems, and population policies of each period. 6.0o6. Shakai Jigyo Kenkyusho;t 4z p ^%^ A Jr (Institute for Social Work) (ed.), Datai mabiki no kenkyu?0ft L) 1 (A study of abortion and infanticide). Tokyo, Chuo Shakai Jigyo Kyokai, Shakai Jigyo Kenkyusho, 1936, 286pp. A study by Takahashi Bonsen of birth control by abortion and infanticide in the Tokugawa period, and of official efforts to prevent their use. 6.0o47. Shinozaki Nobuo 4, "Kazoku keikaku junen no jittai suii to sono bunseki J $X It s 04 A e) 4 4t r. 4 9 48 (Analysis of trends in family planning during the past ten years)." JMK Annual, no.1, 1956, pp. 56-62. Traces trends in the decade ending in 1946, when birth limitation first was openly supported in Japan. Analyzes family planning with regard to its mode of dissemination, its relation to educational level, wife's

Page  40 40 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY age, duration of married life, number of children, its techniques,and motivations. 6.048. Shinozaki Nobuo iT JI4 t ), "Kekkon nenrei betsu ni mita sabetsu ninshin ryoku no tokeiteki bunseki z- i44^ q 1] T; e TV,<9 -L If # $ CT (Statistical analysis of differential pregnancy rates by age at marriage)." JMK, no.72, 1958, pp.1-17. An analysis of pregnancy rates of 910 couples in which the wife was between 20 and 25 at marriage, married in 1940, and continuing marriage for ten years. Includes still births and induced abortion and considers the use of contraception. On the basis of his findings the author advocates (1) contraception and (2) the raising of the marriage age as methods of controlling excess fertility. 6.049. Shinozaki Nobuo " A A, "Tokyo kinko shichoson no sanji chosetsu no jitsujo: chiikiteki seikaku no bunseki j Tt X. p N M ~ $' S; ~ r 0) - *1 ( Eng. title: The actual state of birth control practice in an adjacent city, town and village near Tokyo: analysis of the characteristics of localities)." in Nihon Jinko Gakkai kiyo (Archives of the Population Association of Japan), no.2, 1953, pp.59-75. Report on a survey made in one city, one town)and three villages near Tokyo in 1951. Gives age, level of education, occupation, length of marriage, and number of children for husband and wife and analyzes relation to birth control practice. Includes attitudes of subject and method of birth control used. An English translation is given, pp.62-75. 6.050. Tachi Minoru *4 4%, "Chiikiteki ni mitaru waga kuni seisan ryoku no hatten to jinko no shuseki t'L it 1- *T- il'I-Z 3L TZ t'4z X (Eng. title: Growth of population by districts in Japan since 1925 to 1935 - an index number of population pressure by prefectures)." JMK, vol.5, no.2, 1946, pp.l5-45. The author develops an index of population pressure based on population figures and the index of productive capacity. Consideration is by prefectures. 6.051. Tachi Minoru d - (ed.), Daitoshi jinko no shomondai: Nihon no jink5 ido Q2) 1\,J f/ 1U 0) tX WO? if' <1 /4 7 fy (2)(Eng. title: Metropolitan population in Japan [no.2]). Tokyo, Kokin Shoin, 1962, 246pp. A supplementary volume to Nihon no jinko ido (Population mobility in Japan), edited by this author in 1961. This is a detailed statistical study of Japan's metropolitan population. There is an English foreword (pp.11-18). 6.052. Tachi Minoru A; //, Jinko mondai setsuwa J) N t J a>%_ (Lectures on population problems). Tokyo, Han'yosha, 1943, 264 + 37pp. Discusses population problems and population policy during World War II. 6.053. Tachi Minoru 4 A, "Nihon jinko kihon kozo no hendo: shussho oyobi shibo to no kanren ni oite Vu IA A~ l9L V T_ ~ -hL o ~ k-t W Jz I " - X At -l T (Basic structural changes in the population of Japan in relation to fertility and mortality)." JMK Annual, no.1, 1956, pp.l1-5. An analysis of changing population composition by sex and age, in relation to fertility and mortality change over the eighty years since 1872. 6.054. Tachi Minoru ~g Ad (ed.), Nihon no j inko ido g 5 4 /) $M M (.Population movement in Japan). Tokyo, Kokin Shoin, 1961, 16 + 214pp. A collection of the most basic papers on this subject by men associated with the Population Problem Research Institute of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Three papers survey the quality of data and techniques to measure internal migration (Ueda Masao, Hama Hidehiko, Kono Shigemi); two offer interpretations of the significance of population movements (Kuroda Toshio, Tachi Minoru); and a final paper points to subjects for future study (Sait5 Masao and Kobayashi Kazumasa). 6.055. Tachi Minoru 4/t 4,, "Shotoku to jinko to no chiiki bumpu kara mita jinko daitoshi shuchu no potensharu pt A. A11 z <a) Jb i; j 7 p 2 is. t\ d k l t j) A,- /y)&-(Potential of metropolitan concentration of population from the viewpoint of interrelationship between regional distribution of income and that of population)." in Toshi mondai I ~W ~<(Urban problems), vol.51, no.5, 1960, pp.73-84. A trial application of John Graunt's and Petty's laws to contemporary Japan. 6.056. Tachi Minoru,/ ", "Waga kuni jinko ronenka no jisshoteki kenkyu.' 47 4s L A ~ J tf) 97 mefL(Eng. title: Studies of the aging of the population in Japan)." in Jumyogaku Kenkyukai, A it 7^ f /~ (The Gerontological Association of Japan) (ed.), Jumyogaku Kenkyukai nempo 4 _,q ', oi_ J&_ (The Gerontological Association of Japan, annual report). Tokyo, Jumyogaku Kenkyukai, 1956, pp.8-19. Shows statistically the aging of the Japanese population with the sudden change in the birth rate in recent years. Points out problems in dealing with what is a completely new problem for Japan. There is an English summary on page 118.

Page  41 POPULATION AND MANPOWER 41 6.057. Tachi Minoru By A/, "Waga kuni saikin no shussei to shibo no hendo ga jinko kozo ni oyobosu eikyo ni kansuru ichi kenkyu v 4 s 9 [ 0, 'J K L t- t Lt A' - A " 1IX? X ~ 1l YZ $f,-f l (Eng. title: On a relation of the recent changes of fertility and mortality to the sex-age distribution of population in Japan: in view of actual and potential)." JMK, no.60, 1955, pp.1-74. An examination of problems of the future predicted from altered sex and age composition of Japan's population brought about by lower death rate and a drop in the birthrate after the postwar baby boom. Wide use of statistics from the Ministry of Health and Welfare. 6.058. Tachi Minoru 4g; and Koyama Misako 4 t, t, "Kokunai jinko ido no hosho hosoku ni tsuite g V /V \,k X 1 ~ ) / \ lJ \ A -Av\ ( CEng. title: 'The law of compensation' on the internal migration of population.)" in Toshi mondai - -y ~ (Urban problems), vol.52, no.11, 1961, pp.45-56. An examination of the validity of Karl Bucher's "Law of compensation on the internal migration of population," based mainly on the Statistical Yearbook of Population Migration for the years 1955 to 1959. The authors consider the law validated. 6.059. Tachi Minoru 4 B and Koyama Misako *]> A\.,~, "Shotoku to jinko to no chiiki bumpu (1) jY\ /. 7 h\ 4 L e) A! Ae, -, ( )(CRegional distribution of income and population (1))." JMK, no.82, 1961, pp.1-17. Based on national statistics for 1948-1957, which reveal a close correlation between geographic distribution of income and the distribution of population, the authors extend Tachi's argument (developed in earlier papers) that regional differences of income levels are a main influence on population shifts. 6.060. Tachi Minoru A B and Koyama Misako A] J S ar:, "Waga kuni kokunai jinko ido no potensharu: jinko no chiikiteki bumpu to shotoku no sore to no kankei kara mite ) 4"\ A~ '1 i},KA 1 B 9 V a )7 v/-' )l> Jy l) ~ it j7 9 ~ f f. so 0) I t~ ~), pt~-(Potential internal migration in Japan: from the viewpoint of the relation of geographic distribution of income to population distribution)." JMK Annual, no.5, 1960, pp.38-42. A theoretical prediction of population shifts. Two further studies of forces predictive of population movement are "Kokunai jinko id5 no potensharu to jissai jinkj no ido (Potential and actual internal migration)." JMK Annual-, no.6, 1961, pp.14-18; and "Kokunai jinko ido no keizaiteki potensharu to sono kettei yoin (Economic potential in internal migration and its determinants)." JMK Annual, no.7, 1962, pp.31-35. 6.061. Tachi Minoru A Band Ueda Masao, I j ), "Chiiki shakai no 5kisa to jinko gensho ~A th; g) 0 }A.d r oI /V l j(Population phenomena and the community size)." JMK, vol.8, no.2, 1952, pp.10-72. Analyzes population composition and vital phenomena by community size, arriving at a criterion for dividing the rural from the urban, according to which a community of 10,000 and over is considered to be urban and one with under 10,000 rural. 6.062. Tachi Minoru // A O and Ueda Masao j1 j 3E Y, "Taisho kunen Taisho juyonen Showa gonen Showa junen dofuken betsu oyobi shigun-betsu hyojunka shusshoritsu shiboritsu oyobi shizen zokaritsu f)K 5 4 [~Stnadz /4 a nnd d e3 0- ' at f t i A (Standardized birth and death rates and rate of natural increase by do, fu, ken, and urban and rural divisions for 1920, 1925, 1930,and 1935)." JMK, vol.1, no.1, 1940, pp.21-28. Calculates the rate of birth, death, and natural increase in groups of women for each size of administrative district, corrected to standard age distribution to permit comparison. 6.063. Tachi Minoru /9 i5;, Ueda Masao J> } j,, and Kubota Yoshiaki % Wq, B, "Saikin ni okeru waga kuni shiboritsu no jakkan no keiko f lo I / 4 i? BL t o^ 0)% f e Ad +J (Some trends in the Japanese death rate in recent years)." JMK, vol.1, no.6, 1940, pp.17-51; vol.1, no.8, 1940, pp.15-47; vol.2, no.l, 1941, pp.39-43. Discusses trends in the death rate of the Japanese population from 1930 to 1938, with most complete detail from 1935 to 1938. 6.064. Takagi Naobumi j,., "Waga kuni jinko no roreika gensho 4 4]^ W Ni 9 i t u 4,/t i,(Aging phenomena in the Japanese population)." JMK Annual, no.5, 1960, pp.24-28. Based on the 1955 population estimate, presents estimates of population age structure to the year 2015. 6.065. Takahashi Bonsen j 44 -, Nihon jink.shi no kenkyu 3 4 )s >-,_ -,(I A study of population growth in Japan). Tokyo, San'yusha, 1941, 25 + 853pp. + tables. Growth of population in Japan, studied from historical records. Describes abortion and infanticide, countermeasures against them, and administrative policies favoring higher birthrates to increase productivityin various feudal lordst territories of the Tokugawa period. Follows his earlier Datai mabiki no kenkyu (Study of abortion and infanticide), Tokyo, Chuo Shakai Jigyo Kyokai Shakai Jigyo Kenkyusho, 1936, 286pp.

Page  42 42 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 6.066. Takayama Ryuzo j I ff S-, "Waga kuni no jinko ido N' 1 9 Av 7 # (Eng. title: Migration of population in Japan)." in Jimbun Chiri Gakkai J\ \ ^t, t~ C (Human Geographical Society) (ed.), Jimbun chiri J).;k fS (Human geography), vol.8, no.5, 1956, pp.45-53. Outline of population movements since the early Meiji period and regional analysis of recent trends. Points out the depth of the influence of the war on population movement. Toda Teizo, "Kazoku kosei to jinko" (Family composition and population). See Entry 10.072. 6.o67. Toda Teizo y" W f, "Shizen no jinko to jinko no jinko 8 jK 0 A U - Y U b 9 n (Natural and artificial population)." in Toda Teizo f g, Kazoku to kon'in v (Family and marriage). Tokyo, Chubunkan Shoten, 1934, pp.159-205. Contrasts populations of nations having policies limiting or encouraging population growth with populations not subjected to such policies. 6.068. Ueda Kozo JL 1[ -4 P, "Waga kuni ronen jinko no shugyo kozo ni okeru shotokucho 4,\";t f ~ X,0 _~tL $:- ~~ - 1 _' ] f f. #tiEng. title: Features in employment structure of the aged in Japan)." in Jumyogaku Kenkyukai 44 Ar f (The Gerontological Association of Japan) (ed.), Daisankai Jumyogaku Kenkyukai nempo 4/ f> / (The Gerontological Association of Japan, third annual report). Tokyo, Jumyogaku Kenkyukai, 195, pp.54-62. Occupational distribution of employed persons over sixty and their status distribution within the place of employm-ent. 6.069. Ueda Masao.i f _ \, "Jinko shuseki kara mita Taiheiyo enkai Setonai enkai megaroporisu no keisei J. U / ~ i> ( f^ W ' ^ t ) / ) i0jX\(Eng. title: Agglomeration of population on the Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea coast megalopolis in Japan)." JMK, no.94, 1965, pp. 26-48. Using a variety of recent statistics, examines the megalopolis forming between Tokyo and Hiroshima. The author gives his criteria for demarcating the megalopolis. There is an English summary. 6.o70. Ueda Masao i: <\1 i s, "Kokunai ido to ido,inko no nenrei kozo ni kansuru kenkyu Ai 1i 4Yy 4 Y io t4at e i n9 4ld fetlit y f _ m th (Study of internal migration and age structure of the mobile population." in Nihon Jinko Gakkai kiyo 4 -J 4' z7 + >-(Population Association of Japan archives), no. 4, 1963, pp.75-91. Using statistics for 1920, 1930, 1950, and 1960, this article brings out particular features of movement and consequent structure. Also studies the effect of the present extreme mobility on population structures and fertility rates in the various regions. 6.071. Ueda Masao 3: l _ P,9, "Nenrei betsu shussho ritsu to yuhaigu ritsu kara mita shussho ryoku teika no chiikiteki ruikei 14 T ) Z T' *t t 5 X ) ^ \ $ X to -f t (Regional patterns in lowered fertility from the standpoint of birth rates by age and marriage rates)." JMK Anmral, no.4, 1959, pp.6-12. A study, based on comparison of figures for 1930 and 1955, which treats change in age of marriage for females in addition to factors statistically analyzed in his similar earlier paper: "Nenrei betsu tokushu shussho ritsu to shussho shisu kara mita todofuken no shussho ryoku teika (Prefectural drop in fertility from the standpoint of special birth rates by age and birth indices)," in the same journal, no.3, 1958, pp.6-10. 6.072. Ueda Masao ]r - Y, "Ronen jinko no jinkogakuteki tokusei ni kansuru chiikiteki kenkyu y 4tJ-..r$9fU ii1444 1I J b i ( Y1 Af % (Eng. title: Regional chaxacteristics of the aged population in Japan." in Jumyogaku Kenkyukai f tp ~ Lf C,4 (The Gerontological Association of Japan) (ed.), Daisankai Jumyogaku Kenkyukai nempo 4 3 1, 1f /^ 4 ~,! (The Gerontological Association of Japan, third annual report). Tokyo, Jumyogaku Kenkyukai, 1958, pp.37-53. Examines the coefficient of the aged population, index of aging, index of dependency.in the aged population, and internal structure of the aged population. Consideration is by prefectures. 6.073. Ueda Masao JA^V lE K, "Todofuken betsu jinko no ido junryo ni kansuru kenkyu J L_; L 4 l KT P) j7 1 4; 1^ ]L b > (Study of net migration of population by prefectures)." JMK Annual, no.6, 1961, pp.24-29. "Todofuken jinko no kihon kozo ni taisuru shussho ryoku teika to jinko ido no eikyo jV A:A Y j\ I ) -ti 4 - I- 1t 1 4 g F;7 - I r I g (The effect of the drop in birth rate and population movement on the basic structure of the population by prefectures)." JMK Annual, no.5, 1960, pp.29-37. Paired papers on net migration throughout Japan in a pre-war (1920-35) period and postwar (1950-55) period, comparing these two peacetime periods to clarify regional patterns and trends.

Page  43 POPULATION AND MANPOWER 43 6.074. Ueda Masao - w 7 X, "Todofuken betsu shussho to jinko ido to no kankei ni kansuru ichi kenkyu 1If X AtL J ) 1 At II Y A TT l/ ti L~ -l WVA 1I - ci44 — i Xi (A study of the relationship between birth rate and population movement by prefectures)." JMK, no.92, 1964, pp.1-22. Study of population movement since 1955 when it became one of the most marked features of population change. Since that time prefectures with over 50% agricultural population have shown an absolute population decline with mass migration to urban areas. Uses statistics for 1955-1960. 6.075. Ueda Masao JG il 5- 9K, "Waga kuni jinko saisei sanryoku no chiiki kozo ni kansuru kenkyu @ Hi A% A t C- IL, 4t B( 4 i K 7(A study of the population reproductive potential in Japan with special reference to its regional structures)." JMK Annual, no.l, 1956, pp.6-11. Analyzes the reproductivity in Japan, using standardized vital rates after the indirect Newsholm-Stevenson method. 6.076. Ueda Teijiro 1- f i Ad s (ed.), Nihon jinko mondai kenkycu 4>J. 2 pal;. i (Japanese population studies). Three volumes. Tokyo, Ky5chokai, vol.1, 1933, 382pp.; vol.2, 1934, 495pp.; vol.3, 1937, 677pp. A collection of articles on population by members of the Research Association of Japanese Economy, edited by its president. It contains estimates of the future population, and presents research papers on fertility and mortality, on the relation between population and occupation, on standards of living, on regional population composition, and on population theories. 6.077. Ueda Teijiro j. i;;j S, Nihon jinko seisaku 4 /,,k 1. JQj (Population policy of Japan). Tokyo, Chikura Shobo, 1937, 13 + 356pp. A collection of the author's articles on population problems, some being reproduced also in the author's companion collection, Nihon jinko mondai kenkyu (Studies of Japanese population problems), Tokyo, Kyochokai, 1937. Noteworthy papers include one on population growth and shifts in the occupational structure, and one comparing rural and urban population characteristics against occupational characteristics. 6.078. Uehara Tetsusaburo JL ). Q ~ r, "Hokkaido no jinko to ijusha j3 L t ' | < u K;) ~ A (Population and immigrants in Hokkaido)." Jinko mondai (Population problems), vol.4, no.1, 1941, pp.122-130. Compares the composition of the resident and immigrant populations in Hokkaido. 6.079. Yano Isamu A %, "Keizai hatten to nogyo jinko ( ~ a. L s /as ( CEconomic development and rural population)." in Toky5 Daigaku shakai kagaku kenkyu sosho A t, i, Ad a l / -t ' 2 9& 1z A; (Tokyo University social science study series), vol.9. Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, 13 + 211 + 2pp. Draws on many data to study the relation between Japanese economic development and changes in rural population from early in the Meiji period to the present. The analyses include: change of industrial structure as economic development proceeded, various forms of peasant response to such change, structural changes in agriculture itself, and their social and institutional causes. 6.080. Yokota Toshi B ~, "Shusshoritsu no chiikiteki sa'i ni kansuru ichi kosatsu JIA t 9 At-;i,,: WA 1 T v a7 -A ' CA study of regional difference in birth rates)." JMK, vol.2, no.12, 1941, pp.1-23. Results of an ethno-biological survey of the causes of the low birth rate in Okayama prefecture. B. RURAL ASPECTS OF POPULATION AND MANPOWER For all that rural areas retained an even, al- the pre-modern period to study population flow among most constant total population throughout the first villages and towns at various social class levels. century of modernization, Japan's villages were the Pre-war studies, cited here in sample form only, scene of considerable redistribution and high outflow often direct their attention to rural underemployment of what was called "surplus population." More recent- or unemployment as "push" factors; more recent studies ly, replacement has no longer kept pace with the stress rural underdevelopment (a "pull" factor on outflow, which is drawing off hitherto active farmers behalf of the city). Some studies of movement strike and entire families or their prospective heirs, not comparisons between rural and urban areas with respect merely those lacking a secure niche in farming. to household size and composition, examine familial Decreasing fertility is one factor in this new trend, structures controlling migration, or analyze standand is the subject of some research cited here. ards of living. In sum, the predominant tone of Numerous studies included here analyze the push-pull research on rural aspects of population is inquiry factors inducing out-migration or impeding it for into the nature of out-migration and factors that persons of differing characteristics; some reach into affect it.

Page  44 44 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 6.081. Fukutake Tadashi ~ t i, "Waga kuni genzai ni okeru noson ryunyu jinko no jittai X 1 II\ I, - 4 [ A / 9 (The status of population migrating into agricultural villages in presentday Japan)." in Shakaigaku kenkyu 7L f f T~1 m (Sociological Study), vol.l, no.2, 1947, pp.l3Y-147. A field study, in fifteen villages, of living conditions of immigrants representing the early postwar movement (during food shortages) of people back to farm communities. Hara Hiroshi, "Kengyo noka no kazoku kozo: Kita Kyushu kinko noson no jirei kenkyu kara" (-Family structure in part-time farming families: research in an agricultural village near Kita Kyushu City). See Entry 10.012. 6.082. Hayashi Megumi Ji A f, Noka jinko no kenkyu ~. /J 14 o r (A study of farm household population). Tokyo, Nikko Shoin, 1940, 133pp. Characteristics of the population of Japanese farm households. Describes methods and results of field research on household composition and develops the author's theory of dynamics of farm population. 6.083. Hayashi Megumi t _ \, "Noka jinko no tokusei A ~ Ju 9 1 /L- (Characteristics of the agricultural population)." in Nempo shakaigaku t 4], t -(Sociology annual), vol.7, 1940, pp.101 -129. Deals with the population mobility of all the 384 farming families of Higashitakizawa-mura in Akita prefecture. 6.084. Hayashi Megumi im ~ \, "Norin shotai genju jinko ron (,,OWj i ~ t 4A U tCOn the population by 'present address' of agricultural and forestry households)." Jinko mondai (Population problems), vol.3, no.4, 1941, pp.32-61. A description of the composition of 383 agricultural and forestry households in Hihara-mura in Tokyo-fu, on data taken from "present address" records (as distinct from "permanent address" and "place of birth" records). The study compared the native-born occupants with occupants who immigrated or were only temporarily resident in the household, as a means of approaching the problem of migration. 6.085. Hayashi Shigeru A 4, "Noka rodo ryoku no ryushutsu to kokeisha kakutei no keitai ~~ X //0 iX*, At a 1%- 4 it,, jk ^ - X. At a & (Eng. title: An observation of the outflow patterns of farm labour force and the situation of maintenance of successors in farm households)." JMK, no.91, 1964, pp. 29-55. Report of a survey made on 11,943 males and 12,878 females, members of 4,409 households in 11 towns and villages, in May, 1963. Migration is analyzed by sex and village type; forms of succession by social class and village type. There is an English summary, pp.54-55. 6.086. Henmi Kenzo x and Umemura Mataji lo- c;s t, "Nogyoj inko to sono ryushut su tal. so ci L f; (Agricultural population and its outflow)." in Tobata Seiichi s Pg - and Ohkawa Kazushi As (eds.), Nihon no nogyo no zenbo 4 > ) % - jI /D >ft(COverview of Japanese agriculture), vol.l: Nihon no keizai to nogyo: seicho bunseki n ch <o %s A 5(, -i$ 'I (Japanese economy and agriculture: analysis of growth). Nogyo Sogo-Kenkyusho kankobutsu, Ad 3c/_5 J l, Tf At 4T /7 (National Research Institute of Agriculture publications), no.139. Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1956, pp.124-158. First Henmi examines the long-term constant level rural population up to World War II and suggests historical, social, economic and psychological determinants. Then Umemura inspects the outflow that kept this population level constant, comparing 1875-1940 against 1948-1953 and citing contrasts in the United States and Sweden. 6.087. Ichimura Tomo'o i jUx L, "Sonraku shakai to jinko ido: Tochigi kenka ichi noson no chosa h5koku,4 }Af J u r i< t~\ t% t, 4 0 N 4 4 f (Village community and population mobility: survey of a farm village in Tochigi prefecture)." SKGHR, no.12, September, 1953, pp.99-113. This study showed diverse emigration rates among the several social strata in the village investigated. 6.088. lesaka Kazuyuki vi 2L-and Takahashi Yuetsu p 4 A, "Toshi shuhen no jinko ido: Miyagi ken, Shichigahama cho, Rifu-son no jirei A T ) l A 0 A 1 4 ^/ ^ %c S At i d A t \ 44 c 4' Bik (Population movement in the vicinity of the city: Rifu and Shichigahama, Miyagi prefecture)." in Tohoku Daigaku Bungakubu Tohoku Bunka Kenkyushitsu tr 5L u /v-t ) t tU /IL a > I C ( (T5hoku Culture Institute, Tohoku University Faculty of Literature) (ed.), Tohoku Bunka Kenkyushitsu kiyo s t U_ 4 2; 't 'Y f - (Tohoku Culture Institute bulletin), no.4, March, 1962, pp.12-26. Based on material from Rifu and Shichigahama, adjacent to Sendai and Kamaishi in Miyagi prefecture. Analyzes the special characteristics of and primary factors in the process of urbanization in towns and villages around cities. Particular attention is given to population movements. 6.089. Kajii Isoshi At f,/7, "Noson jinko ron 1, JJN C >(Theory of agricultural population)." in Kondo Yasuo x3 f, t (ed. ), Nogyo riron kenkyu nyumon I Ax t; $ (Introduction to research in agricultural theory). Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1957, pp.77-147.

Page  45 POPULATION AND MANPOWER 45 Asserts that a mere count of rural surplus population proportions under Japanese capitalism is inadequate. Composition of this surplus must be studied to identify, for example all the small farmers who go bankrupt and leave agriculture. The essay attempts to clarify these issues through an historical analysis of the origin, development, and forms of surplus population. 6.090. Kamiya Keiji Af at 1it and Uchiyama Masateru VI1 I i, "Noka jinko nogyo jinko no hendo, X As U 7 ' s <v 9 _ 0 (Fluctuations in farm households and in population engaged in agriculture)." in Tobata Seiichi t A ^ - and Kamiya Keiji C /^ b Ceds.), Gendai Nihon no nogyo to nomin 13 4 its - / ) _ V CAgriculture and farmers in contemporary Japan). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1964, pp.159-178. Based on national statistics for 1958 and 1960, examines the recent decrease in farming population and its social background and social consequences, treating: (1) decrease in agricultural manpower, (2) decrease in number of persons per agricultural household, (3) aging in the agricultural household, and (4) loss of successors in agricultural houses. 6.091. Kishimoto Minoru 42 f, "Awa ni okeru nomin rison gensho By A I.) It T %j ~% 14 (Eng. title: Migration of farmers in the later feudal days, in the case of Awa Province)." in Tokushima Daigaku gakugei kiy5 (shakai kagaku) (Tokushima University education bulletin [social science]), vol.9, 1959, pp.49-71; vol.10, 1960, pp.49-80. Examines the growth of non-castle towns after the seventeenth century. The development of these towns depended on commercial exploitation of farming villages and migration of farmers from the farming villages. Utilizes data from contemporary registersof'households Ctobetsuch5) to discover rate of migration and subsequent conditions of life for farmers who migrated. 6.092. Kishimoto Minoru 3A at Y, "Hanseiki no jinko shiryo to shite no Munatsuke cho A a / to e t ^l 0 ijlt *J _(Eng. title: Munatsuke-ch5 as the source material for the population study in the feudal days in Japan)." in Tokushima Daigaku Gakugei kiyo: shakai kagaku jj^ g jd s / 4?L- A j P' (Tokushima University Faculty of Education bulletin: social science), no.8, 1959, pp.109 -116. Examines the value of a type of household register (munatsuke cho) for the period 1804-1807 in the Awa domain (now part of Tokushima prefecture) for population research. Since this register was concerned with rank and ie, the author concludes that it is-possible to trace migration of both ie and individuals, the number of households, and family organization. 6.093. Kishimoto Minoru X y ~, "Jinko ido kara mita kensei no toshi to sonraku: Nakagawa karyu teichi no baai x. ~ ~ 4 5 e TZ fi 1! itn ' l" L A-. f ~~/fr C /t 4 Eng. title: Towns and villages in feudal days seen from population movement: an example of Tomioka, Tokushima prefecture)." Chirigaku hyoron rj, A T I T (The geographical review of Japan), vol.23, no.12, 1950, pp.23-31. Using 1811 records of Tomioka, examines movement toward local cities and movement from local cities to other areas. Examines reasons for movement, scale of movement, and differences by sex. An English summary is appended. Kobayashi Kazumasa, "Famirii saikuru yori mita noson sozoku shotai" (Hereditary farming families analyzed from the point of view of family cycle). See Entry 10.142. 6.094. Kobayashi Kazumasa *' No 4$i A3, Noson no sozoku setai ni okeru kazoku no sedai kosei ni kansuru tokeiteki kosatsu (A < S d; + l- 4 s AS a) t4\; A t X-;3 J - Oft % y (A statistical examination of the composition by generations of inheriting households in an agricultural village). Jink5 mondai kenkyu shiryo /J\ 1J d,J H L 't (Center for population research materials), no.113, 1956, 44pp. Based on data obtained in a study of Tamahata village, Yamanashi prefecture, in 1955. Outlines problems encountered in this type of statistical analysis of generations in a household. 6.095. Kobayashi Ken'ichi 4p o ~t -, Shugyo kozo to noson kajo jinko r n.l the - t th o r is 1f Ai ni7 (Employment structure and surplus agricultural population). T5kyo Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho kenkyu sosho Ad x NKt t 41 \ f t f [ 5 -,f -t) ^ 'okyo University Social Sciences Institute research series), vol.18. Tokyo, Ochanomizu Shob5, 1961, 10 + 520pp. The author seeks a purportedly constant mechanism that gives rise to rural surplus population. He employs traditional hypotheses used by agricultural economists to account for such surplus, while dealing critically with postwar findings on labor shortages in an attempt to reconcile them with this body of theory. His study is divided into five sections, two on rural population excess in relation to capitalism, one on systems of finding employment, one on outflow of surplus population from farm areas, and one on the structure of excess rural population. 6.096. Koike Motoyuki )l\ tL,., "Noson kajo jinko no sonzai keitai A - j,N s'1 U 9 12 i At (Forms of surplus population in the agricultural village)." SSK Annual, no.4, 1957, pp.22-39. Based on a survey in "S" village, Fukushima prefecture in September, 1955. Argues that there is a growing trend toward accumulating latent surplus population in farm villages owing to the difficulty of shifting to

Page  46 46 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY large-scale farming and also owing to stagnation of farm population. 6.097. Kondo Yasuo tl. f /T and Kajii Isoshi;tt f, Nihon gyoson no kajo jinko ) i*0a) ' s t11 A V (Surplus population in the Japanese fishing village). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, 3 + 228 + 5pp. Contains chapters on theory, actual conditions,and measurement. Based on surveys made from 1953-55 in villages which engage in deep-sea fishing(Shizuoka prefecture), small-scale fishing COkayama prefecture), fishing for a large corporation based away from the village (Akita prefecture) and villages in Oita and Chiba prefectures. Especially examines the function of small-scale fisher homes, usually counted as reservoirs of surplus population, in providing labor reserves for other activities of businesses. 6.o98. Koyama Takashi J\, 7, "Jinko tokei ni arawaretaru inaka machi no hensen,/ U f $/ 1 fu k f- $ A ^ 0) jA X (9Changes in rural towns as seen in population statistics). in Nihon Shakaigakkai nempo: Shakaigaku f A- f// tf 4 4j R t 4 C(Yearbook of the Japan Sociological Society: Sociology), no.4: Toshi to noson A 0 L A - (-City and village). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1936, pp.308-313. A study of differences in population movement in industrial and agricultural towns based on a survey of population movement in towns in Toyama prefecture, from the 1890's to the 1930's. Matoba Tokuzo (ed.), Dekasegi no mura: Kagoshima ken Tsuruta son ni okeru datsu noka no tenkai katei CA village where men work away from home: the processes involved in the abandonment of agriculture in Tsuruta village, Kagoshima prefecture). See Entry 12.060. 6.099. Minakawa Yuichi koshin nogyo chitai ni okeru jinko zoka no shakai keizaiteki yoken ni tsuite % ) t 1i i b i A t 9 t A 2 )f-4 At 1- -, v -((On socio-economic factors of the population increase in a backward agricultural district in Aomori prefecture)." JMK, no.63, 1956, pp.16-4l. Analyzes socio-economic aspects of population increase in an underdeveloped village and clarifies effects of the dissemination of birth control on its population. 6.100. Minakawa Yuichi St -, "Sengo noson shusshoryoku no teika keitai # f Jr A4 if 4 t 9 5 - A tCPostwar patterns of decreased fertility in farming villages)." JMK Annual, no.7, 1962, pp. 59-65. Report of a survey made in 1955, with analysis. 6.101. Minami Ryoshin jI ^ _, "Noka jinko ido no suikei to bunseki, *,J e a 44 1 9 0 $4 L I 4tf (Eng. title: Measurement and analysis of population movement from agriculture)." in Hitotsubashi ronso _- 4fe A, (Hitotsubashi review), vol.52, no.5, November 1964, pp.85-114. The author correlates change in the economic situation with movement of agricultural population between 1921 and 1962, showing that excessive out-migration occurs in time of prosperity. With this evidence, he challenges the theory that Japan has had (until recently) a stable agricultural population. 6.102. Nakajima Ryutaro ' fj, s Y, "Noka jinko no haichi kisei iJ! _ V 0) _J J (Control over the distribution of agricultural population)." SSK Annual, no.4: Noson kajo jinko no sonzai keitai ' m lJ Jo 1 9 05Az 0 _> C(Forms of surplus population in the agricultural village). Tokyo, Jichosha, 1957, pp.ho-65. Examines the problem of village surplus population as it is controlled and handled through village and family structure. The author emphasizes the role of the ie as a regulating governor in the battle for livelihood. 6.103. Namiki Masayoshi L X b f, "Nogyo jinko no hoju to ryushutsu ( 4 /A U 0) fb A_ - j~ t (Replenishment and loss in agricultural population)." in Tobata Seiichi sensei kanreki kinen rombunshu: keizai hatten to nogyo mondai -J - t 0 A ^T, ^ 4 pf-c '. ' ~ ~ ', _ CEssays in commemoration of the 61st birthday of Tobata Seiichi: economic development and agricultural problems). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1959, pp.350-365. Outlines the replenishment and loss in agricultural population in Japan, clarifies postwar changes, and makes estimates for the future. In a supplementary way touches on conditions and reasons for change. 6.104. Namiki Masayoshi t- A i6, "Nogyo jinko no hojuritsu (1920-59) J 1 A / 0 ' 4d (/ W76) (Replacement rate in agricultural population (1920-59))." in Nogyo sogo kenkyu 3 - // LS,f- CFJoint research in agriculture), vol.14, no.3, 1960, pp.33-62. An analysis of statistics from the Ministry of Education's Basic School Survey on the rate of replacement in agricultural population from 1920 to 1959, with particular attention paid to special features which have appeared since 1955. An analysis of population movements for the three years after 1959 can be found in the same publication, vol.18, no.1. 6.105. Namiki Masayoshi \s. 1i, "Noka jinko no ryushutsu keitai j H yQ A 0) X ~! t (The form of exodus from the agricultural population)." in Nogyo sogo kenkyu A~ 7 ^. /;

Page  47 POPULATION AND MANPOWER 47 (Multidisciplinary agricultural research), vol.10, no.3, 1956, pp.l1-34. Based on a study of villages and towns with less than 5000 population in 1920, treating their populations in 1920, 1925, 1930, and 1935. Analyzes forms of migration from the farming population as well as other forms of movement such as part-time work and seasonal movements, and relationships of movement to the structure of labor needs in the places to which they move. 6.106. Namiki Masayoshi i ]s I, _, Noson wa kawaru % 4} 1 L ) j (CThe village changes). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1960, 6 + 195pp. A statistical analysis of the population flow from agricultural villages since 1955, with a description of changes in the agricultural economy and rural society. Contents are (1l) population changes and their background, (2&3) changes in agricultural economy through incorporation or collectivization, and changes in rural society, (4&5) population flow from rural areas and the structure of hiring labor in Japan. 6.107. Namiki Masayoshi $_ A j]i A, "Saikin ni okeru nogyo jinko to roshi no doko - A - )' 't 7 J ~i[ x h-/ L # < f(Recent trends in farm population and labor and management)." in Nogyo Keizai Gakkai ~ ~ _?t -,/ (Agriculture Economics Institute) Ced.), Nogyo keizai kenkyu i ~ ~ i^ ', (Studies in agricultural economy), vol.30, no.3, 1958,pp.11-15. Points out that the recent trend in the departure of school graduates from rural areas is actually a qualitative shift from the ie to the individual as the basic unit of labor, and that this change affects not only collateral lines but the direct-line heirs of families as well. 6.108. Namiki Masayoshi tL K j3 A, "Sangyo rodosha no keisei to nogyo jinko,n h o j 4Pd X 9 ]S Z ~, O /' r (Formation of industrial labor and the agrarian population)." in Tobata Seiichi n and Uno Kozo 1t f ^.(eds.), Nihon shihonshugi to nogyo Ai /& i e CJapanese capitalism and agriculture). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1959, pp.138-189. Ises national stational statistics inof outflow of agricultural population and characteristics of farm population to determine what role the farm labor force played in forming the industrial labor pool during the four stages of Japanese capitalism Cto World War I, to World War II, to the defeat in the war, postwar). 6.109. Namiki Masayoshi 7 4, "Sengo ni okeru nogyo jinko no hoju mondai oj h \ h to ' s h i J 07 ' /f "(The postwar replacement problem in agricultural population)." in Nogyo sogo kenkyu J /d 8'7,-,7z~ ~ (Joint research in agriculture), vol.12, no.l, 1958, pp.89-139. Deals with recent population movements in agricultural villages, especially the rapid increase in the tendency for young people to leave the farm upon graduation from school. This recent tendency affects not only daughters and younger sons, but eldest sons as well. Compares statistics from 1950-60 with those for 1920 -1940. 6.110. Namiki Masayoshi Jf,4 51 3, "Sengo ni okeru noka no jinko ido: hoju mondai o chushin to shite At LT? 7 l^ A Wyu 47 # i t }~ L _I(Postwar movements in agricultur al population: the problem of replacement)." in SSK Ahhual, no.4: Noson kaja jinko no sonzai keitai %a d _ tJ (Forms of surplus population in the agricultural village). Tokyo, Jichosha, 1957, pp.66-82. Outlines agricultural population movements in the postwar period. While there is no trend either toward whole families leaving the village or toward individual family members acting independently, there is marked deterioration in the tie which has tended to keep the oldest son in the village to inherit the household, and a trend away from commuting and part-time farming toward complete separation from the village. 6.111. Nishimura Koichi i3 44 -, "Noson kajo jinko keisei no genjo to ruikei t. J ff/ /5, 9 A,^_, J - f (Types of rural surplus population formation and their present state)." in SSK Annual no.4: Noson kaj5 jinko no sonzai keitai % A4 B% J 4, 9, f (C Forms of surplus population in the agricultural village). Tokyo, Jichosha, 1957, pp.1-21. Defines surplus population as "that population the existence of which causes the gradual reduction of per capita production even though total production is increased, thus becoming a liability in the effort to raise the production level of the farm household." Postulates as types the private farm, professional and salaried work, commuting work, social security, etc. 6.112. Nojiri Shigeo t, A, Nomin rison no jisshoteki kenkyu 30? l I itY M) UEmnpirical study of the departure of farmers from rural areas). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1942, 569pp. Examines the structure of population movements, the family structure in farm households, status of labor, in relation to farm economics in a sample of twenty villages (10,581 households) studied over a four-year period (1937-40). Nine villageswere in Kanagawa, Yamanashi,and Saitama prefectures close to the Tokyo metropolitan area, six were in Niigata and Fukushima prefectures, and five in Aomori and Iwate prefectures, far from the central area. 6.113. Nojiri Shigeo, i t, "Noson kajo jinko no seikaku 4;. g '1 A ) 0 e (The character of village surplus population)." in N5gy5 keizai kenkyui r - ( - A r~,(Research in agricultural

Page  48 48 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY economics), vol.24, no.3, 1953, pp.l-18. An analysis of rural surplus population(labor power which cannot be fully used in agriculture) based on a survey carried out in 1949 on 949 households in Kanemodoshi village, Fukushima prefecture, as a Tohoku paddy and dry field example, and in Komiya village, Tokyo, as a sample of a mountain village near a large city. 6.114. Nojiri Shigeo t f( u i r a (ed.), Noson no jinko: atarashii kadai to sono taisaku f 2 _ i f ~ 1V' I - 9 y-t %(Rural population: a new subject and policies to meet it). Tokyo, Chuo Keizaisha, 1959, 289pp. Takes the stand that rural population problems are not solely a village problem but must be considered in their relationship to overall social and economic changes. Shows that the Japanese population exhibits traits of both the high birth and death rate type represented in underdeveloped Asian nations and the low birth and death rate type of Western advanced nations. Inquires, then, into how rural Japan reflects and responds to the social changes accompanying modernization. 6.115. Nojiri Shigeo h at, "Noson senzai shitsugyo j inko no seikaku t X t o t- 9 jt \To) /? ~J (Population characteristics of latently unemployed rural people)." in Nogyo to keizai r, i- (Agriculture and economy), vol.16, no.5, 1950, pp.15-23. An analysis based on field work in two villages (Miyasato, Gumma prefecture; Kushigata, Ibaraki prefecture) done in 1948. Shows how in Japan, unemployment is covered by the rural family system and reveals itself as underemployment. Looks for the key to the problem in the way that livelihood is maintained by a lowering of the standard of living. Finds rural labor power which is not actually employed. Results are classified by area and social class. 6.116. Nojiri Shigeo v l l_, band Hayashi Jun'ichi y- 4L -, "Saikin ni okeru noson jinko ido no seikaku Ji 1 )' v A, 4t A\ V i d 2 149(The character of recent movements in rural population). in Nogyo SMogo Kenkyusho K X A,@;f J i (Institute of Joint Agricultural Research) (ed.), Kenkyu shiry5 o, of jn (Research materials), no.1, 1958, 103pp. A comparison of present modes of abandonment of agriculture with data collected by Nojiri before World War II. Includes a report of surveys in Takeda village, Gifu prefecture, where there is acceleration in departures from the village, and in Kaino village, Niigata prefecture, where the trend combines commuting with farming. 6.117. Noson Jinko Mondai Kenkyukai f J J4 J I( X 9 f %,(Institute for the Study of Rural Population Problems), Noson jinko mondai kenkyu % t4 ( P ou la t,o bStudies in rural popu.lation problems). 4 vols. Tokyo, Norin T5kei Kyekai, 1951, 1952, 1954, and 1956. From eight to twelve papers are published or reprinted here in each volume, treating many topics bearing on population density, structure, and movementstructure, and moveme.g.: quality and scale of agriculture (vol.); living standards (vol.2); household, family system, and class (vol.2 and vol.4); kinds of population surplus (vols. 2,3, and 4). Sociologists, economists, demographers, and journalists are among the contributors. 6.118. Odauchi Michitoshi 4" S 11 jK i, "Sonraku kyoju to jinko to no kankei no ichi kosatsu > 4,6 By h. ti ' ^? M % 0) -. B (A study of the relationship between residence and population in villages)." Jinko mondai a-jU t (sPopulation problems), vol.2, no.4, 1938, pp.228- 258. Compares mountain village, paddy field village, and dry-field village types, with respect to their patterns of settlement and land utilization, their population density, and population increase or decrease. 6.119. Ouchi Tsutomu K., " 47, "Kajo jinko no sonzai keitai s h ij A i9 ( Clt cart e(Existing forms of overpopulation)." SKGHe, no.4, 1951, pp.34-43. The author recognizes three types of surplus population in Japanese farm villages: (ai) unnecessary farm workers, (2) farm workers needed only at harvest tiue, and (3) farm workers needed in the fields but forced to do other work. Those in the last category appear when crop failure or poor market prices force farmers to leave their farms temporarily to supplement their incomes; those in the first category are re regarded as being peculiar to Japan among industrial societies, and comprise farmers' younger sons or younger brothers returning with their families to the farms when unemployed. Sakimura Shigeki, et al., "Noson jinko ido no kaikyusei to sono shakai keizaiteki shoyoin" (Class characteristics and socio-economic factors in rural population movement). See Entry 15.020. 6.120. Shinozaki Nobuo 4A -4 j and Aoki Hisao - K 1J,i-, "Ketsuzoku kekkon buraku no yuseigaku teki chosa yoho (dai ippo) - Niigata Nagano kenzakai 'Akiyama go' chosa la; ^ ' 0) 7 07 L A _t t ( X - ) AT at a e t r L i 4 (Eugenic survey of a community practising consanguineous marriage -- survey in Akiyama go, Niigata prefecture, bordering on Nagano prefecture)." JMK, vol.7, no.1, 1951, pp.105-114; vol.7, no.2, 1951, pp.52-66. Discloses that pathological effects of consanguineous marriages (between first or second cousins) were not dominant, but unfavorable physiological features were found which may be due either to heredity or to nutritional conditions.

Page  49 POPULATION AND MANPOWER 49 6.121. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai 41 T A J X XA A (Society for Research in Village Society)(ed.), SSK Annual, no.4: Noson kajo jinko no sonzai keitai Y 4-4 AU eT i =:} - (z Jf t(Forms of surplus population in the agricultural village). Tokyo, Jichosha, 1957, 128pp. Contains five essays on surplus population, population trends, and composition of part-time farming families in the agricultural village. The essays point out links between shifting economic position of farm households and their population composition. 6.122. Tachi Minoru 1 i;., "Noson jinko mondai 4 4. N U n. (Problems in.rural population)." in Nogyo to keizai 1 Lt ^; [(Agriculture and economy), vol.16, no.5, 1950, pp.5-11. Points out problem areas in agricultural population through a comparison and analysis of conditions in 1947-48 and in the pre-war period. 6.123. Tomoyasu Ryaic hi "S sugyo no kannen to nogyo ni okeru shitsugyo jinko mondai 3k.% < AXIS<; ^^ ^X ] 5 A 11 7 AX/Ifll AK (The concept of unemployment and the problem of the unemployed in agriculture)." in Nogyo to keizai P io- (Agriculture and economics), vol.16, no.5, 1950, pp.30-35. Examines various theories of unemployment and considers the quantitative aspects of unemployment in agriculture, his bass being the commonly used one of accepting employment status figures as a starting point. 6.124. Watanabe Shin ichi - Nihon noson jinko ron. So ~ M t Jl M (Study of the Japanese rural population). Tokyo, Nankosha, 1938, 10 + 482pp. Describes the shift to wage earning in the farm laboring population between the Meiji and Showa periods. 6.125. Yamaguchi Yaichiro J4 -J f I\ I, "Sanson ni okeru jinko chikan gensho J 44 1 i - t }XAs aj ^'^$.(Replacement of population in mountain villages)." Jinko mondai (A u Ad X CPopulation problems), vol.4, no.2, 1941, pp.258-78. Deals with migration in and out of mountain villages in the Tohoku district. 6.126. Yoneyama Keizo 0.jj. g$-, "Gyoson no jinko mondai,F t ) / ( Population problems in fishing villages)." Hogaku kenkyu (^ If 74 ' CLegal research), vol.26, 1953, pp.393-424. A joint study of the relationship between unmodernized fishing practices and surplus population in Katagi machi, Chiba ken. Concludes that only modernization of fishing will alleviate population problems in this area. C. URBAN ASPECTS OF POPULATION AND MANPOWER A good proportion of the literature under this heading measures migration or deals with factors causing or influencing population flow, as does literature in the preceding section on Rural Aspects. We have assigned studies to this section which take up such matters from the point of view of the urban and megalopolitan centers. Expectably, data from the primary metropolis, Tokyo, or its satellite cities predominate; in fact, a word or two of protest should be voiced against the relative neglect not only of other megalopolitan areas but of smaller provincial cities and towns, which present problems that are different in character, not merely in scale, from those of Tokyo and its environs. Some studies consider wartime evacuation from cities and their postwar rehabilitation as historical factors affecting population distribution. Others concern themselves with shifts of residence from ward to ward within a metropolis (in response to job opportunities, quality of schools, etc.). Most work, however, focuses on population density and population fluidity for the city as a whole; migration, as such, remains a much-discussed subject, but a recent trend is identifiable in studies of commuter flow between the metropolis and its satellites or "bedroom towns." Some comparative studies of marriage patterns (treated as factors in household composition or fertility) have been placed here rather than in Chapter 10: Family. "Daitoshi e no jinko shuchu to chiho toshi no yakuwari" (Concentration of population in the large cities and the role of the regional city). See Entry 14.002. 6.127. Goda Eisaku /A 10l - jF, "Engumi ni yor.u Sanuki toshi no jinko ido: engumi ni yoru jinko ido no chiikiteki kenkyu 4 -A (;j ] % ~ f g 1O;3 A T ] v) At 4 i 2 - t (Eng. title: Migration caused by marriage in cities and towns in Kagawa prefecture)." in Chirigaku hyoron fj If t ~ tI (The geographical review of Japan), vol.28, 1955, pp.385-398. Based on 1949 statistics on marriage (4340 cases) and divorce (541 cases) in three cities and five towns. There is an English summary. 6.128. Goda Eisaku M [ d IF, "Tokyo to no jinko ido ken s x 4 0 V A f A; CEng. title: Spheres of migration in Tokyo)." in Chirigaku hyoron r A t f J (The geographical review of Japan),

Page  50 50 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY vol.27, no.1, 1954, pp.1-9. Survey of migration in and out of Tokyo's twenty-three wards, based on the 1953 report of the Tokyo Prefectural Government. There is an English summary. 6.129. Hama Hidehiko 0 ~ /, "Shuto chiiki ni okeru chuyakan jinko no jittai | ~ 3_ ): ' kif f- / o)v )T jX,(Eng. title: Day-time and night-time population in Tokyo metropolitan area)." in Toshi mondai d ',,j (Urban problems), vol.51, no.12, 1960, pp.87-96. Uses data from the 1955 census. Calculates rate of commuters coming into Tokyo and rate of population movement. 6.130. Honda Tatsuo 4 _ 9, "Waga kuni jinko mondai no genkyokumen no bunseki: kyodai toshiken e no jinko no ido shuchu gensho o chushin to shite Y) r\' iJ U ]~ 1 ) 7 J6T 0 d At d h ~ /1 0) Jcl V T 9 d; > t ~ f, v J l ^ / 'c LT (Analysis of the present situation in the Japanese population problem: focus on the concentration of population in large metropolitan areas)." JMK, no.91, 1964, pp.1-28. Outlines pre-war and wartime population movements which insured the supply of labor in showing correlation with social and economic conditions, and analyzes the postwar situation, particularly since 1955. 6.131. Inami Etsuji, /oX ^,t "Chihotoshi no ryudo jinko to sono kozo: Kochi no baai t- 1 / Tf) V, F \ A T L. < ) 2;31 jj- ' p a 1 /1 CPopulation movement and its structure in a local city: the case of Kochi city)." in Kochishi Kikakushitsu; 0 /j 1 t (Kochi City Planning Office) (ed.), Shisei kenkyu I Y ~ [ (The study of city government), no.3, Kochi, Kikakushitsu, 1957, pp.l-18. Analyzes the characteristics of population movement in Kochi City by considering the area of in- and outmigration, sex, age, occupation, reasons~and period, using a running population survey begun in July, 1955. 6.132. Inami EtsuJi o [L yi, "Daitoshi no ryudo jinko no kozo to jinko no ryudoken % % f a ) ~ V,K T d) j:,_A. L '8 l d ~ ~ ~ (Eng. title: Structure of the commutative population in the metropolitan cities and their commutation area)." in Toshi mondai J i ~D L C(Urban problems), vol.49, no.8, 1958, pp.39-50. Chiefly using data from rice ration records for 1945-1950 in Japan's six largest cities, examines the proportionate size of the commuting population and the size of the commuting area. Inami Etsuji, "Sengo no hompo fuken betsu jinko no kototeki ido ritsu to sono gen' in"(Postwar rate of migration to cities by prefectures and its causes). See Entry 6.013. 6.133. Inami Etsuji ~, "Shusengo no daitoshi jinko no ryudo ni tsuite '3 ~ a) i ^ /A U I,, aI: >- (On the flow of population of large cities after the war)." in Toshi mondai ]~, (Urban problems), vol.44, no.6, June, 1953, pp.102-112. Treats population movement in big cities that suffered heavy bombing during the war: Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya, and Tokyo. Calculates degree of war damage, population decrease, and postwar recovery six months afterwards and seven years after. 6.134. Inoma Kiichi ~. ^e _, "Tokyo shi jinko zoka no seishitsu ni tsuite A 9 / X\ h- V ~ U o -,X -7 1 T (On characteristics of the population increase of Tokyo)." in Ueda Teijiro JI- (ed.), Nihon jinko mondai kenkyu A' VT U ~ 7, 1 ( Studies of Japanese population problems), vol. 1. Tokyo, Kyochokai, 1933, pp.121-134. Describes the characteristics of population increase in Tokyo by sex and age. 6.135. Inoma Kiichi,j g * _, "Tokyo shi ni okeru sangyo betsu jinko no henka >-f f V j '1 9; 811' /,,K ~a) - A (Populaion change in Tokyo considered by industrial categories)." in Ueda Teijiro > ~^ Jf vj ^ (ed.), Nihon jinko mondai kenk 7yu 4 9L ( fl j CStudies of Japanese population problems), vol.2. Tokyo, Kyochokai, 1934, pp.275-298. Analyzes the increase of population in Tokyo in connection with the change in the categories of industry: primary, secondary, and tertiary. 6.136. Koseisho Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho -, -;,/ 1 a fq 9L 7 f (-Institute of Population Problems), "Daitoshi chiiki ni okeru jinko no kenkozo I: T5ky5to o chushin to suru daitoshi chiiki ni okeru 1950 nen, 1955 nen oyobi 1960 nen menseki, jinko, jinko mitsudo, oyobi 1950-1960 nen jinko zokaritsu }S / f ^ 9-t'; /IO' X j* J,Z l b-, S Jk / >o '-/i,6/^ tl~t(Eng. title: Regional structure of population in the metropolitan region I: on the concentric circle of capital region in Japan: area, population and population density for 1950, 1955, and 1960, and population growth for 1950-1960)." in Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho kenkyu shiryo /J Uj j, ~ r f Yf,, ' ~ (Institute of Population Problems research series), no.142, 1961, 25pp. 6.137. Miyakawa Minoru ~ 71 ~, "Daitoshi j inko no hasseigenteki kosei )J A T A U gP J, A J ~ 'j~ ^_(Composition of the sources of metropolitan population)." JMK Annual, no.8, 1963, pp.57-60.

Page  51 POPULATION AND MANPOWER 51 Results of a survey made in October, 1961, in Tokyo, Nagoya, Osakasand Kitakyushu. Analysis of place of origin and occupational composition of the metropolitan population. 6.138. Morikawa Hiroshi s )'1 \, "Jinko ido no chiikiteki bunseki: chushin toshi to no kanren ni oite,i U; 7 0 - 'i i d; )f B 3 r_ 7 A 7_ _ f-'T (Eng. title: Regional analysis of migration: in concern with the regional urban centers)." Chirigaku hyoron J Pt 'f $ (The geographical review of Japan), vol.36, no.10, 1963, pp.26-40. Uses the 1960-1962 data on Hiroshima and Nagasaki prefectures. Examines the drawing power of a central city within a district and its influence on forms of population movement within the area. There is an English summary. 6.139. Ohashi Kaoru J\ ~), "Daitoshi jinko no kosei oyobi sono chiikiteki ido no tokushitsu: Osaka shi no jakkan kuiki ni o eru chosa o kiso to shite } ^ V 1 T 0 A 0) A B t *79 $ f) >1 oT^ >,f t-; 1- rf a2Ib- LT-(-Eng. title: Characteristics in the composition of greater city's population and its regional movement)." in Toshi mondai kenkyu t WI Al inf To (Journal of municipal problems), vol.7, no.5, 1955, pp.65-82. This article analyzes population composition and movement in five primary school districts of Osaka City, using data from 1950-1954. 6.140. Omi Tetsuo L T, "Daitoshiken shhen en chiiki ni okeru saikin no jink ido th u aged 1: t r 7& A j ) or C f V: (Recent population movement in the area around a metropolis)." in Toshi mondai A -a A (Urban problems), vol.47, no.9, 1956, pp.29-37. Analyzes movement of heads of househouseholds in Kamakura, a tourist and "bed-town" city near Tokyo, inquiring about the time of their settlement in the city, birth place, previous address, and reasons for moving in. Shows that population dispersed to the suburbs owing to war damage in the central city is being absorbed back into the metropolis. 6.141. Ozawa Eizo v \>e. ), a, "Kisei shigaichi ni okeru ido jinko: Yokohama, Kawasaki, Kawaguchi shi ido -jinko tokei chosa hokoku A J 1 7 ) t A,< r 4j 4l, /' i ^1 ~' ] T 4K A A Y + Wt ti k (Population movement in the city-area: interim report on statistics of population movement in the cities of Yokohama, Kawasaki, and Kawaguchi)." Shutoken kenkyu - %^ (7Studies of the capital aree), no.7. Tokyo, Shutoken Kyokai, 1958, pp. 6-75. An analysis of population movement for three satellite cities of Tokyo, between 1956 and 1957. Saito Masao, "Toshi no rojin mondai: kazoku to rojin no mondai o chushin to shite" (The problem of the urban aged: with special emphasis on problems of the family and the aged). See Entry 21.010. Sugimura Nobuji, "Chushin shotengai no han'i to sono toshi jinka no okisa oyobi shuyo sangyo" (The relation between the extent of the central shopping streets and the size or the function of their cities). See Entry 14.076. 6.142. Suzuki Fujio e / ' -l!^3:;f, "Kanko toshi ni okeru jinko ido: Shizuoka ken Ito shi no baai It XU A t 1 l /J /aju N1% -lpf^ t 0) $4 (Eng. title: Population structure and migration of a resort city)." in Toshi mondai (Urban problems), vol.49, no.12, 1958, pp.87-95. A case study of population movements since 1910 in Ito, a hotsprings resort of Shizuoka prefecture. Shows the influence of the opening of the rail line in 1938; notes the especially high rate of migration for single women and the loss of young male labor. Defines the area within which movement takes place. 6.143. Tachi Minoru 4 nt "Chiikiteki ni mitaru waga kuni seisanryoku no hatten to jinko no shuseki y *; i'0 1I-, )T rai iAL At L /' V) X - (The regional development of economic productive power and concentration of population)." in JMK, vol.5, no.2, 1946, pp.15-45. Examines the concentration of economic productive power in limited areas and the consequent pressure from concentration of population there. 6.144. Tachi Minoru #;.(ed.), Daitoshi jinko no shomondai: Nihon no jinko ido (2) fu2 K a 9 's2 AM & 4s 0) J/ a; 1A (2)(Population problems in large cities: population movement in Japan). Tokyo, Kokin Shoin, 1962, 246pp. This is a continuation of the editor's Nihon no jinko ida (Population movement in Japan) listed in Section A of this chapter. This is a systematic discussion of the metropolitan population of Japan and presents a wealth of statistical materials. Includes an English foreword and table of contents. 6.145. Tachi Minoru ", "Jinko saihaibun keikaku no kiso to shite mitaru jinko zoshokuryoku no chiikiteki tokusei * / ^ ff t LX 1t at - A t a a <) At ^ I ' f 4t (Regional peculiarities of population growth potential as a basis for a plan of population redistribution)." JMK-, vol.3, no.2, 1942, pp.1-40. Analyzes differences of population growth (1) between rural and urban areas, (.2) among do, fu, ken, and (3) among cities.

Page  52 52 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 6.146. Tachi Minoru tg 0, "Tokyo to jinko no hiru to yoru j % /i lg ) / a, - - (The population of Tokyo prefecture by day and by night)." Tokei U ~t (Statistics), no.13, 1948, pp.21-31. A survey of the day and night population of mainland Tokyo prefecture based on the 1947 national population census and a Tokyo prefectural government daytime population census of the same date. Greatest daytime increases occurred in the business center CChiyoda-ku, Chuo-ku, and Minato-ku). Smallest daytime losses were recorded for Suginami-ku, Nakano-ku, Setagaya-ku, and Musashino-ku. 6.147. Tachi Minoru n eland Hama Hidehiko \ _, "Shutoken jinko no kenkozo ~ i 1 A 9 ~ 4 >_(Eng. title: Region structure of population in the capital region of Japan)." in Toshi mondai %V a I g (Urban problems), vol.52, no.10, 1961, pp.46-58. Divides the Tokyo area into ten kilometer concentric belts, each segmented into 18-degree arcs; analyzes population density, change; and other phenomena using statistics from 1950-1955, and so arrives at a characterization of districts of the metropolis. 6.148. Tachi Minoru ^ @ and Ueda Masao i 1 jE _, "Jinko toshi shuchu no chiikiteki keitai ni kansuru ichi shiryo (gaiho): toshi jinko no shusseichi betsu kosei /-9; J ' i/. o X ato -X e (e n ta) to t 9 j e j, _ j 1 _ (Material on regional characteristics of urban population concentration (summary): urban population structure by place of birth)." JMK, vol.1, no.9, 1940, pp.14-34. Analysis based on the 1930 national census. Studies 109 cities and segregates population into three groups: those born in that city, those born outside the city but within the prefecture, and those born outside the prefecture. 6.149. Tokyo Shisei Chosakai Kenkyubu _, J'_ j. A -ff / j^ t(Tokyo Municipal Research Association Research Division), "Daitoshi e no jinko shuchu to chiho toshi no yakuwari: Tokyo o meguri' jinko ido no jittai o chushin to shite ~ X E e g As T 6 ~ ~. 4 1 0, \ tl " ~ A -- W L 4 0 Y Blr t'ae L - (Eng. title: Population concentrating to large city and tasks of local cities - focusing to migration of population toward Tokyo)." in Toshi monddi A T ~4 (Urban problems), vol.54, no.8, 1963 (special issue). Report on a survey by the Association's Research Division. Its tasks were to pinpoint problems in implementing policies of the Tokyo metropolis and neighboring units, to learn reasons for the rapid increase in population flow from outlying areas, to devise controls over this population flow. This broad study reaches out to the prefectures most importantly supplying migrants to Tokyo: Aomori, Iwate, Akita, Miyagi, and Fukushima, all in the northeast. 6.150. Uchino Sumiko Il -, "Daitoshi ni okeru migrants to non-migrants no seikatsu kodo to ishiki t 4 ~T~ 1- ' ~;j rJ~MsH - 1s - Amlta MT-59tnl t.Eng. title: Some observations on behavior and consciousness in daily life among migrants and non-migrants in the three biggest cities in Japan)." JMK, no.92, 1964, pp.43-53. An interim report on one aspect of a survey on labor force and population movement made in May, 1963. Investigates such things as rice or bread as main food, hopes for the future, keeping of family accounts, and possession of a refrigerator) and classifies subjects by urban or rural birth, social class, and level of education. Areas studied were Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya. 6.151. Urano Kichitaro ^' 0 ~ 1, "Keihanshin o chushin to suru jinko ryudo hoko; Kokutetsu jokyaku kara mita kotsu seiryoku zu;x I X I r /: ~ - J 7 W - 4s K% ' h &. Vz 7 X /] (Eng. title: The direction of communication population movement centering around the Kyoto-OsakaKobe area)." in Toshi mondai kenkyu qt f t j; ^Journal of municipal problems), vol.11, no.7, (whole no.103), July 1959, pp.100-106. Using published railroad statistics for 1956, the author analyzes flow of passengers and demonstrates the centripetal nature of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe conurbation in the Kinki district. 6.152. Yasuda Saburo - B and Kato Takako 7U, "Josei no j inko ido to haigusha senbatsu: Tokyo ryunyu josei jinko no bunseki i f 9J, -tff Ad 4 ) AK M M V^I J,, & 4- -,AS Y 7 9r 4 4~ (Eng. title: Female urban migration and mate selection pattern)." in Toshi mondai f A l e (Urban problems), vol.53, no.9, 1962, pp.61-68. Maintains that there is a connection between the present surplus of urban males and the postwar trend away from arranged marriage toward direct courtship, and predicts that this trend will become stronger. Based on material from a study of social stratification and social movement. 6.153. Yasuda Saburo t t th and Kurasawa Susumu _, "Tokyo tonai jinko no ido to teitei, b xz 6) 9 * s < 'e (Movement and accumulation of population in Tokyo)." in Toshi mondai I A- ^ (Urban problems), vol.52, no.11, 1961, pp.57-68. Discovering that among Tokyo residents the percentage of those born in Tokyo is highest in the younger generation, the authors clarify the causes of this phenomenon going back to the Taisho period. The authors demonstrate statistically that the movement of youth to Tokyo is decreasing.

Page  53 POPULATION AND MANPOWER 53 Yazaki Takeo, "Waga kuni jinko no toshika to chiiki kozo no henka katei (1920-1950)" (Urbanization of the Japanese populations and change in the structure of local communities (1920-1950)). See Entry 18.021. Yazaki Takeo, "Zenkoku toshi chiiki no jinko zoka to chiiki kozo no henka katei" (Population increase and changing pattern of the metropolitan community in Japan, 1920-1950). See Entry 14.035. Yokoyama Ryoichi, Nakamura Nobuaki, and Hayashi Yoshio, "Toshi ni okeru jinko ido to sangyo kosei: Mie-ken Yokkaichi shi no chosa hokoku" (Population movement and industry in a city: research in Yokkaichi City, Mie Prefecture). See Entry 14.052.

Prehistory and Antiquity

pp. 54-57

Page  54 CHAPTER VII PREHISTORY AND ANTIQUITY The materials in this chapter are few because their subject matter is normally the domain of historians and archaeologists, not sociologists and social anthropologists. Historians constitute a distinct, well populated field in Japan as elsewhere, of course. But archaeologists, as well, form an independent discipline as they do on the European continent; their sense of kinship, generally speaking, is closer to history than to anthropology as would be the case in American universities and research organizations. The literature is abundant in both fields. A major part of it falls outside the scope of this guide by being centered on technical problems of elucidating or verifying events and stabilizing chronologies rather tbn on reconstructing patterns and processes in early Japanese society. We have selected only from works in the latter category for this chapter. Data on Japan for the early historical periods are as abundant from archaeology as from documentary sources; hence these periods are grouped together with prehistoric eras in this chapter. This is not to say that the two sorts of data are regularly mutually reinforcing. The excavation data of archaeologists, on the one hand, and the documentary data of historians, on the other hand, lead to divergent preoccupations and to interpretations that sometimes clash and crosscut each other despite efforts to keep contact across the disciplinary boundary. These differences must be perceived in the background by anyone who attempts to make use of either side's 7.001. Ariga Kizaemon i " N X t Y, "Nara jidai tkE(Eng. title: Civil registration in the Nara era) (Social and economic history), vol.15, no.2, 1948, pp.1 interpretations of prehistoric or early historic social phenomena. But to sample their respective viewpoints or represent their respective data adequately would warp the aim of this Guide, outrun the available space, and needlessly duplicate other accessible compilations. Those who wish an introduction to the data and views of historians are urged to consult John W. Hall's Guide to History in this series. Comprehensive introductions to archaeological research are less available, unfortunately, but the student may consult the periodic Surveys and Bibliographies, Area 18: The Far East, of the Council for Old World Archaeology (15 Divinity Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts), the Kokogaku nempo (Archaeology annual) of the Japanese Archaeological Society CNational Museum, Ueno Park, Tokyo), or the Kokogaku janaru. This chapter is limited to a sample of works that analyze historical or archaeological data, or both, in the attempt to reconstruct early Japanese social organization. The pre-war work of the historians Miura Hiroyuki, Cta Akira and Tsuda Sokichi (Entries 7.011, 7.014, and 7.017) retain value though in some part each is affected by the pre-war concern with mythology as a part of history. A more stringently empiricist approach is shown, on the one hand, by the use of documentary materials by Ariga Kizaemon or Inoue Mitsusada (Entries 7.001, 7.002, and 7.007); and, on the other hand, by reconstructions based largely or entirely on archaeological findings CEntries 7.005 and 7.008). no koseki to keicho it Bk f ~ f A." in Shakai keizai shigaku f ~ 3_ ) Examines Nara period civil registration materials in the Shosoin as well as theories about them. Analyzes the concept of ie, its members, patterns of residence, etc. 7.002. Ariga Kizaemon X;$ 4T M, "Nihon jodai no ie to sonraku A 4 i \' \ ) | L X (Family and village in ancient Japan)." in Toa Shakai Kenkyukai t _- f t /&ACInstitute for Studies in East Asian Society) (ed.), Toa shakai kenkyu r u ~tM CStudies in East Asian society), vol.1. Tokyo, Seikatsusha, 1943, pp.l-126. Reprintec in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushT (CCollected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.7, 1967. The author rejects the theory of stages of social evolution and advocates functional, particularistic premises for sociology. He analyzes the membership of a go-ko (a kin-centered rural community) shown in ancient register books and considers how the gS-ko correlated with family and with ui- (clan) of that era. 7.003. Goto Morikazu ja jar,- "Jodai ni okeru kizoku shakai no shutsugen. Jil,' 1; S A- 4 07;9 t(Appearance of the nobility in prehistoric Japan)." in Nihon Jinrui Gakkai 3 k 7 > L 4 (Japan Anthropological Association) Ced.), Nihon minzoku q 1- \, t(Japanese people). Iwanarmi Shoten, 1952, pp.83-99. A lucid discussion of the origin of the Imperial house and the nobility. Criticizing Egami of invasion of horse-riding clans, it suggests that an indigenous aristocracy rose to power or second century B.C. at the latest, out of the elite ranks of the Yayoi people. Namio's theory by the first 7.004. Harada Toshiaki }, I V ^ 0, Nihon kodai shukyo 1, $ A ',, K(The ancient religion of Japan). Tokyo, Chuo Koronsha, 1948, 308pp. A collection of articles on the ancient religion and myths of Japan. Discusses the religious ethics of the ancient Japanese, the development of the concept of divinity among the ancient Japanese, aspects of the 54

Page  55 PREHISTORY AND ANTIQUITY 55 ancient divinity concept, spirits, the structure of the genesis myth and its development. 7.005. Hiraide Iseki Chosakai - (JHiraide Site Expedition) (ed.), Hiraide: Nagano ken Soga mura kodai shuraku iseki no sogoteki kenkyu 5 g A r N - 9 A t hi (Hiraide: interdisciplinary study of the site of an ancient hamlet in Soga village, Nagano prefecture). Tokyo, The Asahi Press, 1955, 541 + 96 plates + l6pp. The Hiraide site yielded components of Jomon, Yayoi, and Tomb period affiliation. This final report is the best to date of the rare studies of village sites of the Tomb culture. The study was made from 1949 through 1953 by a group of archaeologists, geographers, a paleontologist, architectonists, sociologists, folklorists, and historians. Of technical interest is the thermoremanent dating. The report presents a careful inferential reconstruction of social organization. There is an English summary. 7.006. Hora Tomio I?,4, Nihon bokensei shakai no seiritsu t. -4 ( E 1 \ A ' )AiEstablishment of a matriarchal society in Japan). Tokyo, Awaji Shobo, 1957, 392pp. An attempt to substantiate the existence of a matriarchal society which is presumed to have preceded Japan's historically documented patriarchal society, making use of survivals, remains,and folkloristic materials. There is extensive annotation. 7.007. Inoue Mitsusada 3 n.J, Nihon kodaishi no shomondai - = \ 9 0 flJtProblems in the ancient history of Japan). Tokyo, Shisakusha, 1949, 358pp. Uses early legal codes (ritsuryo) to analyze social and government conditions of Japan before the Taika reform. Includes studies of be (commoner groups bonded to the elite), of the military foundation of the Yamato state, and of the Taika reform itself. A good empirical work. 7.008. Inoue Mitsu-sada A t- X, Shinwa kara rekishi e ' - _, /, ( CFrom myth to history). Nihon no rekishi ~ Q: f) _, (History of Japan), vol.1. Tokyo, Chuo Koronsha, 1965, 528pp. A new look at the most ancient period of Japanese history through a cooperative effort by archaeologists and ethnologists. Investigates the development of the ancient emperor system and ancient ceremonies, and uses the latest archaeological studies to reconstruct production and level of living in the pre-Jomon, Jomon, and Yayoi periods. Introduces and criticizes the various theories concerning the Yamatai problem. Outlines concretely the development of the Yamato court and discusses the theory of pastoral nomad origin and the theory of emergence in the heroic age theory. Devotes much attention to conditions of daily life. 7.009. Ishida Eiichiro AJ I V -, et al., Shimpojiumu: Nihon kokka no kigen A,/ )$> 2 7A 2 ~ ]_ I ' 0 9jkL ' (Symposium: origins of the Japanese state). Tokyo, Kadokawa Shinsho, 1966, 211pp., illus. Six scholars in archaeology, ethnology, and history review theories and try to reach a reconstruction of how the state emerged in Japan. No single theory, among four most popular, seems adequate. Provisionally, the majority favor the view that several indigenous political centers emerged, each variously influenced by continental culture or freebooters (of nomad background?) themselves, but all gradually allied in subordination to the Kinai-Yamato center though sharing some alliances with each other as well. 7.010. Kobayashi Yukio 4)I f / A, "Kofun jidai bunka no seiin ni tsuite - t ]. \ Yt ~ 9I ~XW 1 -7V \ T (On the causal factors of the Tomb Age culture)." in Nihon Jinrui Gakkai iT / Ad I/(tJapan Anthropological Association) (ed.), Nihon minzoku X 2 X j(The Japanese people). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952, pp.113-129. A noteworthy paper early in an illuminating exchange of interpretations among sociologists and archaeologists discussing when and how the Tomb Age culture originated. The author considers that the use of iron tools was the decisive factor which prompted the rise of a ruling class and made construction of a huge tomb technically possible. 7.011. Miura Hiroyuki -: ), "Kodai koseki no kenkyu @ A\ jf ' ) 9, (A study of the ancient register book)." in Miura iroyuki t )(, Hoseishi no kenkyu - OJ ) 9 i(Studies in the history of laws), vol.2. Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1943, pp.55-70. Discusses whether the large number of family members recorded in the register books in ancient Japan lived together or not. First published in 1905. Other papers in this volume give the views of this early leader of legal historianship on various aspects of ancient social organization. Naito Kichinosuke, "Utagaki no genryu" (Origin of the utagaki [poem party] in Japan). See Entry 10.042. Nakada Kaoru, "Waga taiko no kon'in ho" (Marriage laws in ancient Japan). See Entry 10.105. Naora Nobuo, Nihon kodai nogyo hattatsushi (History of the development of agriculture in ancient Japan). See Entry 9.029. Nihon Jinrui Gakkai (ed.), Nihon minzoku (The Japanese people). See Entry 5.017.

Page  56 56 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 7.012. Oka Masao p - Al ', et al., Nihon minzoku no kigen: taidan to toron - A t 6A c 0 _ ', % t L N t 1; (The origin of the Japanese people: conversation and discussion). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, 332pp. Record of a discussion broadcast in May, 1948, by Oka Masao (ethnologist), Yawata Ichiro (archaeologist), and Egami Namio (archaeologist of northeast Asia), moderated by Ishida Eiichiro (cultural historian), originally published in MZGKK, vol.13, no.3, (1949). Notes are added to include the results of research done between 1948 and 1958. The discussion was Cl) an attempt to clarify the formation of the Japanese state and the ethnic origins of the ruling family and —2) a discussion of the origins and basis of the Japanese people and culture. 7.013. Ono Susumu }Kf, Nihongo no kigen j 4" ~ 0) -.(_Origin of the Japanese language). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1957, 220pp. Outlines a methodology for studying language origins that stresses knowledge of anthropology and archaeology as well as genetic linguistics with its study of genealogies of related languages. The author suggests plural progenitors of Japanese, especially Altaic (providing syntax and morphology), with strong MalayoPolynesian increments (principally vocabulary) from aborigines presumed to have been in Japan when Altaic speakers arrived. 7.014. Ota Akira? 7, Nihon jodai ni okeru shakai soshiki no kenkyu t' |, l t jv i-'fi 9,f (Study of social organization in ancient Japan). Tokyo, Isobe Koy6od, 1929, 26 + 1043pp. Describes the "clan" system (shisei) and central and local administration in ancient Japan. A collection of source materials with commentary. Shibata Minoru, "Nihon bunka no rekishiteki tenkai" [Historical development of Japanese culture). See Entry 5.024. 7.015. Tokyo Jinrui Gakkai Ju..s J. A & t, (Tokyo Anthropological Society) Ced.), Nihon minzoku f ^ At,;6 (The Japanese people). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1935, 5 + 477pp. A fiftieth anniversary volume of the Society with fourteen anthropological contributions. Its data are still useful though interpretations are partly superseded by a volume (1947) of the same title edited by the successor organization, Nihon Jinrui Gakkai Cq.v.). No article here deals exclusively with social organization of the past or present; one covers folklore, one deals with rural religion, while the remainder apply data of physical anthropology, archaelogy, and mythology to questions of origin and prehistoric development. 7.016. Toma Seita 4 g %, Nihon minzoku no keisei: Toa shominzoku to no kanren ni oite 1 4s 1\ 0 0 /'I V", s, f\ _ 3 f, p 1) io S } 1- N V',tCFormation of the Japanese people: their connection with the peoples of East Asia). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1951, 5 + 296pp. Views the people (race) under two aspects: as a "folk (yolk)" sharing common political area, language, culture, and economy; and as a "nation " emerging with the development of capitalism. His analysis of Japanese development as a "folk" uses a Marxist-Leninist style of evolutionary stage-development: his references to clan or gens, to matrilineal villages, to slaves and patriarchs, etc., must be understood as dependent on the Marxist framework. 7.017. Tsuda Sokichi it, Nihon jodaishi no kenkyu ( i. A\ 9, (A study of the ancient history of Japan). To yo, Iwanami Shoten, 1947, 31 + 502pp. Revision of his "Study of be in ancient Japan" (from "A study of the ancient history of Japan" [1930]), and of his "Study of the Taika reform" and "Moral life of the ancient Japanese" (from "Society and thought in ancient Japan" [1933]). These articles stimulated Japanese historians when first published, owing to their scientific and critical approach to Japanese ancient history. 7.018. Uno Enku ~ f fl, "Nihon genshi shukyo ( ) ). 48 ~ At (The primitive religion of Japan)." in Shinshu Nihon bunkashi taikei I: genshi bunka 'T- 9 j a j4 I,( Ad - a$ (-Revised outline of Japanese cultural history, vol. I: primitive culture 7. Tokyo, Seibundo Shinkosha, 1937, (2nd revised ed., 1943), pp.76-95. The author, following premises of the Austrian school of ethnological theory, categorizes Yayoi culture as of "exogamous-matriarchal" type and traces alleged religious survivals: Amaterasu conceived as a matriarchal ancestress, belief in human souls as well as nature spirits, an ancestral cult, and magic-ritual for agriculture led by sacerdotal women. 7.019. Wakamori Taro 4 * ) S. 0 (ed.), Kokka no seisei. Shin Nihonshi taikei j < f & 1' 4 _ J > ' (Growth of the state. New outline of Japanese history), vol.1. Tokyo, Asakura Shoten, 1952, 10 + 238pp. The growth of the Japanese state, pivotal race components in the development of the state, contemporary social lifeand its vestiges are described by Suzuki Hisashi and Yawata Ichiro from the archaeological point of view, and by Wakamori Taro and Nagano Tadashi from the sociological point of view.

Page  57 PREHISTORY AND ANTIQUITY 57 7.020. Watanabe Yoshimichi. - X i, Kodai shakai no kozo i A \ 7-it- 9 LStructure of ancient society). Tokyo, Ito Shoten, 1948, 14 + 488pp. The author's interpretations of Japanese history to the collapse of its early aristocracy, as developed in a controversy of the 1930's among Marxist historians; deals with land ownership, gives data in support of a theory of ancient slavery, and discusses the nature of the ancient state and its disintegration.

Social History

pp. 58-71

Page  58 CHAPTER VIII SOCIAL HISTORY More immediately aware of the historical roots of their subject matter than their American colleagues, Japanese sociologists and anthropologists rarely approach a topic without giving serious consideration to its background in the past. To considerable extent, the very materials available to them foster their sense of history: on every hand there are household records and genealogies, temple rosters listing births, marriages, and deaths, land and crop surveys and tax reportsand other multitudes of domestic and official documents to carry their view back not a mere decade or two but often eight, ten, or twelve generations into the past. However much American researchers are admired for their skill in scientific, cross-sectional analysis of data from the moment of observation, yet, in Japanese eyes, the American penchant for the present and future does seem to shut out the past except as far as present memory may recall it. Perhaps it is that Americans are mentally conditioned by their own mobile society where the few persons who still possess storage attics periodically sweep them clear to be ready for their next shift of residence. The stuff of social history is less constantly underfoot. Hence, most Americans, to think in long historical perspective, must discipline themselves to the habit; it comes more naturally to Japanese social scientists. Japan's sudden, drastic social transformation over the last century, of course, alerts scholars to research on antecedents (though, mutatis mutandis, who would argue that American ahistoricism signifies a low rate of change in American society?), so it is understandable as well as fortunate that Japanese sociologists and anthropologists closely analyze this change. The habit, however, poses a quandary to compilers of a subject-classified guide, inasmuch as a very large number of works on any subject are equally well classed as studies in social history. Our usual resolution has been to assign titles to their analytic subject but to supply cross-reference to them in this chapter. Attention to history has rather sharply marked points of focus: the era just prior to major effort at social modernization (mature and decadent Tokugawa); the early era of modernization (early and middle Meiji); and the surge into industrial urbanization prior to and following World War II (-Showa). Certain intervals are relatively neglected or treated as forestage or aftermath to the focal periods: e.g., the 1900-1920 interim (late Meiji - Taisho) or the 1600-1700 interim (formative Tokugawa). For approximate balance in number of selections, the modernizing periods are merged in this chapter, providing the following divisions that move backward through time: a. General b. Modern periods c. Tokugawa period d. Pre-Tokugawa periods e. Special aspects A. GENERAL Under this heading, we list (a) works that treat with even emphasis long spans of time or all of Japan's past, and (b) historical works that treat several aspects of society for more than one period and so do not conveniently fit with single subjectcategories of other chapters of this Guide. Among attempts at a comprehensive historical survey, atten tion is called to the treatments by Nakamura Kichiji (Entries 8.005 and 8.006). A recurrent theme in studies that deal with both the recent and the more distant past is the question whether analysis can define a categorical structural separation of modern from pre-modern society (e.g., Entry 8.003 by Matsushima Eiichi). Chihoshi Kenkyu Kyogikai (ed.), Chihoshi kenkyu hikkei (Manual of local history studies). See Entry 4.003. 8.001. Honjo Eijiro 4: J *if Nihon shakai shi Y3 AX )h C C History of Japanese society). Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1924, 25 + 270pp. The author views tensions or conflict among social classes as the motive force in social history. He divides Japanese history into periods marked, successively, by clan society, provincial society, manorial society, and centralized feudal society. He describes social classes and social problems of each type of society. This work was the first systematization of the history of Japanese society. 8.002. Kada Tetsuji 1U 1FT, "Shakaishi ^ _ (History of society)." Gendai Nihon bummeishi ~, ^' -Q 2' j)tB ~3 (History of modern civilization in Japan), vol.11. Tokyo, Tokyo Keizai Shimposha, 1940, 15 + 493pp. The author holds that one must consider how the means of livelihood are acquired to achieve an adequately comprehensive view of society for historical analysis. Class struggle for political power is his focus of interest. From this point of view he traces developments of Japanese society since the Meiji Restoration through comprehensive observation of social, political,and economic phenomena. 58

Page  59 SOCIAL HISTORY 59 8.003. Matsushima Eiichi.-7 Li A'5, " "Nihon shakai no zenkindaisei to iu koto; aruiwa sekaishi ni okeru Nihon no ichi ni tsuite no shiron i At; 0 ' > L\ A / t \ z L 4 3 A 1] - Ad._ I) f 13 A t > n) -J e I -7 \,T 0)$ (The so-called pre-modern character of Japanese society; or a preliminary essay on the place of Japan in world historyl' T,'ZGHR, no.l, 1950, pp.31-40. A general essay by a historian examining classical thought of the Kokugaku historical school which stressed the indigenous character of Japanese institutions. 8.004. Nakada Kaoru A $1., Hosei shi ronshu I: shinzoku ho, sozoku ho y 1 t *- j $ i ana - 3. kI, ( a (Collected essays on the history of law I: family law, inheritance law). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1926, 30 + 738pp. A collection of articles mostly on the history of Japanese family and inheritance laws. Deals with ancient marriage laws and marriage and inheritance laws of the Heian, Kamakura, Muromachi, and Tokugawa periods. Valuable source materials for a sociological study of the family in Japan. 8.005. Nakamura Kichiji (Yoshiharu) + 1 ~,, Nihon shakaishi 4. 7rg /P, 3 (jHistory of Japanese society). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1952, 16 + 400pp. A revised edition of "Outline history of Japanese society" (1949). A competent sociological analysis of the history of Japanese society emphasizing the influence of economic conditions. Explains the social conditions under which the modern individual emerged in Japan, and explains the shift from a status society to a modern class society. Primitive, ancient, feudal)and modern periods are recognized. Indexed. 8.oo006. Nakamura Kichiji (Yoshiharu) r A (ed.), Shakaishi lf, (Social history), 2 vols. Taikei Nihonshi sosho J A $ j5 L (Comprehensive outline of Japanese history). Nos.8,9, Tokyo, Yamakawa Shuppansha; no.8, 1965, 12 + 371 + l9pp; no.9, 1965, 14 + 466 + l41pp. Comprehensive treatment of Japanese social history from prehistoric times to the end of World War II by Tohoku University research personnel in socioeconomic history. Each volume is indexed and has a bibliography and chronological table. 8.007. Nihon fuzokushi koza X 4 g _ )A>4.6 (Series on the history of Japanese customs and manners). Tokyo, Yuzankaku, 1927-1929, 12 vols. A popular and profusely illustrated series on Japanese history, stressing the customs and manners, broadly defined, of each period. Volumes 4 - 12 trace important subjects throughout history, including games, the tea ceremony, houses, gardens, music, drama, etc. Responsibility for articles by periods is allocated as follows: (1) the primitive period (Takahashi Kenji and Miyamoto Seisuke); (2) the Nara period (Ema Tsutomu); (3) the Heian period (Shiba Kazumori); (4) the Kamakura period (Sakurai Shigeru); (5) the Muromachi period (Uozumi Sogoro); (6) the Azuchi-Momoyama period (Takayanagi Mitsuhisa); (7) the Edo period (Nakamura Koya); (8) the Meiji Restoration period (Fujii Jintaro); and (9) the Meiji period (Fujisawa Morie). Summary articles deal with rites of the samurai CYamamoto Nobuya.and Arima Binshiro); and folk rites (Yamamoto Nobuya). 8.008. Nishimura ShinJi iji. _, Nihon bunkashi gairon ~ x )L4t ^. _b' (Outline of Japanese culture history). Tokyo, Tokyodo, 1930, 22 + 548pp. The influence of foreign cultures on the development of Japanese culture is treated from a cultural anthropological point of view. An introduction to problems of environment, race, the state, and historical periodization is followed by details on language, religion, technology, and economy. The work has a strongly speculative flavor. 8.009. Sakurai Shigeru j of, Nihon fuzokushi gaisetsu: seikatsushi hen 4 $})S4 g~ A L 4 i ~[_ ~ (Outline history of Japanese customs: history of daily life). Tokyo, Meiji Shoin, 1950, 2 + 132pp. Describes daily practices throughout Japanese history based on historical records. Sakurai Shotaro, "Kindai Nihon seiji no hokensei" (Feudalistic character of politics in modern Japan). See Entry 19.025. 8.010. Takamura Shohei, Komatsu Yoshitaka AJ' > %, et al. (eds.), Nomura hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: h5kensei to shihonsei. ' -t ^t. W. ' 4 *'L (Essays in commemoration of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, 3 + 743pp. Nomura Kanetaro was a specialist in economics and Japanese economic history at Keio University. This selection contains twenty-six papers, a brief biography of Dr. Nomura)and a bibliography of his works. 8.011. Takamure Itsue; jt a h j, Nihon josei shakaishi t,(- 4- y 4/ (History of the social life of Japanese women). Osaka, Shin Nihonsha, 1947, 318pp. Guided by Lewis H. Morgan's period divisions of cultural history, the author reviews women's social life for each of the following periods: group marriage, clan, clan disintegration, family, and family disintegration.

Page  60 60 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 8.012. Takikawa Masajiro \t )1'1 Lvf, Nihon shakaishi \ 4~ fL/ f C(Ristory of Japanese society). Tokyo, Toko Shoin, 1929, 23 + 377pp. Conceiving social history to be a record of changes in social organization, social class,and social orientations, the author uses materials in legal history to review these phenomena for the ancient, early medieval, medieval, recent, and modern periods. B. MODERN PERIODS The postwar literature emphasized in our selection often deals with both past and present under the labels "feudal" and "non-feudal" (or "modern"). These terms have primary reference to qualities of social structure, not to time periods. An author characterizing some current phenomena as "feudal" implies, first, that it has continuity out of the past and, second, that it fails somehow to conform to structural properties of a modern society Csee, for instance, Entry 8.017, edited by the Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai). As most loosely used in the first two postwar decades, the word "hokenteki Cfeudal)" is better understood to mean "old-fashioned" or "outdated", for it becomes detached from any connotation of feudal structure in a strict sense. Ariga (.in Entry 8.014) sharply criticizes such loose usage, accepting "feudal society" as a valid type but one limited to a particular era of Japan's past and prior to the Tokugawa period, and urging that the label not be given to any present-day phenomenon unless its link with that era be verified. More recently, the question of "modernization" has come into issue in Japanese social history, largely in reaction to Western social scientists' use of the term to designate certain processes and phenomena as constant or recurrent among most or all societies that articulate economic development as an overriding goal. Since some authors attack this issue as a problem in analytic logic, we have categorized their work under Methodology (Chapter 4); however, works that touch on this issue in the course of presenting history are listed in this chapter. A considerable group of writings here scrutinize the historical background of events and phenomena in a particular locality. Such localized studies, if not appropriate to the subject matter of later chapters of this Guide, are listed only in this section, whereas many others appear in cross-reference to other chapters. Ariga Kizaemon, "Dozokudan to sono henka: hashigaki" (Dozokudan and its changes: introduction to the symposium). See Entry 11.019. Ariga Kizaemon, "Hikindaisei to hokensei" (Non-modern and feudal characteristics). See Entry 4.001. 8.013. Ariga Kizaemon I A -, Hoken isei no bunseki f L ' '+1' 9 4 1T CAnalysis of feudal survivals). Shin Nihonshi koza d j + 5g Aj(New symposium on Japanese history). Tokyo, Chuo Koronsha, 1949, 42pp. One of the few essays in the early postwar period that openly criticized the tendency to brand as "feudal survivals" all pre-war social relations, social systems, value standards,,etc., under a historical dogma visualizing the Japanese past as comprising two stages: feudalist and capitalist, with the former persisting up to the "democratizing" policies of the postwar Occupation. Attempts a scientific investigation of these phenomena under four headings: (1) emperor, clan parties, peerage, (2) patron-client relations, (3) tenant farming practices, (4) external economic coercion. Ariga Kizaemon, "Katei seikatsu" (Family life). See Entry 10.004. Ariga Kizaemon, "Kindaika to dento" (Modernization and tradition). See Entry 18.001. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nambu Ninohe gun Ishigami mura ni okeru daikazoku seido to kosaku seido" (The Gross Familie system and tenant farming in Ishigami mura, Ninohe gun in Nambu [Iwate Prefecture]). See Entry 11.021. Ariga Kizaemon, Takeuchi Toshimi, and Nakano Takashi, Dozoku to sono henka (Dozoku and its changes). See Entry 11.025. Chiba Masashi, Gakku seido no kenkyu: kokka kenryoku to sonraku kyodotai (Research on the system of school districts: national authority and village collective groups). See Entry 24.003. Fukuchi Shigetaka, Gunkoku Nihon no keisei: shizoku ishiki no tenkai to sono shumatsu (Formation of Japan as a militant nation: development and downfall of the warrior image). See Entry 25.002. Fukushima Masao, Koseki seido to ie seido: ie seido no kenkyu (Koseki [family register] system and ie system: research on the ie system). See Entry 10.008. Furushima Toshio, "Meiji shonen ni okeru nominso no bunka" (Class differentiation among farmers at the beginning of the Meiji period). See Entry 9.003.

Page  61 SOCIAL HISTORY 61 Horiuchi Setsu, "Goke ni tsuite" (On the goke). See Entry 10.139. Ikeuchi Hajime, "Taiheiyo sensochu no senji ryugen" (Rumors circulating in Japan during World War II). See Entry 23.005. Ikeuchi Hajime, Okazaki Keiko, and Kubo Naoko, "Senryo kikan ni okeru Nihon shimbun no suko" (Trends in the Japanese press during the Occupation). See Entry 23.007. Inoue Kiyoshi and Watanabe Toru Ceds.), Kome sodo no kenkyu (A study of rice riots). See Entry'20.015. Kaigo Tokiomi Ced.), Rinji kyoiku kaigi no kenk-u. (Study on the Extraordinary Conference of Education). See Entry 24.010. Kakizaki Kyoichi, "Nomin seikatsu ni okeru 'chiiki'" (Locality in peasant life). See Entry 18.027. Kamiya Tsutomu, "Meiji zenki no seiji taisei to sonraku" (The early Meiji political system and the village). See Entry 19.044. Kawamura Nozomu and Hasumi Otohiko, "Kindai Nihon ni okeru sonraku kozo no tenkai katei: sonraku kozo ni kansuru 'ruikei' ron no saikento" (The development of village structure in modern Japan: a reexamination of typologies of village structure). See Entry 18.030. Kawashima Takeyoshi, Nihon shakai no kazokuteki kosei CFamilistic structure of the Japanese society). See Entry 10.022. Kitano Seiichi, "Edo chuki Koshu sanson no kazoku kosei" (The composition of the family in a mountain village in Koshu [Yamanashi Prefecture] in the middle Edo period). See Entry 10.025. Kosaka Masaaki and Ono Hideo, Meiji bunkashi 4: shiso genron hen (Cultural history of the Meiji period vol.4: thought and public opinion). See Entry 23.013. Koyama Takashi, "Kon'in o toshite mitaru shizoku no shakai: Meiji koki Taisho shoki no Kanazawa shizoku ni tsuite" (Former samurai society as seen in marriage: former samurai in late Meiji and early Taisho in Kanazawa). See Entry 10.099. Koyama Takashi, "Shizoku no chiikiteki ido keiko ni tsuite" COn the geographic mobility of former samurai). See Entry 15.004. Kyoto Shiyakusho, Kyoto shogaku gojunenshi (Record of fifty years of elementary education in Kyoto), See Entry 24.020. Kyotofu Gakumubu Shakaika (ed.), Kyotofu homen iin seido nijunen shi (Twenty year history of the local [social welfare] committee system in Kyoto). See Entry 21.006. Matsushita Yoshio, Meiji gunsei shiron (A historical essay on the Meiji military system). See Entry 19.045. Minkan Hoso Junenshi Henshu Iinkai, Minkan hoso junenshi (A ten year history of private broadcasting). See Entry 23.017. 8.014. Miura Hiroyuki _.-,' 1f /, "Oyako kankei o chushin to shite no kazoku seido lk f 1 ' '/k3U Y L T 9) < l j*J,1 (The family system in terms of parent-child relationship)." in Miura Hiroyuki '- '} )if 7, Hoseishi no kenkyu d ) )' q(Studies in the history of law). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1943, vol.1, pp.544-644. Describes, in terms of legal history, how family heads controlled their children or grandchildren, and how the government (the Imperial family, Shogunate, and local landlords) supported or checked this control. First published in 1905. Miyamoto Tsuneichi, "Tsushima, Goto ni okeru gairaisha no juyo" (The relationship between immigrants and natives in Tsushima and Goto Islands). See Entry 15.018. Mombusho, Gakusei hachi junenshi (An eighty-year history of the educational system). See Entry 24.022. Mombusho, Meiji iko kyoiku seido hattatsushi (A history of the development of the educational system since 1868). See Entry 24.024. 8.015. Nakada Kaoru l -H, "Meiji shonen ni okeru mura no jinkaku V; /4 1" V '1 ' 21 Ufk~ (The village as a legal entity in the early Meiji period)." in Nakada Kaoru 3 f, lHoseishi ronshu 't 4I V i s, C(Essays on the history of laws), vol.2. Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1938, pp.991-1106. First published in 1927. Maintains that the village in the Tokugawa and early Meiji periods, prior to the promulgation of Statute no.1, in 1888, was treated in law as a corporate entity comparable to the "Genossenschaft" recognized in German Jurisprudence.

Page  62 62 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Nakano Takashi, "Dogyogai ni okeru dozoku rengo soshiki" (The organization of dozoku federations in a onetrade quarter). See Entry 11.054. Nakano Takashi, "Gyoba o meguru sonraku shakai no henka: kinsei no kokudaka kaiso to gendai no shunyu kaiso o tegakari to shite" (Change in village society related to the fishing ground: seen in terms of both the Tokugawa period stipend-ranking and contemporary income stratification). See Entry 15.019. Nakano Takashi, "Iori mura to sono buri ami no shakai kozo: Meiji jidai o chushin to shite" (Iori village and the social structure of its yellowtail fishery: focusing on the Meiji era). See Entry 13.022. Nakano Takashi, Kurosaki Yasujiro, and Kakizaki Kyoichi, "Uchiura engan ni okeru sonraku shakai no henka: Buri daiboami do'nyu izen o. chushin to shite" (Changes in village society on the Uchiura coast: before the introduction of large trap nets for yellowtail). See Entry 13.024. 8.016.. Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai J yK )C4t 1 / (Japan Society of Humanistic Science) (ed.), Hoken isei M i_ S^ a] (Feudal survivals). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1951, 5 + 334pp. A multi-author survey of "feudal survivals" that are found in various facets of Japanese society, e.g., in rural community organization, landownership, education, religion, customs, industry, the family systemand ways of thinking. Chinese society is also discussed for comparison. All papers in this book were presented at a meeting of the Committee for the Advancement of Humanistic Sciences (Jimbun Kagaku Iinkai) in November, 1949. Nihon Shimbun Kyokai, Chiho betsu Nihon shimbun shi (A regional history of Japanese newspapers). See Entry 23.021. Okada Yuzuru, et al., "Kamoize oyobi shuhen chiiki no sonraku kozo" (Village structure in Kamoize and its neighbor villages). See Entry 13.025. Ono Hideo, Nihon shimbun shi (A history of Japanese newspapers). See Entry 23.022. Sakamoto Hideo, Kokoku gojunen shi (Fifty-year history of advertising). See Entry 23.023. Shibusawa Keizo, Seikatsu hen (Daily life). See Entry 9.012. 8.017. Shimomura Fujio -f 44!~, Meiji no shakai ' 07;- lCMeiji society). Tokyo, Shinch5sha, 1959, 58pp. An excellent and extremely interesting analysis of the appearance in the Meiji era of new social standings and class reorganization, and of political factionalism in the central government based on provincial affiliation. Comprises Booklet 6 of the boxed set: Nihon bunka kenky-u (A study of Japanese culture). Shinano Kyoikukai, Shinano Kyoikukai no gojunen shi (Fifty-year history of the Shinano Education Association). See Entry 24.037. Shoji Kichinosuke, Kome sodo no kenkyu (A study of rice riots). See Entry 20.023. Tahara Otoyori, "Tohoku sonraku ni okeru jinushisei to seiji taisei" (The landlord system and political organization in Tohoku villages). See Entry 12.074. Takagi Kyoten and Fukuda Yoshizo, "Nihon fashizumu keiseiki no masu medeia tosei: masu medeia soshikika no jittai to masu medeia" (Control of mass media during the emergence of Japanese fascism: mass media and their mobilization). See Entry 23.030. Takeda Ryozo, et al., "Orimono no machi Notobe: sono shakai kozo" (Notobe, a weaver's town: its social structure). See Entry 14.047. Takeuchi Toshimi, "Dozokudan to sono henka: noson no baai" (Dozokudan and its changes in agrarian villages). See Entry 11.076. Takeuchi Toshimi, "Sanson ni okeru hokonin: Nagano ken, Kami ina Kitabe chiho, Kamiminochi gun Nishiyamabe chiho no jirei" (Farm laborers in mountain villages: examples from around Kami ina, Kitabe, and Kamimiguchi gun Shisanbe districts in Nagano Prefecture). See Entry 11.104. Tamaki Hajime, Kindai Nihon ni okeru kazoku kozo (_Family structure in modern Japan). See Entry 10.066. 8.018. Terao KoJi. ~ % ~, Meiji shoki Kyoto keizaishi ) >j r - ~, S 3:(Economic history of Kyoto in early Meiji). Kyoto, Kyoto Taigad5, 1943, 578pp. Seventeen articles written by the author between 1935 and 1943 cover many aspects of the economic history of Kyoto just before and after the Meiji Restoration. The main studies concern the management of elementary schools and the development of the canal between Kyoto and Lake Biwa.

Page  63 SOCIAL HISTORY 63 Toda Teizo, "Batsu no shakaiteki seishitsu" (Social characteristics of the clique). See Entry 11.105. Toyama Shigeki, et al., "Nihon no shiso zasshi" (Japan's intellectual magazines). See Entry 25.004. Uchikawa Yoshimi, "Shinbunshiho no seitei katei to sono tokushitsu: Meiji koki ni okeru genron jiyu henshitsu no ichi sokumen" (The enactment and special characteristics of the Press Lawi one aspect of deterioration in the freedom of the press in the late Meiji period). See Entry 23.035. Uchikawa Yoshimi and Kanai Saburo, "Nihon fashizumu keiseiki no masu media tosei: masu media soshikika no seisaku oyobi kiko to sono henyo" (Control of mass media in the formative period of Japanese fascism: policy of mobilizing the mass media machinery and its alteration). See Entry 23.036. Uchikawa Yoshimi, et al., "Nihon fashizumu no genron tosei katei ni kansuru kenkyu" CStudy on the process of control of expression in Japanese fascism). See Entry 23.037. Wakamori Taro, "Mura no denshoteki shakai rinri: 'hoken isei' no mondai ni kanren shite" (Villagers' traditional social ethics: in connection with 'feudal residues'). See Entry 25.021. Yamamoto Noboru, "Kosekiho o tsujite mita kazoku no kenkyu: Yamanashi ken Nakakoma gun Tatomi mura Imafuku no baai" (A study bf the family as seen in the koseki (family register) law": the case of Imafuku in Tatomi village, Yamanashi prefecture). See Entry 10.084. 8.019. Yanagida Kunio 2p 1g $ a Ced.), Meiji bunkashi 13: fuzokuhen 3 \^ it a 13 ] )' 4~. 1 (Cultural history of the Meiji period, vol.13: folkways). Tokyo, Yoyosha, 1954, 0 + 591pp. Describes folkways of the 1868-1911 period, covering clothing, housing, food, village and town, family, travel, marriage, the funeral, the life of children and youth, the life of women, annual functions, consumption, religious life, and speech. 8.020. Yanagida Kunio _ 1~ ] t, Meiji Taishoshi: Sesohen 1 v ' - 4 ^7 (Social conditions during the Meiji-Taisho [1867-1926] period). Tokyo, Asahi Shimbunsha, 1931, 19 + 398pp. Attempts to show the pattern of national life of the Japanese people, describing social conditions and folkways during the turbulent 1867-1926 reigns of the Meiji and Taisho Emperors. The items discussed are: visible social conditions, food, housing, landscape, native place and foreign lands, new communication and culture-carriers, liquor, changes in courtship, desire for family continuity, occupations, labor, poverty and sickness, friendship and competition, goals for the improvement of life. 8.021. Yanagida Kunio 1 - V ' and Oto Tokihiko ) f_ fi, Sesoshi 3t_ (-Social conditions [during the Showa period, 1926 —]). Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1943, 7 + 386pp. A sequel to Yanagida's Social conditions during the Meiji-Taisho period (1931). Describes the folkways of the Japanese people since 1926 in clothing, housing, food, daily life; family, labor, production, social intercourse, education; language, recreation, sickness and death, religion, and cultural training. 8.022. Yasuda Saburo ) M - -, "Gendai Nihon: buraku shakairon ( ^ H: 2I% A - (Contemporary Japan: village society)." Ronso - (-Controversy), vol.4, no.8, 1962, pp.66-77. Criticizes the summarization of changes in postwar social attitudes as a shift from pre-modern to modern. Sees the key rather in a shift from order based on status to order based on the community, the natural village, and the complementary relationship between the two systems. 8.023. Yokoyama Sadao f* i4 XA i, "Waga kuni shogvo shakai no kozo to sono hokensei t - - t kA 0 *.A L Y 0) 4t JIt /4- (Japanese merchant society: its structure and feudalistic character)." in Nihon Shakaigakkai (ed.), Shakaigaku kenkyu /t/I /Z ~% j i (CSociological studies), vol.1, no.2, 1947, pp.lo04-126. Examines historical change and structural peculiarities of Tokugawa trading companies, including such "feudalistic" characteristics as employment contracts which one-sidedly protect the employer, treatment of employees as junior members of the employer's private household, and personal relations outweighing rational, impersonal considerations in conducting business. Yokusan Und5shi Kankokai (ed.), Yokusan kokumin undoshin CHistory of the Imperial Rule Assistance Movement). See Entry 19.039. C. TOKUGAWA PERIOD Entries in this section, in certain cases, legal history that deal either with the codes of scrutinize Tokugawa society or some of its aspects the Tokugawa house and lesser houses and local for their own sake, as essays in historical sociology. communities, or with practices peculiar to the Among such works we include a sampling of studies in period. Not a few studies, however, enter the

Page  64 64 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Tokugawa period simply to set forth the origin and also consult studies listed for the modern period early history of communities, institutions, and prac- (Section B, above) rather than here which, despite tices that continue today. We lsit such studies here their emphasis of later times, often provide some in cases where they devote considerable emphasis to information pertinent to the Tokugawa era. the pre-modern situation; but the reader should Ariga Kizaemon, "Konoike ke no kaken" (House rules of the Konoike). See Entry 11.020. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nihon ni okeru senzo no kannen: ie no keifu to ie no honmatsu no keifu to" (The concept of ancestors in Japan: genealogy of the ie and genealogy of honke and bunke). See Entry 11.023. Chihoshi Kenkyu Kyogikai (ed.), Kinsei chihoshi kenkyu nyumon (Introduction to research on local history in the Tokugawa period). See Entry 4.004. Eto Tsuneji, Omi shonin Nakai ke no kenkyu.Research on the Omi merchants, the Nakai house). See Entry 9.013. Hidemura Senzo, "Tokugawaki ni okeru noka no nenju gyoji kiroku: Chikuzen Sujaku ke to Chikugo Kawakita ke" (Record of annual events among farm households in the Tokugawa period: the Sujaku house in Chikuzen and the Kawakita house in Chikugo). See Entry 11.030. 8.024. Hozumi Nobushige; ~ 4. 4 (ed.), Gonin gumi hoki shu — j S- I., ^ (A collection of regulations of the five-family group system). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1921 (.second ed., 1930), 14 + 705pp. A collection of 94 five-family group books which show the regulations of this officially imposed collectivity. The author arranges the regulations chronologically from 1655 to 1871. 8.025. Hozumi Nobushige _4 $ 1, Gonin gumi seido ron fi. ~ ~- "1 X N (On the five-family group system). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1921, 46 + 584pp. This is the first systematic study of the five-family group system of local administration; this extensive work analyzes the history, organization, and regulations of the five-family system, dealing with it as an institution of public and religious control. Hozumi Shigeto, "Rienjo to enkiri dera" (Letter of divorce and divorce temple). See Entry 10.094. Hozumi Shigeto, Rikon seido no kenkyu ((Studies of divorce systems). See Entry 10.095. Inumaru Hideo, "Kagahan ni okeru juson seido" (The juson [ten-village] system in the Kaga clan). See Entry 19.040. 8.026. Irimajiri Yoshinaga j.\, J j, "Tosa han ni okeru kyodo seido no seiritsu narabi ni henshitsu katei 4 I 1^ 1 Vr40 0) & 1 i- i_ t -(Origin and deterioration of the Kyodo system in the Tosa fief)." in Nomura hakase kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei ~ ^ i^ J f ~, 2.^ - / l j^_I!k_ J E -(Essays in commemoration of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.l61-183. Analysis of the formation and later changes in the system of regimenting peasants known in Tosa as the kyodo system. It was inaugurated in Tosa in 1613 by the Yamauchi family, which entered Tosa in 1600. Ichikawa Ken, Kinsei Nihon shakai kyoikushi no kenkyu (A history of social education during the Tokugawa period). See Entry 24.007. Ishikawa Ken, Nihon gakkoshi no kenkyu (Studies in Japanese school history). See Entry 24.008. Ishikawa Ken, Nihon shomin kyoikushi (A history of popular education in Japan). See Entry 24.009. Kitano Seiichi, "Mibun to kakaku" (Personal rank and ie status). See Entry 15.017. Kitano Seiichi, "Shinshu Sarashina son Wakamiya no dozokudan" (Dozoku in Wakamiya, Sarashina Village, Shinshu). See Entry 11.041. Kodama Kota, Kinsei noson shakai no kenkyu (Studies of rural society in the Tokugawa period). See Entry 9.020. 8.027. Kokusho Iwao j. ~ &, "Hyakusho ikki gaikan oyobi nempyo A@ 4- -: p9- ~ ~<. (An outline of peasant uprisirds and their chronology)." in Keizaishi kenkyu ~ f 9 (Studies of economic history), vol.17, no.3, 1937, pp.1-130. One of the most basic works on peasant uprisings in Japan. It is composed of two parts, an evaluation of thought on the nature and significance of uprisings, and a chronology of such revolts. Besides the simple chronology of 1200 uprisings from 1603 to 1967, which specifies the area each occurred in, lists its causes or demands, labels its type, and gives documentation, the latter section also carries summary tables and charts showing annual and decennial rates, frequency by prefecture or province, frequency by season, magnitude of revolt, etc.

Page  65 SOCIAL HISTORY 65 8.028. Kurita Mototsugu ~, ixJ, "Edo jidai shoki ni okeru ronin no hassei ni tsuite L I-e I' 7 /'- O ' 1 I, t J N\ T COn the emergence of unemployed samurai [ronin] in the early Tokugawa period)." SKGZ, no.27, 1926, pp.27-47; no.28, 1926, pp.33-66. A pioneer work on the emergence of ronin, dealing with the phenomenon as a social problem in the early Tokugawa period. Maki Kenji, "Chigyo no genshi dankai: Ritsuryoteki chigyo no seiritsu oyobi honshitsu" (The beginning of the fief: origin and nature of the Ritsuryo fief). See Entry 9.021. Miyamoto Tsuneichi, "Machi" (Town). See Entry 14.082. Morita Seiichi Ced.), Genten ni yoru kinsei nosei goi shu CPre-modern agricultural administrative terms collected from original sources). See Entry 2.033. Nakamura Kichiji (Yoshiharu), Sonraku kozo no shiteki bunseki: Iwate ken Kemuriyama mura (Historical analysis of village structure: Kemuriyama Village, Iwate Prefecture). See Entry 12.045. Nakano Takashi, "Detchi tedai to bekke sosetsu" (Apprentice, clerk, and branch manager). See Entry 11.053. Nakano Takashi, "Ishin zenya no ranshu to ie rengo" (Ie leagues and ecstatic mobs on the eve of the Restoration). See Entry 22.039. Expansion of an essay under the same title in SKGZ, no.38, pp.114-127. Nakano Takashi, "Kita nomi shoson to sono buriami no hen'yo" (Fishing villages using fixed nets f or yellowtail, their changing social structure). See Entry 13.023. Nakano Takashi, "Yamatoya norenuchi shiryosho" (Selected materials from the Yamatoya in-group). See Entry 11.06l. Nakano Takashi, Kurosaki Yasujiro, and Kakazaki Kyoichi, "Uchiura engan ni okeru sonraku shakai no henka: Bur daiboami do'nyu izen o chushin to shite" (Changes in village society on the Uchiura coast: before the introduction of large trap nets for yellowtail). See Entry 13.024. Ninomiya Tetsuo, "Dozoku soshiki no seiritsu, hatten, oyobi hokai katei: hokensei to dozokusei" (The process of formation, development, and dissolution of dozoku organization: feudalism and dozoku systems). See Entry 11.062. 8.030. Oishi Shinzaburo K h 4$ k- a t, "Edo Jidai ni okeru koseki ni tsuite: sono seiritsu to seikaku no kento (IC ha/ \ I 1 \- i nv il -7\'g e - s c i e 9 the Ui (Family registers in the Edo period: an examination of their origins and characteristics)." in Fukushima Masao 1 3 JE 2 (ed.), Koseki seido to "ie" seido, ( F\J 4 ~ 4j ',7 (The family register system and the ie system). Tokyo, Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, pp.1-92. An examination of the Edo period shumon cho relating its original function in controlling Christianity to its function as a registry. Also examines the origins and characteristics of other registers such as the goningumi cho and the nimbetsu cho. 8.031. Ono Takeo )] - k ~, Goshi seido no kenky.u; - 3 'J * A 9u 9 (-The local samurai system). Tokyo, Ookayama Shoten, 1925, 29 + 201pp. The goshi (local samurai) of the Tokugawa period were ranked as samurai but lived out in villages with the economic role of landlord. This work covers the history of the system, emphasizing social and economic factors, and describes the samurai's place in village life. Ototake Iwazo, Nihon shomin kyoikushi (A history of popular education in Japan). See Entry 24.033. Saito Hyoichi, "Gyomin seikatsushi no kenkyu: Hokkaido gyoson no jirei kenkyu" (A historical study of fishermen'.s life: a case study of a Hokkaido fishing village). See Entry 13.027. Seki Eikichi, "Waga kuni burujoa kaikyu no seishin" (Bourgeois class spirit in Japan). See Entry 15.011. Shimada Takashi, "Kinsei chuki Shinshu Imaike no rodo soshiki: (Labor organization of the Imaike house in Shinshu, in the 18th century). See Entry 11.073. 8.032. Shimazaki Takao; J ~, "Bakumatsu ni okeru tochi kaitaku saku: Sato Shin'en no naiyo keii no yuto o chushin to shite h ~ - ' $ - ]; W

Page  66 66 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY If k. h - L - (Plans to reclaim land at the end of the Tokugawa period: with special attention to Sato Shin'en's ambitious plan for Tokyo Bay)." in Nomura hakushi kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei (Essays commemorating Dr. Nomura's 61st birthday: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.359-378. Analyzes various projects, especially the plan which Sato Shin'en put forth in 1833 to fill in and develop Tokyo Bay. 8.033. Takao Kazuhiko 7 -, "Edo zenki ni okeru Kinai sonraku no kosei Z I 3 X 1i f} I ';y W 1VI 41t- 0 Aj 4G C(Organization of a Kinai village in the early Edo period)." in Kobe Daigaku Bungakkai it f. ^? Wa m)- C(Kobe University Literary Society) (ed.), Kenkyu Jft %j (Research), no.3, 1953, pp. 52-71. Examines the ie mentioned in land registers of a Kinki village in the early Tokugawa period. The village studied was Saraike in Tanhoku-no-kori, Kochi-no-kuni. Takeuchi Toshimi, "Kenchi to bunke kanshu" (Land surveys and the custom of family branching). See Entry 11.077. Toda Teizo, "Kaikyuteki naikonsei ni tsuite" (On class endogamy). See Entry 10.129. Toda Teizo, Shumoncho ni oite mirareru kazoku koseiin" (Family members as seen in the temple register books [of the Tokugawa period]). See Entry 10.077. Tokoro Mitsuo, "Kinsei shoki no hyakusho honyaku: yakuya to buyaku no kankei ni tsuite" (Leading farmers in the early Tokugawa period: their tax and corvee liabilities). See Entry 15.022. Tokoro Mitsuo, "Noson shakai no mibun" (Status in agricultural village society). See Entry 15.023. Tokuda Hikoyasu, "Nihon ni okeru kando, gizetsu oyobi kyuri no kenkyu" (A study of severence of social relations in the feudal period of Japan). See Entry 10.078. Toyoda Takeshi, Nihon no hoken toshi CThe feudal city in Japan). See Entry 14.083. 8.034. Watakuni Tetsuo lja t Ad, "Ishin zengo ni okeru ansatsu - OT -1, Z 1 ik-t Assassinations about the time of the [Meiji] Restoration)." KKSKG, 1932, pp.84-98. Reviews about 100 assassinations committed between 1857 and 1882, dealing with public attitudes regarding assassination at that time, and noting the family relations, age, and native place of each assassin. Yokoe Katsumi, "Hanshi shakai ni okeru mibun to kon'in: Kaga hanshi no mibunteki naikon ni tsuite" (Status and marriage of the vassals of a feudal lord: class endogamy of the vassals of the lord of Kaga). See Entry 15.013. Yokoe Katsumi, "Tokugawa bakumatsuki ni okeru daimyo no kaikyuteki naikon" (Class endogamy among daimy5 at the end of the Tokugawa period). See Entry 10.136. Yokoe Katsumi, "Tokugawa jidai ni okeru daimyo no kaikyuteki naikon ni tsuite" (On class endogamy of the feudal lords in the Tokugawa period). See Entry 10.137. Yokoyama Sadao, "Kinsei toshi shuraku no dotaisei to shudansei" (Urban collectivity and mobility in the Tokugawa period). See Entry 14.085. 8.035. Yoshinaga Kiyoshi 4,J< *, "Bushi no shuju kankei: sono shudanronteki ichi kosatsu t - 9 Lt4^-W t (9 h 4wjS i 1 A % (Master-servant relations among warriors: a study in group theory)." Shiso y1; (Thought), no.415, 1959, pp.85-95. A study in two sections, on village samurai, and samurai in castle towns, as the cores of master-servant groups. Analyzes the function of the warrior master-servant group in terms of the master-servant relationship. D. PRE-TOKUGAWA To avoid unnecessary duplication of bibliographic slave economy, it rests more on one or another general guidance offered in John W. Hall's Guide to Japanese theory of social evolution than on empirical subHistory (in this series), the studies appropriate to stance; we have chosen to omit it as being beyond this subject have been pared down sharply to a small the margin of professional sociological research. number. Though a considerable quantity of speculative Relatively little notable research has been done in literature reconstructing aspects of social organization the middle periods of history, for which more materin early historic time does exist, proposing a matri- ials exist. lineal descent system or matriarchal government or a

Page  67 SOCIAL HISTORY Ariga Kizaemon, "Nara jidai no koseki to keicho" (Civil registration in the Nara period). See Entry 7.001. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nihon jodai no ie to sonraku" (Family and village in ancient Japan). See Entry 7.002. Morioka Kiyomi, "Chusei makki Honganji kyodan ni okeru ikkeshu" (The kinship group [ikkeshu] of the Honganji temple [Shinshu sect] at the end of the medieval period). See Entry 11.044. Nagashima Fukutaro, "Shoki chonin to dozoku soshiki" (_Early townsmen and dozoku organization). See Entry 11.048. Naora Nobuo, Nihon kodai nogyo hattatsushi (History of the development of agriculture in ancient Japan). See Entry 9.029. 8.036. Nishioka Toranosuke, "Shugo daimyo ryoka no Jiryo shoen: Daitoku jiryo Harima no kuni Oyakenosho Sanshikikata (Temple estates under a feudal overlord: the Daitokuji estate in Sanshikikata, Oyake estate, Harima province)." in Nomura hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei (Essays in commemoration of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.73-119. A detailed analysis of the problems the temple faced in taking possession of its holdings. Oka Mitsuo, Hoken sonraku no kenkyu (Research on the feudal village). See Entry 19.041. Ota Akira, Nihon jodai ni okeru shakai soshiki no kenkyu (Study of social organization in ancient Japan). See Entry 7.014. Sakurai Shotaro, "Chusei hoken shakai ni okeru bushi kaikyu dotoku ishiki no ichi kosatsu: hosei, kakun, kyokunsho o shiryo to shite" (A study of the morality of the samurai class in the medieval feudal society: using laws, house rule books, and school rule books). See Entry 25.015. Takeuchi Toshimi, Chusei matsu ni okeru sonraku no keisei to sono tenkai: sanshin kokkyo no sonraku mure ni tsuite (The formation and development of villages at the end of the Middle Ages: with reference to a group of villages on the border between Mikawa and Shinano Domains). See Entry 12.052. E. SPECIAL ASPECTS This is a "basket category," in the main, for Attention is directed to documentary and fieldwork works that command attention but deal with topics not studies of special communities of "Hidden Christians" closely akin to the subject matter of later chapters. in Western Japan that, in adhering to Christianity as It follows, of course, that relatively little literature introduced by Spanish and Portuguese Jesuits in the is available on most of the topics presented here Cor late 16th century, have come to display quite distincelse they would be entitled to separate chapters). tive features of social organization. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nara jidai no koseki to keicho" (Civil registration in the Nara period). See Entry 7.001. Ariga Kizaemon, Nihon kazoku seido to kosaku seido (The family system and the tenant farming system in Japan). See Entry 11.022. Ariga Kizaemon, Nihon kon'inshi ron (On the history of marriage in Japan). See Entry 10.088. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nihon no ie" (The Japanese ie). See Entry 10.006. Ariga Kizaemon, "Yui no imi to sono henka" (The meaning of yui and its changes). See Entry 11.088. Aso Makoto, "Kindai Nihon ni okeru erito kosei no hen'yo" (Changes in elite formation in modern Japan). See Entry 15.002. Dai Nihon Rengo Seinendan, Wakamono seido no kenkyu: wakamono jomoku o tsujite mitaru wakamono seido (A study of the Youth Group system: as seen from the Youth Group regulations). See Entry 11.003. Fukaya Masashi, Ryosai kembo shugi no kyoiku (Education for making good wives and wise mothers). See Entry 25.023. Fukuo Take'ichiro, Nihon kazoku seidoshi (History of the Japanese family system). See Entry 10.007. Fukushima Masao, "Meiji 4 nen kosekiho no shiteki zentei to sono kozo" (The family registration law of 1871 and its historical preconditions). See Entry 10.009. 8.037. Furuno Kiyoto t; t V Kakure Kirishitan l, 4 ~ I);- 9 x (Hidden Christians). Tokyo, Nihon Rekishi Shinsho, Shibundo, 1959, 263pp.

Page  68 68 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY A basic introduction to the history, present distribution,and religious life of the Hidden Christians by an author well-known for his studies in this field. Habara Yukichi, Nihon kindai gyogyo keizaishi (Economic history of the modern Japanese fishing industry). See Entry 13.006. Hayashi Motoi, Hyakusho ikki no dento CTradition of agrarian rebellion). See Entry 20.061. 8.038. Higo Kazuo 4f A U 4 j, Tenno shi y/ a - CHistory of the emperor). Tokyo, Fuzambo, 1950, 12 + 343pp. Expounds historical reasons for the Emperor's role as "the symbol of the unity of the people" in the new Japanese Constitution. The thesis is that the people, living by irrigated cultivation, have supported the emperor system for its religious significance to this way of life, thereby fostering continuance of the system. Ishidoya Tetsuo, Nihon kyoinshi kenkyu (Historical research on Japanese teachers). See Entry 24.006. 8.039. Kagami Hiroshi 4,,, "Isho to ryuko. Li, 4 T(Clothing and fashion)." in Shiso J > CThought), no.431, 1960, pp.157-164. Analyzes changes in women's clothing from the standpoint of the development of the Japanese textile industry and changes in social conditions. Shows one aspect of the revolution in consumption. Kaigo Tokiomi, et al., Nihon kyoikushi (A history of the education of the Japanese (common people)). See Entry 24.012. Karasawa Tomitaro, Gakusei no rekishi: gakusei seikatsu no shakaishiteki kosatsu QHistory of students: a social historical consideration of student life). See Entry 24.013. Karasawa Tomitaro, Kyokasho no rekishi: kyokasho to Nihonjin no keisei (History of textbooks: textbooks and the formation of a Japanese). See Entry 24.014. Karasawa Tomitaro, Kyoshi no rekishi: kyoshi no seikatsu to rinri (History of teachers: the teacher's life and ethic). See Entry 24.015. 8.040. Kataoka Yakichi j J ~ $, Kakure Kirishitan: rekishi to minzoku 4. 4 ~ ') /> Y i/ r._ L 4 / (Hidden Christians: history and folk customs). Tokyo, Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai, 1967, 292pp. One of the few studies of the 30,000 people known as Hidden Christians that examines social life as well as giving historical and religious narratives. Among topics covered in the treatment of folk customs are the relations of the Hidden Christians with temples and shrines, special prayers and ways of thinking, and yearly cycles and festivals. Keishichoshi Hensan Iinkai (ed.), Keishichoshi CHistory of the Metropolitan Police Board). See Entry 19.016. 8.041. Kirishitan fudoki -,7] j - - J- ftj (Local history of Christians.). Tokyo, Hobunkan, 1960, 4 vols. A comprehensive work dealing with the Hidden Christians of Japan in both modern and pre-modern times. Three volumes on Kyushu, Eastern Japan, and Kinki and Chugaku contain articles on the Kirishitan of particular areas, while the fourth volume has articles of topical and historical orientation. Useful bibliography is provided at the end of each article. Kokusho Iwao, Hyakusho ikki no kenkyu (Research on agrarian rebellions). See Entry 12.040. Kuroda Toshio, "Sonraku kyodotai no chuseiteki tokushitsu: shu to shite ryoshusei no tenkai to no kanren ni oite" (Medieval characteristics of village collective groups: relationship to the development of the system of feudal lords). See Entry 12.041. Miyakawa Mitsuru, "Sonraku kyodotai no kinseiteki tenkai: Echizen no kuni Imadate gun Okamoto no baai" (The modern growth of village collective groups: the case of Okamoto in Echizen). See Entry 9.022. Miyoshi Iheiji, Dowa mondai no rekishiteki kenkyu (A historical study of the outcast problem). See Entry 15.006. Mori Kiichi, Nihon rodosha kaikyu jotaishi (History of the condition of the Japanese laboring class). See Entry 17.052. Morioka Kiyomi, Shinshu kyodan to ie seido (The Shin sect and the ie system). See Entry 22.012. Nagai Michio, "Chishikijin no seisan ruto" (Production route for intellectuals). See Entry 24.028.

Page  69 SOCIAL HISTORY 69 Nakamura Kichiji, Ie no rekishi (Ie history). See Entry 10.045. Nakano Takashi (ed.), Chiiki seikatsu no shakaigaku (Sociology of area life). See Entry 14.019. Nakano Takashi, "Ie no kozo to ishiki oyobi sono hen'yo" (The structure and consciousness of ie and its change). See Entry 10.047. 8.042. Nakano Takashi a f 4, "Kinsei shoka no kosei to sono suii L J < A, a- *4 (Tokugawa period merchant houses: their composition and change)." in Nakano Takashi k Shoka dozokudan no kenkyu: noren o meguru ie kenkyu )M; j4 A; VV f f: 9 E z ' (A study of merchant dozoku groups: research on ie with noren). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1964, pp.194-315. Uses temple registers for a Kyoto chonai (urban precinct) between 1831 and 1868 to analyze ie structure and change. Nakano Takashi, "Shoka dozokudan no kenkyu: noren o meguru ie kenkyu'" CStudy of merchant houses: research on ie with noren). See Entry 11.057. Nakano Takashi, "Shoka ni okeru dozoku no henka" (The changes in the dozoku in the merchant community). See Entry 11.059. Nakayama Tarn, Nihon kon'inshi (History of marriage in Japan). See Entry 10.107. Nakayama Taro, Nihon wakamono shi (History of Japanese youth). See Entry 11.008. Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai (ed.), Hoken isei (Feudal survivals). See Entry 8.016. Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Nihon hoso shi (History of Japanese broadcasting). See Entry 23.020. Nosei Chosakai (ed.), Kinsei nomin sodo shiryo: kosaku sodo ni kansuru shiryoshu (Historical materials on agrarian riots in the pre-modern period: materials on tenant riots). See Entry 12.048. Ogata Hiroyasu, Seiyo kyoiku no hoto (The way in which Western education was introduced). See Entry 24.031. Okada Yuzuru and Kitano Seiichi (eds;), Ie: sono kozo bunseki (Ie: analysis of its structure). See Entry 10.055. 8.043. Okuya Matsuji _- f _ a_, Nihon kyodo kumiaishi j i g 4] X d ' (jHistory of Japanese cooperatives). Tokyo, Nogyo Kyodokumiai Kenkyukai, 1948, 393pp. Covers the Meiji, Taishoand Showa periods. Surveys both agricultural and urban cooperatives. The agricultural section discusses Various types of cooperatives in which the ie is the component unit. The urban section is a history of consumers' cooperatives. 8.044. Ono Takeo 4'. f Q J, "No to hei to no bunri A L - ' ) 4 At (Separation of soldiers from farmers)." Shiso,. (Thought), no.169, 1936, pp.135-147. Describes the association of soldiers and farmers, which was broken down in the ancient period, reintegrated, and then again dissolved as distinctions of status and residence grew up in the middle ages. Touches also on the local samurai system in the Tokugawa period. 8.045. Ota Takeo Js, "Sonraku kyodotai to mura seisai: Tajima, Kyu-Miyake mura no baai ta - \M4 L Alj * f4i4$ Av 44T 1) (, (Village collective groups and village sanctions: the former Miyake village in Tajima)." in Shimizu Morimitsu, At W t and Aida Yuji Ad 1E $,(eds.), H5ken shakai to kyodotai t _ /. J 4 ^^+(Feudal society and collective groups). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1961, pp.215-258. An examination of village sanctions set up autonomously apart from the lord's system of punishments. Codified as the Onamuchik5 Kisoku, this sort of system was still enforced in the Taisho period. 8.046. Otsuki Nyoden J 4jA4tJi ', revised by Sato Eishichi j f f -b, Nihon yogaku hennenshi H yfu t,t i 1 ~X (Chronicle of Western learning in Japan). Tokyo, Kinshosha, 1965, 6 + 1046pp. Revision of Otsuki's Shinsen Yogaku Nempyo _[, A f (New chronology of Western learning), 1877 and 1927. Covers Western influences in science, arts, and crafts from 1536 to 1877. Has a full index. 8.047. Sakurai Shotaro 4- ) 1& 7, Nihon jido seikatsu shi g j (-History of the life of Japanese children). Tokyo, Nikko Shoin, revised edition, 1948, 280pp. Complete revision of a work originally published in 1941. Considers the history of children in relation to the home and society, children's culture, and social welfare for children. Includes a chronological table and a bibliography.

Page  70 70 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 8.048. Sakurai Shotaro ^,f )K j g, Nihon jidoshi -3 A (5 CHistory of Japanese children). Tokyo, Toko Shoin, 1941, 222pp. Historical research on childhood and theories of childhood in Japan. Considers the subject from the standpoint of social history, tracing the ie system and parent-child relations to show the changing social position of the child. Uses material from children's songs, lullabies, children's stories and games. 8.049. Shakai Jigyo Kenkyusho fj,,; -;;f ^ t^ (Social Work Research Institute) (ed.), Nihon shakai jigyo dainempyo,4: Ak if f $ $ -(Chronology of Japanese social work). Tokyo, Toko Shoin, 1936, 19 + 306pp. The story of social work in Japan "from mythological times" to 1932. Pages 1-156 cover the pre-Meiji period, 157-244 the period from 1868 to 1932. Pages 275-306 are "blank for the user to fill in later developments." 8.050. Tagita Koya Vf JL A 4 -C, Showa jidai no sempuku Kirishitan Y rU i4-\ 0) j k f ');> Y. (Disguised Christians in the twentieth century). Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai, 1954, 491pp. The major work of a scholar who has devoted his life to the study of Japan's Hidden Christians, a people who number about thirty thousand and who are concentrated in the offshore islands of Nagasaki Prefecture. Their history is traced from the late sixteenth century when they were converted to Catholicism by Portuguese missionaries, and through their persecution in the late 17th-18th centuries. Tagita discusses the failure of the Hidden Christians to rejoin the Catholic Church in the years after the Restoration, provides lengthy discussion of present day religious practices, and reproduces a number of Hidden Christian prayers. Takahashi Akira, "Howaito kara no seiji ishiki" (Political consciousness among white collar workers). See Entry 25.054. Takahashi Akira, et al., "Toshi kinro shiminso no seiji ishiki to komyunikeshon kodo: chosa hokoku" (A study of political consciousness and communication behavior in the case of urban dwellers). See Entry 23.033. Takahashi Bonsen, Datai mabiki no kenkyu (Study of abortion and infanticide). See Entry 6.065. Takahashi Sadaki, Tokushu buraku shi (History of outcast communities). See Entry 15.053. 8.051. Takami Yasujiro s, jo? 2, "Kusei enkaku: nanushisei kara kusei made L ^_ l 'J *& ~] 'I_ ' A 2 (History of the ward system: from the headman system to the ward system)." Tokyo Toshi kiyo (Bulletin of Tokyo history), no.3, 1950, 170pp. History of the change from the headman system to the ward system in Tokyo in the critical decade between 1869 and 1878. Reproduces many original sources. Takami Yasujiro, "Shiju torishimari enkaku: Meiji shonen no keisatsu" (History of city supervision: police in the early Meiji period). See Entry 19.048. Takamure Itsue, Shoseikon no kenkyu (A study of matrilocal marriage). See Entry 10.123. Takigawa Masajiro, "Nihon kazokushi: Meiji izen" (History of the family in Japan: the pre-Meiji period). See Entry 10.065. Tsuchiya Takao and Ono Takeo (eds.), Meiji shonen nomin sojo roku (A record of early Meiji period peasant uprisings). See Entry 20.073. 8.052. Urakawa Wasaburo v )J1 j _, Kirishitan no fukkatsu (t. f 0 ) t (Revival of the Christians ). Tokyo, Nihon Katorikku Kankokai. 1928, 2 vols. An expanded version of a 1915 work, Nihon ni okeru kokyokai no fukkatsu (The revival of the Church in Japan), by a Catholic priest of Nagasaki. Although Father Urakawa discusses the historical origins of the Hidden Christians, this work concentrates upon the treatment accorded the Kirishitan in the first years following the Restoration. 8.053. Watanabe Eizaburo - S ]t, Nihon baishunshi 3 x, ~_ (The history of prostitution in Japan). Tokyo, Kagamiura hobo, 1960, 204pp. The author examines the system of prostitution, government policy toward prostitution, and anti-prostitution movements from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries to post-World War II times. Yamanushi Masayuki, "Meiji kosekiho no ichi kino: dasseki torishimari ni tsuite" (One function of the Meiji koseki law': to ensure complete registration). See Entry 19.053. 8.054. Yanagida Kunio 6? ] ' X, Hi no mukashi ): (Fire in the past). Tokyo, Jitsugyo no Nihonsha, 1944, 10 + 216pp. Describes developments in lighting, fuel,and heating in Japan, with related folkways and beliefs.

Page  71 SOCIAL HISTORY 71 8.055. Yanagida Kunio 7i 6 V1,I, Nihon nomin shi \j3, t_ A history of Japanese peasants). Tokyo, Toa Shuppansha, 1931, x + 183pp. One of Yanagida's masterpieces. Chapters concern peasant settlements, peasant households, changes in peasant lives. As these topics suggest, this is not an ordinary study; it depends heavily upon folkloristic and anthropological data as well. Its considerable influence on the work of younger scholars since first publication is seen in a current typology of hamlets that stem from this epoch-making work. Indexed. Yasuda Saburo, "Gendai Nihon: buraku shakairori' (Contemporary Japan: village society). See Entry 8.022.

Economic History

pp. 72-77

Page  72 CHAPTER IX ECONOMIC HISTORY We justify singling out economic history, in a chapter apart from social history, on the single ground that studies in this field are quite numerous. Sociologists, agricultural and labor economists, and economic historians all share an interest in the effects of economic forces on social structure. The researchers represented in our selection are not economic determinists, but they tend to share the credo that pre-modern Japanese historical periods can be viewed fruitfully as a succession of modes for allocating control over farmland; while modern Japanese history has the emergence of capitalism as its prime moving force. Our sample selection is slanted, of course, more toward the interests of sociologists than toward the predilections of historical economists. We include economic explanations of village class structure and of wage workers' sense of proletariat identity (or the lack thereof); of the solidary organization maintained by successful merchant houses; of rural farm tenancy and urban guilds. But we omit works that, for instance, analyze pre-modern income and tax systems, examine modern sources of capital formation and of credit, scrutinize change of industrial structure, or deal with other subjects central to economic history. Such a compilation would diverge from the purpose of this Guide and quickly outgrow the space available here. A. MODERN (1868 —) Two major concerns run through most works included under this heading. One concern is to analyze and explain the degree to which Japan in modern times has represented a special case of capitalistic development, significantly divergent from European models because of its social conditions or divergent in its impact on social structure. A second concern is with class structure: the landlord-tenant stratification in rural areas, the management-worker stratification in expanding cities. Our overall emphasis is on periods through World War II and may be accused of neglecting studies of the social impact of the "consumer revolution" in the decade of the 1960's. For sociological research on this subject, which tends not to be presented as an economic matter but rather in terms of political awareness, changing self-images, and values, we urge the student to examine other chapters, notably those on Population (Chapter 6), Social Stratification (Chapter 17), Social Movements (Chapter 20), Social Policy and Social Welfare (Chapter 21), and Values and Attitudes (Chapter 25). 9.001. Ando Yoshio I? f 4, "Gendai Nihon keizaishi no kihon mondai: Taisho ki o chushin to shite ON~H ~2 4.t i~~ Y\ J i - ' ~ a ]\ t- L ( (Basic problems in contemporary Japanese economic history: the Taiwho period)." in Nomura hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei (Collected essays in commemoration of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.395-418. An overall analysis of the Japanese economy during the Taisho period when, in the first world war prosperity, Japanese capital became established and the nation was started on the road to imperialism. Ariga Kizaemon, "Katei seikatsu" (Family life). See Entry 10.004. Fujita Takeo, Nihon chiho zaisei hattenshi (History of the development of regional public finance in Japan). See Entry 19.006. 9.002. gFurushima Toshio Z V / 4 (ed.), Kisei jinushisei no seisei to hokai t -Jtt_ jl 'JI 0-) / 4X; C_ M )C (Development and collapse of the absentee landlord system). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952, 262pp. A report of joint field research in a village of Kyoto prefecture, covering history, economy, government, and society. Gives a socio-economic treatment of the development of social strata (landlord, owner-cultivator, and tenant), and analyzes the influence of this stratification on village social relations. 9.003. Furushima Toshio. d K s "Meiji shonen i okeru nominso no bunka d.^ '1 )L 1A~ 0941Lb(Class differentiation among farmers at the beginning of the Meiji period)." Nogyo keizai kenkyu, vol.14, no.l, 1938, pp.46-70; vol.14, no.2, 1938, pp.146-157. An account of status differentiation accompanying the reform of the land tax in the early years of the Meiji period. 72

Page  73 ECONOMIC HISTORY 73 9.o004. Hirano Yoshitaro I ef:* As, Nihon shihonshugi no kozo 0 A'l A (s E; ( Ti~ (The structure of capitalism in Japan). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1949, 293pp. A study of the class-system in factories and the boss-system among port-workers, miners, engineering and construction workers; also includes a study of the poor class in the pre-war years, the first attempt at promoting a labor movement, etc. The author uses a Marxist approach. 9.005. Hirano Yoshitaro 5e 4 }, 0, Nihon shihonshugi shakai no kiko ] 4 A A i f % )9 -% (The structure of capitalistic society in Japan). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934, 16 + 388pp. Views Japanese capitalism as impure because it incorporates traditional elements based especially on a system of semi-serfdom of agricultural villages. This work initiated much discussion in Marxist circles about the characteristics of Japanese capitalism. 9.oo6. Kajinishi Mitsuhaya M4 it f,, Nihon shihonshugi hattatsushi: shihonshugi no seiritsu to hatten GA"'X. ^l ^4K 4. t tj. X At^ (History of the development of Japanese capitalism: formation and development of capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1954, 352pp. Concentrates on the late Tokugawa and Meiji periods from the collapse of the feudal system to the formation of monopolistic capitalism. Contains a fairly detailed bibliography. 9.007. Kajinishi Mitsuhaya a t$, Zoku Nihon shihonshugi hattatsushi, _ 4 j > &2 Ijt_(History of the development of Japanese capitalism, continued). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1957, 402pp. A continuation of the History of the development of Japanese capitalism which covered the period up to World War I, this volume follows the formation, development, collapse, and recovery of monopolistic capitalism in the following periods. This book is a sociQ-economic history, analyzing changes in finance and it includes a detailed bibliography for this period. 9.008. Kikkawa Hidezo - 0 1 ~ ) i-, Shizoku jusan no kenkyu I Ad k_ ( ~ &Providing employment for the warrior class). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1942, 581pp. A comprehensive treatment of the ways employment was provided as a means of saving the ruined warrior class in the first half of the Meiji period. 9.009. Koike Motoyuki 4\ ] t h. \, "Iwayuru 'kodo seicho' to nogyo kozo V f k )' i r1 t; a,%$ 4 tjThe so-called 'high growth rate' and agricultural structure)." SSK Annual, no.8: Nosei no hoko to sonraku shakai j%3 jCf ' y y14!. 4L t - (Agricultural policy trends and village society), 1961,pp.1-32. An economic analysis of changes in Japan's agricultural structure due to a high growth rate in the economy. Utilizes the 1960 Agriculture and Forestry Census, Agricultural Production Indexes for 1933-1935, and Agriculture Ministry materials on the distribution of national income. 9.010. Miyamoto Mataji 4 4 ys it (ed.), Kinki noson no chitsujo to hembo: shogyoteki nogyo no tenkai, zokuhen ML O,. t Ad ) ' ' '~ |t Order and change in rural parts of the Kinki area: a sequel to "Development of commercialized agriculture"),. in Osaka Daigaku Keizai Gakubu Shakai Keizai Kenkyushitsu kenkyu sosho (Osaka University Economics Faculty, Socio-economic Laboratory research series), vol.7. Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1957, 15 + 296pp. Continuing the initial work on this subject (1955, see next section below) directed and edited by this author, the sequel offers six papers on the transition period into the Meiji era. Miyamoto's own contribution analyzes the problem of understanding economic change in Japan as a whole on the basis of data from the Kinki area, made unique by the special economic character of Osaka. 9.011. Okochi Kazuo }A y V 1^ ' C(ed.), Shihonshugi no seiritsu to hatten: Tsuchiya Takao kyoju kanreki kinen rombunshu Yt 4 ^4N >_ j ) r. ',A -X_ f (The rise and development of capitalism: collected essays in commemoration of the 61st birthday of Professor Tsuchiya Takao). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1959, 320pp. Seven essays on Japanese economic development and four on other subjects. The essays on economic history cover: relation of the Meiji Restoration to development of heavy industry; Hokkaido as a market 1877-1887; land tenure in a mountain village 1877-1887; regulation of savings banks; banking and land mortgages before and after 1895; the industrial cycle after World War I; and economic estimates of the 1930's bearing on the 1940 Resources Mobilization Plan. 9.012. Shibusawa Keizo vS. 1 ( _ (ed. ), Seikatsu hen, ^ # (Daily life), in Kaikoku Hyakunen Bunka Jigyokai @ $ 4bt6; / fZ I- (Centenary Cultural Council) (ed.), Meiji bunkashi ' A C -tA j(Meiji cultural history), vol.12. Tokyo, Yoyosha, 1955, 12 + 746pp. Examines the material life of latter nineteenth century Japanese in seven sections: food, housing, transportation, home life, new group life, and city and village. There is also a chronological chart on Meiji life. Ariga Kizaemon contributes the preface and the article on home life. This volume is available in English as Japanese Life and Culture in the Meiji Era, translated by Charles Terry. Terao Koji, Meiji shoki Ky5to keizaishi (Early Meiji economic history of Kyoto). See Entry 8.019.

Page  74 74 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY B. PRE-MODERN PERIODS Pre-modern socio-economic issues tend to have toric periods through the Tokugawa era. A considerable been overshadowed by the lure of more recent periods, group deal with aspects of village life: the rise With the clear exception of a handful of scholars of specialty handicrafts, the development of crops with particular interests (e.g., Miyamoto Mataji, for sale, and the collective solidarity of hamlet authority on the economic history of Osaka; Eto residents for economic security. Others touch on Tsuneji, chronicler of the Omi merchants), works of prototypic forerunners of capitalist institutions: quality that are of notable sociological interest corporate families among merchants, and the enterare relatively rare. In the somewhat slender selec- prise-oriented organization of a free town such as tion compiled here are studies ranging from prehis- Sakai. Eto Tsuneji, "Hokensei ni okeru shogyo shihon no arikata: Goshu Hino no gosho Nakai Genzaemon ke no baai" (Commercial capital under feudalism: the case of the big merchant Nakai Genzaemon family of Hino in the Omi fief). See Entry 11.026. 9.013. Eto Tsuneji;L. j, Omi shonin Nakai ke no kenkyu - L - / k t~,) ~ (Research on 5mi merchants, the Nakai house). Tokyo, Yuzankaku, 1965, 1014pp. Careful analysis of one of the large merchant houses, the Nakai of ~mi (Shiga prefecture) in the late Tokugawa period. Based on rich source material. Studies the activities of the main house and its dozoku in its broad field of enterprises (commerce, metal industries, heavy industry, opening new rice land), its management organization, processes by which it increased its capital, its house constitution and rules, and also describes living conditions of the period. Includes a listing of places of business, genealogies, a subject index of personal names. 9.014. Furushima Toshio " & 's 74, Kinsei Kinai nogyo hatten no keitai to tokushitsu Ljtii f V Jf t%^/l< 0) ^}> X. r r t (The course of agricultural development in the Kinai area during the Tokugawa period)." in Nomura hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei '0~4. ~,,t f e ~a set!~ z W 4. fi (Collected essays in commemoration of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.185-209. Deals with village structure of the Kinai region, agriculture under wealthy farmers, regional farming characteristics, and the circulation of wealth in the early Tokugawa period. 9.015. Furuta Ryoichi - y -, "Shoen no kigen ni tsuite 4- i1If 0 ) ) 1\7 (The origins of the shoen)." in Nomura hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei la 1ds shih,. I ( 4N '] (Collected essays in commemoration of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.65-72. A study of the origins of shoen, stressing particularly that the exemption of taxes on certain rice lands, as it became a more frequent practice, set a basis for the rise of shoen lands. 9.016. Habara Yukichi,, "Hokensei yori shihonseika no suii ikan: gyogyo shijo no Sakai ko ^f^ ot) <; ^4 J f g) 41]9 - - k/ t f t \ 9% r # f *(How Sakai fared in the transition from feudalism: a history of fisheries in Sakai). in Nomura hakase kanrea hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei (Essays in honor of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.211-240. Uses unique historical sources on the port of Sakai to present a fresh view of its fisheries. Discusses the port's strategic location, its residents and their trades (merchants, artisans, fishermen),the fish 9.017. Hirasawa Kiyoto 5k A,, Kinsei minami Shinano nomin no kenky Aj -; W %. %, 0 /r %j (A study of farmers in southern Shinano, Nagano prefecture, in the Tokugawa period). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1951, 238pp. The life of the rural population under the Tokugawa regime, based on data obtained from a typical mountain village. 9.018. Horie Yasuzo \ *'4 _(ed.), Kinsei Nihon no keizai to shakai: Honjo Eijiro sensei koki kinen L-t I 4- 4) 4si '-i -;,.'h ts 4 %$ t X 3 t ~C (Economy and society in Tokugawa Japan: commemorating the seventieth birthday of Professor Honjo Eijiro). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1958, 454pp. These essays strive to clarify economic aspects of Japanese society in the modern period. Sixteen essays offer analysis of concrete examples taken from local histories of the Tokugawa and early Meiji periods. They deal with social and economic structure and with ideology. 9.019. Kajinishi Mitsuhaya i Sj7 i "Nihon noson kogyo no teitaisei: Musashi Ogawa seishigyo ni tsuite * M 4 J^ \ 4 t-y A )| t ( - 1 - c ' t(Stagnation in Japanese village industry: the Musashi Ogawa paper industry)." in Nomura hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei Itfl':' vts 5Z 9 t't 0 'Jz *jfMJ(Collected essays in commemoration of the 61lst birthday

Page  75 ECONOMIC HISTORY 75 of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.241-272. An analysis of the paper industry in Ogawa village in Musashi (present Hiki and Chichibu Districts of Saitama prefecture) and the major obstacle to its development through the Tokugawa period: control by parasitic landlords and merchants. 9.020. Kodama Kota ),, Kinsei noson shakai no kenkyu jL ~ tt & A j A J! ~ Studies of rural society in the Tokugawa period). Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1953, 13 + 561pp. Collected articles on farming villages in the Tokugawa period. Includes useful studies on family problems, family members (specifically the problem of junior sons), and the large family system of Shirakawa village in Hida province [Gifu prefecture]. 9.021. Maki Kenji j i, "Chigyo no genshi dankai: Ritsuryoteki chigyo no seiritsu oyobi honshitsu on j d1 I 14 i? t jc k-j (The beginning of the fief: origin and nature of the Ritsuryo fief)." in Nomura hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei t -t in/t; vic f OiSa J sr- 4s t1J CCollected essays in commemoration of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.1-52. Traces the Kamakura period chigyo back through the Heian period shoen to its origins in the Ritsuryo period. 9.022. Miyakawa Mitsuru (s )'1 aj, "Sonraku kyodotai no kinseiteki tenkai: Echizen no kuni Imadate gun Okamoto no baai 11 - t ^ / t A A T / /?.f 7.' e i A (The modern growth of village collective groups: the case of Okamoto in Echizen)." in Shimizu Morimitsu e E 1<, /L and Aida Yuj i Ad T Add jX (eds. ), Hoken shakai to kyodotai l[ i qJz,^ / 14" Feudal society and collective groups). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1961, pp.93-168. A detailed analysis of the development of village collective groups from the late medieval so to the modern village, based on examples from Okamoto, Imadate cho, Fukui prefecture. The essay is divided into sections on the collective groups of the lae medieval period and their relation to Taiko kenchi (land survey) trends in the early modern period, village riots in the modern perioa etc. 9.023. Miyamoto Mataji o k rs o i k ai(ed,), Shogyoteki nogyo no tenkai: Kinki noson no tokushu kozo s (tX t. 1J j 4t %t 44 e (Eng. title: Development of commercialized agriculture: A special type of rural society in Kinki District), in Osaka Daigaku Keizai Gakubu Shakai Keizai Kenkyushitsu kenkyu sosho h\ f Ik ya k uy t~o yak no4 nei n s. L i e (LOsaka University Economics Faculty, Socio-economic Laboratory research series), vol.3. Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1955, 2 + 231pp. A collection of five studies directed and edited by an economic historian whose specialty is Osaka and its environs. Treats agricultural development and social change during the Tokugawa era in specific villages in the vicinity of Osaka. A list of references covering a somewhat wider region (Kinai), published between 1945 and 1954, is appended. Nakamura Kichiji (Yoshiharu), Sonraku kozo no shiteki bunseki: Iwate ken Kemuriyama mura (Historical analysis of village structure: Kemuriyama village, Iwate prefecture). See Entry 12.045. 9.024. Nakamura Masao e j i. pE.., "Tsushima sonraku ni okeru dozoku, oyakata kokata kankei no ichi shiryo i ' X q tt4 1h iJE/ pia (4 j 0 ) - d. (Material on oyabun-kobun relationships in villages on Tsushima)." in Okada Yuzuru ] J * and Kitano Seiichi Jf '~. - (eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki g: 7 (Ie: an analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.189-211. In sharp criticism of prevailing assumptions, this essay points out that land survey records after the Taiko survey were based not on actual measurements but on political considerations, Tokugawa records being an egregious case in point. Therefore, it is a mistake to use such records to analyze Tokugawa period ie. 9.025. Nomura Kentaro t 4 }r?, Nihon shakai keizaishi; Ad 4 i- _(Socio-economic history of Japan), vol.1. Tokyo, Daiyamondosha, 1950, 22 + 385pp. This first volume, of twelve, deals with the prehistoric period. Utilizes anthropological and archaeological studies to reconstruct life based on hunting and fishing, followed by social life centering around agriculture. Shimazaki Takao, "Bakumatsu ni okeru tochi kaitaku saku: Sato Shin'en no naiyo keii no yuto o chushin to shite" (Plans to reclaim land at the end of the Tokugawa period: with special attention to Sato Shin'en's ambitious plan for Tokyo Bay). See Entry 8.032. Shimizu Seiko and Aida Yuji (eds.), Hoken shakai to kyodo tai (Feudal society and the village community). See Entry 12.032. Tokoro Mitsuo, "Kinsei shoki no hyakusho honyaku: yakuya to buyaku no kankei ni tsuite" (Leading farmers in the early Tokugawa period: their tax and corvee liabilities). See Entry 15.022. 9.026. Yamaguchi Kazuo w U 4U Aj*(ed.), Kinsei Etchu Nadaura daiami gyogyoshi L t- J ' - - Z% ^.- i(History of daiami fishery of the recent period in Etchu Nadaura). in Achikku Myuzeamu iho

Page  76 76 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY I- a ' 7 7' — 2<j t 4 ( (Bulletin of Attic Museum), no.31. Tokyo, Achikku Myuzeamu (Maruzen KK, distributor), 1939, 287 + 3pp. A historical study of a type of large-scale net fishery already developed in pre-modern times, particularly in the locality studied on Toyama Gulf. The report covers the late Tokugawa and early Meiji periods. Most nets of this type were made of a long rice straw (treated in Part I), some of a type of hemp (treated in Part II). A study of marketing of the catch, and commentary on the historical documentation comprise Part III. C. SPECIAL ASPECTS Each of the materials listed here examines a has been to select works of merit, irrespective single subject that serves as background to an under- of whether every important subject is represented. standing of the period concerned. The roster of As in the preceding sections of this chapter, the subjects is miscellaneous and falls short of comprising outcome shows a leaning toward research on agria full catalog of significant topics. Our effort cultural village problems. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nago no fueki: kosaku ryo no gengi" (Corvee from tenants: the original meaning of farm rent). See Entry 11.086. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nambu Ninohe gun Ishigami mura ni okeru daikazoku seido to kosaku seido" (The Gross Familie system and tenant farming in Ishigami mura, Ninohe gun in Nambu [Iwate prefecture]). See Entry 11.021. Buraku Mondai Kenkyusho (ed.), Buraku sangyo no shiteki bunseki: Mie ken Ueno shi Hachiman buraku (A historical analysis of outcast occupations: the case of Hachiman buraku, Ueno city, Mie prefecture). See Entry 15.038. Habara Yukichi, Nihon gyogyo keizaishi (Economic history of the Japanese fishing industry). See Entry 13.005. Habara Yukichi, Nihon kindai gyogyo keizaishi (Economic history of the modern Japanese fishing industry). See Entry 13.006. Kagami Hiroshi, "Isho to ryuko" (Clothing and fashion). See Entry 8.039. 9.027. Koike Motoyuki *|' i~ k9 z, Nihon nogyo kozo ron 3 - %i J A J SJapanese agrarian structure). Tokyo, Jichosha, 1948, 3 + 478pp. Deals with tenancy in various parts of Japan, the "Japanese character" of rural labor organization, the structure of farm economy, and class structure among farmers. This structural study of Japanese rural society contains much valuable field data. 9.028. Miyamoto Mataji u d, "Nihon girudo no kaiho: Meiji ishin to kabunakama "g r t t J-e oth ar if t 4. 4- 4tJ(Emanicipation of Japanese guilds: the Meiji Restoration and kabunakama)." Osaka Daigaku Keizai Gakubu Shakai Keizai Kenk ushitsu kenkyu sosho a tr t if a p ad d c 4 bL hf Ads (Osaka University Economics Faculty, Socio-economic Laboratory research series), no.10. Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1957, 197pp. Seven studies analyzing the changes in the Tokugawa period "guilds" of merchants and industrialists shortly before and after the Meiji Restoration, in particular their dissolution and reorganization as trade associations. The first two studies give a general outline of kabunakama or "guilds" and their dissolution; the others are detailed analyses of examples taken from Kyoto and Osaka. Mombusho, Nihon no seicho to kyoiku: kyoiku no tenkai to keizai no hattatsu (The maturation of Japan and education: the development of education and economic progress). See Entry 24.026. 9.029. Naora Nobuo ^ J A, Nihon kodai nogyo hattatsushi -3 4- A- /UR 3t 3L'History of the development of agriculture in ancient Japan). Tokyo, Saera Shobo, 1956, 16 + 317pp. An excellent archaeological study of agricultural development in prehistoric Japan, based entirely on remains of crops, farming tools, and sites. Chapters are on: origins of agriculture in Japan; peasant life in ancient Japan; rice agriculture; dry field agriculture; remains of crops; and conclusions. The author maintains that rice agriculture dates from the early Yayoi period (2nd and 3rd centuries A.D.), having been imported from outside. 9.030. Ogura Takekazu 4" M -, Tochi rippo no shiteki kosatsu j b L. B ) &9 t X (An historical consideration of land legislation). Tokyo, Nogy5 Hyoronsha, 1951, 876pp. A legal analysis of the land ownership system of Japan based on historical materials, including also empirical research into changes in the conditions of farmers and farming villages as a result of land legislation.

Page  77 ECONOMIC HISTORY 77 9.031. Ono Isamu }\ f -, Kosetsu ichiba no kenkyu S $ A f, X g (Research on public markets). Kyoto, City Government, 1925, 436pp. A discussion of the Kyoto public rice market from its inception following the rice riots in the summer of 1918, by the official who was responsible for its administration. Discusses its history, administrative organization, and methods, and gives examples from other countries. Also contains a plan for the establishment of a public wholesale market. 9.032. Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai ft. z g jf 3I t- (Association for Socio-economic History), Kindai kigyoka no hassei 9 CThe development of modern entrepreneurs). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, Essays presented at the 1961 meeting of the Association. "Two entrepreneurs in the formative period of the modern sugar industry" by Hattori Kazuma deals with leading developers of the sugar industry in Taiwan and the Ryukyus. 9.033. Shibusawa Keizo,^ a SC _, "Shio A (CSalt)." in Origuchi Shinobu (f I ' A Ced.), Nihon minzokugaku no tame ni f -S, jI; A T 19 (In behalf of Japanese folklore), vol.l. Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1947, pp.11-65. Deals with salt and its importance in terms of physiological effect, production, consumption, and distribution, with emphasis on related folkways in Japan. 9.034. Takahashi Shin'ichi y t-, Kyoto Shoko Kaigishoshi -A j r L, A tjt(History of the Kyoto Chamber of Commerce and Industry). Kyotofu Shoko Keizaikai, 1944, 743pp. A history of the Kyoto Chamber of Commerce and Industry from its founding in 1882 until its dissolution in 1943 under the law on organizations of commerce, industry, and economics; written by a former employee. Based on the Chamber's monthly journal and on newspaper accounts, this work is a useful source of information on economic and industrial activities in Kyoto. Takamura Shohei, Komatsu Yoshitaka, et al. (eds.), Nomura hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei (Essays in commemoration of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). See Entry 8.010. 9.035. Takeuchi Toshimi V' f " n A " Inasaku ( Rc(Rice cultivation)." Nihon Minzokugaku taikei 4- ~ ~;JT t, (Outline of Japanese ethnology), vol.5: Seigyo to minzoku t ~ (Occupation and folklore). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, pp.13-48. An essay on rice cultivation based on case studies in rural communities of Nagano and Shimane prefectures. This essay is concerned with ritual as a complement to rice growing in the Japanese farmer's way of life. Yanagida Kunio, Hi no mukashi (Fire in the past). See Entry 8.054.

Family

pp. 78-98

Page  78 CHAPTER X FAMILY An expectably high concentration of research has been devoted in Japan to studies of family structure and the sociology of marriage, inheritance, and succession. In the selection here, we emphasize case studies (over fifty titles are explicitly such) and the resulting empirical definitions of family and related phenomena as opposed to legalistic or logico-theoretical definitions. Scholars noted for their contributions to fieldwork case studies include Ariga, Koyama, Morioka, and Nakano; and mention must be made of both Toda Teizo, a pioneer in the analysis of census returns for empirical understanding of family types, and Yanagida Kunio, whose long and distinguished leadership of folklore studies was launched by his passion to discover genuine as against the idealized family types his early associates were content to consider. Definitions of family vary widely, partly because of different premises. An empiricist such as Toda, analyzing the census enumeration of size and kin connections, recognized 126 distinct family types. Morioka (Entry 10.041) and others protest, saying that these so-called types are not all independent, that many merely represent one sort of family at different points in its cycle of growth or decline. Toward the opposite extreme, others have sought to interpret actual variants as mere deviations, for temporary or local reasons, from a single archetypal model; their basic goal has been to define "the Japanese family system." Legalistic studies, especially, have been apt to share this premise that Japanese, as members of a single society, are unitary in respect to their norm of family structure. This view was built into the pre-war Civil Code, which stipulated the character of a legal family in detail; and it was in protest against this view that Yanagida embarked on the field studies which became his career. Most sociological research cited here has begun with a functionalist premise, recognizing that varying family types may be discovered, depending on the economic, political, or social functions and pressures as well as on the historical antecedents of a given locality. Theory and the search for common denominators have not been lost from sight. Even the most assiduous empiricists, in working over their varied findings, usually find a common core or pattern in familial arrangements. All is not harmony, for scholars divide into mutually contentious schools over the proper analytic methods and the appropriate terminology for various marriage practices and domestic arrangements. It is essential for any foreign student to comprehend one fundamental divisive issue before plunging into the literature: viz., whether or not the subject of study is the "family" in the Western sense. This question fades out in the case of modern urban family studies, but more than three quarters of the literature dwells on traditional situations, especially those in a rural setting. In traditional situations, study centers on the ie (house, household). Some researchers have assumed that ie is coterminous with the "family" of Western sociological and anthropological literature; in consequence, their comparative studies employ other Western concepts and terminology, such as primogeniture and ultimogeniture, matrilocality and patrilocality, matrilateral and patrilateral descent, inheritance, and succession, etc., etc. On the contrary, certain other researchers insist that the ie of recent tradition is, first and foremost, a corporate entity for holding property and managing production; though these purposes are in the name of and for the welfare of a kin core, the ie "management may recruit and incorporate non-kin as well as dismiss kin members in pursuit of these purposes, following no strict imperatives of genealogical bonds. It follows from this reasoning that the kin-bound terms referred to above confuse the issues in the analysis of ie. For expositions of each viewpoint, see Omachi, Entries 10.057 and 10.116, and Nakano, Entries 10.048 and 10.050. A. GENERAL As suggested in the foregoing introductory remarks, the title "family" is perhaps a misnomer for many of the works listed below if taken in a strict sense. More than three quarters of the works cited are concerned with the ie (house) as the characteristic domestic unit in a traditional setting. Most case studies consider the ie as the basic unit of economic production, and not a few general essays accept this function as the essential force determining the composition and character of the ie. Others, however, emphasize authority relationships, either customary or legitimized in the Civil Codes (pre-war and postwar). Questions of where emphasis is most usefully placed account, for instance, for numerous studies of the very large ie (which some label Grossfamilien) that characterized the rural mountain district of Shirakawa; we cite but a few works as a selective introduction to the literature on Shirakawa (e.g., Entry 10.035). Analysis of domestic organization -- of family or of household -- leads to study of particular aspects, notably parent-child relationships, the frequent and varied practice of adoption, and the custom of formal retirement from headship. A selection of studies of urban domesticity under pre-modern conditions (mostly by Nakano, cf. Entry 10.047) and contemporary conditions (e.g., Koyama, Entry 78

Page  79 FAMILY 79 10.027) tends to underscore the conceptual and struc- shinzoku (ego-centered kin ties), thinrui (ietural contrasts induced by different economic set- centered kin ties), and dozoku (federative ties tings, a point insisted on by the majority of socio- among ie), in Entry 10.050, a distinction largely logical scholars. How families can accommodate con- accepted and re-emphasized by Nakane (Entry 10.046) ceptually to radically transformed economic functions in her excellent comprehensive analytic survey. is clarified by Nakano's distinction between 10.001. Abe Toshiko i [ L L, "Gendai toshi kazoku no shotoku kozo to kazoku ruikei: Sapporo shi ni okeru 'tandoku shotoku gata' kazoku to 'fukugo shotoku gata' kazoku % T < ~'-[ ti 1:. b. ii ^ r.$ r ~s {. ~ T ~ r / Tt A- I I 40) (Eng. title: Income structure and urban family type: an experimental study on the 'simple income type' and the'compound income type' of family in Sapporo City)." SKGHR, vol.14, no.2 (whole no.54), 1963, pp.18-41. An analysis of family types in Sapporo, dividing them into two groups: families which have a single income source and families which have multiple income sources, relating this to the relative status of individuals within the family. 10.002. Aoyama Michio J- j f, Nihon kazoku seido no kenkyu )f,, ^ 4PjJ,J ) 7 IXStudy of the Japanese family system). Tokyo, Genshodo Shoten, 1947, 5 + 215pp. A collection of reprinted papers on the Japanese family system. The approach is legalistic and sociological. The chapters on levirate (4), divorce statistics (5), and primogeniture (7) are noteworthy for sociological content. Ariga Kizaemon, "Daikazoku no hokai igo: Nambu Ninohegun Ishigami" (Since the collapse of the Gross Familie: Ishigami, Nambu Ninohegun). See Entry 11.017. 10.003. Ariga Kizaemon A I 4 >l fl le ni tsuite Ig -- 'V' T (The ie).'" in Hachi Gakkai Rengo J,\ t,- l.- (Council of Eight Learned Societies) (ed.), Jimbun kagaku no shomondai J/-JC. 4 '9 % g,^ JS(Problems in humanistic science). Tokyo, Sekishoin, 1949, pp.85-90. A summary of the significance of consideration of the ie from the standpoint of sociology. Maintains that the focus should be on the way in which conditions inside and outside the ie determine its composition. Ariga Kizaemon, "Ie seido to shakai fukushi" (The ie system and social welfare). See Entry 21.001. 10.004. Ariga Kizaemon i Rg w X 8yl, "Katei seikatsu $Z _ y (Family life)." in Zaidan Hojin Kaikoku Hyakunen Kinen Bunka Jigyokai M\i ( \ '4 t s; ) f L < 4 (Centenary Cultural Council) (ed.), Meiji bunkashi 12: seikatsuhen jg ' t A2 j j2: A % (Meiji culture history, vol.12: way of life). Tokyo, Y5y5sha, 1955, pp.467-538. Examines changes in items used in daily living, as influenced by Western imports and general changes in family life in the Meiji Period. The analysis is based on household accounts of farming households which had been the houses of headmen in the Tokugawa period, from Shimane, Tokyo, Kanagawa, and Fukushima prefectures. 10.005. Ariga Kizaemon )j 4 - S4 ff, "Kazoku to ie ( Family and ie)." Keio Gijuku Daigaku Bungakubu kiyo: tetsugaku Pf; 5V Pr t fJ _f T4 ` P$ (Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature, Keio University: philosophy), no.38, 1960, pp.79-110. English summary. Outlines the author's views on the Japanese family and ie and criticizes the views of Toda Teizo and Kitano Seiichi. Using material from his own surveys, the author examines the organization of the ie, differences between membership in direct and branch lines, relationships and meaning of main and branch houses, etc. Concludes that the ie is the Japanese "family" and emphasizes the need to perceive that historical changes have been responses to efforts to provide full security to members in the face of political, social, economic, and cultural conditions in each historical period. Ariga Kizaemon, "Konoike ke no kaken" (House rules of the Konoike). See Entry 11.020. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nambu Ninohe gun Ishigami mura ni okeru daikazoku seido to kosaku seido" (The Gross Familie system and tenant farming in Ishigami mura, Ninohe gun in Nambu [Iwate prefecture]). See Entry 11.021. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nara jidai no koseki to keicho" (Civil registration in the Nara period). See Entry 7.001. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nihon jodai no ie to sonraku" (Family and village in ancient Japan). See Entry 7.002. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nihon ni okeru senzo no kannen: ie no keifu to ie no honmatsu no keifu to" (The concept of ancestors in Japan: genealogy of the ie and genealogyof honke and bunke). See Entry 11.023. 10.006. Ariga Kizaemon,[ gf, "Nihon no ie 4y I) (The Japanese ie)." in Nihon Jinrui Gakkai B1 J 7% It / (Japan Anthropological Association) (ed.), Nihon minzoku 3 4-, ^ (The Japanese people). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1951, pp.154-184. Consists of three chapters on the concept of ie, and on its modern and ancient expressions. Declares thlat ie defines the economic collectivity and kazoku its members. The discussion of modern ie (Meiji Restoration

Page  80 80 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY to the end of World War II) considers the effects of the sudden growth of capitalism on the family, its size, varieties, and living conditions. The discussion of the ancient ie is an outline of the ie of the Nara period and an analysis of its transition to the ie of medieval warrior society. 10.007. Fukuo Taketichiro i, A 6 ~, Nihon kazoku seidoshi V3 u ~ ~ f'] t X (.History of the Japanese family system). Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1952, 237pp. Historical study of the Japanese family system from ancient times through the Tokugawa period touching on a wide variety of subjects including the position of women, retirement, inheritance, divorce, and kinship. The author is a legal historian. 10.008. Fukushima Masao /2 ~ MJo, Koseki seido to ie seido: ie seido no kenkyu /! t] t a g,/J X *, 0\ <) ( EKoseki [family register] system and ie system: research on the ie system). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, 8 + 444pp. A collection of studies by members of the Ie Seido Kenkyukai (Ie System Research Association) formed in 1952. Mainly concerned with ie institutional history in the early Meiji period, it also contains other sociological and historical material. An important companion volume, Ie seido no kenkyu, shiryo hen I': Meiji zenki koseki horei shu (Ie system research, sources collection 1: early Meiji koseki laws and ordinances collection), issued by the same press, carries source materials closely connected with the articles in this book. 10.009. Fukushima Masao 4 J J ii ), '"Meiji 4 nen kosekiho no shiteki zentei to sono kozo yt 4 Xf l A 0 it wi t 0 4 (K CThe family registration law of 1871 and its historical preconditions)." in Fukushima Masao ( i ( ed.), Kosekiseido to 'ie' seido; ' t1A 6 rAl _1,y(The family register system and the ie system). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, pp.93-169. Examines the planning and the eventual structure of the 1871 family register law as one aspect of early Meiji government efforts to insure domestic stability. Compares this law with the earlier system of licensing travelers and sojourners and with the Kyoto by-law for family registry, and relates it to the reform of pre-modern fief administration. 10.010. Fukushima Masao "~ i jl t, Sanson no ie to shihonshugi: Hida Shirakawa mura no bunka jiten o tsujite j ) f4 9.. X: { P) j44 0? /c s 8 L T (The Gross Familie in a mountain village and capitalism, viewed through the collapse of branch houses in Shirakawa mura, Gifu prefecture)." Tokyo Daigaku Toyo Bunka Kenkyujo kiyo (, iu.;f Jft U! r t t (Bulletin of the Institute for Oriental Culture), no.6, November, 1954, pp.1-97. Shirakawa mura in Hida province, Gifu prefecture, is well-known for the institution of the large family. The present article attributes the collapse of this institution to influence from developing Japanese capitalism. This study was made on the basis of materials from the register (koseki) showing the contraction of large families over a period of seventy years (1877-1940). This report holds an important position among studies of the Japanese family system. 10.011. Fuse Tetsuji ~_*j />, "Gendai Nihon toshi kazoku ni okeru futatsu no 'ruikei' to toshi no kindaika: Nihon toshi kazoku no shakaigakuteki kenkyu Josetsu Vt -'i 1H ~ 1 ' ' - R j K 1X /iSi U ^ 1E ~S At X 9 A A 4) i}. p?- j4 - -CTwo types of Japanese modern urban families and modernization of cities: introduction to a sociological study of the Japanese urban family)." SKGHR, vol.8, no.3 (whole no.31), May, 1958, pp.28-51. An excellent study of the urban families living in Sapporo city, Hokkaido. Points out the existence of two types of families: nuclear family and stem family, and the pattern of modern social relations that the nuclear family fosters in spite of the lingering influence of Japanese familism. Hagiwara Tatsuo, "Ie no matsuri to mura no matsuri" (The household festival and village festival). See Entry 22.031. 10.012. Hara Hiroshi 7f %), "Kengyo noka no kazoku kozo: Kita Kyushu kinko noson no jirei kenkyu kara,, Q. ) i A j6,'' 7^ stat + - i 'l Y _> (Family structure in part-time farming families: research in an agricultural village)." SSK Annual, no.4: Noson kajo jinko no sonzai keitai By _y A-J Al J 94 t 4 By j (Forms of surplus population in the agricultural village). Tokyo, Jichosha, 1957, pp.83-107. A detailed study of all members of five commuting part-time farming households near Kita Kyushu city. Includes an analysis of occupational composition, participation in farm labor, apportionment of child care and household work, etc. Analyzes changes in attitude toward the ie system on the part of its members. Himeoka Tsutomu, "Hoken dotoku ni arawareta wakakuni kinsei no oyako kankei" (The parent-child relationship in the feudal morals of the Tokugawa period). See Entry 25.012. 10.013. Hozumi Nobushige _} [ p A, I pnkyoron C, (On retirement). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1915, 51 + 783pp. The author analyzes the retirement system, especially retirement from the headship of a family in Japan, on the basis of anthropological and legal historical materials. He discusses the origin, kinds,and names

Page  81 FAMILY 81 for the system, the age, characteristicsand required conditions for retirement, invalidation and nullification of retirement, its social effect, and the future of the system. 10.014. Hozumi Shigeto ~/, H and Nakagawa Zennosuke t )'} i- 4 L (eds.), Kazoku seido zenshu # At,o\A_, -%f (Series on the family system), 10 vols. Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1937-38. The series is divided into two parts, historical and legal, each composed of five volumes, with parallel treatments of marriage, divorce, parents and children, household line (ie), and succession. 10.015. Ishiyama Katsumi J J4 gtl e, and Hamada Noriko /9, "Tochigi ken nosonbu ni okeru tashi yoiku no kanko ni tsuite ffjj I j< 44, ^t-f,1 ') j e?-, i 0f ' 44 1- T (Foster home practices in rural Toshigi prefecture)." HSKG, no.l6, 1964, pp.107-130. A study of the old Tochigi custom of taking in non-related children as a source of labor in farming households. Explains the relationship between this custom and scale of farming, family patterns, etc., using data obtained in 1962. 10.016. Isomura Eiichi 4Af- -t -, Kawashima Takeyoshi )'\1 J t l sand Koyama Takashi yL\ L A (eds.), Gendai kazoku koza A~!' 4 ~, j (Symposium on the contemporary family). Tokyo, Kawade Shob5, 1955-56, vol.1, 216pp.; vol.2, 263pp.; vol.3, 253pp.; vol.4, 249pp.; vol.5, 256pp.; vol.6, 362pp. Utilizing an abundance of past empirical research, this symposium describes changes in the structure and function of the family in the midst of rapid social changes in postwar Japan. Volume I discusses the New family; vol.2, The road to marriage; vol.3, Marital happiness; vol.4, Marriage: pathology and cure; vol.5, Divorce; vol.6, Family support. 10.017. Isono Fujiko it -j (ed.), Ie (le). in Gendai no esupuri shiriizu t, \ ) J-X A. -7 i ')- D-7,(Contemporary esprit series), vol.1, no.5, 1964. Tokyo, Shibundo5, 250pp. A selection of readings on the Japanese ie from important studies, with comments by the editor. Selections include portions of Hashiura Yasuo: "The Japanese family;" Ienaga Saburo: "The history of Japanese ethical thought;" Tamaki Hajime: "Family structure in modern Japan;" Kawashima Takeyoshi: "The familistic structure of Japanese society;" and Ruth Benedict: '"The chrysanthemum and the sword." Also includes portions of pamphlets by the Ministry of Education on the structure of the state and family. 10.018. KaJi Shiryo Kenkyukai f _ Vt 34 /4f IL /A(Institute for Research on Family Court Materials) (ed.), Tenkanki ni okeru kaji shiryo no kenkyu, Showa 23, 24 nen $T A- I -y/ e J a 4 6) %i 0 X -aU 23 23 Z (Eng. title: A study on cases handled by family courts during the transitional period immediately after enactment of the new civil code, 1947). Kaji Shiryo Kenkyukai Hokokusho ~ ~ ~ t /J Xi Z- t% % (Institute for Research on Family Court Materials), no.1, 1963, 40o8pp. The Institute for Research on Family Court Materials was formed to preserve, classifyand statistically analyze records of court cases. These essays attempt to grasp overall trends rather than analyze specific cases. Kakizaki Kyoichi, "Buraku ni okeru ie no seiritsu to taiten" (Establishment and decline of ie in a community). See Entry 12.056. Kato Hidetoshi, "Aru kazoku no komyunikeishon seikatsu" (Communication in family life). See Entry 23.009. 10.019. Kawagoe Junji )'1 )W: -, "Kaitakusha to sono kazoku: Atsumi hanto no baai M /Ou I - t 0 41-' Af j t X ) j; /^ (New settlers and their families in Atsumi Peninsula [Aichi prefecture]." SKGHR, vol.3, no.3 (whole no.11), 1953, pp.92-112. A descriptive study of new-comer families of five villages in Atsumi Peninsula who had been migrants from Toyama mura, Kitashidara gun, in Aichi prefecture; deals with their reasons for immigrating and their family and social relations. 10.020. Kawagoe Junji P'|, ye -, "Toshi kazoku no sonzai keitai R 'A At tr 9 t- (Eng. title: Patterns of urban families)." in Waseda Daigaku Tetsugakkai 4 + J i)It 1 ' T (Waseda University Philosophy Society) Ced.), Firosofia 71 > 1 7i X (Philosophia), no.39, 1960, pp.79-104. Report of an October, 1958, study in Nagoya of the living patterns and attitudes of metropolitan residents. Small nuclear families living separately were numerous, yet over half approved of successive generations living together, but for economic or social reasons. 10.021. Kawashima Takeyoshi )'| 1 1 ~, Ideorogii to shite no kazoku se3dc 7 l v7 L- Z V 6" - (The family system as ideology). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1957, 7 + 369pp. Provocative essays on the family system, written between 1949 and 1955 and grouped here into three parts. Part one investigates the intended model of the family system embodied in the Meiji Civil Code, which mainly followed the Tokugawa period. Part two contrasts against this model the quite different system of values shown by field study of marriage forms in Anori village, Mie prefecture. Part three deals with the iemoto (master-apprentice) system in the profession of the Japanese dance, treating status grading and masterapprentice relations. Kawashima stresses the prevalence of this last model in various sectors of the Japanese society.

Page  82 82 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 10.022. Kawashima Takeyoshi )'1|j A, Nihon shakai no kazokileki _kosei 1 4A - A 6) X ' i? -4 Ah (Familistic structure of the Japanese society). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1950, 3 + 207pp. (First edition: Tokyo, Gakusei Shobo, 1948). Collected essays, including one previously unpublished article, "On filial piety." The work is in three parts: The family system and Japanese society; Norm-consciousness in the family system; and The family system and civil law. The author describes two systems prevalent in traditional Japan: the Confucian system of the samurai, and the commoner's system, both distinguished from the modern European system by a greater degree of authority from above and devotion from below. In Part 2 he assesses the retention of traditional family attitudes in the face of provisions of a new Civil Code, and in Part 3 he analyzes the weakening or destruction of the Confucian system as implied in provisions of this postwar Civil Code. This work was summarized in English in Office of Naval Research Technical Papers, by Nagai Michio, published by Ohio State University. 10.023. Kazoku Kenkyu Bukai, / A% A, "Sengo ni okeru kazoku no jittai ' 4' V 1- '> - ( -. 9J(_CStatus of the family in postwar Japan)." SKGHR, vol.7, no.3-4 (whole no.27-28), July, 1957, pp. 114-145 An excellent comprehensive survey of the family in the first postwar decade by a group of specialists. The coverage is: (1) popularity of the revised civil code among the mass of people, (2) family size and composition: its marked tendency toward stagnation, (3) allocation of authority and role, (.4) parentchild relations, (5) husband-wife relations, (.6) changes in family functions. Kazoku to sonraku (Family and village). Toda Teizo and Suzuki Eitaro (eds.). See Entry 3.009. 10.024. Kimura Matsuyo 2\ 4 4A '\, "Waga kuni ni okeru kachoteki kazoku seido hokai no choko 4K 1 - 4Kt' J ii X ^. _^tfi, S^< ~ ') ^M(4$(Symptoms of the collapse of the patriarchal family system in Japan)." Nihon Shakai Gakkai nempo shakaigaku d, -t-A Af t A )jJ: > ) (Japan Sociological Society sociology annual), no.4, Toshi to noson * L; t (City and village). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1936, pp.264-266. An examination of the background and indications of the collapse of Japan's family system, characterized here as patriarchal. 10.025. Kitano Seiichi I j 5 1 -, "Edo chuki Koshu sanson no kazoku kosei 4 1 - L f ' _ e a);. A Aly (The composition of the family in a mountain village of Koshu [Yamanashi prefecture] in the middle Edo period)." in Okada Yuzuru s ~ ', and Kitano Seiichi _7 - f (eds.), Ie: sono koz5 bunseki re:t o) - r u(Ie: an an analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp. 39-65. A reevaluation and revision of previous analyses of production and economic conditions in Ogaito, Yuzurihara village, Yamanashi prefecture, in the first half of the eighteenth century, a community which figured in early analysis of the dozoku and oyabun-kobun relationships. 10.026. Koyama Takashi 1 iL (., "Daikazoku no bunkai katei k X;. 9 i 2 1 — (Process of analysis of the Gross Familie." in Kurauchi hakase taikan shoju kinen rombunshu: shakaigaku ni okeru riron to jissho ~~J/tzA % K1 P I < -b J_ A c \ 5 t ( C - ^ ~Essays in honor of the retirement of Dr. Kurauchi: theory and practice in sociology). Tokyo, Baifuken, 1963, pp.191-210. An analysis of forty-three households in seven settlements in the Nakagiri district of Hida Yamanaka Shirakawa, which were in existence at the beginning of the Meiji period. Attempts to trace trends in family structure. Special attention is paid to the effects of the Mihoro Dam, which was completed in 1961. 10.027. Koyama Takashi y\ h (ed.), Gendai kazoku no kenkyu: Jittai to chosei ^j< X X ) MA Ad J w 1- -Hf (A study of the modern family: its reality and modulations). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1960, 6 + 574pp. A monumental study of the changing family in postwar Japan. The first part is a comparative study of families in three different communities in Tokyo; a mountain village, a suburban community,and a downtown apartment area. A hypothesis underlying this study is that rural-urban differences represent overall changes that are taking place in family life. The second part is a clinical study of domestic discord cases that have been presented to the Tokyo family court or the National Institute for Mental Hygiene Studies. Schedules and questionnaires and complete results of simple tabulation are given in the appendices. Koyama Takashi, "Gyoson kazoku no teichakusei ni tsuite" (On the localization of the fishing village family). See Entry 13.013. 10.028. Koyama Takashi }A Ll N, "Hokuriku chih5 ni okeru daikazokuteki shuraku jt U t 01 - Ia V y J~ ^ i ~ I - (Settlements with Grossfa;4liQen in the Hokuriku region)." Shakaigaku kenkyu At-/ ~If ~~ L(Sociological research), no.1, 1935, pp.209-250. A detailed study of localities in Fukui and Niigata prefectures with high proportions of Grossfamilien. Compares these with high proportions of Grossfamilien in Gokayama (Toyama prefecture) and Hida Shirakawa in Gifu prefecture and sets up four types of the Grossfamilien.

Page  83 FAMILY 83 10.029. Koyama Takashi "1 1l T, "Ishizaki no kazoku / ^ 4) / al (The family in Ishizaki)." in Kyugakkai Rengo A, 't /> t/j (Federation of Nine Learned Societies) Ced.), 1954 nendo Kyugakkai Reng5 nemp5: jinrui kagaku VII I/?s1 A aX R y AW J 4 "f X_ (Federation of Nine Learned Societies 1954 yearbook: anthropological science VII). Tokyo, Seibundo Shinkosha, 1955, pp.188-193. A survey of family relations in Ishizaki mura (now part of Nanao shi) in Ishikawa prefecture. Includes analysis of family forms, the geographical distribution of kin)and marriage areas. 10.030. Koyama Takashi })\ Ijt) I, "Kazoku keitai no ruibetsu X J9K f'/ A3 9 'J(Classification of family patterns)." in Shimmei Hakase Kanreki Kinen Rombunshu Kank5kai BET? t L & 52 f.'J f 4 /Sz (Society for the Publication of Essays in Commemoration of the 61st Birthday of Dr. Shimmei) (ed.), Shakaigaku no mondai to hoho , A, Ma 3 L ( t4 (Problem and methodology in sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1959, pp.211-228. Criticizes Toda Teizo's 1920 classification of family and sets up three basic types: nuclear family, linear family, and collateral family. Using these types he analyzes registers for 1802 - 1861 in Yamazaki hamlet, Isawa town, Yamanashi prefecture, the register for 1868 in Anami town, and survey reports for 1956 - 1957 for villages and apartment areas in Tokyo prefecture. In the last area family consciousness is also studied. 10.031. Koyama Takashi /J\ 1 A, "Kazoku keitai no shukiteki henka 0. E '/. ) 4X if - /it (Periodic change in family forms)." in Okada Yuzuru 1J t - I and Kitano Seiichi - 7 i; — (eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki t 6 ) X;', 4 "p/(Ie: an analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp. 67-83. A study of shifts of family forms during the last sixty years of the Edo period. Based on temple registrations in Yamazaki, Yamanashi prefecture. Attempts to delineate periodic changes. 10.032. Koyama Takashi Ji J At, "Kazoku kosei no henka I A j Al <4) 4UL(Eng. title: The change of the demographic structure of the family in Japan)." Jimbungakuho / ( r e (Humanities bulletin), no.21, 1962, pp.3-21. Analyzes changes in family structure comparing Toda's 1920 analysis with materials from the 1950 and 1960 national census. In 1960, the average size of family had decreased, as had numbers of both lineal descendants and descendants, whereas spouses of descendants had increased. 10.033. Koyama Takashi,- &J, "Kazoku shakaigaku no genjitsuteki kadai ^ t }_ T 9 ~X j'^ $ a (JEng. title: Contemporary problems in sociology of the family in Japan)." Chuo Daigaku Bungakubu kiyo, Tetsugakka V i14j _ t?CT t t e ' (Chuo University Department of Philosophy, Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature), no.5 (whole no.13), October, 1958, pp.1-18. Asserts that change in the family system is the uppermost concern of family sociology in Japan today, and that analysis of conditions must recognize such change. Presents data forms and attitudes, and also touches on clinical aspects of family sociology by analyzing divorce applications. Koyama Takashi, "Nihon kazoku kenkyu bunken" (Bibiliography of research materials on the Japanese family). See Entry 1.018. 10.034. Koyama Takashi As l t, "Nihon no toshi ni okeru kazoku k5sei no tokushitsu g 4 6), A 1- I% )1 5 X * - ^* 6) * jt (Peculiarities in Japanese urban family composition)." Toshi mondai,f T 1? 4 (City problems), vol. 47, no.6, 1956, pp.1-9. Utilizes the 1950 census to examine the composition of contemporary Japanese urban families and compares this to Japanese families since 1920 and to rural families, as well as to the United States census data on American families taken as the model of the modern family. 10.035. Koyama Takashi V kL, "Sankan shuraku to kazoku kosei: Hida Shirakawa mura o chushin to shite L- 1 % Z, ( tJ 1 )'X t A ) > L (Family structure and the mountain village: with special reference to Shirakava village in Hida [Gifu prefecture]." Nempo shakaigFku; ' 'A A Pt (Sociology annual), vol.4, 1936, pp.45-97. The author regards the large families of Shirakawa mura not as a primitive type but as a special type, based on the labor requirements of silk-worm raising, which developed to provide an opportunity for second and third sons to have their own family life. A major study which established for this author a solid reputation. 10.036. Koyama Takashi A/ iLi, }, Setai no bunseki: Showa 35 nen ni okeru setai kozo -t 0 6) 0 ~ X3-4 1-h e X a & j ' _ (Analysis of the household: household structure in 1960). Tokyo, published by the author, 1962, 129pp. + 13 charts. An analysis of a study carried out by the Statistical Research Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1960 in 3874 districts (a one per cent sample of the 392,902 districts of the 1955 census) on household heads and members of households. A comparison in nine categories (type of household, size, age of household head, relation of head to dependents, order of succession to headship, etc.) with the findings of Toda Teizo on family organization based on the 1920 census.

Page  84 84 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 10.037. Koyama Takashi )j\, 4 It, "Tokyo kinkoson no kazoku J, ~ L f ) t 0 X (-The suburban family in the metropolitan area of Tokyo)." SSK Annual, no.5: Sengo noson no hembo -y' 4 9 1 d) t(Postwar changes in the rural community). Tokyo, Jichasha, 1958, pp.1-23. An excellent comparative study of family composition and opinions about family life, contrasting farm with non-farm families in one of the suburbs of Tokyo. The former predominantly presents stem family composition, whereas among the latter nuclear family composition reigns. This paper amounts to a summary of Gendai kazoku no kenkyu (Study of modern families (C1960}. 10.038. Masutani Tatsunosuke A "Aomori ken ni okeru daikazokushi ni tsuite -B 6 3 I,- a v 79 / t IV| tITC(On the large family system in Aomori prefecture)." SEGZ, no.54, 1928, pp.77-78. A report of research on large families in Hashikami mura, Sannoe gun, Aomori prefecture. Matsushima Shizuo and Nakano Takashi, Nihon shakai yoron (Essentials of Japanese society). See Entry 5.015. 10.039. Mitani Tetsuo e i 3 $, "Rito gyoson ni okeru kazoku ruikei to seisan ruikei. I' o' 1J i Af at t: ~ ~ a -,- ~ t (Eng. title: Patterns of migration and the family in a remote fishing village)." SKGHR, vol.15, no.l (whole no.57), 1964, pp.14-28. A survey carried out in a poor remote fishing hamlet on an island off the Hokkaido coast in the summer of 1963 where emigration, due to decreasing fishing harvests at home and increasing work opportunities in the cities, had greatly changed family structure and forms of cooperation in fishing. Miura Hiroyuki, "Kodai koseki no kenkyu" CA study of the ancient register book). See Entry 7.011. 10.040. Morioka Kiyomi At v]1 X A, "Kazoku no kozo to kino ( A4 a) 2 1- ft,(The structure and function of the family)." in Fukutake Tadashi;t% _, et al. (eds.), Koza shakaigaku j/& Jt,' t~ (-Symposium in sociology), vol.4. Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1957, pp.17-43. Considers the conclusions of Toda and Ariga and goes on to give the author's findings on family limits, types of families, family cycle, internal structure of families, and functions of the family, as based on studies of the Japanese family since about 1868. Morioka Kiyomi, "Kazoku shakaigaku sanko bunken mokuroku (-1945-1959): sengo ni okeru kazoku kenkyu no doko" (A bibliography on the sociology of the family (1945-1959): trends of family studies in postwar Japan). See Entry 1.020. 10.041. Morioka Kiyomi j )~ i n At "Kazoku shukiron kenkyu Josetsu A ( ',, -t (Eng. title: Introduction to research in the cyclical theory of the family)." Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku gakuho II B g t ) J A 1 V Xk ' j T IL X (International Christian University publication II B), Shakai kagaku janaru - / 4? / p; - ';(The journal of social science), no.4, December 1962, pp.l-39, (English summary, pp.40-41); no.5, September 1964, pp.1-25, (English summary, p.26). A first section introduces the theory of cyclical development of a family as a theme of family research, mentioning pioneer contributors and examples from abroad, especially America. A second part, critically summarizing Japanese research, shows three trends of interpretation of cycles, one deriving a cycle from the course of family formation, one stressing the influence of cyclical fluctuations in economic activity, and one centering on gradations of social activity. The author, in part three, takes a stand in favor of the last approach. Morioka Kiyomi, Shinshu kyodan to ie seido (The Shin sect and the ie system). See Entry 22.012. Morita Soichi, "Shonen jiken kara mita kazoku no tenshon" (Family tension as seen in juvenile incidents). See Entry 26.010. 10.042. Naito Kichinosuke 4 j ZX L, "Utagaki no genryu As i 9 Vi ~(0Origin of the utagaki [poem party] in Japan)." SKGZ, no.2, 1924, pp.47-67; no.3, 1924, pp.45-69. Describes the phenomenon in ancient Japan of parties at which men competed in composing poems to win a wife. Nakagawa Zennosuke, "Kesen no gyogyo kazoku" (Fishing families in Kesen). See Entry 13.019. 10.043. Nakagawa Zennosuke N )'| 4 A - $4, Nihon no kazoku seido y 4 e) 'P; ',I _(The Japanese family system). Tokyo, Baifukan, 5 + 194pp. A collection of articles on the Japanese family system. Describes unequal relationship between the head of family and other members, and finds the same pattern of head-follower relations in other social groups. Discusses the relation of the family system to postwar civil law, presents results of a survey on the extended family, and deals historically with the adoption system in relation to marriage. 10.044. Nakajima Shin'ya 1;% t -b and Hata Jo )J k 4, "Sanson kazoku to kachoteki shihai: Tottori ken Yoshizakura cho Moroka buraku chosa hokoku m $ g 4. z, L A i- A.t Fi 4 T O ' f - ~1 Z ^f ~ ~ (Mountain village fam.ilies and patriarchal rule: a report of research in Moroka, Tottori prefecture)." HKSG, no.3, 1953, pp.116-138.

Page  85 FAMILY 85 Examination of the patriarchal system in mountain villages from data obtained in a field study, May, 1952. The author maintains that partriarchalism penetrates community structure, and so dominates local government and becomes the cornerstone of centralist authority. 10.045. Nakamura Kichiji f ' ij yA, Ie no rekishi Xl 9 t(Ie history). Tokyo, Kadogawa Shoten, 1957, 196pp. Traces the history of the ie from ancient times to the present day, taking the view that the ie and the larger society have interacted in changing and developing. Nakamura Kichiji, "Kenchicho no ie" (Ie in the land survey register). See Entry 11.051. 10.046. Nakane Chie _ c j -{ 4, "Ie no kozo bunseki T 0 ) '_ ~IT (Structural analysis of the ie)." in Kinen Rombun Kankokai TJ J > L] 1 i a (Commemorative Studies Publication Committee) (ed.), Ishida Eiichiro kyoju kanreki kinen rombunshu 7 E t _ ~ g / if (Essays commemorating the 61st birthday of Professor Ishida Eiichiro). Tokyo, Kadogawa Shoten, 1964, pp.101-113. Analyzes the structure of the household unit, the basis of various social groups in Japanese farm villages; and brings in comparisons with Indian and Borneo villages. The ie is seen as a residence and propertyowning unit within which the rights and obligations of blood-relatives are set forth and which can take into its structure non-genealogical relatives. In conjunction with this study, see the same author's "Analysis of Japanese dozoku structure" (Nihon dozoku kozo no bunseki) (1962). Nakano Takashi, "Ie no ideorogii" (Ideologies of ie, the Japanese family system). See Entry 25.014. 10.047. Nakano Takashi 7 f ~, "Ie no kozo to ishiki oyobi sono henyo @ O 2 _. L a ~ f~~L ' J^; (The structure and consciousness of ie and its changes)." in Nakano Takashi ~ - (ed.), Shoka dozoku no kenkyu: noren o meguru ie kenkyu TV ]~ 7] ^ 0) O 1 % < <" -t* ~y, (A study of merchant dozoku: research on ie with noren). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1964, pp.106-193. Argues that neither the ie system, laid out in government regulations of the mid-Meiji period, nor the systems among samurai of the Tokugawa period can be thought to be universally typical of Japanese society. Reviews ie as conceived and operating through the Tokugawa period and into the Meiji period. Before the Meiji Restoration, ie were normalized as corporate entities for both family life and production, and some became great family enterprises, but, subsequently, in the context of political and economic changes,managerial functions could no longer be promoted within the ie-structure except for small enterprises. Under the Meiji Civil Code, non-kin apprentices and clerks could no longer have full membership status, and by the late Meiji period became merely employees unable to form a branch house of legal validity. The earlier ideology carried over only as a fiction of "familistic" employer-employee relations. 10.048. Nakano Takashi f\ f J, "Ie to kazoku } C_ t ' (Ie and family)." in Matsushima Shizuo J6 - 4 j4_ and Nakano Takashi, Nihon shakai yoron g A -t _ i ~ (Essentials of Japanese society). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1958, pp.43-55. Introduces the ie and family theories of Oikawa Hiroshi and Ariga Kizaemon and through a criticism of these theories clarifies the distinction and the connection between these two concepts which are necessary for study of the Japanese family. 10.049. Nakano Takashi ] f, "Kazoku to setai @ h L (Family and household)." in Matsushima Shizuo 4 J t Ai and Nakano Takashi tc A, Nihon shakai yoron I3 4 t I A a (Essentials of Japanese society). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1958, pp.1-35. A theoretical distinction between the concepts of family and household is developed through a critical review of Toda Teizo's Kazoku kosei (Composition of the family) (Tokyo, Kobundo, 1937). Maintains that the creation of a conceptual framework to distinguish these two concepts is necessary for research on the Japanese family. 10.050. Nakano Takashi af (, "Kazoku to shinzoku l - L t 4(Family and kin)." in Fukutake Tadashi -__ - jl, et al. (eds.), K5za shakaigaku t X i t / t I(Symposium on sociology), vol.4. Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1957, pp.44-70. Sets forth concepts for sociological analysis of kinship organization in Japan based on existing literature including the author's own research. Chooses three main distinct concepts and associated terminology: shinzoku (ego-centered kindred), shinrui (ie-centered kin), and dozoku (ie-federation). Distinguishes each and discusses historical change in the character of each and in the weighting of each in Japanese society. Nakano Takashi, "Kinsei shoka no kosei to sono suii" (Tokugawa period merchant houses: their composition and change). See Entry 8.042. 10.051. Nakano Takashi, "Shakai aku ni okeru ie no kenkyu: Ariga Hakushi no gyoseki o chushin to shite if t 1I Y] t 3 9 ] 9' )' n - -- 7( t H j T (Sociological research on the ie in terms of Professor Ariga's findings)." in Okada Yuzuru Ad 13 Af and Kitano Seiichi_ f \(eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki f C) ~4>j 4 f (The ie: a structural analysis). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.348-362.

Page  86 86 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Ariga's work on the ie since the 1920's is traced and compared against the studies of others. This review highlights the individuality of Ariga's approach and its eventual influence on the field as a whole. Nakano Takashi, "Yamatoya norenuchi shiryosho" (Selected materials from the Yamatoya in-group). 'See Entry 11.061. Nakano Yoshihiko, "Sanson ni okeru kazoku shugi dotuku" (Familistic morality in the mountain village). See Entry 25.039. Namiki Masayoshi, "Saikin ni okeru nogyo jinko to roshi no doko" (Recent trends in farm population and labor management). See Entry 6.017. Nihon Jido Kenkyujo (ed.), Nihon Jido Kenkyujo monogurafu no.4: Kazoku kankei to jinkaku keisei: 1955-1963 nen no bunken kaidai (Family relations and personality formation: an annotated bibliography for the years 1955-1963). See Entry 27.017. Nihon Jido Kenkyujo (ed.), Nihon Jido Kenkyujo monogurafu no.2: Taishu shakai ni okeru oyako kankei: kodomo no shinriteki seikatsu ni okeru kazoku no kino (Parent-child relations in mass society: the function of the family in the psychological life of the child). See Entry 27.018. 10.052. Nishioka Toranosuke 1l 1 j A; 7-, et al. (eds.), KKK, vol.3: Ie (Ie). Kodogawa Shoten, 1958, 337pp. Contents cover ie status in terms of crests, names, and genealogy; family organization in terms of ie and dozoku as distinct from lineal kin, and in terms of authority and rights of various household statuses, and the physical forms of residence. These subjects are traced historically and also described in their current form. The several chapters are listed separately in this bibliography. 10.053. Ohamia Hideko k., "Kaji jiken kara mita kazoku no tenshon I r 9Q v->- >(Family tension as seen in domestic incidents)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai V 2 JJ. A6 )t / (Japan Social Science Association) (ed.), Shakaiteki kincho no kenkyu By/Z it. Bf t 9 F (Research in social tension). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1953, pp.62-75. Analysis of causes of domestic disputes based on mediation records, chiefly of divorce, from the Family Court. 10.054. Ohashi Kaoru - s $., "Toshi kanrakugai ni okeru kazoku kosei no tokushitsu: Osaka Minami sakariba wo chushin to shite zF 1 t l i f X 41 7 I }KtiP P J d 9) 94 A t k:I; L T (Family composition in an urban amusement center: around the Minami pleasure quarter in Osaka)." Soshioroji e > X r 7' (Sociology), vol.4, no.4, 1956, pp.45-63. Based on material gathered in 1955 for a survey on local involvement and geographic mobility of shop and enterprise owners in a pleasure quarter. The residents included many single -ersons and childless couples and family size was comparatively small. Oikawa Shin, "Tohoku sanson ni okeru shinzoku fuyo no jittai: Miyagi ken Katta gun Shichiga juku son Yokokawa buraku no baai" (Conditions of dependent kindred in a Tohoku mountain village: the case of Yokokawa hamlet in Shichigajuku village, Miyagi prefecture). See Entry 21.009. Oishi Shinzaburo, "Edo jidai ni okeru koseki ni tsuite: sono seiritsu to seikaku no kento" (Family registers in the Edo period: an examination of their origin and characteristics). See Entry 8.030. 10.055. Okada Yuzuru 1I % }l and Kitano Seiichi - Or ~ -(eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki ~ <) o4 A^ X jt(Ie: analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, 4 + 362pp. A collection commemorating Ariga Kizaemon's sixtieth birthday consisting of studies on the ie and related topics, by Professor Ariga and thirteen scholars whose interests reflect Ariga's influence. Important as a review of standards of research on ie and as an assessment of conceptual problems. 10.056. Okuda Shuzo 3 ] 4I -, et al., "Kagyo: Kyoto Muromachi orimono tonya no kenkyu J, J f ~I ~ F( ~], d) 9 9 ~1 (Ie enterprise: studies of textile wholesalers in the Muromachi area of Kyoto)." Ritsumeikan Daigaku Jimbun Kagaku Kenkyusho kiyo. /B y jB. A X t t i f fAt - (Ritsumeikan University Humanistic Sciences Research Institute bulletin), no.5, March, 1957, 474pp. Multidisciplinary studies of 180 members of the Kyoto textile wholesalers cooperative association, or of smaller sets from this association. The studies aim at deeper understanding of ie structure and functions through research on the history and functions of these merchant-houses. Geographers, historians, economists, legal scholars, and sociologists examine their management as enterprises (including work on trading conditions, accounting methods, ie constitutions, shop residence arrangements); their employment systems; their character as corporate ie; and customs connected with forming branch house-shops. A bibliography of relevant materials in the Institute library is included. 10.057. Omachi Tokuzo }f %jU _-, "Kazoku * (Family)." in Omachi Tokuzo 7Wu., et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei dai 3 kan: shakai to minzoku 1

Page  87 FAMILY 87 (Outline of Japanese folklore studies vol.3: society and folklore, part 1). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.203-232. Viewing the retention of one child as the universal characteristic of the Japanese ie as a lineal kin group, finds types of ie arising out of varying ways of keeping one or several children in the ie. Discusses complex ie including one or nore households, authority of househead and housewife, and their roles. Oshio Shunseku, "Kyoikuteki kino no hokai kara mita kaitai kazoku no Jirei" (_Collapse of the educational function in disorganized families). See Entry 26.013. Otake Hideo, Hoken shakai no nomin kazoku: Edoki nomin kazoku no rekishiteki ichizuke (The peasant family in feudal society: determining the historical place of the Tokugawa period peasant family). See Entry 12.051. 10.058. Saito Hyoichi ffl i, "Hanto gyoson ni okeru kazoku ishiki no seikaku: Shakotan Hanto no jirei ni tsuite X:. 1:- r -,- 9e Jf ji4l 9 4 A 1 "T7 (Family consciousness in peninsular fishing villages: examples from the Shakotan Peninsula)." SKGHR, vol.13, no.3, 1962, pp.87-101. A comparison by family types of the changes due to urbanization in the attitudes of residents of a remote area, especially with respect to family consciousness. Samejima Seiichi, "Yoron-jima no rodo to shima no seikatsu" (Island life and labor on Yoron-Jima). See Entry 11.070. Sato Masao and Sato Mamoru, "Tohoku noson mibojin kazoku no jittai: Miyagi ken Kuribara gun Monji mura no baai" (Conditions in widows' households in rural Tohoku: Monji, Miyagi prefecture). See Entry 21.011. Seki Kiyohide, "Kaitaku shuraku no shakai kozo to kazoku ruikei: Hokkaido pairotto faamu ni okeru 'ikka nyushoku gata' kazoku to 'bunke nyushoku gata' kazoku" (Social structure and family types in reclaimedland settlements: the independent family settlement type and branch family settlement type on pilot farms in Hokkaido). See Entry 12.070. Seki Kiyohide, "Kazoku hokai to hinkon no ruikei: seikatsu suijun sokutei ni kansuru shakaigakuteki kenkyu" (Family disorganization and typology of poverty: a sociological study measuring standard of living). See Entry 21.012. 10.059. Shiga Masamichi )J - j_, "Amakusa ni okeru daikazoku 72 7 1Z tI 7 ' K 4 (A Grossfamilie in Amakusa [Kumamoto prefecture])." SKGZ, no.56, 1928, pp.72-76. A report describing the persistence of the Grossfamilie in Amakusa Island (Kumamoto Prefecture), using the Koba family as its example. 10.060. Shinmi Kichiji ' A ~ B, "Nihon kazoku seido no tokushitsu X M S I t A A 0 ) (Peculiarities of the Japanese family system)." SKGZ, no.33, 1927, pp.18-44. Historical treatment of the Japanese family system as an expression of the idea of unity between main family and branch families. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai (ed.), SSK Annual no.5: Sengo noson hembo (Changes in the postwar agricultural village). See Entry 12.090. 10.061. Suzuki Eitaro >t fs 4 ~ }., "Nihonjin kazoku no sedaiteki hatten ni okeru shukiteki ritsudosei ni tsuite 1-$ F// Ad J '2 * it, _ J+ 1< 3 l M M I I- t T (On the cycle of expansion of the Japanese family)." in Toda Teizo 5:. _ and Suzuki Eitaro 4 4s tJK. j |(Teds.), Kazoku to sonraku ~ j t. 3. (Family and village). Tokyo, Nikko Shoin, vol.2, 1942, pp.1-50. Demonstrates theoretically the cycle of expansion and decline in the Japanese rural family, as it is managed by persons of successive generations in the paternal line. 10.062. Suzuki Eitaro,+ 'tj~, "Yashikigami ko /, t (, On the house deity)." MZGK, vol.1, no.2, 1935, pp.72-87. Discusses the social significance of the shrine made of wood, stone, or pottery, set up at or near the corner of a house lot, at which members of the family worship. 10. 063. Takeda Akira ~ J, Minzoku kanko to shite no inkyo no kenky{u s 4 4 7 L. LX T 9 ] 2/J^ A (Research on retirement as a folk custom). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1964, 4 + 500pp. In order to elucidate the essential nature of the Japanese ie, retirement is examined as one example of activities (e.g., inheritance, retirement, forming branch houses, adoption) which members carry on for the ie. Outlines work which the Yanagida school has done on retirement and sets up types based on field work on the Izu Islands ands and on offshore islands, in Nagasaki prefecture and in Kagoshima prefecture. Takeuchi Toshimi, "Kinrin kankei to ie" (Neighborhood relationships and the ie). See Entry 11.078.

Page  88 88 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 10.064. Takeuchi Toshimi ]V t ] ', "Tohoku noson no kazoku: suiden tansaku noson no baai ft. AL iX4 0 -, 7. W, 1 (T; 4-4 A% - (The rural family in Tohoku district: cases of paddy-field onecrop villages)." SSK Annual, no.5: Sengo noson no hembo 1 9 j 4 i@\_ (Postwar changes in the rural community), 1958, pp.24-55. An excellent analysis of the inner structure of farm families in three villages of the Tohoku district. It demonstrates how household composition and institutions such as retirement succession, branching-off, and marriage are determined or conditioned by economic factors of agriculture and the farm family. 10.065. Takikawa Masajiro )'1 -,Kvj, "Nihon kazokushi: Meiji izen Il y B 0 J v F/ (History of family in Japan: the pre-Meiji period)." in Hozumi Shigeto 4,4t LJ and Nakagawa Zennosuke V '1 ) L ] (eds.), Kazoku seido zenshu. Shiron hen IV: ie j'Jy, AJ 3/ rIV/ ' (Series on the family system. Historical part IV: ie). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1938, pp.161-195. Historical description, based on legal materials, of family life before the Meiji period. 10.066. Tamaki Hajime A_. ij/ At, Kindai Nihon ni okeru kazoku kozo '.L 3 - 1i ')-,7b v at _ '-_(Family structure in modern Japan). Tokyo, Sakai Shoten, 1956, 8 + 366pp. An excellent annotated study of changes in the family system in Japan under the rise of modern capitalistic economy. Presents the latest descriptive work and theoretical position of an authority in a Marxist framework. What distinguishes the present book above other sociological works is the author's thorough knowledge of economic history and laws. There are indexes. 10.067. Tamaki Hajime...., Nihon kazoku seido no hihan 4 ps, e \ ), fJC(Critical study of the Japanese family system). Tokyo, Min'yusha, 1949, 210pp. Second edition of the "Critical study of the Japanese family system" (1934), with the addition of two new articles. Deals with the family system in connection with economic organization and class system in Marxist terms. 10.068. Tamaki Hajime ~ m h, Nihon kazoku seido ron: Nihon shakai to Ajiateki kazoku seido 13 ~~ ~ ~X[J N i 4H-./ L ~ -'.J/A ft A (Study of the family system of Japan: Japanese society and the Asiatic family system). Kyoto, Horitsu Bunkasha, 1953, 5 + 248pp. Analyzes dozoku as basic structural units of Japanese society. Utilizes previous sociological reports on dozoku, describing in Marxist terminology how Japanese society is constructed upon the family system. Gn er a 9 dey - v (Forms of family being shaped in contemporary Japan)." in Nihon Shakai Gakkai nempo shakaigaku, ~ i 4, L~7^ (Japan Sociological Society sociology annual), no.5, Spring issue. Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1937, pp.l-37. The author sets up 126 family types, based on materials from the 1920 national census,and establishes rates for them. Also treats examples of an exceptional type wherein the househead is a collateral relative (Gifu and Aomori prefectures). The au th e key to family types in the relative age relative age at marriage. 10.070. Toda Teizo, j, Ie to kazoku seido 1Y- & 'J (le and the family system). Tokyo, Haneda Shoten, 1944, 4 + 206pp. General description of the Japanese family. Examines the number of members, relationships among members, family functions, the relation of family to national life, characteristics of the Japanese family system, and values and traditions peculiar to individual Japanese families (kafu). Toda Teizo, "Katorikku kyoto to kazoku seikatsu" (Catholics and family life). See Entry 22.022. 10.071. Toda Teizo,7 1 J, Kazoku kosei X (Family organization). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1937, 3 + 6o6pp. A landmark study in Japanese sociology which analyzes the organization of family, treating the family as a group of varied members rather than as a social institution. To establish categories of groups, the author's primary source material is the household member relationship reports of the population census of 1920. The author analyzes statistically the kin and generation composition of Japanese families (households), describing and analyzing rural-urban differences and regional differences. Since the desire for continuity of the family is presumed to be expressed in a multi-generation (three or more) family, he examines how the three-generation family is controlled by age of first marriage, birth rate, and the life expectancy of members. 10.072. Toda Teizo / X, Kazoku kosei to jinko | a r hj Ay (Family composition and population)." in Keizai horitsu rons5 - A j- /I. (Treatises on economic law), vol.7, no.l, 1936, pp.31-73. Statistical analysis of the effects of decreasing family size, noting a parallel tendency toward increase in per capita consumption. 10.073. Toda Teizo, Kazoku no kekyu (Studies of the family). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1926, 15 + 374pp.

Page  89 FAMILY 89 Collected articles on family which treat the family as a group of members, not as a social institution; subjects include marriage age, parent-child relations, class endogamy, respect for family line, divorce, and common residence. 10.074. Toda Teizo, g. f-f, "Kazoku no shudanteki seishitsu no hensen W; 9 Ad j i 9 -iLj (Change in the characteristics of family as a social group)." in Toda Teizo, Kazoku to kon'in I A X r- 4 (Family and marriage). Tokyo, Chubankan Shoten, 1934, pp.222-240. Describes how family cohesion breaks down, taking as an example a lawsuit over succession to headship in a millionaire family of Osaka city. 10.075. Toda Teizo 7 1, "Kazoku no shudanteki tokushitsu 4; 9 ~t. 1 (Social-group characteristics of the family)." in Toda Teizo t W Vi, Kazoku to kon'in - (Family and marriage). Tokyo, Chubankan Shoten, 1934, pp.1-26. A critical essay on family analysis which uses the Japanese family as an empirical starting point for a critique of general family theory since A. Comte. 10.076. Toda Teizo / W., "Kazokuteki seikatsusha to hikazokuteki seikatsusha ~-;i >[ o r, /, ^J >i X (Members living with and those living apcrt from their family)." in Toda Teizo f/ W A -, Kazoku no kenkyu. E ~ }/ ~ (Studies of the family). Tokyo, K5bund5, 1926, pp. 279-330. Reveals the sex and age composition of ten per cent of the Japanese population then living away from their parental household and the effect of this on Japanese society. Exemplifies this author's exploitation of census data for sociological research. 10.077. Toda Teizo r 1 ] _, "Shumoncho ni oite mirareru kazoku koseiin ky n ent \ / ' $-,. ta1g' %.(Family members as seen in temple register books [of the Tokugawa period]." in Toda Teizo FW j ^and Suzuki Eitarol 4 t 4 N k (eds.), Kazoku to sonraku If 44 (Family and village), vol.1. Tokyo, Nikko Shoin, 1939, pp.53-82. Discusses the number and relationship of family members in a village of the Tokugawa period. 10.078. Tokuda Hikoyasu ttk h ~7 X, "Nihon ni okeru kando, gizetsu oyobi kyuri no kenkyu U yA- l 1' '1 ) 8 X i4 t: Xi- 0 vt r (A study of severance of social relations in the feudal period of Japan)." SKGZ, no.32, 1926, pp.13-37; no.35, 1927, pp.62-77; no.36, 1927, pp.67-86; no.37, 1927, pp.51 -65; no.38, 1927, pp.47-59. Uses historical records to examine kando (disowning a son as to family relation), gizetsu (severance of any solid union), and kyuri (severance of kinship with a child, younger brother) or nephew when living separately —usually a form of desertion) in the feudal period. Toshitani Nobuyoshi, "Meiji zenki no mibunho to chohei seido: mibunho ni okeru shihoteki seikaku no keisei katei" (Status law and conscription system in the early Meiji period: the development of private law features in the status law). See Entry 19.050. 10.079. Tsukamoto Tetsundo d ~ 7- /, "Nihonjin imin no kazoku ni kansuru ni san no mondai 3 / & ~r A ~ r - I M 7 J, l 7 I ~ F4-(Several questions on Japanese emigrant families)." in Okada Yuzuru Wj lit - and Kitano Seiichi / 1'9f- (eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki - 0 t' t (Ie: an analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.143-161. In spite of the fact that social and economic conditions in Brazil are completely different from those in Japanese villages, Japanese emigrants have preserved their family structure and, as security for these families, have formed strong Japanese communities and active Japanese associations in many fields. This is an analysis of the factors leading to this situation. Ushikubo Hiroshi, "Hiko shonen no katei kankyo to shitsuke ni mirareru seishinteki tokushusei" (The home surroundings and training of juvenile delinquents). See Entry 26.020. 10.080. Wagatsuma Sakae ' -, Ie no seido o t) '| t (The family system). Tokyo, Kantosha, 1948, 294pp. Collected articles dealing with civil code provisions relating to the family system, both before and after the changes following World War II. The author was a leading scholar of family law. 10.081. Waseda Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyujo ~ ~) t /t i T A j (Social Science Research Institute, Waseda University) (ed.), "Tanko to chiiki shakai 4- /, +; /-k (Mines and local society). Shakai kagaku tokyu /L, 11 ~ - (Studies in social science), nos.22-23 (double issue), 1963, 345 + 46pp. Report of a study made between 1958 and 1962 on society in the Joban mines and in neighboring towns. Studies management organization and labor unions, miners' families and way of life, local society, etc. 10.082. Yamaguchi Asatar5o A J i n, "Oya no shakaisei ni tsukite /4 W 9t4 d) ' 1Z-,L?2 (The sociological meaning of parent-age)." in Origuchi Shinobu ~'ft 4 A (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku no tame

Page  90 90 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY ni F t4,4T o) TzQ )] (In behalf of Japanese folklore), vol.2. Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1947, pp.71-112. Lists the various types of ritual parent-child relationships, dealing in detail with the ritual parents at the time of the child's birth. 10.083. Yamamoto Fumio Jd J j4 A, "Sasebo shi setai kosei chosa T4- ifX 1 -ht- (Eng. title: Household construction survey for Sasebo city)." SKGHR, vol.5, no.3 (whole no.19), 1955, pp.58-86. Results of a 10% random sample survey of all households in Sasebo taken on June 1, 1953. Four thousand seven hundred thirty six households were selected and statistics compiled to discover the membership peculiarities and "degree of modernization" of Sasebo households. 10.084. Yamamoto Noboru J4 ', "Kosekiho o tsujite mita kazoku no kenkyu: Yamanashi ken Nakakoma gun Tatomi mura Imafuku no baai, e z L ~ r- F Si A9 Yi $[ /l - 4 9 7 / (A study of the family as seen in the koseki (family register) law: the case of Imafuku in Tatomi village, Yamanashi prefecture)." in Fukushima Masao, i i j)K (ed.), Koseki seido to ie seido 7 - 1 -~ ' ~'JA L (Koseki [family register] system and ie system). Tokyo, T5kyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, pp.399-444. Using the koseki record for this one hamlet from 1870 to 1956, the author analyzes the changes in family composition, as well as family branching, family extinction, inheritance, retirement, etc, 10.085. Yamamuro Shuhei A) ~ ): and Hattori Harunori X t, "Noson no kazoku wa ikanaru kino o, ikani hatashiteiruka: Toshin chiho ni okeru jakkan no jirei 1% \ t f > e f d ' 1, ^ f by. ' Adi ^ ~ \' f I - IT 6t 9 'J (What functions is the rural family performing and how? several cases in the Toshin district)." SKGHR, vol.6, no.1 (whole no.21), July, 1955, pp.68-96. An excellent analysis of the functions of farm families in a village of Nagano prefecture. This report is concerned primarily with a comparative study of the functions of five farm families. A significant study reflecting the influence of empirical studies of the family, 10.086. Yamane Tsuneo "j l ' y, Kazoku no shakaiteki kino to fufu kankei ni kansuru ichi kosatsu g14 <9 2 -, if - - L A f 9 1'" ^ z- (Study of family social function and marital relationships)." SKGHR, no.15, 1954, pp.81-85. An analysis of divorce using materials from a statistical survey made in Nagoya in 1951. Points out the bad influence of divorce on children and suggests this as a focal point for further family research. Yamanushi Masayuki, "Meiji kosekiho no ichi kino: dasseki torishimari ni tsuite" (One function of the Meiji koseki law: to ensure complete registration). See Entry 19.053. Yanagida Kunio, "Senzo no hanashi" (Stories of the ancestors). See Entry 22.025. Yanagida Kunio, Zokusei goi (Vocabulary of the family system). See Entry 2.043. 10.087. Yuzawa Yasuhiko 4 s A A and Mochizuki Takashi A ff, "Kazoku, katei funso kaiketsu ni taisuru shakaigaku no kiyo o megutte V # I^ ) + E < 1 VJ At t-t ' d -, f X A (The contribution of sociology to the settlement of family disputes)." SKGHR, vol.14, no.l, 1963, pp.46-60. Analysis of "family mediation" by the Family Court. Shows how sociology has contributed to the settlement of disputes and makes suggestions for the future. B. MARRIAGE Case studies receive considerable emphasis in first, comparisons between the pre-modern elite and this selection, in order to illustrate the facts commoner patterns of marriage; second, comparisons behind various aspects of marriage: modes of selecting between contemporary rural and urban modes of a marriage partner, premarital contacts with sexual marriage, residence, and divorce. Yanagida and his partners in older traditional settings, the cir- followers (e.g., Omachi and Segawa) have contributed cumstances (and the costs) of weddings, varying with special frequency to the list of local variaresidence patterns of a married couple, registered tions within Japan. Toda, in pre-war time, drew marriages as against de facto marriages, and divorces. general comparisons between Japanese and American Comparisons are rather frequent along two vectors: marriage patterns as revealed in census statistics. 10.088. Ariga Kizaemon,_ S [ t, Nihon kon'inshi ron i Ad. a k (On the history of marriage in Japan). Tokyo, Nikko Shoin, 1948, 296pp. A unique essay on marriage conventions in rural social organization. The author attempts to throw light on marriage practice by studying the rural family system. He deals with early history and with the feudal period, distinguishing farmers' from warriors' marriages. His study is indebted to Yanagida IKunio's

Page  91 FAMILY 91 "Mukoirikon ko" (Essay on matri-patrilocal marriage) in recognizing the role of the community young men's group in temporary matrilocal residence. This study is not only a pioneer essay in the study of marriage, but is very valuable for rural sociology. 10.089. Chikazawa Keiichi _ `, -, "Miyazaki ken no ichi sanson no engumi kuiki oyobi naikonritsu no igi ni tsuite f -.. f,, ^ _ LA 4I 2i- A i I \ T (The meaning of marriage area and rate of common-law marriage in one mountain village in Miyazaki prefecture)." SKGHR, vol.3, no.4 (whole no.12), 1953, pp.164-166. Based on material from the 1872 family registers for Nanatsuyama in Morotsuka village, Higashi Usuki county, Miyazaki prefecture (formerly Nanatsuyama village, Nishi usuki county). Reports on marriage area (including adopted bridegrooms) and the rate of common-law marriage for the period 1872 to 1878. The author considers the rate of common-law marriage to be an index of the pre-modernity of the community. 10.090. Emori Itsuo, e ~, "Honpo no ichijiteki hokon kanko no hassei ni kansuru shakai kozo ronteki kosatsu ( i d CEng. title: 'Transient visit marriage' an social structure: an ethnological study on a marr ge orm in a Japanese village)." Shakai kagaku kenkyu / 8,-.t7af lth (Social science studies), Part I: vol.8, no.2, December, 1956, pp.1-52; Part II: vol.8, no.5-6, March, 1957, pp.103-199. Analyzes the sort of social structure that gives rise to the form of marriage usually called mukoirikon (a young husband visits his spouse in her natal home). To avoid confusion with matrilocal marriage, the author uses the term "transient visit marriage" (zeitweilige Besuchsehe). After offering cross-cultural examples and theories concerning restricted post-marital residence, he presents data from remote localities in southwestern Japan. Emori Itsuo, "Seinen soshiki oyobi kon'in kanko" (Youth organizations and traditional marriage practices). See Entry 11.005. Emori Itsuo, "'Zen kon'inteki jiyu kosho kanko ni tsuite: sono honshitsu to shokihan genri" (On the practice of premarital sexual freedom: its nature and principles). See Entry 16.002. 10.091. Fueto Toshio c _ f m^s, " Ngyoson ni okeru kon'in mae no danjo kosai no kanihu: Yamaguchi kenka no kazoku seido no chosa yori a >. j$. 44 i i~ 4~ I X o j - &, ~ s Ut-[O JjS4 -jj: ~ ~ |3- ') (Customs regarding premarital relations in farm and fishing villages: from field research on the family system in Yamaguchi prefecture)." HSKG, no.4, 1953, pp.102-110. From a survey of premarital relationships between the sexes, an attempt is made to delineate the family system of the common people. Customs such as the tomariya and yobai are introduced in detail. 10.092. Funabashi Jun'ichi V I $ -, et al., "Koshikijima no konin kanko: konin ni okeru 'bushigata' to 'shomingata' At % 4 4t At a J T X d 1 -d l?. A dc -!, j,(Marriage practices on Koshiki Island: warrior and commoner types of marriage)." HSKG, no.2, 1952, pp.84-97. A report of marriage practices on Koshiki Island in Kagoshima prefecture, from a field study of family customs made in August, 1947, by a team from Kyushu University. A detailed analysis of practices in villages where class consciousness is still so strong that residential areas for former warrior families and commoners are clearly distinguished. Goda Eisaku, "Engumi ni yoru Sanuki toshi no jinko ido: engumi ni yoru jinko ido no chiikiteki kenkyu" (Migration through marriage in cities of Kagawa prefecture: regional study on migration through marriage). See Entry 6.127. Himeoka Tsutomu, "Hoken dotoku ni araweta fufu no joge kankei" (The vertical relationship between husband and wife as expressed in feudal morals). See Entry 25.011. 10.093. Hisatake Ayako I -y ), "Konlin to todoke ide ni kansuru ichi kosatsu e 4 - lj 3 - i j. (An examination of marriage and registration)." HSKG, no.l6, 1964, pp.81-106. Essay demonstrating that the source of common-law marriage in Japan lies in the system of marriage registration itself. The investigation was carried out in Nagoya from March, 1959, to June, 1961. 10.094. Hozumi Shigeto j - f 'A, "Rienjo to enkiri dera ~ A. C -i O, (Letter of divorce and divorce temple)." in ozumi Shigeto:; 4 r X and Nakagawa Zennosuke i? )PJ L _ ", Kazoku seido zenshu, shiron hen II: Rikon A A ifA/i-! S t.p -* A (Series on the family system, historical part II: Divorce). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1937, pp.207-309. Deals with the divorce system in the Tokugawa period, utilizing letters of divorce of that period. Also describes the divorce temple as a means of divorce on the wife's initiative. 10.095. Hozumi Shigeto, t+4t A, Rikon seido no kenkyu F - A R -\ A, (Studies of divorce systems). Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1924, 50 + 898pp. A collection of articles on divorce systems, of which the studies on the Japanese divorce system are "Letter of divorce and divorce temple" (pp.3-173) and "Divorce temple: Mantokuji" (pp.175-360). The former describes

Page  92 92 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY the letter of divorce of commoners in the Tokugawa period, given by a husband to his wife, and also describes a divorce temple (Matsugaoka Tokeiji, Kamakura). A wife, having no right to initiate a letter of divorce, could flee to this temple to get a divorce after a three year interval. The latter article describes another divorce temple, Tokugawa Mantokuji, Gumma prefecture. Ikeda Yoshisuke and Sasaki Eiji, "Gendai daitoshi ni okeru tsukon ken ni tsuite" (The 'marriage area' of the residents of a modern metropolis). See Entry 14.004. Inoguchi Shoji, et al., "Shakai to kojin" (Society and the individual). See Entry 22.084. 10.096. Kawashima Takeyoshi )'1 A iA ~tr, Kekkon j;. - (Marriage). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1954, 235pp. A popular presentation of legal and social aspects of marriage, covering traditional (arranged marriage, bride-mother in law relations, etc.) and modern (attitudes toward sex, structural fragility, etc.) conditions. Stresses the complex mixture of traditional and modern in present day Japan. Cites his own field studies of special marriage patterns, as well as other studies including the work of Embree and Benedict. 10.097. Kawashima Takeyoshi )'1 % ' W i, "Shima gyoson no neyakon tsumadoikon ni tsuite Ad 4 -. 9) I,? -,7 L " s 4h (Marriage with residence in a man's house and marriage with matrilocal residence in a fishing village in Shima [Mie prefecture])." Toyo bunka s. if j fti (Far Eastern culture), no.15-16, 1954, pp.l-54. Customary law aspects of local marriage customs in Anori mura, Mie prefecture, based on field research of January, 1944, to August, 1945. 10.098. Koyama Takashi 4l' Jl^ 1, "Kon'in nenrei no chihosei to kaikyusei e e ~ ~_9 t L-,f4t ~ Regional and class differences in age at marriage)." in Tokyo Shakaigaku Kenkyukai ~ j i)J~. Zt t fno,2 (Tokyo Sociological Association) (ed.), Shakaigaku kenkyu,k x ' y ~ (Sociological research), no.2. Tokyo, Ryosho Fukyukai, 1936, pp.259-304. An attempt to discover how general social change and change in the family vary with average age at marriage, analyzed by locality, occupation, and social status. The materials utilized include the 1933 Statistics on Population Movement, a Takaoka City population movement survey of the early Showa period, and the marriage registers of the middle and late Meiji period. 10.099. Koyama Takashi }\- JE, "Kon' in o toshite mitaru shizoku no shakai: Meiji koki Taisho shoki no Kanazawa shizoku ni tsuite i ~t.J J [ $ ~k < v X A E- )i _ ) 9 c / W a ~;-z", (Former samurai society as seen in marriage: former samurai in late Meiji and early TaishE in Kanazawa)." KKSKG, no. 4, 1932, pp.1-18. An analysis and comparison of marriage practices in former samurai and commoner families in Kanazawa City as reported in the city records for 1898-1914. 10.100. Koyama Takashi 4J i 11, "Sonraku ni okeru kon'in to kakei no chosa > 14 1T ca m1 e n iS n ^g 91- C(Survey of rural marriage and genealogy)." Nihon Shakai Gakkai nempo shakaigaku -g / y ' t y 4- tI4 ^;( Japan Sociological Society sociology annual), no.l: Riron to jissen no mondai 3 Ad ^ & 9 ^X (Problems in theory and practice). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1933, pp.263-268. An analysis of expanding marriage areas in rural Toyama prefecture, the directions in which they are broadening, relation of marriage area to area of contacts in daily life, and relationship to family tree. 10.101. Koyama Takashi 4\ X J\, "Tsukonken no imi suru mono _ ) ( IAj4 J63 '2 (The social meaning of marriage area)." in Komatsu Kentaro 4| fA ) } Af (ed.), Shakaigaku no shomondai t- /A ' 9 U W A (Problems in sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1954, pp.395-408. A study of changing social relations in a Noto peninsula village (Ishikawa prefecture), using as data the historical shift of boundaries of the area within which spouses are obtained. 10.102. Koyama Toshio I X i 1J Ju, "Himpu betsu oyobi shokugyo betsu yori mitaru shussho ritsu oyobi kon'in nenrei no kenkyu i A, i-. g _. JIJ g ') A, a e a L AZIF. 1 (A study of birth rate and marriage age by wealth and occupation)." SKGZ, no.13, 1925, pp.50-74; no.15, 1925, pp.47 -67. The relation of wealth and occupation of husband to marriage age and birth rate among 2200 married women aged forty and over, registered as residents of Niigata City. 10.103. Kuwabata Yukichi Ad >1 i 1, "Toshi rikon no chiikiteki bumpu ni tsuite: shakai byori no seitaiteki hoho no ichi rei, 9!i- 0 )l '/ 9 A I 0 - 6 WJ (Zonal distribution of divorce within a city: an example of the ecological method in social pathology)." Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Fukushigaku Kenkyukai ' z t % k_ t _ / (Institute for Welfare kai &,T j~_ -~, _T 4 (Thesociale for Welfare Research, Osaka Municipal University), Shakai fukushi ronshu (/j /qjt > The social welfare review), no.3, 1955, pp.36-54. Following the theory of E.R. Mowrer that the rate of divorce is influenced by the degree of urbanization, analyzes divorce phenomena in Osaka City using an ecological method. Uses data from the period 1950-1954.

Page  93 FAMILY 93 10.104. Mori Shozaburo ' i _; P, "Gyakuenkon no ichi shiryo Az_ ~ 9 - -it (A case of levirate)." SKGZ, no.2, 1924, pp.107-109. A brief report of a case of levirate in Japan, a landmark study that touched off protracted sociological discussion about the levirate in Japanese society. Muratake Seiichi and Ogo Kin'ichi, "Kosado Okawa ni okeru kazoku, shinrui, kon'in" (Family relatives and marriage in Kosado Okawa). See Entry 11.047. 10.105. Nakada Kaoru ' lo *., "Waga taiko no kon'in ho _ v 0() A ( marriage laws in ancient Japan)." in Nakada Kaoru 1i., Hoseishi ronshu AW A\ 3 > (Collected essays on the history of law), vol.1. Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1926, pp.l-14. Reprint of a 1924 article on marriage customs in ancient Japan, such as self-betrothal, corroboree (or dancing party), and bride capture. 10.106. Nakagawa Zennosuke t -)'- z l, "Ippu tasai sei no ruikei ni tsuite - J jy 9 I'J 6) e t I-\, CTypes of polygyny)." SKGZ, no.33, 1927, pp.45-62; no.34, 1927, pp.59-80. Dealing with general types of polygyny, the author touches on the status of the concubine and her children in Japan. 10.107. Nakayama Taro T LJI Jx j, Nihon kon'inshi 3 >i - F, I (History of marriage in Japan). Tokyo, Shun'yodo, 1928, 32 + 972pp. Setting up an evolutionary sequence of marriage types, from joint marriage Cpromiscuity) through marriage by capture and marriage by purchase, to contract marriage, the author applies this hypothesis to marriage in Japan in the primitive, Nara, Heian, Kamakura, and Edo periods. Uses ethnological materials. Defective materials and an outdated approach mar this work. 10.108. Nakayama Taro 4 $ )s, j, "Waga kuni ni okeru gyakuenkon ni tsuite;' 1]J 1-.- T '_, I,~K"T (On the levirate in Japan)." SKGZ, no.1, 1924, pp.61-75. Reports sporadic cases of levirate (marriage to a brother's widow) in Japan. This is the first specific account of the practice in Japan. 10.109. Nemura Tosaburo )1 4 A l- Ad, "Shokonsha no kekkonhi: Osaka shi ni okeru chosa no kekka ni tsuite d - X,0 ] t} i. _f; $ j1T7 0),.T- - 1\'f (Wedding expenses of persons on their first marriage: results of research in Osaka)." JMK, vol.3, no.1, 1942, pp.1-15. Analysis of questionnaires on wedding expenses filled out by persons married for the first time between September 1 and November 30, 1941, and residing permanently or temporarily in the six ku (boroughs) of Osaka. 10.110. Odo Yuki j\ * A *, Koyarai Va 3 \' (Training of children). Tokyo, Jiipusha, 1950, 9 + 220pp. (First edition, Tokyo, Mukuni Shobo, 1944). Describes customs and beliefs concerning child rearing, based on a nation-wide survey of child rearing carried out by Aiikukai (The Child-rearing Association) in 1935. Oikawa Hiroshi, "D5zoku soshiki to kon'in oyobi soso no girei" (_Ie federations and nuptial and mourning ceremonies). See Entry 11.065. 10.111. Okazaki Ayanori ]. ~,,1 and Nemura Tosaburo ~. ~, "Shokonsha no kekkon hi 11,?^ f9 +a At (Wedding expenses of persons on their first marriage)." JMK, vol.2, no.7, 1941, pp. 1-9. Analysis of questionnaires on wedding expenses filled out by persons of both sexes married for the first time between October 1 and December 31, 1940, and residing permanently or temporarily in Honjo, Omori, Setagaya, Suginami, and Arakawa wards of Tokyo. 10.112. Okuno Hikorokuro A t, P J, "Minami shima no kon'in to shudan ~ X 0 - W c B - (Marriage and group in the southern islands)." HSKG, no.3, 1953, pp.139-155. A detailed description of marriage and group control in the early Meiji period on islands from the Ryukyus to the Yaeyama group. Gives many examples of prohibitions of marriage outside the local community. 10.113. Omachi Tokuzo %f, "Ashi'ire kon to sono shuhen )- 4 -? I. fi 2 (Ashi'ire marriage and practices related to it)." Minzokugaku kenkyu ^ B C d (Folklore study), vol.14, no.l, 1950, pp.1-64. An annotated paper to set up "asli 'ire-marriage" as a third tvoe of marriage in between "mukoiri-marriage" and "yomeiri-marriage." The author's criteria within this typology are (1) early residence of a couple and (2) the place where a wedding ceremony is celebrated; namely, while mukoiri-marriage is matri-patrilocal and matriceremonial, and yomeiri-marriage is patrilocal and patriceremonial, ashi'ire-marriage is matri-patrilocal and patriceremonial.

Page  94 94 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 10.11i. Omachi Tokuzo S A -, "Hachijo jima no josei: Nihon shuhen tosho no kon'in (2),V 9Jx ) - V 1-)g, 2VLL$ ' it0 1-4 (2) (Women of Hachijo Island: marriage customs in Japan's marginal islands, No.2)." MZGKK, vol.l15, no.l, August, 1950, pp.11-21. An interesting study of the marriage customs in Hachijo Island viewed from the women's side. A detailed description of their coming-of-age ceremony, life in collective lodging houses, love and dating, marriage, etc. In addition to folkloristic field materials, there is rich documentation. 10.115. Omachi Tokuzo Jk X )u X, 'Izu-Toshi jima no ashi'ire-kon: Nihon shuhen tosho no kon'in (1) i(f 4'J X O)X,2' ~t~ H i4 ) L t CM 4W r 5 (1) (Ashi'ire marriage in Izu-Toshi Island: marriage customs in Japan's marginal islands, No.1)." MZGKK, vol.14, no.3, February, 1950, pp.76-81. An excellent folkloristic report of ashi'ire marriage on Izu-Toshi Island. Analysis covers succession, retirement, and child-bearing as the broad social context for marriage and residence customs such as ashi'ire marriage. Intended as one of a series of studies on marriage customs in Japan's marginal islands, by an author most closely associated with a detailed study of Hachijo Island (cf. his "Hachijo jima no josei"). 10.116. Omachi Tokuzo tk f l.u 4, "Kon'in W CMarriage)." in Omachi Tokuzo \ a r % et al. (es.), Nihon minzokgaku aikei j(Outline of Japanese studies), vol.3: Shakai to minzoku X, CSociety and folklore), part 1. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.175-202. After introducing the work which the Yanagida school has done on marriage, examines practices related to matrilocal, patrilocal, and mixed residence practices. Analyzes the relationship between wakamonogumi (young men's groups) and marriage, taking into account youth dormitories and bride stealing. 10.117. Ota Takeo, k.T i ~, "Nogyoson ni okeru naien no jittai: Kyoto fuka noson jittai (II) A<. 44 I:Y ' 12 X ff',~< A 2 j. 9 -j,:9L (Unregistered marriage in agricultural and fishing communities: Kyoto prefecture II)." Kyoto Daigaku Jimbun Kagaku Kenkyusho chosa hokoku J; u /.. ht /t?T~ 1% - e a CResearch reports of the Humanistic Science Institute, Kyoto University), no.4, 1952, 83pp. A legal sociology survey of unregistered marriages and their reasons for not being registered in five gun (counties) and four additional villages of Kyoto prefecture. 10.118. Segawa Kiyoko. 7') if ~, "Kanto chiho no hison ni okeru kon'iki to fusai no nenreisa ni tsuite ~ 3F. ~ ~9.i l-4t - 1 } 4 ~i ) ),, 9 ~ ~, ] ^ "~'T (Marriage area in Kanto rural villages and differences in age between mates)." Nihon Shakai Gakkai nempo shakaigaku jI ' j./z ft/ C F l/,A l (Japan Sociological Society sociology annual), no.4, Toshi to nmson ( % ( 3 ' {City and village). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1936, pp.271-273. An analysis of marriage areas, showing differences between pure agricultural villages and villages with a textile industry, based on a study of nine villages in the Kanto area from the middle of the nineteenth century to 1933. 10.119. Segawa Kiyoko r-)'1 1 a, Kon'in oboegaki 4- y_, t- (Notes on marriagge). Tokyo, Kodansha, 1957, 6 + 223pp. Comprises eight excellent folkloristic essays on: the traditional young men's association and young women's association in hamlets; typology of marriage and residence forms; zone of endogamous marriage; the life of women from adolescence through retirement; and so forth. Particularly useful for beginners. There is an index. 10.120. Segawa Kiyoko. )'] ), "Okinoerabu shima no kon'in ai jj< g 4) ~ -} f (Marriage on Okinoerabu Island)." in Kyugakkai Rengo _,i A ~ 'i (Nine Learned Societies Coufncil) (ed.), 1957 Nendo Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: Jinrui kagaku /5- 7 $ C at A A # f - 2k M- 4 "e (.1957 Nine Learned Societies Council annual: Anthropological sciences), no.10. Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1958, pp.189-203. Describes marriage customs in Wadomori cho, Okinoerabu Island. This report is one of the products of the joint research expedition to the Amami Islands. 10.121. Tachi Minoru L <n and Arao Hiromasa i t-~ 5t, "Waga kuni no rikon ni tsuite 4 t 1M9 At k^t;'T (Divorce in Japan)." in Nihon Shakai Gakkai nempo shakaigaku 4 4l dtr A T-?A; tA At Af (Japan Sociological Society sociology annual), no.3, Shizen to shakai i;,, ( Nature and society). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1935, pp.260-267. Analysis of effects of economic changes on pre-war divorce. Analyzes first the relationship of the Tokyo wholesale price index to divorce statistics and then the relationship of the divorce rate of each prefecture to the local economic structure. 10.122. Takamure Itsue, Dai Nihon joseishi: bokeisei no kenky i' 9/^ % (History of Japanese womanhood: a study of matrilineage). Tokyo, Koseikaku, 1938, 36 + 649pp. Proposes that matrilineal kinship has survived from ancient times in Japan, using genealogies of the noble class as evidence. The hypothesis is applied uncritically.

Page  95 FAMILY 95 10.123. Takamure Itsue, ~ L:, Shoseikon no kenkyu f- ro A 9 O t (A study of matrilocal marriage). Tokyo, Dai Nihon Yubenkai Kodansha, 1953, 37 + 1225pp. Examines the essential qualities and processes of matrilocal marriage, which, according to the author, prevailed from remote antiquity to the Kamakura period. Source materials are: genealogies of ancient nobility; historical records; laws and regulations; diaries, mostly of noble families from the Heian period to the Muromachi period. A laborious work, carried out with a fixed hypothesis and an uncritical use of source materials. 10.124. Takei Masaomi j\ 1t ji- i "Kon'in todoke no jiki o kettei suru shojoken: San'in chiho no naien Slgw^B it 6 i y X12 X t J +Z 14 IL ' 1 fd ( Conditions fixing the time of marriage registration: common law marriage in the San'in district)." HSKG, no.13, 1962, pp.178-190. Based on four surveys (1947, 1951, 1955, and 1959) in Tottori and Shimane prefectures on reasons for failure to register marriage. Analyzes the reasons for this failure and proceeds to a consideration of how common law marriage may be eliminated as a general phenomenon. 10.125. Takei Masaomi A Sat ]j n., "San'in ni okeru naien: Tottori ken sannogyoson ni okeru konin todoke ide ni kansuru jittai chosa hokoku.LI I \ - 11 t 1V * J13 X- f ' '4 17, 'I '4 _m 1^ondi ( C o id r fa (On common law marriage in the San'in district': report of a field study on marriage registration in mountain, farming, and fishing villages in Tottori prefecture). HSKG, no.5, pp.122-136. Analysis of data obtained from seven areas of Tottori prefecture from 1951 to 1953. Studies present not only common law marriages but also those that later were formally registered, analyzing the opportunities which led to the registration. 10.126. Takeuchi Toshimi k' ]i+ 41, "Tsukonken ni kanshite no ichi kosatsu j_ i I 1Z ) L T 9 - 4 (Consideration of the marriage area)." in Shinmei hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: shakaigaku no mondai to hoho AT A t X _ t N a t t 4 AA (Essays in honor of the 61st birthday of Dr. Shinmei: problems and methods of sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1959, pp.257-272. Assuming that intermarriage establishes ie groups, this essay explores whether the marriage area (area within which spouses are sought) may serve as an index to the unity of such ie groups. Deals with mobility, kin marriage, the meaning of weddings and funerals, kindred contacts, size of marriage area, and community structure. 10.127. Tamaki Hajime 5 A f, "Sho t (The concubine)." in Hozumi Shigeto i4 I-L and Nakagawa Zennosuke ' ) 4 L i Ceds.), Kazoku seido zenshu. Shiron hen I: Konlin f AI i I: 4t + (Series on the family system. Historical parti: Marriage). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1937, pp.163 -192. Describes changes in the status of concubines in Japan. 10.128. Toda Teizo -, "Fufu ketsugo bunkai no keiko ni tsuite } r A /4 i E- 9 k A 1a 7 T (On trends in the break up of marriages)." in Toda Teizo / _.1-, Kazoku to kontin '* l L - 44 (Family and marriage). Tokyo, Chubunkan Shoten, 1934, pp.85-135. Deals with divorce as related to (1) married couple's ages, (2) existence of children, and (3) duration of marriage. 10.129. Toda Teizo,f 1_ i _, "Kaikyuteki naikonsei ni tsuite?At A' +~pJ i Y>,^C-( (On class endogamy)." in Toda Teizo W 1j, Kazoku no kenky X A 9 0t) u (-Studies of the family). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1926, pp.117-181. Deals with class endogamy in the ancient and feudal periods of Japan and compares it with class endogamy of other societies. 10.130. Toda Teizo, - I. ^., Kazoku to kon'in /0 I a 41 4 (Family and marriage). Tokyo, Chubunkan Shoten, 193i, 313pp. A collection of significant articles based on empirical studies by an outstanding sociologist. Among the articles are some which analyze the family or critically review theories of family structure, describe changes and break down and evaluate reforms in family organization; others focus on marriage and divorce R egistered and unregistered marriages, divorce among Japanese Catholics, and characteristics of families undergoing divorce are analyzed. Japan and the United States are compared with regard to divorce. An article relating occupational continuity to family cohesion is included. 10.131. Tokuda Hikoyasu; u3 1 A, "Chiikiteki naikonsei ni tsuite k i- 7 n "J I'n, A't^"e (On local endogamy)." SKGZ, no.69,,930, pp.42-50; no.70, 1930, pp.57-77; no.72, 1930, pp.45-59. Discusses local endogamy in the Tokugawa period, on the basis of historical records. 10.132. Tominaga Ken' ichi 7, "Toshi kazoku no shufu ni okeru kaisonai doshitsusei to kaisokan ishitsusei A} - +'2 i A \- t ' V JTz 35. lTt A I, / At 44 I (Intra-class homogeneity and inter-class heterogeneity among [TokyoJ metropolitan housewives). SKGHE, vol.10, no.2 (whole no.38), March, 1960, pp.50-86.

Page  96 96 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY An ambitious study of 400 housewives in Toshima ward, Tokyo)to examine class differences in their social attitudes and modes of life and the rate of social class endogamy. The major index of class position adopted by the author is the occupation of their husbands. 10.133. Toyoda Tamotsu f I At and Yokoe Katsumi f u XI -, "Fufu kankei keizoku kikambetsu rikon no kenkyu X )% i. M, - j. - ^J ~'] 4i JE6 ' (Study of divorce rate by duration of marriage)." Tokei Shushi (Statistical collections), no.658, 1936, pp.12-32; no.659, 1936, pp.14-33. Calculates the divorce rates for 32 years (1903-1933) broken down according to duration of marriage for the whole country, for Tokyo and Osaka, for Nagano prefecture, for the six prefectures of the Tohoku district, and for the six prefectures of Kyushu, and interprets the statistics. 10.134. Ueno Hirohisa i_ _ A, "Hyuga ni okeru kon'in ni kinshi 1 <I 1 17d,1 ] 3h (On marriage prohibition in Hyuga)." HSKG, no.5, 1954, pp.137-154. An analysis of causes and conditions of marriage prohibition in Morotsuka village, Miyazaki prefecture, based on registry materials from the early Meiji period. The author sees the causes in economic conditions -- scarcity of arable land and low productivity. Yanagida Kunio and Omachi Tokuzo, Kon'in shuzoku goi (Vocabulary of marriage customs). See Entry 2.045. 10.135. Yanagida Kunio jf 1XS 4, Kon'in no hanashi X d ~ (Lectures on marriage). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1948, 312pp. A collection of articles on the origin of the wedding ceremony, matrilocal marriage, etc. Contains many valuable hypotheses relating to marriage in Japan. Yokoe Katsumi, "Hanshi shakai ni okeru mibun to kon'in: Kaga hanshi no mibunteki naikon ni tsuite" (Status and marriage of the vassals of a feudal lord: class endogamy of the vassals of the lord of Kaga). See Entry 15.013. 10.136. Yokoe Katsumi 4fL a — J4 )<, "Tokugawa bakumatsuki ni okeru daimyo no kaikyuteki naikon v/ )1' -'3 e}~. '7.-~;~j' ~ ~. pa (Class endogamy among daimyo at the end of the Tokugawa period)." in Nihon Shakai Gakkai, nempo shakaigaku 3J >f f. At 7' (Japan Sociological Society, sociological annual), no.3: Shizen to shakai J.. a /-tl/ (Nature and society)_. Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1935, pp.270-271. Analysis of class endogamy among daimyo at the end of the Tokugawa period, based on materials from 1465 marriages. 10.137. Yokoe Katsumi 4. i -,L ) X, "Tokugawa jidai ni okeru daimyo no kaikyuteki ni tsuite 1 7',, i }1 1 $7) s ~ By ] l:-l(On class endogamy of the feudal lords in the Tokugawa period)." KKSKG, no.3, 1932, pp.60-83. Statistical study of class endogamy among feudal lords with the family name Matsudaira. C. SUCCESSION The numerous studies of retirement, inheritance or the separate wants of their children. In this of property, and succession to household headship sense (as in others) the ie is a corporate entity merit a separate category for convenience of the with interests that may surpass the personal inusers of this Guide. A prominent characteristic of terests of any of its members. Correspondingly, households established in the Japanese tradition the problems of managing its continuity from one (and one sharply distinguishing them, say, from con- generation to the next loom large, and succession to temporary American patterns) is the insistence that headship (coupled with inheritance of resources) each existing household must endure through successive has understandably attracted a considerable amount generations rather than be merely for the lifetime of research. Case studies, again, are stressed in of one couple, a device to be maintained, altered, the folow ing selection, although samples of the or dissolved according to their wants and interests approach through legal sociological analysis are included. 10.138. Himeoka Tsutomu 1]4 4, Hasegawa Akihiko g- 7) 'j,, and Tsuchida Hideo 2- $. t, "Shima Kokufu no inkyosei.- d -4 A Ic ' J (The retirement system in Kokufu mura, Shima gun, [Mie prefecture])." SKGHR, vol.9, no.4,(whole no.36), June, 1959., pp.75-92. This detailed study shows that the househead and his household in Kokufu mura retire under a separate roof but in the same compound with his married heir, thus setting two or more nuclear families physically apart. The authors' analysis of this distinctive practice cites various disposing factors, stressing that economic competition between the two households, older and younger, favors higher agricultural production.

Page  97 FAMILY 97 10.139. Hora Tomio >J; lt, "Sozoku Ad,L (Inheritance)." in Nishioka Toranosuke 1j 1 -.2 — 7 et al. (eds.), KKK, vol.3: Ie I CIe). Tokyo, Kadogawa Shoten, 1958, pp.163-186. Describes changes between ancient times and the end of the Tokugawa period in the system of family inheritance and succession to status which have been at the core of the traditional Japanese ie system. Examples are given for the Tokugawa period. 10.140. Horiuchi Setsu A If -, "Goke ni tsuite 1 - "T (On the goke)." in Fukushima Masao ^4:P,j s (ed.), Koseki seido to ie seido, * tJ' i 1 A (The family register system and the ie system). Tokyo, Toky5 Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, pp.205-258. An analysis of the special system of goke (an ie formed by the union of two affinal-linked stem families), covering changes in its form and legal standing in the brief interval January, 1873, to May, 1876, after which date it was prohibited. 10.141. Kamiya Chikara f /- f7, "Nogyo kazoku ni okeru kimbun sozoku no mondai ni tsuite: sono jittai bunseki 7 7i -, 9 d ' )v"t 4tXJ 1T (Equal inheritance in the rural family: an analysis of actual conditions)." HSKG, no.3, 1953, pp.98-115. Using records for 16 months (January, 1950 - April, 1951) from the family court in Okazaki, which serves five cities and five counties in the basin of the Yahagi River in Aichi prefecture, analyzes actual conditions of rural inheritance under the postwar civil code. Examines cases of abandonment of inheritance rights in cases where it was feared that division of land among a number of heirs would defeat the purpose of making a living. 10.142. Kikuchi Hiroshi J ~r- ^-', "Nagasaki ken Isahaya shi Ono ni okeru basshi naishi hichoshi sozokusei ni tsuite _V0 1, ~ _ A..1 a,1,, } ~ -," ) ' 1. -v " T (Ultimogeniture and non-primogeniture systems of inheritance in Ono, Isahaya shi, Nagasaki prefecture)." HSKG, no.4, 1953, pp.111-126. Account of practices of ultimogeniture and non-primogeniture based on a study made in 1951-1952 in Ono, Isahaya city, Nagasaki prefecture. Analyzes historical factors such as the relative ease with which reclaimed land could be obtained. 10.143. Kobayashi Kazumasa v\ )F 5U, "Famirii saikuru yori mita noson sozoku shotai 7y \ ') 7/ v rZ X, At^4-P it i't CHereditary farming families analyzed from the point of view of family cycle." JMK Annual, no.l, 1956, pp.45-50. Analyzes 230 hereditary families in a rice producing village (population 1,932) to discover size and composition, on the assumption that development is cyclical. Kobayashi Kazumasa, Noson no sozoku seitai ni okeru kazoku no sedai kosei ni kansuru tokeiteki kosatsu (A statistical examination of the composition by generations of inheriting households in an agricultural village). See Entry 6.094. 10.144. Kobayashi Mitsue A]do - jEL, "Shosei joshi sozoku no ichi kosatsu: sozoku to rodoryoku I: noson nobu 1: Ibaraki ken toku ni Niiharu gun ni tsuite A /M I T g 4 - r -) _ i T 4 " > I ' -/ T ) oA 3. i %.^ ) 3 I ~T= i ]' T (A study on the succession of the first-born daughter: succession and manpower I: the village: Niiharu gun, Ibaraki prefecture)." HSKG, no.6, 1955, pp.145-166. Based on the ninshin registration (1872), analyzes modes and variations by which females succeeded to the family headship. Criticizes theories which see the origins of female succession in economic conditions or which view this as a Tohoku custom. 10.145. Koyama Takashi ) ib d,, "Koshufuken to shufuken ( a - L i ~ ~ CFamily headship and the position of the housewife)." in Nishioka Toranosuke Sk ]1 4Xt, et al. (eds.), KKK, vol.3: Ie W (Ie). Tokyo, Kadogawa Shoten, 1958, pp.145-162. Analyzes the history and the status and function in daily life of family headship and the position of the housewife, symbols of the traditional Japanese family form. 10.146. Maeda Takashi Al, "Nihon sonraku ni okeru sosen suhai to sozoku no jittai I.:' 44 $-V 7'^ 17 4 )> )L. s ~ ^S Ad) 0,. (Influence of ancestor veneration on inheritance in the Japanese village community: some case studies)." SKGHR, vol 10, no.3 (whole no.38), March, 1960, pp.87-105. A comparative study of hamlets (agricultural, fishing, and forestry) finds that ancestor veneration still influences present day Japanese villages to an unexpected degree, especially in the matter of inheritance. This paper represents a unique approach to postwar farm inheritance patterns. 10.147. Makino Tatsumi 4 X, "Toa beisaku ninzoku ni okeru zaisan sozokusei no hikaku J 1 )f, ^^, ffi 1- t c'1 4 X t/-^ j -J 9 JU y. L (A comparison of inheritance systems among rice-growing peoples in East Asia)." SKGHR, vol.1, no.l (whole no.- 1), 1953, pp.2-22. A comparison of property inheritance systems in eighth century Japan, fifteenth century Korea).and fifteenth century Vietnam as seen in their legal codes. Inheritance provisions in the Yoro Code are discussed (pp. 137-143).

Page  98 98 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 10.148. Miura Hiroyuki r- j' ) W T, "Inkyo seido ron %; t J ( COn the retirement system)." in Miura Hiroyuki I' 1J 47, Hoseishi no kenkyu I;) it T X (Studies in the history of laws), vol.1. Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1943, pp.611-648. This paper, first published in 1915, describes the retirement system at each period of history and distinguishes (contra Hozumi Nobushige) between retirement from the office of warrior and retirement from family headship. 10.149. Nakagawa Zennosuke f )'1. Z, "Basshi sozoku f Z - L (Ultimogeniture)." in Hozumi Shigeto <: _ and Nakagawa Zennosuke t )1'1 $ - z (eds.), Kazoku seido zenshu, shiron hen V: Sozoku V 1 (L-J rJ 3 /; v -,1 (Series on the family system, historical part V: Inheritance). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1938, pp.63-98. Describes the custom of ultimogeniture as seen in Suwa district, Nagano prefecture. 10.150. Nakagawa Zennosuke I ')J f L and Shioda Teiichi i VBT )_ -, "Ane katoku sozoku e -I X;t (Inheritance through the eldest daughter of family headship)." in Hozumi Shigeto ~-$ ' and Nakagawa Zennosuke ~?'J 1 - M / (eds.), Kazoku seido zenshu, shiron hen V: Sozoku F ~J1, /~ < t~ 1 ~ \ V ~ i (Series on the family system, historical part V: Inheritance). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1938, pp.165-184. Describes an inheritance custom widespread in the Tohoku district, whereby a girl, if first-born, succeeds to the functions of family headship, even when she has a younger brother who is the legal successor. 10.151. Omachi Tokuzo i<w1$2x, "T Inkyo' ni t suite Art.. I^ -7 v T ( On 'ret irement')." Nempo shakaigaku f 2i Iff it (Sociology annual), no.5, Autumn, 1938, pp.22-40. Analyzes retirement customs in various parts of Japan and indicates their connection with ultimogeniture. 10.152. Takeuchi Toshimi 4Tr 1~ we, "Inkyo to yoshi I. J + (Retirement and adoption)." in Nishioka Toranosuke At i ]J, -z fl4, et al. (eds.), KKK, vol.3: Ie k (-Ie), 1958, pp.187-211. A discussion of the history, structure, and varieties of retirement and adoption as the two paramount facets of the traditional Japanese family system. Retirement assures continuing effective production by passing on the headship of the ie to the next generation when the ability of the head begins to weaken. Adoption arises to protect the continuity of the ie by bringing an outsider into a successor role through fictive kinship. 10.153. Toda Teizo f W l -, "Kakei soncho no keiko ni tsuite X A -*- 9i ~ ~ 1t>" (Tendency of respect for family genealogy)." in Toda Teizo - }, Kazoku no kenkyu- 4 2 A Ot A, (Studies of the family). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1926, pp.27-277. Describes cases in which less high value than usual is placed on family genealogy because of poverty of the family. 10.154. Tsuchida Hideo. -t- yA i, "Iseshima ni okeru inkyo kanko, Af j, 1 i 'it W"4J(Retirement practices in Iseshima)." Soshioroji 7 v v > (Sociology), vol.11, nos.1-2, 1964, pp.146-164. An examination of the circumstances which lead to the practice of retirement by forming a branch house in the Ise and Shima areas of Mie prefecture. The distribution and local diversities in this practice are described and analyzed in the context of local circumstances. 10.155. Ueno Hirohisa i 7; ~, "Miyazaki ken Usuki gun ni okeru sozoku keitai to keizaiteki kiso g ]z 4, I1 A '^^4f~.t _A-;4 ": ~ (Eng. title: Patterns of succession in the Usuki area, Miyazaki prefecture, and their economic background)." HSKG, no.10, 1957, pp.153-174. An analysis of economic conditions for practices of non-primogeniture in Minamikata, Tomi,and Morotsuka villages in Miyazaki prefecture in the early Meiji period. Yamamoto Noboru, "Mikaiho buraku no kazoku: sozoku seido o chushin to shite" (The family in an outcast village: the system of inheritance). See Entry 15.056. Yamamoto Noboru, "Mikaiho buraku no kazoku (zoku): bunke ido o chushin to shite" (The family of unemancipated villages (cont'd): house-branching and mobility). See Entry 15.057. 10.156. Yamamoto Noboru 4, y V and Nakagawa Koyoko VT?'1 l~ +, "Chichi bunkesei ni kansuru ichi kosatsu: Wakayama ken Higashi Muro gun Hongu cho (Yo mura) Watarase no baai T - 3 J 1, i 3 - Jr At f P _ 0 V $ f A 0( - - I I 4U (The chichi bunke system: Watarase, Wakayama prefecture)." SKGHR, vol.10, no.1 (whole no.37), 1960, pp.37-56. A quantitative analysis of conditions for and variables in the system of bunke formed by retiring househeads, using registries since 1872, land records, and field research.

KIn and Non-kin Groups and Relationships

pp. 99-116

Page  99 CHAPTER XI KIN AND NON-KIN GROUPS AND RELATIONSHIPS This chapter lists studies of extra-familial social groups of all sorts. Some have been the subject of abundant research over a long period. Agegrade associations and dozoku are examples, the quantity of literature on each being massive enough to deserve a separate section of this chapter. Other extra-familial social groups that have received much less attention nonetheless are, in some cases, also important in Japanese society. Examples are occupational associations (guilds, in the pre-modern era), factions and cliques in business firms and politics, and neighborhood associations. To be sure, information on the less discussed groups is to be found in broader studies of communities, industrial organization, and the like; listings in these categories should be scanned by a student who fails to find books or articles in the final section of this chapter ("Other Groups") pointed specifically at a grouping of the sort he has in mind. We should note that the groups and relationships of this chapter are of sub-community scale, in general. That is to say, a "community study" in Western sociological-anthropological literature would deal with these groups as constituents of a community's total range of social networks. Until quite recent time, however, the study of such groups has been the closest Japanese approach to a community study. Many Japanese scholars, dealing with multi-functional collective groups (kyodotai) within a village,have come to use this term as synonymous with hamlet, or at the least, to describe some one such group as if there were no further village coherence worth mentioning. Needless to say, such a study is apt to lack some of the scope of a well-developed community study, particularly with respect to political and administrative relations within the community and with outside governmental apparatus. Our effort, however, has been to place any "village study" in this chapter if its main concern is sub-community groups, notwithstanding the more comprehensive implication of its title. A. AGE-GROUPS AND AGE-STATUS SYSTEMS Literature selected here, consisting in large proportion of case-study reports, treats the composition, rules of recruitment, and functions of community organizations for children or young persons. As informal groups, these were part of virtually every traditional community. The formally organized Youth Association (Seinendan) of modern times, centering on young men past school age though including less active auxiliaries for girls, is the successor of such groups, and a good many studies describe the transition from the older, self-contained local group to the modern, nationally federated organization. Ariga Kizaemon, Nihon kon'inshi ron (On the history of marriage in Japan). See Entry 10.088. 11.001. Ariga Kyoichi A --, Suwa no wakamono nakama 1 / 0) Xt a (Suwa youth groups). Nagano prefecture, Shimosuwa, Koyo Shobo, 1953, 247pp. Detailed analysis of a youth group founded at the opening of the nineteenth century and continuing until almost the end of the century. Describes customs, shrine service, group labor, recreation and amusements, sanctions, processes involved in periods of prosperity and decline, and gives examples of group rules. 11.002. Chiba Masashi - %j i- 3 t, "Wakamonogumi no ichi ruikei: Sonraku kozo ni kanren shite X A us 0 -A *L t 7 X- 3 ' I4AALL ((Eng. title: A type of wakamonogumi, a kind of age-class in Japan: concerning the social structure of villages)." HSKG, no.3, 1953, pp.50-64. Based on a study of Nenoshiroishi in Miyagi prefecture. Explains the function of young men's groups in education, ritual, and local self-government. Special attention is given to the function of these groups in preserving communal order in the village. 11.003. Dai Nihon Rengo Seinendan tY W (The Union of Youth Associations of Japan), Wakamono seido no kenkyu: wakamono jomoku o tsujite mitaru wakamono seido d A tJ, ' Z a A /}1+S ~ 'L l,'.- _, - J t AS study of the youth group system, as seen in the youth group regulations). Tokyo, Dai Nihon Rengo Seinendan, 1936, 7 + 508pp. The work describes the organization, membership, dormitory, group characteristics, sanctions, activities, and economic conditions of former Japanese youth groups through the regulations controlling these groups written in the Tokugawa period. The author also touches on the origin and history of the youth group. Ema Seiya and Mori Hiroshi, "Seinen remmei no shocho to sonraku taisei: Fukushima ken Shindatsu yosan chitai Yanagawa cho Awano chiku" (The vicissitudes of youth leagues and village organization: Awano, a silk producing area in Yanagawa cho, Fukushima prefecture ). See Entry 18.022. 99

Page  100 100 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 11.004. Emori Itsuo ' L j4, "Giseiteki oyako kankei no nenrei kaiteiseiteki keitai fl] J i i ' o) ~ - 6T? ~ -J b ftj ~ CEng. title: On the fictitious parenthood and age class system in Japanese village communities)." in Horitsu ronso if -l, (The Meiji law review), vol.38, no.6. Tokyo, Meiji Daigaku Horitsu Kenkyujo, 1965, pp.l-46. The author finds two types of fictive parent-child relations in Japan: that with age-class patterns and that with patriarchal family-property patterns. He opposes Ariga Kizaemon's thesis that patron-client relations between users and keepers of young men's dormitories originated in the relationship between branch houses and their main house, finding that this origin could account for only part (the patriarchal mode) of the cases. 11.005. Emori Itsuo " \, "Seinen soshiki oyobi kon'in kanko $ g. k- (- T CYouth organizations and traditional marriage practices)." in Isoda Susunmu, i M A_ (ed.), Tokyo Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho kenkyu hokoku: Sonraku kozo no kenkyu: Tokushima ken Koyadaira mura (Tokyo University Social Science Research Institute, research reports: studies in village structure: Koyadaira, Tokushima prefecture), no.8, 1955, pp.178-226. Partial report on fieldwork in Morito community, Koyadaira, Tokushima prefecture. The youth organization began with a codification of its rules in 1899. The author concentrates on changes in these rules in 1910, 1915, 1930, and 1952, analyzing qualifications for membership, role of the leader, discipline, control, procedures for membership, meetings, activities, finance, and position in the community. Morito is a community without ie ranking, where age grades are important and the ie head's authority is weak. The customs called yobai (visiting a woman secretly at night) and katagi (bride stealing) are still widely found. 11.006. Makita Shigeru 4 },, "Nenrei shudan J f 3 (Age group)." in Nishioka Toranosuke a X J^ >L ^, et al. (eds. ), Kyodo kenkyukoza 5: shakai seikatsu i L %,, tIh-, J: 7Js o -, (Symposium on local studies 5: social life). Tokyo, Kadogawa Shoten, 1958, pp.64-92. A useful work on age-groups in Japan covering: 1) age group typology and suitable research methods, 2) wakamonogumi (traditional association of unmarried young men of a hamlet), 3) musumegumi (traditional association of unmarried young women of a hamlet, and 4) kodomogumi (traditional boys' group of a hamlet). 11.007. Naito Kanji V 1 t -i, "Nenrei kaikyu: tokuni gyoson no wakamonogumi 4A # 1 e I1 y, 4t, 4+- (Age classes: with special reference to the youth group (wakamonogumi) in a fishing village). SKGHR, no.8, 1952, pp.49-55. Description of the youth group organization as seen in a fishing village of Shizuoka prefecture. 11.008. Nakayama Taro T 1l }., Nihon wakamono shi,,+ ~ (History of Japanese youth). Tokyo, Shun'yodo, 1930, 13 + 237pp. Describes the traditional structure, function, and history of young men's groups in various parts of Japan. A heterogeneous collection with superficial analysis. Okada Yuzuru, et al., "Kamoize oyobi shuhen chiiki no sonraku kozo" (Village structure in Kamoize and its neighbor villages). See Entry 13.025. Sakurai Shotaro, Nihon jidoshi (History of Japanese children). See Entry 8.048. 11.009. Sakurai Shotaro, - y f S and Kumagaya Tatsujiro. a-, _ f Dai Nihon seinendan shi tX ~'T J f f g ]: ~ (History of the greater Japanese youth organization). Tokyo, Dai Nihon Seishonendan, 1942 471 + 234 + 65 + 6pp. A history of young men's organizations written mainly by the senior author. Commences with goups (wakamonogumi) of the Tokugawa period and continues with modern formalized bodies, giving most attention to the League of Youth Organizations of Greater Japan, 1925-1941. The second author, a director of general affairs, writes his memoirs. Appendices present a chronology, list of staff members, constitutions, and statistics. 11.010. Seki Keigo g ) 1 -, "Nenrei shudan V + j (Age groups)." in Omachi Tokuzo Va M v i,-, Nihon minzokugaku taikei, dai 3 kan: shakai to minzoku 1 of f4 1 'r Jx f X 3 Xk )i-N y r > y (Outline of Japanese folklore, vol.3: society and folk). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.127-174. A discussion of village age-grading systems which group inhabitants by age irrespective of lineage, place of origin, or genealogical relationship. Types of age grouping systems, organizational conditionsand rites of passage are explained with many examples. The last section deals with young men's groups all across the country. Seki Keigo, et al., "Wajima Ama machi no chosa hokoku" (Report on a survey of Wajima, Ama machi)." See Entry 13.032. 11.011. Takaya Shigeo Ad ~ |f ~, "Izumi no ushigami to kodomogumi 4u, 9? t % q + + (The guardian deity of cows and the children's group in Izumi province LOsaka prefecture." in Origuchi Shinobu 4~ AS At s (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku no tameni J S j /) '9 T<z I(_In behalf of Japanese folklore

Page  101 KIN AND NON-KIN GROUPS AND RELATIONSHIPS 101 studies), vol.8. Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1948, pp.57-86. Describes the guardian deity of cows and the structure and functions of the children's group, which manages the cult of the deity, in Izumi province. 11.012. Takeuchi Toshimi 1Vrf i[ 4'1 AJ, "Kodomo gumi ni tsuite a j | -$ 1V -7V'(CThe children's group)." MZGKK, vol.21, no.6, December, 1957, pp.61-67. A well condensed)authoritative discussion of the children's group in Japanese hamlets; its organization, entry and withdrawal of members, activities, and functions for the community and children. Very good as a guide to the children's group which has been studied very little. The principal example is drawn from central Nagano prefecture. 11.013. Takeuchi Toshimi /fl 1J 1j a, et al., "Tohoku sonraku to nenjo soshiki, ~ jU - L -.i(Eng. title: The village structure and the age-grading system in Tohoku district: its data and analyses)." Tohoku Daigaku Kyoiku Gakubu kenkyu nempo _ L J f, % ~ ~ a R i. (Tohoku University Faculty of Education annual research report), no.7, 1959, pp.63-172. Monographs on sex differentiated and age-graded groups in five villages: four in Miyagi prefecture and one in Shizuoka prefecture. 11.014. Wakamori Taro;U CJ II-, "Wakamonogumi no kihan ishiki ness in youth groups)." in Nomura Hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: a n I ti e- i a kL - 7 -J(Essays commemorating the and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.337-358. A% rk a3L ) A f f( Norm conscioushokensei to shihonsei I f - d61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism An essay comparing feudal social ethics in general with the norms passed down within youth groups themselves. Chiefly relies on data and examples from Shizuoka prefecture. 11.015. Yoshida Teigo I, t, "Noson ni okeru nenrei shudan soshiki no henka t 1I i > X i 1_ x 43i ^' 9 ~4U(<Eng. title: Change in the age-group system in a farming village in Kyushu)." MZGKK, vol.25, no.4, 1961, pp.60-63. A study of three mountain communities and two communities in level country in Saga prefecture, by the Center for Studies in Comparative Education and Culture of Kyushu University. Analyzes the effects of change in community structure on the organization and function of age groups. B. THE DOZOKU SYSTEM AND KIN NETWORKS The scholar's term "dozoku" applies to branch houses acting in corporate solidarity under their head house, thus comprising a collective group in certain situations. Such situations may be many or few. The attempt to develop an adequate model of d5zoku structure and functions has engaged the attention of every leading field work sociologist since the middle 1930's. Suzuki Eitaro, Ariga Kizaemon, Oikawa Hiroshi, Fukutake Tadashi, Kitano Seiichi, Nakano Takashi, Nakane Chie, and others each have made one or more major efforts at definitive generalization, apart from their being in most instances contributors of important case studies. Some have considered the kin-linkage among houses of a dozoku to be a primary ceme which is then expressed in joint management of resources, mutual social support, political solidarity, collective ritual, etc. Others argue, in reverse, that houses attempting to manage their resources or otherwise effectively promote their security have used various means to form and preserve a collectivity, which then uses (or devises) kin designations to express the bonding of each household to the collective group. Suzuki (Entry 11.075) in the mid1930's stressed the priority of kinship as such, and viewed dozoku as kin-groups into which occasional non-kin were functionally assimilated, but only upon their being designated in conformity with the kinmodel. But Ariga, using his own intensive field data, stressed function -- especially economic function -- as a principle strong enough to override kinship. He perceived the dozoku as a response to problems of handling property and allocating labor; his point was that the pursuit of this function could give full, valid membership to non-kin, whether individuals or entire housholds, without invention of any fictive kinship. In his long career Ariga has often returned to this dozoku problem, refining and adjusting his view but continuing to support his initial stand. Both of these pioneers dealt with rural community settings, as did most other contributors, but Nakano Cesp. Entry 11.056) turned to the urban setting of Kyoto and delineated there the dozoku patterns of merchant houses. More frequently than in farm communities, these merchant dozoku formed new houses, as branches of the enterprise, under employees who had no natal or adoptive personal kinship with others in the group; and all workers under one roof shared the household membership in its dozoku. Nakano stresses that dozoku are composed of households linked by "house genealogy," irrespective of the personal kinship ties or lack of them among their individual residents. (See also Entries 11.026, 11.047, and 11.084 for other urban dozoku studies). The dozoku model in classic form was most common in nineteenth century conditions Ce.g., Takeuchi, Entry 11.079, and Nakano, Entry 11.056). Though its frequency has varied in different regions (e.g., the

Page  102 102 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Tohoku is noted for high frequency of d5zoku, as was remained viable except in relatively vestigial form. stressed by Fukutake and others), economic condi- Postwar studies, accordingly, recount this rather tions rather than regional custom have been seen as rapid transformation even while continuing to grapple its main support. Wage-labor and other economic with the nuances of definition. Nakane's broad aspects of capitalism altered it increasingly in review (Entry 11.151) ably presents both the several the twentieth century, most in the cities and areas approaches to classical definition and the effects of advanced farming; and in few localities, since the of economic and social change. major postwar reform of landholding, have dozoku 11.016. Ando Keiichiro -, "Dozoku ketsugo no bunkai to yashikigami saishi: Sanshu Nagura no baai 444 t, 0 (), a H i^,jX^ wi.TC ')', If 07y 4 /r (Eng. title: On the extinction of dozoku union and yashikigami rite: the case of Nagura in Mikawa [Aichi prefecture])." SKGHR, vol.10, no.l (whole no.37), 1960, pp.57-76. A study of dozoku in Nagura, a mountain village in northeast Aichi prefecture where the ceremony to honor the guardian deity of the dozoku-dan has now dissolved into individual household ceremonies for the guardian deity of the residence. This paper is a sequel to a history of the social structure of this village through the Tokugawa period. 11.017. Ariga Kizaemon 2 2 2,1:V', "Daikazoku no hokai igo: NambuNinohe gun 'Ishigami J\ 5 ) Aq )4< Xi/- * " c /-%,ptf(Since the collapse of the Gross Familie: Ishigami, Nambu Ninohe gun)." in Shinano Shigakkai A / yf ' f (Shinano Historical Society) ('ed.), Shinano 4, B (-Shinano), vol. 10, no.5. Matsumoto, Shinano Kyodo Kenkyukai, 1958, pp.1-12. Reprinted in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu j~ "^^ ~ ATX 4-f' f (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.3. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1967, as Part 2a, and Part 2b (entitled "1966"). A preliminary report on wartime and postwar studies made in the same community in Iwate prefecture which the author had studied in 1935 and 1936. Reprinted version expanded, brings his 1966 fieldwork into print. 11.018. Ariga Kizaemon A - i;IVT 1, "Dozoku to shinzoku lI 4e A /, (Ie federations and relatives).' in Origuchi Shinobu 4f L t y(ed.), Nihon minzokugaku no tame ni - yj/ VX 1t' 7 # I0 1 (In behalf of the study of Japanese folklore), vol.2. Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1947, pp.1-70. Describes the structure of the Japanese dozoku group, composed of genealogically or ceremonially related households, and distinguishes this group from relatives in the usual sense. Also defines precisely Japanese kinship terms for parent, child) and cousin. 11.019. Ariga Kizaemon j g, "Dozokudan to sono henka; hashigaki I 4Af1 C t'Li lILz' (Dozokudan and its changes: introduction to the symposium)." SKGHR, vol.12, no.2 &whole no.46), 1962, pp.2-7. Outlines the pre- and postwar changes in dozokudan in the introduction to a special issue on this mainly rural Japanese institution. Stresses the continuing importance of studying dozoku and federations of ie since they continue to play a vital role in farm villages. Ariga Kizaemon, "Kazoku to ie" (Family and ie). See Entry 10.005. 11.020. Ariga Kizaemon - l, "Konoike ke no kaken m t i a) - j (House rules of the Konoike)." in Nomura hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei,My 'C j t A A a_^ i X. A 412 t ^\J (Essays in honor of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.319-336. Reprinted in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu. I * 'A / (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.7. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1968. Presents the first part of the House Rules (Kaken) for 1723 of one of the Ksnoike families, who were among the wealthy merchant class in Osaka. Ariga notes among other things that House Rules can be seen as crystallizations of the Japanese desire for ie continuity. 11.021. Ariga Kizaemon A - yA /Bi, "Nambu Ninohe gun Ishigami mura ni okeru daikazoku seido to kosaku seido J y-4 A 4 ( TJ A A (The Gross Familie system and tenant farming in Ishigami mura, Ninohe gun in Nambu, Iwate prefecture)." Achikku Myuzeamu iho y T *). ',7 -t 'y A7 (Reports of the Attic Museum), no.43, 1939, pp.414 + 13. Reprinted in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu ^ C * fT- Ift tl'A jF { (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.3. Tokyo, Miraisha, 196T, 526pn. Report of a pioneering study on Gross Familie and the tenant farming system in Nambu, Ninohe gun, Ishigami mura. Nambu refers to Nambu fief, part of Iwate prefecture centering on Morioka, and Ishigami mura is one of three settlements which make up the present Arasawa village. The survey was made in July and August 1935, and January 1936. Analysis of historical and sociological relationships involving the landlord household (Saito) and its branches, both bekke and nago bunke. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nihon jodai no ie to sonraku" (Family and village in ancient Japan). See Entry 7.002. 11.022. Ariga Kizaemon e -. l A EI Nihon kazoku seido to kosaku seido g 4 " J 1 )A - 1L jIJ,& (The family system and the tenant farming system in Japan). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1943, 3 + 732 + 33pp. Reprinted in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu, $ jA j% Y[/ 4S^F- (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon).

Page  103 KIN AND NON-KIN GROUPS AND RELATIONSHIPS 103 vols.1-2. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1966-1967. An epoch-making work in this field. The author analyzes tenant farming as a system of personal relations rather than an economic or legal system. He shows how often the basis is in the dozoku organization comprising a principal family and its branch families, or the ritual parent-child (oyabun-kobun) relationship, which is a non-kin extension form of the kinship (dozoku) system. He uses as evidence concrete data, modern and historical, from various parts of Japan. Ariga Kizaemon, Nihon kon'inshi ron (On the history of marriage in Japan). See Entry 10.088. 11.023. Arica Kizaemon j, "Nihon ni okeru senzo no kannen: ie no keifu to ie no honmatsu no keifu to Jo <a9ct 4 o f (The concept of ancestors in Japan: genealogy of the ie and genealogy of honke and bunke)." in Okada Yuzuru 1g -f and Kitano Seiichi Z n f - (eds.), "Ie": sono kozo bunseki rzo f v) A;4S4 (Ie: analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.1-23. Reprinted in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushiu i 't t (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.7. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1968. Clarifies the two-fold character of the concept of ancestors: the founder of the main line and his descendents and the founders of branch lines and their descendents. Argues that ancestors have meaning as protective deities of the dozoku and are linked to the genealogy. Ariga Kizaemon, Nihon no ie" (The Japanese ie). See Entry 10.006. 11.024. Ariga Kizaemon imrancejn f, riNoson shakai no kenkyu: nago no fueki a t from wh i ch, the a uthor d e(Research on village society: nago corvee) [French title: L'evolution sociale de la vie rurale au Japon moderne]. in Nichifutsu Shakaigakkai; /A xJa ' C (Japanese-French Institute of Sociology) (ed.), Shakaigaku kenkyu sosho 4i/'}, S F (Library of research in sociology). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1938, 3 + 2 + 548 + 12 + hpp. Reprinted in revised form in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu X1 g l^^ti,^J (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vols.l-2. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1966-1967. A monograph of highest importance for its insight into the Japanese system of tenant agriculture, from which the author derives a theory of rural society. First the author states his objectives and methods, discusses the theoretical implications of tenancy patterns, and introduces the villages that provided his field data (pp.l-140). He then discusses the varied terms for the serf-like tenants designated usually as nago, develops a classification of categories, and proceeds to an analysis of problems revealed by this classification. There is a French summary. Ariga Kizaemon, Sonraku seikatsu: mura no seikatsu soshiki (Village life: village organizations for daily life). See Entry 12.009. 11.025. Ariga Kizaemon,&g, Takeuchi Toshimi Ba 41 lJJ., and Nakano Takashi ~ ~, Dozoku to sono henka p ) y 3 ~ 4f (Dozoku and its changes). A special issue of SKGHR, vol.12, no.2 (whole no.46), 1962, pp.2-36. Consists of a preface by Ariga, followed by a study by Takeuchi Toshimi on changes of dozoku groups in farm villages, and one by Nakano Takashi on changes of dozoku groups in merchant families. 11.026. Eto Tsuneji iT_.?,, "Hokensei ni okeru shogyo shihon no arikata: Goshu Hino no gosho Nakai Genzaemon ke no baai 4 WJ X ] 1- *, i 8 ) ie) i 't I ~ ~ ~ ~ i t - W ) O ~/ (Commercial capital under feudalism: the case of the big merchant Nakai Genzaemon family of Hino in the Omi fief)." in Nomura hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei if j - 4V'~ tj //L~ v C.^ ^ ^_ ^!j ^ I4^h T V (Essays in commemoration of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.273-299. A history of enterprise administration in the giant merchant house of Nakai between about 1720 and 1870, in the context of political changes in the late Tokugawa period. Eto Tsuneji, Omi shonin Nakai ke no kenkyu (Research on the Omi merchants, the Nakai house). See Entry 9.013. 11.027. Gamo Masao a - j A "kAmami Oshima ni okeru haroji no ichi kosatsu 16 i\ ( v 1. /\U1 mi He- If (A study of haroji as found in Amammi Oshima)." in Kyugakkai Rengo 1 f S Aft ' (Federation of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Jinrui kagaku IX j ) jf t L>< (Anthropological science IX). Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1957, pp.153-167. Considers the structure and functions of a matrilineal kinship grouping found in Takigawa buraku on Kikai, one of the Amami Islands. 11.028. Gamo Masao, "Shinzoku, (Kin)." in Omachi Tokuzo Jf\ (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei; dai 3 kan: shakai to minzoku 1 3 1s 4 f? } t\ 3 i -5 3 4 l iz - l (Outline of Japanese folklore studies; vol.3: society and folk 1). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.233-258. Divides kin groups into four types, discusses theseand then plots their geographic distribution. The maki type is the standard dozoku found in Tohoku. The haroj i type includes matrilineal relatives and is found in Okinawa. This kin-group classification is explained further by Gamo in his Nihonjin seikatsu no kozo josetsu (Introduction to the structure of the daily life of the Japanese people), 1961, listed in Section 5.

Page  104 104 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 11.029. Hattori Harunori A- Vt X '1, "Honke-bunke, oyabun-kobun, oyobi shinrui maki: Kofu bonchi ni okeru ichi noson no baai -'-', TJ/7. T f.-, A 4 —A.~ X _ (Main house-branch house, patron-client, and kin collectivities: the case of a village in the Kofu basin)." Yamanashi Daigaku Gakugei Gakubu kenkyu hokoku ~p4p. )63 7f2 t_ 9L t (Yamanashi University Arts and Science Faculty research reports), no.7, pp.63-72; no.8, pp.53-67; no.9, pp.57-70, 1956-1958. Report of a survey undertaken in Sh5wa mura, a farm village on the outskirts of the city of Kofu, in Yamanashi prefecture. The first installment gives an overview of the village and discusses honke-bunke relations (between main and branch families); the second discusses oyabun-kobun relations (between patron and client); the third discusses relations among kin. 11.030. Hidemura Senzo, X - "Tokugawa ki ni okeru noka no nenju gyoji kiroku: Chikuzen Sujaku ke to Chikugo Kawakita ke p)i| Il 1 T L/Jf# 'ZC X< A. "J J (Record of annual events among farm households in the Tokugawa period: the Sujaku house in Chikuzen and the Kawakita house in Chikugo)." in Okada Yuzuru f S ~ and Kitano Seiichi ` -- (eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki q f; j't_/4>"f (Ie: an analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.283-317. Clarifies the relationship of agricultural production to labor in agricultural households in the Tokugawa period by investigating the recoroa of annual events of two farm households in Kyushu, Fukuoka prefecture. From this, conclusions are drawn as to the relationship between servants and labor in agricultural villages. Hora Tomio, Nihon bokensei shakai no seiritsu (Establishment of a matriarchal society in Japan). See Entry 7.006. Inoguchi Shoji, et al., "Shakai to kojin" (Society and the individual). See Entry 22.084. 11.031. Kawamura Nozomu )'J Ad t, "Sonraku kozo no kenkyu ni okeru "keifu" no mondai;j 19 1- Ia-_ 0 I U- I 75 f - 4 ) M Si (Eng. title: Problems on "lineage" in the study of rural-community structure). SKGHR, vol.8, no.3 (whole no.31), 1958, pp.109-122. Takes the stand that Japanese honke-bunke relations must be studied in terms of the political and economic conditions that enforce them, introduces and criticizes earlier studies~and finally examines Tokugawa village honke-bunke relations and their connection to village structure. Kawashima Takeyoshi, Ideorogii to shite no kazoku seido (The family system as ideology). See Entry 10.021. 11.032. Kihara Kentaro its /~1_s., "Shinseki kankei no formality to informality: Izu sanson Osori ku no jirei Was M Ad 9 formality L informality t AI 4 \ A 9 Izf I (Formality and informality in kin-relations: a case study of a mountain village, Osori district of Izu [Shizuoka prefecture])." SKGHR, no.15, 1954, pp.37-55. The author uses formality of relations as a measure to compare orientation toward the paternal kin-line with orientation to affinal kindred. His field data are from a mountain village in Shizuoka prefecture, where affinal relatives were treated with less formaltiy than those of the patriline. 11.033. Kinoshita Akira 3ji f!T, "Kazuno chiho ni okeru yago oyobi tsukurigo seido _, * Stj I 14 K;17 4 * &,4X. J) 41JA~ 'Service tenancy system in Kazuno, Akita prefecture)." Nogyo keizai kenkyu At s4l.% 4jJ 7T (Agricultural economics research), vol.13, no.2, 1937, pp.138-168. Description of the perpetuation of tenancy customs requiring contribution of services (yago and tsukurigo) in a backwoods area of the Tohoku district. Emphasizes the economic aspects of the landlord-tenant bond. Kinoshita Akira, "Nago seido to nochi kaikaku" (The nago system and land reform). See Entry 18.031. 11.034. Kitano Seiichi 3 y, A _, "Dozoku soshiki to oyakata-kokata kanko shiryo 19J 4,-.'; ~ j9 / j i f 3f I (Source materials on the organization of ie federations and oyabun-kobun customs of Kai province (Yamanashi prefecture])." Minzokugaku nempo i ' ~ V. (.Ethnology annual), vol.3, 1941, pp.161-189. Demonstrates the co-existence of the patron-client (oyabun-kobun) relation with the ie federation (dozoku) type of organization and the probable derivation of the former from the latter. Parallel to the author's earlier study in nearby Yuzurihara mura. 11.035. Kitano Seiichi 4 9y -, "Dozokudan no kosei to kyojo no taiyo: Ogaito o chushin to suru Koshu sanson o rei to shite "g 6) z a t 4 ) f A IL J i X 4 ' WI k 4 1 4J - L 4( (Dozokudan: its organization and mutual aid as illustrated by Ogaito and neighboring mountain hamlets in Yamanashi ken)." in Osaka Daigaku soritsu jusshunen kinen ronso -l L ) \J fi J /4 -o rIt (Memorial publication of the tenth anniversary of Faculty of Letters, University of Osaka). Osaka, 1959, pp.219-246. An excellent analysis of the dozoku group and oyabun-kobun relationships in Yuzurihara, a mountain village of Yamanashi prefecture. This is a revised portion of "K5shu sanson ni okeru oyakata-kokata kanko" (1960), an outstanding paper in the study of the dozoku institution. Well cooked, it has lost the fresh flavor of of the original serving.

Page  105 KIN AND NON-KIN GROUPS AND RELATIONSHIPS 105 11.036. Kitano Seiichi i- f tf \-, "Dozokudan shiryo 0 ~ 1l T f (Source materials on the dozoku). MZGKK, n.s., vol.3, no.2, 1946, pp.94-109. Presents details on the structure of ie federation in Hiroshima and Nagano prefectures, as the basis of hierarchical attitudes. 11.0370 Kitano Seiichi. ff 9, -, "Koshu sanson no dozoku soshiki to oyabun-kobun kanko y 9'1'1 llJ 44 6 S * -t,] 4 a 4 / 7 (Ie federations and ritual parenthood (oyabun-kobun) customs in a mountain village in the Kai province [Yamanashi prefecture])." Minzokugaku nempo ff ~ ~ (Ethnology annual), vol.2, 1940, pp.41-95. Clarifies the relationship between a principal family and its branch families in YuzurLhara mura, Yamanashi prefecture. Proves historically and functionally that the patron-client relationship formed within ie federations as units is an extension of the relationship between a principal family and its branch families. This is an epoch-making article on this type of kinship organization in Japan. 11.038. Kitano Seiichi 9 y f i4-, "Shinden kaihatsu mura no dozoku soshiki fT }i WI 5 +t ~IV W,}. [ (Dozoku organization in a reclaimed-land village)." in Hayashi Megumi /. [ i (ed.), Gendai shakaigaku no shomondai ` \ L ) ' 1 W9 f l (Problems in contemporary sociology). Tokyo, K5bundo, 1949, pp.157-175. Analysis of social and historical conditions behind the common-kin groups found in a village in Niigata prefecture that uses land reclaimed with the aid of merchant capital in Tokugawa times. 11.039. Kitano Seiichi 3 yy e t -, "Shinshu Sarashina mura no dozoku soshiki /RJ 1} *- N V\ q gS I (Dozoku organization in Sarashina, Nagano prefecture)." Nihon Shakai Gakkai (Japan Sociological society) (ed. ), Nempo shakaigaku ~q 4, 7-t (Sociology annual), no. 5, autumn, 1938, pp.261-265. Analysis of dozoku in Wakamiya, Sarashina village, Nagano prefecture, based on old records and a field study in 1937-1938. 11.040. Kitano Seiichi 4 -, "Shinshu Sarashina son Wakamiya no dozokudan / i'1'1J 4;r 1I 0 g 4N2 i? (Dozoku ni Wakamiya, Sarashina village, Shinshu)." MZGKK, vol.3, no.3, 1937, pp.1-36. The author's first publication of his studies on the dozoku. Outlines the division in the Matsushiro fief in Shinshu between the kashirahan who paid taxes and affixed his seal for his group and the hanshite which were households represented by the kashirahan. Shows how this ranking of ie is the basis of dozoku. 11.041. Masuda Kokichi j Y[ ' 1, "Tamba noson ni okeru dozokudan no kosatsu f~, A- }~ 1 T)-1_ 14.041 -)A A (A consideration of dozokudan in a Tamba farm village)." Konan Daigaku Bungakukai ronshu ]t 4J}K.< $ ~ (K5nan University Literary Society essays), no.3, 1955, pp.21-44. From a survey of Iwaya buraku in Hyogo prefecture conducted in July and September, 1955. Tamba residents, showing strong reverence toward their ancestors, express this through dozoku which stubbornly resisted pressures put upon them by the community throughout the feudal period. A special characteristic of Iwaya dozoku group is that there is no superior-inferior relationship between honke (main ie) and bunke (branch ie). 11.042. Mogami Takanori 2 T ', "Dozoku ketsugo ] j E 46 (Dozoku association)." in Hozunmi Shigeto <3 ^i_SL and Nakagawa Zennosuke, ') ' - (eds.), Kazoku seido zenshu. Shiron hen IV: ie 4g A ' /P J 4V i ~ ~& IV'4 (Series on the family system. Historical part V: ie). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1938, pp.271-289. A description of the kinship group in Japan, containing little sociological analysis. 11.043. Morioka Kiyomi 4 )] J 4, "Chusei makki Honganji kyodan ni okeru ikkeshu ~ 'tuX j-Xt ]} I1~.. 4 T -$~ (The kinship group [ikkeshu] of the Honganji temple [Shinshu sect] at the end of the medieval period)." SKGHR, no.9, 1952, pp.41-51; no.10, pp.50-59. An extension of studies of the kinship group (dozoku) to late medieval temple organization, demonstrating a genealogical-type bond of priests in sub-temples to the head priest of Honganji. One of the first studies to show the usefulness of sociological kinship analysis in areas outside the kin group proper. 11.044. Morioka Kiyomi 4 1i] ",, "Dozoku ketsugo ni kansuru ichi shiko ]\ ~, /~. 1 -- A A (An investigation of dozoku)." ShaKaigaKu kenke j_ M 7 ' 7 9 (Sociological studie's), vol.2, no.1, 1948, pp.73-88. Uses case studies of hamlets in Mie prefecture to investigate how the dozoku lost their functions and their solidarity. 11.045. Morioka Kiyomi I 4, "Shinshu kyodan ni okeru tera rengo no shoruikei, A 1_ }7}7 & t /-= q 9 # S (Types of temple federations in the Shinshu sect)." in Okada Yuzuru \ n * and Kitano Seiichi f7, Ff - (eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki a ~ t 6 Ift (le: an analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.319-343.

Page  106 106 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY In addition to the team association and leader-follower association, a third, mutual-aid type of association, with political overtones, is also found in Shinshu temple federations and is described in this essay. 11.046. Muratake Seiichi 1t: f -f and Ogo Kin'ichi }s - --, "Kosado Okawa ni okeru kazoku, shinrui, kon'in \0x ', '1 } l) ' I?11 i4 /i 'if? 4 (Family relatives and marriage in Kosado Okawa)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Sado Chosa Iinkai Jk / Bh $^X^ CCouncil of Nine Learned Societies Sado Survey Committee) (ed.), Sado: shizen, bunka, shakai t it t ''; T (_Sado: nature, culture, society). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1964, pp.492-509. This study of Okawa buraku where agriculture is supplemented by seasonal fishing deals mainly with marriage, inheritance,and the extent and functions of relatives. Okawa is on the outskirts of the city of Ryotsu, on Sado Island. 11.047. Nagashima Fukutaro _lK 1 > f<, "Shoki chonin to dozoku soshiki 'A aJ Tj - AI if $i (Early townsmen and dozoku organization)." in Okada Yuzuru FT ] f I< and Kitano Seiichi 4 _ - (eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki ) ~f 9 - _/ C (Ie: an analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.237-257. Considers dozoku organization and the prescribed organization of honke, bunke, and bekke among influential townsmen in Kyoto, Sakai, and Nara during late medieval and early modern times. 11.048. Nakagawa Zennosuke /j '1 p hi, Dai kazoku to bunke f ~ (The Gross Familie and branch families)." in Hozumi Shigeto ~ 7 _ ~ and Nakagawa Zennosuke a Il j -- C(eds.), Kazoku seido zenshu. Shiron hen IV: ie T _ 'J,a. _ _I-LV I (.Series on the family system. Historical part IV: ie). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1938, pp.229-270. Describes the relationship between the "extended family," which he treats as a conceptual structure transcending living persons, and the branches it establishes. Suffers from trying to apply European terminology to Japanese entities. 11.049. Nakamura Jihei ~f $It4 y^{, "Sengo noson no bunke ~ t a t 9 d X (Branching of families in postwar villages)." Nogyo sogo kenkya 4T.v T Y (Comprehensive studies on agriculture), vol. 6, no.3, 1952, pp.147-186. According to the agricultural census of 1949, farming households established after the war numbered 410,000, of which 335,000 (80%) came into existence through branching. Analyzes the conditions, factors, processes, and types of branching, and the effects of the branching on agricultural management. 11.050. Nakamura Kichiji X jT ~ t, "Kenchicho no ie AtL Sty A1rt (_Ie in the land survey register)." in Okada Yuzuru 1] W f and Kitano Seiichi ( f ~ ~t- Ceds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki t T r) 4 f_. A (CIe: an analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.163-187. Analysis of the relation of ie to village collective groups and to lineage groups in Mine village on Tsushima. Also discusses bunke and kodomo uchi. Nakamura Masao, "Tsushima sonraku ni okeru dozoku, oyakata kokata kankei no ichi shiryo" (Material on oyabunkobun and dozoku relationships on Tsushima). See Entry 9.024. Nakane Chie, "Ie no kozo bunseki" (Structural analysis of the ie). See Entry 10.046. 11.051. Nakane Chie up A - a, "Nihon dozoku kozo no bunseki: shakai jinruigakuteki kosatsu g 4 W^ '~_~ _L e e f _ ~ o v i (Analysis of Japanese dozoku structure: a social anthropological study)." Tokyo Daigaku Toyo Bunka Kenkyujo kiyo Ad i5 at A ~~ J t t A $ (Tokyo0 University, Oriental Culture Institute bulletin), no.28, 1962, pp.133-167. An outstanding recent work on dozoku first clearly defines the basic kinship group terms, then critically evaluates two previous approaches, one hypothesizing an ideal model and its variants (Ariga), another establishing a typology of dozoku and different but equivalent modes with distinctive geographic distribution (Fukutake); regards neither approach as adequately functional. Holds that the dozoku is not a patrilineage, but rather an association of houses in an ie-descent group united functionally under specified economic conditions. Finally, presents a broadly comparative cross-cultural analysis to determine the significance of dozoku. (See also her "Ie no kozo bunseki" (Analysis of the structure of ie) (1964). 11.052. Nakano Takashi ~ f!, "Detchi tedai to bekke sosetsu Z f l 4'i\ - F, AJ t (Apprentice, clerk, and branch manager)." in Nakano Takashi, Shoka dozokudan no kenkyu: noren o meguru ie kenkyu Tf wt' r ] 4^0 ~)#l 1g^" IJv At y * (A study of merchant dozoku: research on ie with noren). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1964, pp.508-543. A study of Kyoto pharmacy merchant households before and since the Meiji Restoration. Follows the careers of employees from about the age of ten or twelve and the process by and conditions under which they succeeded or failed to become fully fledged merchants and heads of branch shops. Shows the growth of dozoku groups as varying with the success of the main household and its resulting ability to dispense protection and aid. 11.053. Nakano Takashi ~ ~ J, "Dogyogai ni okeru dozoku rengo soshiki~ A - 1 1- ]~J W X/

Page  107 KIN AND NON-KIN GROUPS AND RELATIONSHIPS 107 J_- *(The organization of dozoku federations in a one-trade quarter)." in Nakano Takashi t -T Shoka dozokudan no kenkyu. noren o meguru ie kenkyu 1. ] 34 m 0 Aft -,,? ' <" 1~ l jf~,( (Study of merchant dozoku: research on ie with noren). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1964, pp.316-452. An expansion of two earlier articles by the author, listed separately in this bibliography (Nakano, 1948 and 1952). This article describes a merchant guild which consists of a federation of dozoku groups. 11.054. Nakano Takashi 7 f f, "Dogyogai ni okeru dozoku soshiki: Kyoto Nijo yakushu oroshi dogyogai chosa | J |. A- I t Y ' (iDo0zoku organization in a onetrade quarter: survey of the wholesale druggist quarter in Kyoto's Nijo quarter)." Shakaigaku kenkyu 4Lt 'R 7t J/X 5j (Sociological studies), vol.1, no.3, 1948, pp.132-173. One of the author's earlier studies on dozoku groups. This article outlines merchant dozoku organization and the larger territorially-based organization of city trademen in the same trade (or kumi), and analyzes historical changes and the conditions behind these changes in these groups during the last years of the Tokugawa through the Meiji periods. An expanded version of this article appears as chapter five of the author's compendium on merchant dozoku (Shoka dozokudan no kenkyu: noren o meguru ie kenkyu)(1964). Nakano Takashi, "Dozokudan kenkyu no kiten to kadai" (Starting points and themes in dozoku group research). See Entry 4.022. Nakano Takashi, "Hokuriku no teichi ami gyoson: sono gyogyo kaikaku zengo" (A Hokuriku drift-net fishing village: before and after reform in the fishing industry). See Entry 13.021. 11.055. Nakano Takashi T f, "Honke to bunke AIft r 1 (.Honke and bunke)." in Nishioka Toranosuke hJ W Z_ j, et al. (eds.), Kyodo kenkyu koza dai 3 kan: ie e L Lhf t1 3^3t X (Symposium on local research, vol.3: ie). Tokyo, Kadogawa Shoten, 1958, pp.113-144. While pointing out the differences in emphasis and in area of daily life to which ie, kazoku and setai refer, the author also emphasizes that these concepts are inseparably bound up with each other. The relationship between honke and bunke is taken as the outward development of the internal structure of the ie, a genealogical relationship between ie. This genealogical relationship forms the axis around which houses join to form the dozoku, which is analyzed from surveys of a fishing village in Ishikawa prefecture, a town in Nagano prefecture, and other areas. Nakano Takashi, "Ishin zenya no ranshu to ie rengo: Ofuda ori to ee ja nai ka odori" (Ie leagues and public disorder on the eve of the Restoration: the Ofuda ori and the ee ja nai ka dance). See Entry 8.029. Nakano Takashi, "Kazoku to shinzoku" (Family and kinship). See Entry 10.050. Nakano Takashi, "Kinsei shoka no kosei to sono suii" (Tokugawa period merchant houses: their composition and change). See Entry 8.042. Nakano Takashi, "Kita Onomi shoson to sono buriami no hen'yo" (Fishing villages using fixed nets for yellowtail, their changing social structure). See Entry 13.023. Nakano Takashi, "Meiji shoki ichi choka no Shogatsu gyoji o meguru seikatsu soshiki to sono henka" (_Organization and changes in organization for New Year's activities in a commercial ie in the early Meiji period). See Entry 22.040. Nakano Takashi, "Meiji shoki no shoka Shogatsu gyoji o meguru seikatsu soshiki to sono henka" (Organization and changes for New Year's activities in a commercial ie in the early Meiji period). See Entry 22.041. 11.056. Nakano Takashi ~, Shoka dozokudan no kenkyu: noren o meguru ie kenkyu '. J ~ ~" 6) jv' 5j B4K At j f) t 5 4 G (Study of merchant houses: research on ie with noren). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1964, 787 + 33pp. This compendium of the author's fieldwork and historical research on the social structure and functions of merchant houses expands and systematizes articles published by him from 1948 to 1959. He first presents a critical analysis of past studies on ie and dozoku groups; then returns to a theoretical and substantive discussion of urban merchant dozoku and their structural development from the Tokugawa era to World War II. To substantiate his views, he devotes about two-thirds of the volume to a year by year narrative and analysis of three merchant dozoku of Kyoto, 1831-1868. He analyzes the dozoku core structure of a guild (-kabunakama), and follows the fortunes of one merchant house up to World War II. Comparisons are drawn with bureaucratized commercial corporations (zaibatsu and their prototypes). Some chapters in this volume are listed separately in their original published version in this bibliography. There are indexes. 11.057. Nakano Takashi, "TShoka dozokudan (noren uchi) to shinrui T1f r I 3q lSt ff (Merchant dozoku group [noren uchi] and kin)." in Nakano Takashi, Shoka dozokudan no kenkyu: noren o meguru ie kenkyu 4,. ( 0J 7~ At )' 5f 1 i (Study of merchant dozoku groups: research on ie with noren). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1964, pp.44-105. The author sets forth a conceptual framework for the study of urban dozoku groups, of which merchant dozoku groups (often called noren uchi) are the principal type, and the related kinship structure, utilizing both his own field study of Kyoto merchants and written sources.

Page  108 108 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 11.058. Nakano Takashi h _, "Shoka ni okeru dozoku no henka w a I b ' 1% s ji 9t (Eng. title: The changes in the dozoku in the merchant community)." SKC-HR, vol.12, no.2 (whole no.46), 1962, pp.23-36. A discussion of changes in merchant dozoku, through economic rationalization of management and growth of wage-work, since early modern times and of their extinction with the Second World War. Nakano Takashi, "Soso to ie rengo" (Ie federations and attendance at funerals). See Entry 22.042. 11.059. Nakano Takashi " T, "Toshi ni okeru dozoku to shinrui % i l-y - 1 ~ )J (Urban dozoku and kin)." in Hagashi Megumi ^'i >\- et (ed.), Toda Teizo hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: gendai shakaigaku no shomondai j J To _ f 4t. - Li~; -&-M - <r )~ Wx S - (Essays in honor of the 61st birthday of Dr. Toda Teiz5: problems in contemporary sociology). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1949, pp.313-349. The author's first exposition of a theoretical framework for analysis of social networks of pre-modern and modern urban merchant houses, based on then unpublished field data from Kyoto and on his paper on drug wholesalers in the Nijo shop district of Kyoto (listed in this bibliography as "Dogyo gai ni okeru dozoku soshiki") (1948). His data show that both dozoku and kin networks exist, requiring him to develop a model that distinguishes between the two systems and takes into account their relationships. This statement, in an expanded version, appears in his book on merchant dozoku (1964), pp.44-105. Nakano Takashi, "Tsukinami gyoji to nenju gyoji ni okeru ie to ie rengo" (The ie and ie federations in monthly and annual activities). See Entry 22.043. 11.060. Nakano Takashi i f a, "Yamatoya norenuchi shiryosho Y\-D4X ] W ] _% t (Selected materials from the Yamatoya merchant house federation)." in Okada Yuzuru X E -J and Kitano Seiichi I _ ff - (eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki o ) J 7 'g CI e: structural analysis). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.215-235. An examination of relations between main house, branch house (bunke), branch houses formed by employees (bekke), and employees who planned to form branch houses but were unable to do so,, in a drug merchants' dozoku in Kyoto during late Tokugawa and early Meiji times. Based on the diary of the fifth head of the Yamatoya. 11.061. Ninomiya Tetsuo i- ' i,t, "Dozoku soshiki no seiritsu, hatten, oyobi hokai katei: hokensei to dozokusei A J -, _ ) t., '- ' A-t At t' s t E (_The process of formation, development, and dissolution of dozoku organization: feudalism and the dozoku system)." SKGHR, no.32, August, 1958, pp.37-58. An attempt to contribute historico-developmental insight into the dozoku system by examining it in the framework of feudalism. Not an overall discussion, but a historical investigation of a mountain hamlet in Miyagi prefecture, to establish the relationship of dozoku to feudalism. 11.062. Oikawa Hiroshi A, )' ], "Bunke to kochi no bun'yo,4, a.,4 A0') (4Branching of families and the division of farmland)." Minzokugaku nempo f t J At (Ethnology annual), vol.1, 1938, pp. 163-2 06. Describes the organization of ie federations and locality groups Qkumi) in Masuzaka mura, Iwate prefecture; in this context, the author describes the custom of the branching of families and the consequent division of arable land. 11.063. Qikawa Hiroshi, )'J j, "Dozoku soshiki to kon'in oyobi soso no girei \ u4 sj -g4 Af! XI a T ) i 4t9 fIU (Ie federations and nuptual and mourning ceremonies)." Minzokugaku nempo ^, 4 1 (Ethnology annual), vol.2, 1940, pp.1-40o. An excellent article dealing with dozoku as reflected in wedding and mourning ceremonies in Masuzawa mura, Iwate prefecture. The dozoku is clearly shown to be a group distinct from the extended family. 11.064. Oikawa Hiroshi ~ )}), Iozoku soshiki to sonraku seikatsu /) -t 4I At ~ $4 %L (4Dozoku organization and village life). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1967, 278pp. The collected writings of Oikawa, one of the three or four most fruitful theorists and field workers of the pre-war generation, are gathered in this one volume. Among Oikawa's contributions was his insistence that kin-like networks of persons or households frequently include non-kin or may be primarily non-kin. 11.065. Oikawa Hiroshi, )'1 ^, "Shinshu Suwa Tsukahara mura ni okeru bunke ni tsuite: iwayuru sueko sozoku no ichirei to shite t,j]p fa c. d ]. a/. 4 D - 1-i'~ ' T7; }J, 9 0- t, (On the branching of families in Tsukahara, Suwa gun, Nagano prefecture: an example of ultimogeniture)'.' MZGKK, vol.4, no.3, 1938, pp.49-72. Describes the process of family branching and its connection with ultimogeniture in Tsukahara, Nagano prefecture. Oikawa Shin, "Tohoku sanson ni okeru shinzoku fuyo no Jittai: Miyagi ken Katta gun Shichigajuku son Yokokawa buraku no baai" (Conditions of dependent kindred in a T'ohoku mountain village: the case of Yokokawa hamlet

Page  109 KIN AND NON-KIN GROUPS AND RELATIONSHIPS 109 in Shichigajuku village, Miyagi prefecture). See Entry 21.009. 11.066. Okada Yuzuru S V J, "Nihon ni okeru dozoku kenkyu no igi K 4' ~ L -. (The significance of research on dozoku in Japan)." in Okada Yuzuru f T ~P. and Kitano Seiichi j _ n j- (eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki l~ J 9 _41 TIe: an analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.25-38. Argues that the significance of the dozoku only became clear through the interchange of ideas between sociologists and social anthropologists. Analyzes the function of the dozoku. Ota Akira, Nihon jodai ni okeru shakai soshiki no kenkyu (Study of social organization in ancient Japan). See Entry 7.014. 11.067. Oyama Gen'ichi "j IL,$ -, "Tanegashima maki no kozo to hendo k ~ ) -4 _ t t (Maki [kin group] structure and its changes in Tanegashima [Kagoshima prefecture])." in Komatsu Kentaro 4) t f I A4 (ed., Shakaigaku no shomondai tL; I) 4 7 ^T CProblems in sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1954, pp.215-242. The origin, formand variants of the common-kin group called maki, which constitutes one of the basic units of the social structure of villages in Tanegashima. 11.068. Oyama Gen'ichi \ -n, Matsumoto Mikio k a s l and Kitagawa Takayoshi IL- )'1 I - "Amami Oshima no sonraku kozo to shakai seikatsu: toku ni hiki to haroji ni tsuite r t t _04 'S 1-i x y - - c t _>\ \ 7V\-\Nt (Amami Oshima village structure and social life especially with regard to hiki and haroji)." in Kyugakkai Rengo If, 4' 'I// (-Federation of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Jinrui kagaku IX J' y 4 IA (eAnthropological science IX). Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1957, pp.167-175. A study of Shitoke buraku in Somachi mura, on Kikai Island in the Amami Oshima group, considering village structure in terms of two types of kinship organization: hiki Cpatrilineal) and haroj i (matrilineal). 11.069. Samejima Seiichi ^, 1, "Yoron jima no rodo to shima no seikatsu -4 dA ) ID'4" kg/ ro upi (Island life and labor on Yoron jima)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Amami Oshima Kyodo Chosa Iinkai 4, 7 j J (Thok Reeac$ X (s CFederation of Nine Learned Societies Committee for the Joint Investigation of Amami Oshima) (ed.), Amami: shizen to bunka -ij.. f L j kJftl (Amami: nature and culture). Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai, 1959, pp.117-127. Relates agricultural labor to ie, the family, and the kinship group called paraji in Gusuku Ashido hamlet on Yoron, one of the Amami Islands. 11.070. Seki Keigo fJ 4W 1, "Dozoku ketsugo no ichi yoshiki: maki no gainen ] $: 9 - j-z X^ L ~(One mode of ie federation: concept of maki)." MZGKK, n.s., vol.3, no.l, 1946, pp.l32-146. Touches on customs related to dozoku in several parts of Japan. 11.071. Seki Keigo g ( i, "Okinoerabu no shinzoku soshiki u Kinship organization in Okinoerabu)." in Kyugakkai Rengo5 aU )1 iz' (Federation of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Jinrui kagaku X, 1957 nendo no Kygakkai Rengo nemp K kai Reng o Jnempo 5 1 7 $ 0 ] t (Human science, vol.10, The Federation of Nine Learned Societies 1957 yearbook). Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1958, pp.186-188. Results of a survey of kinship patterns in Nishihara buraku on Okinoerabu, one of the Amami Islands. Includes a discussion of divergence among such kin group types as the hiki, hara, and haroji. 11.072. Shimada Takashi ( w, "Kinsei chuki Shinshu Imaike no rodo soshiki II t t V 'i'l t Of g ) ^M4l^ff( Labor organization of the Imai house, in Shinshu, in the eighteenth century)." in Okada Yuzuru j -j / and Kitano Seiichi 47/ f - Ceds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki f 0 > 4i (Ie: analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.85-117. Detailed analysis of labor management organization of the Imai house, Imai village, Suwa domain, Nagano prefecture, during the eighteenth century. 11.073. Shirai Takashi 4 i'J, "Gyogon ni okeru dozoku shudan 4 1[ I;W4l^2-'II QDozoku groups in a fishing village)." Tohoku Shakaigaku Kenkyukai shakaigaku kenkyu btOit:f^, t4tz T I X (T~hoku Research Association for Sociology, studies in sociology), no.7, 1953, pp.24-40. Study of Oginohama in Miyagi prefecture, a community in which agriculture and fishing are combined. Interviews were used to study ownership with respect to houses, land fields and forests, fishing rights and practices, and main and branch house relationships. Differences in the structures of the small communities within the larger one are traced to dozoku group internal structures. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai (ed.), SSK Annual no.9: Nominso bunkai to nomin soshiki (Breakup of the agrarian class and agrarian organizations). See Entry 12.072. 11.074. Suzuki Eitaro A 2T2 J I&, "Ketsuen ni kansuru futatsu no homen < I s f =- - S

Page  110 110 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY (Two aspects of kinship)." Shakaigaku kenkyu \ 'fT, 7vl (Research in sociology), no.1, 1935, pp.177-206. Takes up two aspects of kinship which previously received relatively little attention in Japan: (1) kin groups which go beyond the ie, and (2) relations between non-kin which are patterned after institutionalized relationships between kin. Illustrates these patterns with information obtained in his field studies, widely scattered through Japan. States that in these kin groups cohesion between ie is weak and the name of the ie is more important than the genealogical link. Considers these groups exceptions to the traditional pattern. 11.075. Suzuki Eitaro 4//~ ( 4 $ S, Suzuki Eitaro chosakushu X 'j~ ~Pf J (-Collected works of Suzuki Eitaro), 7 vols. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1968 —. Suzuki is among the three or four most seminal sociologists of the pre-war generation, setting an example both as to careful and varied field work and as to interpretive theory, especially on family, kin networks, and community. His work drew attention to dozoku as an institution, and he delineated the importance of the buraku (which he called shizenson, or "natural village"> as a rural entity. In this collection, his writings are arranged under: vols.1-2, Principles of rural sociology; vol.3, Family and village society; vol.4, Korean society; vol.5, Urban studies; vol.6, Field methods, the national society; and a supplement providing critiques of his work. 11.076. Takeuchi Toshimi f V]_ 4f^, "Dozokudan to sono henka: noson no baai }/~f g f )a4L XjA f Af 3 (Eng. title: Dozokudan and its changes in agrarian villages)." SKGHR, vol.12, no.2 (whole no.46), 1962, pp.8-22. A study which seeks to trace historical change in the dozokudan. It argues from empirical evidence that an explanation which relates changes in the form and function of the dozokudan to changing conditions in the village is indispensable to a structural analysis of Tokugawa period villages. 11.077. Takeuchi Toshimi ANT ] 41\ <, "Kenchi to bunke kanshou 4 3t- ~ A f X (Land surveys and the custom of family branching)." Shakai keizai shigaku 4t/z L L (Social and economic history), vol.7, no.7, 1939, pp.97-113; vol.7, no.8, 1939, pp.63-84. Heavy taxation following a land survey by the feudal lords was countered by an increase in the practice of forming branch familiemes in Tokugawa times in Sakae mura, Kamiminochi gun, Nagano prefecture. The author analyzes the effect of land surveys on living conditions in this village, to account for branching. 11.078. Takeuchi Toshimi f~![ P9J A'1 m, "Kinrin kankei to ie dt: b1u 4L (-Neighborhood relationships and the ie)." in Okada Yuzuru a and Kitano Seiichi If If - (eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki U n4e s < i YT (Ie: an analysis of its structure). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.119-141. Shows that, in addition to dozoku relationships, kinship and neighborhood relationships have also been important elements in the conduct of village life in the Tohoku district. 11.079. Takeuch i T /fafimj 4 1, "Kinsei bukke no bunke: bumpo keshiki ni kanren shite tJ] -? o) -,4 ( -7 1i A L T Branch military houses in the early modern period: forms of fief division)." Shakaigaku kenkyu (g^,j A (Research in sociology), vol.2, no.1, 1948. Uses the 1530-volume "Kansei jujo shokafu" (Genealogical registers, of elite houses, 1789-1800) which was republished in 1017. Attempts to discover the necessary conditions for founding of a new house through analysis of the forms of branching in daimyo houses. Works out a typology of daimyo branch houses and maintains that these types are also applicable to branching in agricultural households. 11.080. Takeuchi Toshimi A'T pj, "Noson kazoku no dotai: bunke kanko o chushin to shite nt 1 try< tQ J. 4 -^ ^t0 i- ac ) LX (Mobility of farm families as seen in customs of establishing branches)." Tohoku Daigaku Kyoikugakubu kenkyu nempo t t'TI, f a ( CTohoku University Faculty of Education research annual), no.2, December, 1953, pp.l-60. After preliminary survey (1950's) of fourteen villages mainly in the T5hoku area, plus study of Tokugawa period records for 128 daimyo houses and study of the movement of 3023 persons revealing house-branching practices, the author traces in detail the cases of the Kikuchi and Makihara houses of Iwate ken and analyzes as a whole the practices of the individual households in Komaba buraku, Akita ken. There is an English abstract on pp.1-2. 11.081. Tamaki Hajime 3 ^, "Dozoku, shinzoku, oyobi kazoku no kankei }d, i' ISA (Relations among dozoku, affinals and the family)." in Nihon Hoshakaigakkai E'a k k at i 1 @ (Japanese Society of Legal Sociology) (ed.), Kazoku seido no kenkyu (ge) riron to jissai 4 A1 J,\ 0f^ K tA >k L X - o7f (A study of the family system, Vol.2: theory and practice). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1957, pp.23-42. A theoretical analysis of dozoku, affinalsand the family with special reference to the difference and overlap of relationships comprised in each of them. Tomeoka Kiyo, Fuse Tetsuji, and Suzuki Shuichi, "Nogyo no kindaika to nomin no seisan iyoku: nogyo mikyodoka gurupu to kyodoka gurupu no hikaku kenkyu" (Modernization in agriculture and the farmer's will to produce: a comparative study of collectivized and non-collectivized groups). See Entry 12.075.

Page  111 KIN AND NON-KIN GROUPS AND RELATIONSHIPS 111 11.082. Tsukamoto Tetsundo n ' J /, "Dozoku soshiki no ichi kosatsu I1 *}- ' ef Z (A study of dozoku organization." SKGHR, vol.2, no.1 (whole no.5), 1951, pp.136-163. A precise analysis of the dozoku system in Tofukuji buraku, Komagata mura, Okachi gun, Akita prefecture. 11.083. Ushijima Morimitsu: ~ j- f, "Sue mura no katari: sono shakaiteki kino to hen'yo katei Al 4. r,) [tv') /ipJt3; ra Kt (Katari in Sue village: its social function and process of change)." MZGKK, vol.26, no.3, 1962, pp.14-22. Report of field work continued since 1951 in Sue village, Kumamoto prefecture, on labor exchange (called katari in this area) in agriculture. Builds on initial research (1937-1938) by John Embree. Studies social structure in each of the four communities of the village and analyzes the relationship between standard of living and labor exchange. An English summary is appended. Yamamoto Noboru and Nakagawa Kiyoko, "Chichi bunkesei ni kansuru ichi kosatsu: Wakayama ken Higashi Muro gun Hongu cho (Yo mura) Watarase no baai" (The chichi bunke system: Watarase, Wakayama prefecture). See Entry 10.155. Yanagida Kunio, "Senzo no hanashi" (Stories of the ancestors). See Entry 22.025. 11.084. Yonebayashi Tomio - f % \, "Bekke ni tsuite: giseiteki ketto kankei no ichi kosatsu $5JXtlK Iti' 9tt'2i d SX S ^-^ (The bekke: thoughts on fictive kin relationships)." in Nihon Shakai Gakkai, nempo shakaigaku, 4: toshi to noson ' z 4 t ' )~ f t J44 (Japan Sociological Society, sociology annual, no.4: city and village). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1936, pp.278-280. Using examples from Osaka commercial houses, examines non-related bunke, i.e., bekke. Relates the career of a servant from the time he becomes a resident worker (apprentice) until he achieves his own branch house, and explores the later relationship between the main house and such non-kin branch houses. C. OTHER The associations and groups treated in works listed here have been grossly under-studied, considering their pervasiveness in traditional and transitional chases of modernizing society. They are quite diverse in size and function, but tend to echo each other in structure. In some instances, members associate in approximate equality: examples of equal-level associations are kU, or religious collectivities (see Entries 11.103-4 by Takeuchi, or Entry 11.111 by Yoneji), and some occupational groups (see Entry 11.097 by Kon'no). The majority, however, are of hierarchical structure. Beyond this, almost all share the assumption of long term or lifetime commitment to membership, although members become such by voluntarily joining the group rather than having their membership automatically ascribed (as in the age-groups and kin-groups dealt with in previous sections), Long term membership means that to belong to any such association is a serious undertaking. Yet so frequent are these relationships that no Japanese escapes having to deal with them or take them into account even if he happens not to become a member of any. Hence it can be said that the relative scarcity of studies by Japanese scholars is evidence of imbalance in sociological research, and interested students will find a multitude of opportunities for further investigation. Characteristic in traditional social settings are relationships between landlord and tenant, apprenticeship, labor exchange groups, and shareholding collectivities among fellow-villagers (e.g., Entries 11.085, 11.087, 11.088, 11.095). The ceremonial ko and occupational associations referred to above also are, in the main, traditional. The patron-proteg4 (oyabun-kobun, equally well translated master-servant, etc.) bond is analyzed in traditional setting, but also in settings involving transition to more modern social networks of wider scope (.e.g., compare Ariga, Hattori, Shimazaki, or Takeuchi, Entries 11.089, 11.090-93, 11.100, or 11.105 with Ariga or Fujimoto, Entries 11.086 or 11.089). As a special example, the iemoto system is studied by Nishiyama and Kawashima (Entries 11.095 and 11.099) and others. A brief paper by Toda (Entry 11.106) on business cliques exemplifies group attachments typical in corporations of relatively modern character. 11.085. Ariga Kizaemon ) X g, "Nago no fueki: kosaku ryo no gengi >a S;) i K A\ k,)T%- (Corvee from tenants: the original meaning of farm rent)." Shakai keizai shigaku 4f 4g - (Social and economic history), 1934, Part 1, vol.3, no.7, pp.25-69; Part II vol.3, no.l, pp.1-44. Theory of the dozoku from a very early period in the author's study of village society, less fully developed here than in the author's later publications on the subject. Begins with an analysis of the nago, tenant farmers who are totally dependent on a landlord, proceeds to a discussion of the gross familie which has separate residences and is not based on kinship (later he calls this dozokudan), and then examines in detail the relationship between landlord and nago in daily life. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nara jidai no koseki to keicho" (Civil registration in the Nara period). See Entry 7.001.

Page  112 112 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Ariga Kizaemon, "Nihon shakai kozo ni okeru kaisosei no mondai" (CThe problem of hierarchy in the structure of Japanese society). See Entry 15.001. 11.086. Ariga Kizaemon T, "Oyabun-kobun ij a V ( Patron-client)." in Kozo gendai rinri B,/& 3By- ( Symposi-um on contemporary ethics), vol.6. Tokyo, Chikuma Shobo, 1958, pp.181-189. Examines Osaka's street traders' groups and labor organizations of modern owner-farmers as examples of patron-client relationships. Shows how these relationships develop in societies lacking outside mechanisms of security for the individual or family so that groups are formed in which the powerless follow the powerful, giving service and receiving patronage. Denies that these ties are "feudal," pointing out that aslong as the stipulated, basic social conditions endure, patron-client relationships continue and yet show change in their form, and that such conditions and forms need have no connection with feudalism proper. Ariga Kizaemon, Sonraku seikatsu: mura no seikatsu soshiki (Village life: village organizations for daily life). See Entry 12.009. Ariga Kizaemon, "Toshi shakaigaku no kadai" (Themes for urban sociology). See Entry 14.001. 11.087. Ariga Kizaemon,, - - kST, "Yui no imi to sono henka -. i) e t a ff ) 9 tj- ([The meaning of yui and its changes)." MZGKK, vol.21, no.4, December 1957, pp.1-8. Reprinted in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.5. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1967. An excellent and annotated paper that pinpoints two types of cooperation: landlord-centered cooperation and mutual aid. It discusses a shift from the first to the second as an epiphenomenon of changes in the way of farming. One of the postwar masterpieces of an outstanding sociologist noted for sparkling originality. 11.088. Chiba Masashi 4- ~ jT -, "Sonraku 'keiyaku' no igi to kannen ji 'r,j' J )%& (The concept and significance of village compacts)." HSKG, no.4, 1953, pp.154-166. Examines the social significance of the village compact, using materials from a field study presented in the author's "Sonraku seikatsu ni okeru 'keiyaku' ni tsuite: Miyagi ken, Nenoshiroishi son no baai M 4 - l- - r<tI i/ Y PA O 7ttA) A, An' (The compact in village life: Nenoshiroishi village, Miyagi prefecture)." Horitsu jiho AI f g #p (Law review), vol.23, nos.6-7, 1951. 11.089. Fujimoto Takeshi f ) As, "Kumigashira oyakata seido no honshitsu: hi kindaiteki koyo keitai no ichi bunseki S g X 9J A, f B)y ~ 4 O - Vt,, (The nature of the kumigashira and oyakata systems: an analysis of non-modern employment forms)." SKGHR, no.8, 1952, pp. 155-173. Examines the labor boss system active in those economic sectors where employment is insecure, such as heavy construction, longshoring, and forestry, so that workers must involve themselves in semi-feudal ties with labor bosses. Goto Kazuo and Kamiya Chikara, "Kyuyosha domeikai no seiritsu to sono joken" (The formation of wage earners' unions and their conditions). See Entry 18.024. 11.090. Hattori Harunori 1 Ai, l,], "Sanrin shoyu to oyabun kobun kankei A 2p f A L ~f - n _, 4A- (Ownership of forest land and patron-client relations)." Yamanashi Daigaku Gakugei Gakubu kenkyu hokoku _ 0_ )'% '- ~ 1 (Yamanashi University Arts and Science Faculty research reports), no.4, 1953, pp.109-136. Deals with patron-client type relations and their basis in the ownership of forest land in the village of Tomisato, Yamanashi prefecture. 11.091. Hattori Harunori W. A \' J], "Yamanashi ken ichi sanson ni okeru oyabun so no kotai Ad J~;tX 1, 0 l F Aft // By <) 4_du (Transfer among the oyabun stratum in a mountain village of Yamanashi prefecture)." Yamanashi Daigaku Gakugei Gakubu kenkyu hokoku j Ad K T T T f ) 7 qR (Yamanashi University Arts and Science Faculty research reports), no.5, 1954, pp.63-74. This second part of a two-part series appears in the same journal before the first part (ibid., no.6, pp. 57-66). It traces changes in patron-client relations in a mountain village from the last years of the Tokugawa period to the present day, analyzing the decay of patron families and the rise to patronship on the part of prot4eg families. 11.092. Hattori Harunori * v { \1], Yamanashi ken ni okeru oyabun-kobun kankei no shomondai F1 - ~- A. j f g) o P l p S X (Problems in patron-client relations in Yamanashi prefecture). in Yamanashi Daigaku Gakugei Gakubu kenkyu h5koku a t t t (-Yamanashi University Faculty of Liberal Arts research reports), nos.10-13, 1959-1962; no.10, pp.65-74; no.11, pp. 75-97; no.12, pp.65-74; no.13, pp.51-64. Synthesizes findings on various types of patron-client relations in Yamanashi prefecture, a long-standing concern of. this author. In three sections he takes up major categories: ties derived from military organization under the ryoshu (Takeda) of the pre-Tokugawa era; ties based on main and branch house connections in villages founded in the Tokugawa era; and an Ogaito type and a Kamiyushima type delineated by the author's field work. In the fourth section, he considers how typologies of village structure may be used to study patron-client relations.

Page  113 KIN AND NON-KIN GROUPS AND RELATIONSHIPS 113 11.093. Hattori Harunori )Rj I \t Js'J, "Yamanashi kenka ni okeru oyabun-kobun kankei no ichi ruikei: Yakebata k3saku ni izon suru hekichi sanson no ichi jirei l # 1 A'/ )(i9 1V 4<V t $i J1 It El4 0) - h 31] (A type of patron-client relationship in Yamanashi prefecture: an example in burnt field agriculture in a remote mountain village).U' Yamanashi Daigaku Gakugei Gakubu kenkyu hokoku A I t a: 1i 7f X * t (Yamanashi University Arts and Science Faculty research reports), no.3, 1952, pp.38-58. Report from Nishiyama village, Yamanashi prefecture. 11.094. Isoda Susumu ^ S, "Noson ni okeru giseiteki oyako kankei ni tsuite: toku ni sonraku kozo to no kanren ni oite - 4 19 * 1 WX I83 t+ > J - ^? e 1 41 If I N -^ 7 I JT (Fictive parent-child relations in the agricultural village: especially in relation to village structure)." Tokyo Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho A J 4-A; ),t ' / j a f (Tokyo Social Science Research Institute) (ed.), Shakai kagaku kenkyu A_ 4, f 8 (_S Cocial science research), vol.5, no.3, 1954, pp.37-59; no.4, 1954, pp.33-51; vol.6, no.1, 1955, pp.73-93. Based on a 1949 study in Tsugayuki village, Shimane prefecture, plus other materials published to that time. Analyzes the meaning and the function of the fictive parent-child relationship, frequently seen in Japanese agricultural and fishing villages, which are completely different from parent-child relations recognized in civil law. Iwai Hiroaki, Byori shudan no kozo: oyabun-kobun shudan kenkyu (The structure of pathological groups: research in oyabun-kobun groups). See Entry 26.005. Kan'no Tadashi, "Nosei no shinto to sonraku taisei: Iwate sanroku chitai Nishine mura Dendo, Nakamura" (-The penetration of farm policy and its effects on village organization in two foothill buraku of the Iwate range). See Entry 18.028. Katsumata Takeshi, "Kyo do nojo no seiritsu katei: Shizuoka ken Hanbara cho Nita" (The formation of a co-operative farm: Nita, Hanbara cho, Shizuoka prefecture). See Entry 18.029. 11.095. Kawashima Takeyoshi 21 $ ~ A, "Iemoto seido * ' - '9J (_Iemoto institution)." in Ideorogii to shite no Kazoku seido (4 " t U [- 9 L- ^flJ J, (The institution of family as ideology)." Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1957, pp.321-369. A far-reaching legal-sociological analysis of the iemoto (mnaster-craftsman) institution in Japanese schools of dancing. One of the basic publications in a study of the iemoto institution, i.e., a system of adoption or assumed kinship to a master to keep and transmit traditional arts or skills of Japan. Includes an interesting discussion of the concepts of on and giri stimulated by Benedict's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Kitano Seiichi, "Dozoku soshiki to oyakata-kokata kanko shiryo" (-Source materials on the organization of the ie federations and oyabun-kobun customs of Kai province [Yamanashi prefecture]." See Entry 11.035. Kitano Seiichi, "Koshu sanson no dozoku soshiki to oyabun-kobun kanko" (Ie federations and ritual parenthood customs in a mountain village in Kai province [Yamanashi prefecture]." See Entry 11.038. 11.096. Kitano Seiichi "7 f, "Oyabun-kobun /% Ada (Patron-client)." in Omachi Tokuzo Jkd la ~, _, et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei W 4 X 1/ ' Actr ([Outline of Japanese folklore studies), vol.4: Shakai to minzoku A-J ~ - /~ (Society and folk), vol.2. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, pp.35-62. A recent article by the foremost authority (since 1940) on patron-client relationships in Japan. Most of the material for this article comes from Yamanashi prefecture. Kitano Seiichi, "Tsushima sonraku shakai kozo no shomondai" (Problems of social structure in Tsushima villages). See Entry 12.059. 11.097. Kon'no Ensuke j^ - Af, "Shokugyo shudan ( 'j JI (Occupational groups) II." in Omachi Tokuzo \iy tg, et at. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei g j ^j x (-Outline of Japanese folklore studies), vol.3: Shakai to minzoku t A ^ )^,- (Society and folklore), vol.1. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.335-342. Deals with occupational groups which have a religious coloration such as groups of mediums, blind female street singers, and blind masseurs. Matsushima Shizuo, "Kozan ni mirareru oyabun-kobun shudan no tokushitsu" (Characteristics of the patron-client system among mine workers). See Entry 17.045. 11.098. Miura Hiroyuki -. ' ] 4, "Goningumi seido no kigen J', } I'J A j?. (-Origin of the five-family group)." in Miura Hiroyuki H ' ), Hoseishi no kenkyu o 'l\ ) <) - (aStudies of the history of laws), vol.2. Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1944, pp.3-54. An article first published in 1898 on the history of the five-family group in Japan. The group was modelled after the five-family group system in Clina, but utilized the neighborhood system of Japanese villages.

Page  114 114 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY This paper considers the gradual development of the system from the Nara period form to the Tokugawa period form. The Tokugawa form was given an important administrative role. Miyamoto Mataji, "Nihon girudo no kaiho: Meiji ishin to kabunakama" CEmancipation of Japanese guilds: the Meiji Restoration and kabunakama). See Entry 9.028. Naito Kanji and Gamo Masao, "Kikai jima Gusaku, Takigawa buraku" (Gusaku and Takigawa, two burakuon Kikai Island). See Entry 12.066. Nakamura Masao, "Tsushima sonraku ni okeru dozoku, oyakata-kokata kankei no ichi shiryo" CMaterial on oyabunkobun and dozoku relationships in villages in Tsushima). See Entry 9.024. Nakano Takashi, "Gyogyo rengo no kyodo keiei to gyomin soshiki" (Joint management of fisheries leagues and organization of fishermen). See Entry 13.020. Nakano Takashi, "Notobe no kigyo: sono shakai kozo" (The industry of Notobe: its social structure). See Entry 17.019. Nakano Takashi, "Shakaigaku ni okeru ie no kenkyu: Ariga Hakushi no gyoseki o chushin to shite" (Sociological research on the ie in terms of Professor Ariga's findings). See Entry 10.051. Nishikawa Zensuke, "Kinsei ni okeru mura no kozo to iriaichi no hensen: sonsoyusetsu no hihan" (Village structure in the Tokugawa period and changes in rights to commonland: critique of the theory of communal village ownership). See Entry 12.047. 11.099. Nishiyama Matsunosuke I iL) I[ 2L i~, Iemoto no kenkyu 3 L~ 92f 9 CStudy of the housemaster). Tokyo, Azekura Shobo, 1959, 629pp. The broadest study of the iemoto (formalized teacher-disciple) system, limited mainly to the Tokugawa period. The first half looks into the origins, character, forms, and early history; the latter half traces the rise and historical changes in iemoto system in such traditional activities as court music (gagaku), the martial arts, tea ceremony, incense-sniffing, and Japanese art music. Noshomusho, Tomoko domei ni kansuru chosa (Survey of the tomoko league). See Entry 17.053. Odahashi Sadaju, "Totei seido ni tsuite" (On the apprentice system). See Entry 17.056. Odaka Kunio, "Shokugyo to shakai shudan: Izumo chiho no tetsuzan ni okeru seikatsu kyodotai ni tsuite" (Occupation and the social group: on the livelihood-community of ironsmiths in Izumo district). See Entry 17.025. Ohashi Kaoru, "Toshi no kinrin kankei to kinrin shudan no kosatsu" (A study of neighboring and the neighborhood group in urban society). See Entry 14.067. Okuda Michihiro, "Toshi jichi soshiki o meguru mondai: gyosei soshiki to no kanren ni oite" (Problems concerning local administration in cities, in connection with administrative organization). See Entry 19.021. Okuno Hikorokuro, "Minami shima no kon'in to shudan" (Marriage and group in the southern islands). See Entry 10.112. Otake Hideo, Hoken shakai no nomin kazoku: Edoki nomin kazoku no rekishiteki ichizuke (-The peasant family in feudal society: determining the historical place of the Tokugawa period peasant family). See Entry 12.051. Saito Yoshio, "Ringo no shukka kyodo to kyodo keikei: Tsugaru ringo saibai chitai Hirosaki shi Nowatari" (Cooperative shipping and cooperative growing of apples in the Tsugaru straits area buraku of Nowatari near Hirosaki). See Entry 18.039. Sasaki Tetsuo, "Nogyo kyodo kumiai to sonraku taisei: Fukushima ken Yama gun Inawashiro cho Nagase" (Agricultural cooperatives and village organization: Nagase, Inawashiro cho, Yama gun, Fukushima prefecture). See Entry 18.040. Seikatsu Kagaku Chosakai, "ChSnaikai burakukai" (Ward and hamlet residents' associations). See Entry 14.047. 11.100. Shimazaki Minoru $ L 5/, "Geino shakai to iemoto seido: ryuha ni okeru shitei ketsugo no tokushitsu ~/ 4t 1- A o<1 i - < ~ $. ~ 4t (A study of classical arts and the iemoto: features of the teacher-disciple tie in the Kanze school)." SKGHR, vol.3, no.4 (whole no.12), 1953, pp.131-156; vol.4, no.1,2 (whole no.13, 14), 1954, pp.101-134. Analysis of a special union of families (iemoto) among whose members are persons with master rank in the Kanze school of the No drama. 11.101. Suzuki Eitaro /~ _ fi, "Noka shokumiai ni tsuite JH-Ai/,' ].I ~,T (Small cooperative farm groups)." Nempo Shakaigaku, ti/,4 t (Sociology annual), vol.4: Toshi to noson f i

Page  115 KIN AND NON-KIN GROUPS AND RELATIONSHIPS 115 -t ). 4 (City and village). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1936, pp.321-324. Sees sericulture co-ops, poultry-raising co-ops, etc., as based on the "natural village" and giving rise to neighborhood mutual aid activities. However, instead of merely reinforcing mutual aid, these co-ops have also produced individualistic, rationalistic and liberal attitudes, changing the structure of the "natural village." Tahara Otoyori, "Seisan kumiai oyobi eino kenkyukai to sonraku taisei: Yamagata ken Nishimurayama gun Takaku keiei nogyo chitai Asahi machi Otani" (Producers cooperatives, farm management research associationsand village organizations in a diversified crop area in Yamagata prefecture). See Entry 12.091. 11.102. Takakura Mataji ~ ~, "Kado no kozo ni tsuite no ichi kosatsu: Satsuma han, Nisshu Morokata Gori Uranona mura no baai -) 4 1 - - ) - f 9 X i i X d)'ll S - %j Z'49 ~ ~ (Eng. title: A study of the structure of "Kado")o SKGHR, vol.8, no.l (whole no.29), 1957, pp.79-82. English summary. A study of the smallest unit used for land-allotment, cultivation,and tax payment, and at the lowest level of political control in Satsuma fief during the Tokugawa period, based on the temple register for Uranona — at present a hamlet (Oaza) in Miyazaki ken. Takeda Ryozo, et al., "Orimono no machi Notobe: sono shakai kozo" (Notobe, a weaver's town: its social structure). See Entry 14.047. Takeuchi Toshimi, Chusei matsu ni okeru sonraku no keisei to sono tenkai: sanshin kokkyo no sonraku mure ni tsuite (The formation and development of villages at the end of the Middle Ages: with reference to a group of villages on the border between Mikawa and Shinano domains). See Entry 12.052. Takeuchi Toshimi, "Hokonin, yatoinin, totei" (Servant, employee, apprentice). See Entry 17.079. 11.103. Takeuchi Toshimi T 1 41], "Koshudan no soshiki keitai: Matsumoto Taira no Koshinko ni tsuite ~-* I' 0 ),- 3$it A -. 1V, T" (Patterns of organization of believers groups: Matsumoto Taira Koshin believers groups)." MZGKK, vol.8, no.3, 1943, pp.34-84. Based on a survey of 977 Koshin believers groups in Higashi Chikuma gun, Nagano prefecture. Analyzes their distribution, period of founding, models of structure and membership, and patterns of organization. Special attention is given to the relationship between patterns of organization and community social structure, on the premise that it is community society which gives content to these groups. 11.104. Takeuchi Toshimi 1T7J 1, IJ,, ', "Kumi to ko ig r W (Kumi and ko: two traditional forms of organization in Japanese villages)." Nishioka Toranosuke jj3 / _, ], et al. (eds.), KKK, vol.2: Sonraku J. 1 (Village), 1957, pp.235-256. Though offering no general definition of either sort of basic village social grouping, the author uses a multitude of examples to illustrate a classification of kumi and ko by form and function, He touches on how kumi and ko develop, recognizes religious, economic, and social versions of koand discusses the interrelation of the two in village life. 11.105. Takeuchi Toshimi /- 1^ iJe n, "Sanson ni okeru hokonin: Nagano ken, Kami ina Kitabe chiho, Kamiminochi gun Nishiyamabe chiho no jirei ce t 4 1 - nn1 y a i J * t a i" Jr at J4e- l <y 1 1 j'r1 L tt4 9c ^}} (Farm laborers in mountain villages: examples from around Kitabe district of Kami ina, and Shisambe district of Kamiminochi gun in Nagano prefecture)." Shakai keizai shigaku gf~y" if g ^f (Socio-economic history), vol.4, no.5, August, 1934, pp.79-102. A study of agricultural laborers in villages in Nagano prefecture where farms are relatively small, going back to the first years of the Meiji era. The author divides employment relations into those based on (l) oyakata-kokata (patron-client) relations, (2) purely economic relations, and (3) special occupations, and gives examples. See also the same author's more recent "Hokonin, yatoinin, tedai" (Servant, employee, clerk),"1959, listed in Section 17. Takeuchi Toshimi, "Shokugyo shudan I" (Occupational groups). See Entry 5.026. Tanaka Mikio and Takeuchi Toshimi, "Shinseikatsu undo to sonraku taisei: Sendai shi kinto Natori shi Tago" (The effect of the New Livelihood Movement on village organization: Tago buraku, on the outskirts of Sendai). See Entry 18. 044. 11.106. Toda Teizo / ~1 j,, "Batsu no shakaiteki seishitsu At 0A -/ I1 '4 4 (Social characteristics of the clique)." SKGZ, no.40, 1927, pp.1-21. Stresses the function of the clique in protecting its members against outsiders. 11.107. Tsukamoto Tetsundo + 4 t /k, "Suiden tansaku chitai noson ni okeru shinshudan no tenkai: Yamagata ken Sakata shi, Kita Hirata chiku }W /J { )~ A; 1l ' - +T o3l 7 j'. ~ U{1 MlWi F(The development of new groups in a one-crop paddy area: Kita Hirata in Sakata city, Yamagata prefecture)." in Takeuchi Toshimi Al ] \ ~ (ed.), Tohoku noson no shakai hendo: shinshudan

Page  116 116 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY no seisei to sonraku taisei JfL 4 ja ~ t ^4^ l ( Social change in T5hoku farming villages: the formation of new groups and village structure). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, pp.281-337. An analysis of the relationship between the direction taken by new social groups working on improvements in agricultural techniques and farm management, the formation of youth groups, etc., on the one hand, and changes in village structure resulting from land reform on the other hand. Studies the Kita Hirata area in Sakata city, Yamagata prefecture, a typical single-cropping area in the center of the Shonai Plain in the Tohoku district. Tsukamoto Tetsundo, et al., "Kino shudan no tenkai to sonraku kozo" (-Functional groups and community structure). See Entry 18.046. Tsushima Sadao, et al., "Toshi shudan jutakuchi ni okeru kinrin kankei" (Neighbor relations in urban project housing areas). See Entry 14.079. 11.108. Ushijima Morimitsu 'f ~ g i5, "Sue mura no nushidori to kogumi: hen'yo katei no naka de hatasu shakaiteki yakuwari / ) t ^. 'I $~[ t'% 2 X / ^7 (-Eng. title: Nushidori and Ko in Suye mura: their social role in the process of change). SKGHR, vol.13, no.3 (whole no.51), 1962, pp.64-86. Partial results of surveys conducted since 1951 in Sue, Kuma gun, Kumamoto prefecture (.studied by John Embree in 1935), on social structure and culture and persona] ity. Includes (1) recordscontrasting the traditional and informal nushidori with the formal, administri-; ve head man and showing transition to the latter role; (2) varieties and characteristics of the kogumi, ti'e informal social association and its changes; (3) inter-buraku variation with respect to the above matters. Wakamori Taro, "Shinko shudan" (Believers' groups). See Entry 22.050. 11.109. Yamaguchi Asataro ' v JB. -, "Oya no shakaisei ni tsukite t ( fL -J s j t J TThe social characteristics of parenthood)." in Origuchi Nobuo ft A ( ed.), Nihon mirzokugaku no tame ni 13 + fN V e6) 1 F 1 (For Japanese folklore), vol.2. Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1947, pp.71-112. Lists the various types of ritual parent-child relationships, dealing in detail with the ritual parents at the time of a child's birth. 11.110. Yanagida Kunio 4( J1 i p, "Oyabun-kobun 8: /j (Ritual parent-child relationship)." in Hozumi Shigeto Aft AI i j and Nakagawa Zennosuke ~ v' L >J (eds.), Kazoku seido zenshu: shiron hen III: oyako }; y F j t (Series on the family system: historical part iii: parent and child). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1937, pp.89-124. Proposes the hypothesis that the fictive parent-child relation originated out of master-subordinate systems in cooperative work. Yanagida Kunio, Zokusei goi (Vocabulary of the family system). See Entry 2.043. Yokoyama Sadao, "Waga kuni shogyo shakai no kozo to sono hokensei" (Japanese merchant society: its structure and feudalistic character). See Entry 8.023. 11.111. Yoneji Minoru, t!, "Sonraku ni okeru ko to ie rengo: Nagano ken Suwa shi Konan Minamimajino l i>; -f a tffi 44i W4 > f J (Ko groups and ie federations in villages: Minamimajino, Suwa city, Nagano prefecture)." Keio Gijuku Daigaku Daigakuin Shakaigaku Kenkyuka k +y t 0 t~ I 7t t4t t t (Keio University Graduate Sociology Course bulletin), no.2, 1963, pp.29-37. A study which analyzes the organization and functions of ko associations to understand federations of ie. Mainly a theoretical discussion, but examples for Minamimajino are discussed in the latter half of the work. A project of the Keio University village study group.

Rural Communities

pp. 117-134

Page  117 CHAPTER XII RURAL COMMUNITIES Village study has long had an important role in Japanese sociology, both for accumulation of empirical data and also for its stimulation of theory. A high proportion of original sociological theorybuilding in Japan rests on data from village study, for it is in rural communities that researchers have had to cope with distinctive institutions and practices that are not readily interpreted through theory imported from the West. Consequently, in forging ahead in the search for satisfactory general interpretations, the "fieldwork sociologists" have accumulated a substantial amount of middle level theory. While in selecting items for this chapter we have sought, first, works that give accurate and careful presentation of data, many items also more or less explicitly set foth a theoretical position. Alternatively, they stress a particular phenomenon or problem; in this case, our practice has been to enter the work elsewhere in this Guide, when possible, introducing it here as a cross-reference citation. To make note of the tendency of these village studies to be centered around a particular problem is tantamount to observing that very little Japanese village research meets the major expectations of "community studies" as the latter have developed in social science research on our side of the world. For one thing, few attempt to set forth a balanced description of all major facets of community life. Even more conspicuous is the usual absence of concern with relationships outside the boundaries of the village; where such concern does appear, it is apt to deal with external administrative control over village affairs. Using other terminology, we may say that Japanese village studies characteristically deal intensively with several aspects but not all of the internal social system, and only incidentally and fragmentally examine the external systems that, in actuality, are important to the village in its ecological setting. A. GENERAL Suzuki Eitaro's early studies focused on identifying the village as a social entity; he made the point that the individual buraku (hamlet) is often a more genuine social unit than the larger mura (village) formed for administrative convenience. He called this natural social unit the "natural village (shizenson)." Applying concepts of Americans (Galpin, Sorokin) and other sociologists, he viewed such hamlets as "cumulative villages," structurally defined by the piling up of organizations for various functions all having approximately co-terminous boundaries. Influenced by specialists on the family, he was apt to identify the "natural village" in terms of kin-linked collectivities in some of his works. Oikawa and other scholars, each along his own line of special interest, took a similar position, each one seeing the village in terms of his favorite organization (a shrine group, an irrigation sodality, a share-holder association, etc.) These analyses of internal organization, unfortunately, seldom considered the relative weight of each organization in the community as a whole, nor did they follow out external political, economic, social, and religious linkages. A more functional approach was needed. Ariga (Item 12.001, and elsewhere) thus took a long step ahead by taking up the problem of land use; this led him first to economic and then on to other organizations, each weighted in respect to the central problem. The approach also required him to take account of critical influences from beyond hamlet boundaries. This functional stress gave his work a special strength among Japanese sociological case studies and community theory. Most studies cited here are one-man investigations; a few are the products of team research (e.g., Items 12.010, 12.017-024 and 12.036, or 12.032). Over the years since team research began (generally, since World War II), skill in integrating the contributions of the several participants has increased, but a majority of joint-authored works have a low degree of integration. 12.001. Ariga Kizaemon 7, Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu A X A: - q ' X-C (The collected works of Ariga Kizaemon). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1966 —, 10 volumes + supplement. Assembles the many books and articles of this long-time distinguished leader of community field-studies. Each volume contains papers dealing with a common subject. Certain articles originally published in English are printed here from the Japanese manuscript. Other papers are expanded beyond their original form. The supplement assembles critiques and reviews of Ariga's works (see Nakano Takashi, et al. (eds.), Ariga Kizaemon kenkyu. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1968). 12.002. Ariga Kizaemon )4 a, Dozoku to sonraku i 4t c f Cle federations and village). in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu a A, c ^ t (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.10. Tokyo, Miraisha, in press. Comprises articles on: Dozoku to shinzoku (The ie federation and kin); Dozokudan to sono henka (The dozoku group and its changes); Sonraku no kannen ni tsuite (On the concept of the village); Sonraku kyodotai to ie (The village community and ie). These papers attempt to dispel the ambiguities and vagueness of the phrase originated by Suzuki Eitaro, "village collective groups (sonraku kyodotai)," by giving close examination of kinship groups sharing residence in a community. Takes up their structure, functions, and historical change, 117

Page  118 118 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY and analyzes their implications for the concept of the "natural village (shizenson)" (another phrase originated by Suzuki). 12.003. Ariga Kizaemon, $ ^-^-^m, Hoken isei to kindaika ^ ( J ti~l\P (Remnants of feudalism and modernization). in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu > ha, 3 (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.4. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1967. Comprises articles on: Hoken isei no bunseki (An analysis of feudal remnants); Hi kindaisei to hokensei (The non-modern system and the feudal system); Nihon n5son ni okeru hokensei (The feudal system in Japanese agricultural villages); Qyake to watakushi (Public and private); Nihon jukyo ni okeru bunka hen'yo (Cultural change in Japanese Confucianism); Kindaika to dento: Nihon ni kanren shite (Modernization and tradition: in respect to Japan); Benedikuto no giri-ron e no hihan (Critique of the giri theory of Benedict). The last three items are the Japanese drafts of articles written for publication in English. In these papers, the author attacks uncritical, blanket applications of the term "feudal," which he considers often to be confused with "folkish" and to be misapplied to post-feudal social forms. He traces change in village organization through several phases since the medieval (feudal) period, relying on empirical data; deals with normative systems of these phases; and examines other blanket terms such as "modernized." 12.004. Ariga Kizaemon 7J _ fWi TT, Ie to oyabun-kobun r- ~4 ~ (Household and patron-client), in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu, /-4 (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.9. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1969. Comprises articles on: Nihon no ie (The ie of Japan); Kazoku to ie (Family and the household); Ie seido to shakai fukushi (The ie system and social welfare); Meiji jidai noka katei seikatsu (Rural household life in the Meiji era); Ajia ni okeru kazoku soshiki no mondai (The problem of family structure in Asia); Shinzoku shoko no honshitsu ni kanren suru ichi kosatsu (A study of the nature of kinship terms); Oyabun-kobun (Patron and client). These papers develop the thesis thatthe ie is a socio-economic entity that need not be a kin group in the strict sense, hence it is not merely the Japanese "family." Goes into the use of kin terms and shows that, in origin, ostensible kin terms such as oya (parent) and ko (child) referred to economic management relations and so are consistent in their application to master-worker relations between non-kin. 12.005. Ariga Kizaemon ) I ~) 11, Kon'in, rodo, wakamono +t ~y ~~ (Marriage, labor, and youth). in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu g ~ t 21 3 (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.6. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1968. Comprises articles on: Wakamono nakama to kon'in (Youth organizations and marriage), and Yuino to rodo soshiki (Betrothal gifts and labor organization). In these papers, the author shows that traditional marriage and other social linkages are molded by the function requirements of organizing persons for productive labor. Ariga Kizaemon, Minzokugakiu, shakaigaku hohoron (Methodology in folklore and sociology). See Entry 4.002. 12.006. Ariga Kizaemon A X Al 'f7 Mura no seikatsu soshiki X ) 4E 4; H 4 (Patterns of life in the village). in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu;S O 4 ^$- (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol.5. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1968. Comprises five articles: Taue to seikatsu soshiki (Rice-transplantation and patterns of life); Irori zakko (Thoughts on the hearth); Fuko onshincho kara mita mura no seikatsu (Village life seen from fuko onshincho records); Mura no kiroku (Records of the village); and (as appendix) Yui no imi to sono henka (The meaning of yui and its changes). These papers examine various sorts of village organization predicated on mutual support and mutual dependency. Ariga Kizaemon, Senkyo no jittai (The present state of elections). See Entry 19.004. 12.007. Ariga Kizaemon Aif y; Tt, Shakaishi no shomondai AT JR /G29 1ft (11 CProblems of social history). in Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu A /~ X fc T J X (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), vol. 7. Tokyo, Miraisha, 1969. Comprises articles on: Nihon jodai no ie to sonraku (Ie and village of ancient Japan); Tsushima hokensei no shomondai (Problems of feudalism in Tsushima); Konoike ke no kaken (The house constitution of the Konoike family); Nihon ni okeru senzo no kannen: ie no keifu to ie no honmatsu no keifu to (The concept of ancestor in Japan: the lineage of the ie and the lineage of the main and branch houses of the ie). The focus of interest in these papers is on social filiation through genealogical descent as a means of insuring control of property and power. 12.008. Ariga Kizaemon 4 J,T1 et al., "Sonraku ni okeru ujigami saishi soshiki to seiji, keizai kozo to no kannen: Nagano ken Suwa shi Konan Minami Majino: chukan hokoku T ~ 1~ l - f ) ht ~ ~~~ A;, ~ ~ ~_~ L iX_ ~f l W - i (Eng. title: Local shrine organization and political economic structure of Minami Majino, Suwa shi, Nagano ken - an interim report)." Keio Gijuku Daigaku Daigakuin Shakaigaku Kenkyuka JA J: y. T g ~; Ti_ 7 (Keio University Graduate Department of Sociological Research) (ed.), Shakaigaku kenkyu kiyo: shakaigaku, shinrigaku, kyoBiugaku > f t (Bulletin of sociological research: sociology, psychology and education), no.l, 1962, pp.37-125. An interim report on surveys conducted in Minami Majino and surrounding area since 1958 by a survey group from Keio University. In this interim report, the various essays are not integrated, yet the aims and sense

Page  119 RURAL COMMUNITIES 119 of problem are clear. Ariga poses the problem in the opening essay: although the ancient connection between government and religion crumbled with the post-war reforms, is it still widespread in the basic social structure or not? The research tests whether social structure is mirrored in the system of beliefs and organization for the shrine festival in behalf of the tutelary deity. Village history as well as current organization is covered in the eleven essays. 12.009. Ariga Kizaemon, fl,, Sonraku seikatsu: mura no seikatsu soshiki j } - 4 H;i i g (Village life:' village organizations for daily life). Tokyo, Kunitachi Shoin, 1948, 360pp. Enlarged and revised edition of five essays on village organizations for daily life written between 1930 and 1938. Although theseessays reveal the progress of the author's theories up to the publication of his Nihon kazoku seido to kosaku seido (Japanese family system and tenant farming system) (Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1943), they have been extensively revised and thus reveal his theories in 1948 as well. Two essays show the linkage between organizations for agricultural ritual and those for daily life; one analyzes records of funeral offerings to learn the structure of relations among ie; one dwells on the organization of the household around the hearth; and one uses Kumagai family records from a village in Nagano prefecture to point out opportunities and pitfalls in the use of such records. Chiba Masashi, "Sonraku 'keiyaku' no igi to kannen" (The conept and significance of village compacts). See Entry 11.089. 12.010. Chugoku Chiiki Shakai Kenkyukai V )1 j..t: 7Xi %if CChugoku Community Research Association) (ed. ), One shima: seitai to kadai Ai,. r i (One Island: patterns and problems). Tokyo and Kyoto, Kanshoin, 1956, 402pp. Report on a joint survey of One, a small island epopulation in 1952 approximately 6000) in Nakaumi in Shimane prefecture, covering geology, historical sciences, sociology. Yamaoka Eiichi led the survey team. Part one covers environment, production (mainly silk, fishery, and a sort of carrot used pharmaceutically), folk customs, and social life. Part two analyzes village structure, especially the iriai (organization for use of common land) in the Tokugawa period and subsequent periods. Ema Mieko, Hida no onna tachi (Women of Hida province). See Entry 16.001. Fueto Toshio, "Nogyoson ni okeru kon'in mae no danjo kosai no kanshu: Yamaguchi kenka no kazoku seido no chosa yori" (Customs regarding premarital relations in farm and fishing villages: from field research on the family system in Yamaguchi prefecture). See Entry 10.091. Fukutake Tadashi, "Buraku no 'heiwa' to kaikyuteki kincho: ichi gyosei son ni okeru namin undo no sui'i" (Buraku 'peace' and class tension: the changing agrarian movement in an administrative village). See Entry 25.007. Fukutake Tadashi Ced.), Gappei choson no jittai (The condition of amalgamated villages). See Entry 19.007. 12.011. Fukutake Tadashi j Ad, Nihon no noson shakai ~ ~4 ) $ 4 4 jf 4 (Japanese rural society). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1953, 218pp. An excellent brief treatment of the subject by one of the leaders in community research and theory. 12.012. Fukutake Tadashi f \ ij, Nihon noson shakairon 40 A - t 4 (Theory of Japanese rural society). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1964, 256pp. A systematic introduction to Japanese rural society. Reviews generalized findings on ie and dozoku social structure, on community solidarity and stratification, and on self-government, in each case showing modern change set in the total picture of Japanese modernization. His survey is animated by his well-known critical viewpoint, expressed rather mildly here: that Japanese economic modernization has been fostered at the expense of agriculture and that the resulting constraints lie at the root of many of the distortions in Japanese rural society. Translated (by Ronald Dore) in English as Japanese Rural Society (Oxford, 1967). Fukutake Tadashi, "Sengo ni okeru nomin ishiki no hen'yo" (Changes in agrarian consciousness in the postwar period). See Entry 25.024. 12.013. Fukutake Tadashi, -4, et al., Sonraku kyodotai no kozo bunseki j. * A Y d 6 J ) D 0 - t'a r44 (Structural analysis of village collective groups). SSK Annual, no.3, 1956, 285pp. Essays all dealing with the issue of whether the concept of "collective groups," essentially Western and economic in origin, is a viable concept or can be resuscitated to apply to Japanese village structure. Authors include Japan's most notable contributors to this area of theory: Fukutake, Ariga, Takeuchi, Kitano, et al. Fukutake Tadashi and Tsukamoto Tetsundo, Nihon nomin no shakaiteki seikaku (The social characteristics of Japanese farmers). See Entry 25.008. Fuse Tetsuji, "Sonraku shakai kozo bunseki hoho ni tsuite no jakkan no kosatsu: Nihon shihonshugi taisei to sonraku shakai kozo no hen'yo keitai bunseki ni tsuite no shikiron" CA study of the analytical method on the social structure of Japanese villages). See Entry 4.011.

Page  120 120 JAPArJESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Goto Kazuo and Kamiya Chikara, "Wariyama seido no mura to nochi kaikaku" (Rural land reform in a village commuity with the Wariyama system). See Entry 18.025. Hara Hiroshi, "Kengyo noka no kazoku kozo: Kita Kyushu kinko noson no jirei kenkyu kara" (Family structure in part-time farming families: research in an agricultural village near Kita Kyushu City). See Entry 10.012. Hara Hiroshi, "Kinko noson ni okeru kengyo noka no tenkai: saikin no Kitakyushu no doko kara" (A report on the changing part-time farmers: through the cases in the suburbs of Yahata). See Entry 14.086. Hattori Harunori, "Honke-bunke, oyabun-kobun, oyobi shinrui maki: Kofu bonchi ni okeru ichi noson no baai" (Main house-branch house, patron-client, and kin collectivities: the case of a village in the Kofu basin). See Entry 11.029. Hattori Harunori, "Sanrin shoyu to oyabun-kobun kankei" (-Ownership of forest land and patron-client relations). See Entry 11.090. Hattori Harunori, "Yamanashi ken ichi sanson ni okeru oyabun-so no kotai" (_Transfer among the oyabun stratum in a mountain village of Yamanashi prefecture). See Entry 11.09L Hattori Harunori, "Yamanashi kenka ni okeru oyabun-kobun kankei no ichi ruikei: Yakebata kcsaku ni izon suru hekichi sanson no ichi jirei" (A type of patron-client relationship in Yamanashi prefecture: an example in burnt field agriculture in a remote mountain village). See Entry 11.0 3 Hayashi Shigeru, "Noka rodo ryoku no ryushutsu to kokeisha kakutei no keitai" (An observation of the out-flow patterns of farm labour force and the situation of maintenance of successors in farm households). See Entry 6.085. Hiraide Iseki Chosakai (ed.), Hiraide: Nagano ken Soga mura kodai shuraku iseki no sogoteki kenkyu (Hiraide: interdisciplinary study of the site of an ancient hamlet in Soga village, Nagano prefecture). See Entry 7.005. social structure in Hibiki Island village)." SKGHR, vol.13, no.4, 1963, pp.82-137. A report on six islands in the Hibiki-nada, a stretch of sea closed by north Kyushu and west Honshu, on which there have been settled communities since ancient times. Mutsurejima, administered under Shimonoseki, and Umajima and Ainoshima, administered underKitakyushu, were chosen for intensive study. The report deals with (1) historical development of the collective groups, (2) collective groups and the economic base of the community, (3) collective groups and kinship structures, and (4) the development of coastal cities and the collapse of collective groups. Ikeda Yoshinaga, "Dekasegi no igi narabini sono shakaigakuteki keiso: toku ni Hokkaido ni okeru jijitsu o shiryo to shite" (The meaning and sociological forms of working away from home: field data from Hokkaido). See Entry 17. 036. Ikeuchi Hajime, "Aru noson ni okeru masu komyunikeshon no jittai: Kanagawa ken, Naka gun Kaneda son ni okeru chosa no hokoku" (Mass communications in a rural community: a report on a survey in Kaneda village, Kanagawa prefecture). See Entry 23.004. Ikuta Kiyoshi, "Kyosanson ni okeru nochi kaikaku to nomin undo" (Farmers' movements and land reform in 'Communist village'). See Entry 20.062. Isoda Susumu, "Noson ni okeru giseiteki oyako kankei ni tsuite: toku ni sonraku kozo to no kanren ni oite" (Fictive parent-child relations in the agricultural village: especially in relation to village structure). See Entry 11.095. 12.015. Isoda Susumu. " ]~, "Sonraku kozo no futatsu no kata..~ ~ _ ) - - 7 < (Two forms of village structure)." HS'KG, no.1, 1951, pp.50-64. An attempt to set up types of Japanese village structure based on a number of field studies. Proposes (1) the hierarchical type based on the status of the ie and (2) the non-hierarchical type where there are no statuses attributed to the ie. Analyzes linguistic evidence, especially forms of address, and marriage relationships. Kakizaki Kyoichi, "Nomin seikatsu ni okeru 'chiiki'" (Locality in peasant life). See Entry 18.027. Kawagoe Junji, "Kaitakusha to sono kazoku: Atsumi hanto no baai" (-New settlers and their families in Atsumi Peninsula [Aichi prefecture]). See Entry 10.019. Kawagoe Junji, "Nomin no kachi kan" (The values of farmers). See Entry 25.032.

Page  121 RURAL COMMUNITIES 121 Kawamura Nozomu, "Kosaku sogiki ni okeru sonraku taisei" Village organization during the period of tenancy disputes). See Entry 20.063. Kawamura Nozomu and Hasumi Otohiko, "Kindai Nihon ni okeru sonraku kozo to tenkai katei: sonraku kozo ni kansuru 'ruikei' ron no saikento" (The development of village structure in modern Japan: a reexamination of typologies of village structure). See Entry 18.030. Kazoku to sonraku (Family and village). Toda Teizo and Suzuki Eitaro (eds.. See Entry 3.007. Kikuchi Toyosaburo, "Wagakuni no noson kyoiku no genjo" (The present state of rural education in Japan). See Entry 24.016. 12.016. Kinoshita Kenji )~ T A B,A "Sonraku kozo ron no kihonteki shiten 4.4 ~-i ' 4 ^Hj~ (Eng. title: A basic viewpoint of the theories on Japanese villages structure)." SKGHR, vol.12, no.3-4, 1962, pp.17-30. Classifies previous theories on village structure into (1) natural village theories, (2) dozoku theories, and (3) postwar theories; and maintains that these are all inadequate. As an alternative, views collective groups in terms of their economic significance, and sees the village as an agriculture-zone collective group, a group for collective living. Kitagawa Takayoshi, "Amami Oshima no sangyo kozo" (Industrial structure of the Amami Islands). See Entry 18.032. Kitagawa Takayoshi, "Taken buraku no shakai soshiki: keizai kozo to shakai shudan to no kanren" (-Social structure of Taken buraku: the connection of economic structure to social groups). See Entry 18.033. Kobayashi Shigeru, et al., "Kinko nogyo" (Agriculture in urban fringe areas). See Entry 14.087. Koike Motoyuki, "Iwayuru 'kodo seicho' to nogyo kozo" (The so-called 'high growth rate' and agricultural structure). See Entry 9.009. Koike Motoyuki, "Noson kajo jinko no sonzai keitai" (Forms of surplus population in the agricultural village). See Entry 6.096. Kondo Yasuo, "Nochi no yami baibai" (Black market trading in farmland). See Entry 18.035. Kurosaki Yasujiro, "Oyago to edago: tokuni Suwa Taisha no onto hoshi o chushin ni" (A stem hamlet and its branch hamlets: relationships viewed through the service pattern of the Suwa Grand Shrine). See Entry 22.035. 12.017. Kyugakkai Rengo At;L A_4 (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), "Amami Oshima (sono III) )SLi L tJ 'Si (The Amami Islands [no. III])." 1958 nendo Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: Jinrui kagaku if^ r 4X 1T 3L/- s a Junf?5T (1958 Council of Nine Learned Societies annual report: Anthropological sciences), no.11. Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1959, pp.61-146. An interim report on multidisciplinary field work, following two previous reports in nos.9-10 of this series. (The final report is Kyugakkai Rengo Amami Oshima Kyodo Chosa Iinkai [Council of Nine Learned Societies Amami Oshima Joint Research Committee] [eds.], Amami: shizen to bunka [Amami: nature and culture], Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai, 1959.) Nine papers in this interim report deal with geography, anthropometry, archaelogy, comparative dialect study, annual festivals, the noro priestesses, personality testing, social groups in their economic context, and kinship. Major papers are listed separately in this bibliography. 12.018. Kyugakkai Rengo J t /-/ (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), "Kyodo chosa: Amami Oshima (sono I) 4 JLJ f-A % J S (I I) (Joint survey: Amami O5hima, no. I)." in Jinrui kagaku IX: 1956 nendo Kyugakkai Rengo nempo IX v t L / - 6, L /A '4 L T (Anthropological science IX: 1956 yearbook of the Council of Nine Learned Societies). Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1957, pp.79-217. Reports of a joint study on Amami Oshima delivered at the 1956 meeting of the Council. Essays cover natural conditions and weather, geography, somatological study of residents, dialects, archaelogical survey, material culture, village structure, rice culture and related ceremonies, personality, and special studies of particular cultural traits. 12.019. Kyugakkai Rengo Yu, _ i-AX (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed. ), "Kyodo chosa: Noto ~ LT6 At ti~ (Joint survey: Noto)." in 1953 nendo Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: jinrui kagaku VI }^j3 $ Xt tf ' s A-X M VI (Council of Nine Learned Societies 1953 yearbook: anthropological science VI). Tokyo, Nakayama Shoten, 1954, pp.91-269. Part one of a report on a Joint study on Noto made in 1953. Includes twenty essays covering natural conditions, anthropometrical studies of residents, ancient mounds, ancient literature, problems in folklore, beliefs and legends, arts and crafts, language, personality, religion, fishing industry, social survivals, and studies of specific communities in N5to. 12.020. Kyugakkai Rengo tA t u ( Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed. ), "Kyodo chosa: Noto II Af t- I -] At ~S- (Joint survey: Noto III." 1954 nendo Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: Jinrui kagaku

Page  122 122 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY )? - 51 A UL ^T 1it/n JA' 4;1 IT (Council of Nine Learned Societies 1954 annual report: Anthropological sciences), no.7. Tokyo, Seibundo Shinkosha, 1955, pp.102-199. Carries the second half of reports on the Noto survey, the first half having appeared in the same series (no.6). Each paper is listed by author in this bibliography. Subjects include archeology, Shin sect proselytizing, dialects, agricultural ceremonies, the structure of agriculture, industry and fisheries, village organization, and personality. See entries by Ikegami, Komai, Toda, Shibata, Hori, Takeuchi (Tsuneyoshi and Toshimi), Nakano, Koyama, and Tsukishima. 12.021. Kyugakkai Rengo Amami Oshima Kyodo Chosa Iinkai (Council of Nine Learned Societies committee for the joint investigation of Amami Oshima) (ed.), Amami: shizen to bunka (Amami: nature and culture). Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai, 1959, 4 + 474pp. An excellent descriptive report of the large-scale interdisciplinary study of Amami Islands (1955-1957), the third such study in a series beginning with Tsushima and N5to. The intention in choosing Amami was to find clues to a deeper understanding of Japanese culture and its origin in the light of cultures in the island chain southwest of the main islands. Parts 2 and 3 present economic and sociological anal.ysis; part 4 offers comparative essays on Amami, Japan, and the south; separate listing is given to many of these articles. There are 16 pages of plates. A companion volume was also issued consisting of 770 photos: Amami: shizen to bunka: shashin hen (Amami: nature and culture: photo volume). Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai, 1959, 326pp. 12.022. Kyugakkai Rengo Noto Chosa Iinkai C(~ t + L- 4 11 (Council of Nine Learned Societies Noto Survey Committee) (eds.), Noto: shizen, bunka, shakai 4 - t j Ad,p (Noto: nature, culture and society). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1955, 510pp. A multi-faceted research report of a joint field study on the NMto Peninsula carried out through the Federation of Nine Learned Societies (sociology, folklore, religion, language, geography, psychology, anthropology, archaelogy) and ethnology). Primary emphasis is on description of various aspects of culture and ecology. 12.023. Kyugakkai Rengo Sado Chosa Iinkai k '4. /~_^ ~ + ~ (Council of Nine Learned Societies Sado Survey Committee) (ed.), Sado: shinzen, bunka, shakai A 1}.i/t v,)L, 4 (_Sado: nature, culture, society). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1964, 563pp. Overall report on Sado Island (fourth of the joint fieldwork projects sponsored by this Council), comprising one paper for each of the nine participating disciplines. Outlines of geography, history, and economic occupations are followed by papers on labor practices, fishery techniques, pasturage and fallowing practices, and brief accounts of village religion, folklore, sociology, and the island's geology. Papers of part 3 (Local Society) are listed individually in this bibliography. Appendices provide literature, a chronological table, and comment on the joint survey procedures. 12.024. Kyugakkai Rengo Tsushima Kyodo Chosa Iinkai } I _/i -j4,c/ k. ] 1 ]~ -] - X / (Council of Nine Learned Societies Tsushima Joint Survey Committee) (ed.), Tsushima no shizen to bunka t a) f By; j 0 (Tsushima: nature and culture). Tokyo, Kokon Shoin, 1954, 4 + 573pp. A multidisciplinary field study of the island of Tsushima, representing an initial effort of Japanese scholars in intensive joint research, 1950-1951. Articles present the findings of anthropology, linguistics, archaeology, science of religion, ethnology, folklore, sociology, psychology and geography. The papers are separate, disparate, and of uneven quality, but give. the first objective account of Tsushima, a defence zone since the thirteenth century between Japan and Korea. Two interim publications prior to this final report present segments of the data; Jimbun, no.1, 1951, and Kyugakkai rengo nempo: jinrui kagaku 4, 1952. Important contributions are listed separately by author in this bibiliography. 12.025. Matsubara Haruo -4I i t,, "Noson shakai no kozo %zg 49 LIJ 6 (The structure of farm village society)." in Koza shakaigaku Pr&/t (Series on sociology). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1957, pp.138-171. Many examples are used in a discussion of the village as a community, an economic unit, a political organization, and a social system. Matsubara Haruo, Hasumi Otohiko, "Sengo ni okeru seiji to sonraku" (-Postwar politics and the village). See Entry 18.036. Matsushima Shizuo and Nakano Takashi, Nihon shakai yoron (Essentials of Japanese society),. See Entry 5.015. Miyake Jun, et al., "Manomachi Yokkamachi ku no shukyo seikatsu" (The religious life in Yakkomachi ward in Manomachi). See Entry 22.037. 12.026. Miyamoto Tsuneichi ^^- B i, "Rinson g4-j. (Neighboring village)." in Omachi Tokuzo t y U i _ f et al. (eds. ), Nihon minzokugaku taikei 3: shakai to minzbku I p 4 %/ / 1f } 3x e f T /*A I (Outline of Japanese folklore studies, vol.3: society and folklore I). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.93-110.

Page  123 RURAL COMMUNITIES 123 Examines changes in relations among villages attributable to topography, circumstances of village formation, and economic contrasts such as fishing vs. farming as occupations; then examines folk customs regarding village alliances or oppositions. Morioka Kiyomi, "Hokkaido Shinozu heison no tenkai to sonraku kozo: saishi soshiki o chujiku to shite" (Colonial troops with special reoerence to religious organizations in the community life). See Entry 22.038. Morioka Kiyomi, et al., "Sonraku no shakai kozo: kenryoku kozo o chushin to shite" (Village social structure: with emphasis on structures of authority). See Entry 18.037. Nakada Kaoru, "Meiji shonen ni okeru mura no jinkaku" (The village as a legal entity in the narly Meiji period). See Entry 8.016. Nakajima Ryutaro, "Noka inko no haichi kisei" (Control over the distribution of agricultural population). See Entry 6.102. Nakajima ShLn'ya and Hata Jo, "Sanson kazoku to kachoteki shihai: Tottori ken Yoshizakura cho Moroka buraku chosa hokoku" (Mountain village families and patriarchal rule: a report of research in Moroka, Tottori prefecture). See Entry 10.044. Nakano Takashi, et al. (eds.),"Ariga Kizaemon kenkyu" (The research of Ariga Kizaemon). See Entry 4.024. Nakano Takashi, "'Chiiki' no mondai to shakaigaku no kadai" (The question of 'localities' and sociological themes). See Entry 4. 020. Nakano Takashi (ed.), Chiiki seikatsu no shakaigaku (Sociology of area life). See Entry 14.019. Namiki Masayoshi, "Sengo ni okeru noka no jinko ido: hoju mondai o chushin to shite" (Postwar movements in agricultural population: the problem of replacement). See Entry 6.110. Nishimura Koichi, "Noson kajo jinko keisei no genjo to ruikei" (Types of rural surplus population formation and their present state). See Entry 6.111. 12.027. Nishioka Toranosuke 1, ]j Z jf-, Oba Iwao JK.; J, Daido Tokihiko Yxc ~ ) and Ouchi Shinzo Aj\ V46, Si (eds.), Kyodo kenkyu koza g- (Local research symposium), 8 vols. Tokyo, Kadogawa Shoten; vol.1, (Climate), 1958, 282pp.; vol.2, (The village), 1957, 292pp.; vol.3, (The ie), 1958, 337PP.; vol.4, (Occupations), 1958, 328pp.; vol.5, (Social life), 1958, 331pp.; vol.6, (Culture), 1958, 327pp.; vol.7, (Research methods, I), 1957, 258pp.; vol.8, (Research methods, II), 1958, 277pp. Specialists in various fields point out important problems in the study of local rural society. In the field of social anthropology, the bibliographic materials are extremely valuable. Nojiri Shigeo, Nonin rison no jisshoteki kenkyu (Empirical study of the departure of farmers from rural areas). See Entry 6.112. Nojiri Shigeo (ed.), Nomin: sono seikaku to miraizo (Farmers: their character and image of the future). See Entry 25.044. Noson Hosei Kenkyukai, Norin suisan seido jiten (Dictionary of the agricultural, forestry, and fisheries system). See Entry 19.020. Noson Jinko Mondai Kenkyukai, Noson j inko mondai kenkyu (Studies in rural population problems). See Entry 6.117. 12.028. Ogawa Toru / )'1 /, "Mura no shoruikei 4] 5) % L _ (_Village types)." in Omachi Tokuzo JT k.rX, et al. Ceds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei 4 P> 4- 4 t) J\I~ ' (Outline of Japanese folklore studies), vol.3: Shakai to minzoku I j/ a l4. i (-Society and folklore I). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.77-92. Discusses features that have served as criteria for classifying types of villages: location and mode of production; physical layout; origin; and social structure. Explains each typology using many examples. 12.029. Oikawa Hiroshi P[_ ] '1, Dozoku soshiki to sonraku seikatsu } - 4 \ (Dozoku organization and village life). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1967, 278pp. A collection of seven major papers of Oikawa Hiroshi, a short biography, a bibliography of his works, and annotations by Kitano Seiichi. Four essays of principal importance are listed separately in this Guide. Oikawa Shin, "Tohoku sanson ni okeru shinzoku fuyo no jittai: Miyagi ken Katta gun Shichigajuku son Yokokawa buraku no baai" (Conditions of dependent kindred in a T5hoku mountain village: the case of YoKokawa hamlet in Shichigajuku village, Miyagi prefecture). See Entry 21.009.

Page  124 124 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Okada Yuzuru, Kamiya Keiji, et al. Ceds.), Nihon nogyo kikaika no bunseki: Okayama ken Takamatsu cho Nii'ke buraku ni okeru ichi jikken (Analysis of agricultural mechanization in Japan: an experiment in Niike, Takamatsu cho, Okayama prefecture). See Entry 18.038. Ouchi Tsutomu, "Buraku kozo to nomin undo" (Buraku structure and farmers' movements). See Entry 20.071. Oyama, Matsumoto, and Kitagawa, "Amami Oshima to sonraku kozo to shakai seikatsu: toku ni hiki to haroji ni tsuite" (Amami Oshima village structure and social life especially with regard to hiki and haroji). See Entry 11.069. 12.030. Sakurada Katsunori vI S G o, "Mura no kosei 1j4 - ( *k (Organization of the village)." in Omachi Tokuzo J\^ % R_, et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei ) 4\/ t~ JG/ (Outline of Japanese folklore studies), vol.3: Shakai to minzoku I Aj - ~ F 1 (Society and folklore I). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.39-52. Expounds folklore study, which in his usage includes concern for the varied local settings that permit the growth of settlement, concern for the use of local resources, and concern for the management of equipment and facilities to exploit these resources; uses the findings to consider the village as a self-regulating unitary system. 12.031. Sakurada Katsunori 14 W - - A-, "Mura to wa nanika W t 14- /j CWhat is a village?)." in Omachi Tokuzo;\,S o, et al. Ceds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei j4\ % t (Outline of Japanese folklore studies), vol.3: Shakai to minzoku I 1ij -I t j t I (Society and folklore I). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.15-38. Outlines the history of folklore studies of the village and uses many examples to delineate research interests in such studies. Samejima Seiichi, "Yoron jima no rodo to shima no seikatsu" (Island life and labor on Yoron jima). See Entry 11. 070. Segawa Kiyoko, "Kanto chiho no hison ni okeru kon'iki to fusai no nenreisa ni tsuite" (Marriage area in Kanto rural villages and differences in age between mates). See Entry 10.118. Shimazaki Minoru, "Nomin no ishiki" (The consciousness of farmers). See Entry 25.049. Shimazaki Minoru, "Noson to rodo kumiai" (The agricultural village and the labor union). See Entry 17.102. 12.032. Shimizu Seiko and Aida Yuji AR w,s4-i (eds.), Hoken shakai to kyodo tai tt kf ` WT 44f - (Feudal society and the village community). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1961, 7 + 665pp. Results of a coordinated multi-community study by the Kyoto University Humanistic Sciences Research Institute, stressing neighborhood collectivities (gemeinde). Japanese villages are treated in four out of ten village studies and one urban study; their authors are Kuroda Toshio, Miyagawa Mitsuru, Maeda Shoji, and Ota Takeo. Sonoda Kyoichi, "Nomin no shakai ishiki" (Social consciousness of the Japanese peasantry). See Entry 25.051. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai (ed.), SSK Annual no.8: Nosei no hoko to sonraku shakai (Farm policy trends and rural society). See Entry 19.027. 12.033. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai AI " /z t ~ (Society for Rural Social Research) (ed.), SSK Annual no.l: Sonraku kenkyu no seika to kadai 4 -t ~r t ~ e) j' % (Results and problems of rural study). Tokyo, Jichosha, 1954, 4 + 260pp. A critical survey and prospectus of rural studies in Japan. Essays by Kitano Seiichi, Ouchi Tsutomu, Ariga Kizaemon, and others give sociological, economic, and folklore approaches to the study of various aspects of farming, fishing, and mountain villages. Numerous works are cited. A valuable guidebook for village study. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai (ed.), Nochi kaikaku to nomin undo (Land reform and agrarian movements). See Entry 20.072. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai (ed.), Noson kajo jinko no sonzai keitai (Forms of surplus population in the agricultural village). See Entry 6.121. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai (ed.), Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai nempo (Association for Rural Social Research annual). See Entry 3.041. Sue Hiroko, "Nihon ni okeru ikuji yoshiki no kenkyu: Nagano ken K mura no ikuji yoshiki ni tsuite" (A study of child training practices in Japan: in K village, Nagano prefecture). See Entry 27.023.

Page  125 RURAL COMMUNITIES 125 12.034 Suzuki Eitaro 0 74J3tKT), "Nihon no mura no bunrui ni tsuite t 34- ) -4t ) 0 A- I- 7 T (Classification of Japanese villagers)." in Nihon Shakai Gakkai nempo shakaigaku A R I: t)/ i f-l 1 ' (Japan Sociological Society, sociology annual), no.4: Toshi to noson ( if t A 4 (City and village). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1936, pp.19-44. Attempts a classification of "natural villages," defined as a social union of people who possess an organized common social consciousness which extends to all aspects of life and which is peculiar to them. The social bond is based on territorial cohesion. The author introduces and examines the theories of Dwight Sanderson, Yanagida Kunio, Ono Takeo and others, before presenting his own three classifications: the village based on the koju, the village based on the production cooperative, and the village based on the farm. Suzuki Eitaro, "Noka shokumiai ni tsuite" CSmall cooperative farm groups. See Entry 11.101. Suzuki Jiro (ed.), "Toshi to sonraku no shakaigaku: bunken to kaisetsu" (Urban and rural sociology: literature and comments). See Entry 1.043. Suzuki Jiro (ed.), Toshi to sonraku no shakaigakuteki kenkyu (Sociological study of a city and a village). See Entry 14.026. Tachi Minoru, "Noson jinko mondai" (Problems in rural population). See Entry 6.122. Tahara Otoyori, "Sonraku kyodotai ron no kento" (A critical analysis of theories of rural community in Japan). See Entry 4.038. 12.035. Takahashi Toichi i%- 44, -, "Sonraku kozo no ichi kosatsu: kozo no 'kata' ni kanren shite 14 -^Ai ()]t-0 _o Ad ~) l_, AkI L T (Eng. title: A field-study of village structure, in reference to the theory of social structure)." HSKG, no.10, 1957, pp.132 —. Criticizes the typologies of village structure proposed by Ariga Kizaemon, Oikawa Hiroshiand Kitano Seiichi, as well as those of the legal sociologist, Isoda Susumu. Proposes a new typology based on the author's field work in Ichinono, Tsugawa village, Yamagata prefecture. He replaces Isoda's "ie rank' with "social authority" as the standard of organization and proposes the "centralized" and "segmented" as polar types of village structure. Takeuchi Toshimi, "Koshudan no soshiki keitai: Matsumoto Taira no Koshinko ni tsuite" (Patterns of organization of believers groups: Matsumoto Taira Koshin believers groups). See Entry 11.103. Takeuchi Toshimi (ed.), Tohoku no son no shakai hendo: Shinshudan no seisei to sonraku taisei (-Social change in T6hoku villages: the formation of new groups and village organization). See Entry 18.043. Takeuchi Toshimi, et al., "Tohoku sonraku to nenjo soshiki" (Tohoku villages and the age-grading system). See Entry 11.013. TanozakiAkio, "Chiiki shakaigaku. e no kisoteki kosatsu: sonraku kozo to toshi kozo" (A basic examination of regional sociology: rural and urban social structure). See Entry 18.018. Teruoka Shuzo, Jinushisei to kome sodo: Taishoki o chushin to suru Yamato heigen ichi noson no kenkyu (The landlord system and rice riots: case study of a village on the Yamato plain in the Taisho period). See Entry 20.025. Tomino Yoshikuni, "Nosangyoson ni okeru senkyo no setai chosa" (Voting survey in farm, mountain, and fishing villages). See Entry 19.032. Tomoyasu Ryoichi, "Shitsugyo no kannen to nogyo ni okeru shitsugyo jinko mondai" (~The concept of unemployment and the problem of the unemployed in agriculture). See Entry 6.123. Tsubaki Koji and Fujii Akira, "Sanson no onna wa otoko yorimo hayaku shinu: sanson roreisha no seihi ni tsuite" (On the sex ration of population in advanced ages in mountain villages in Japan: the mountain village female dies earlier than the malel. See Entry 16.012. Tsukamoto Tetsundo, et al., "Kino shudan no tenkai to sonraku kozo" (Functional groups and community structure). See Entry 18.046. 12.036. "Tsushima chosa., $j > (Survey of Tsushima)." Jimbun, C Humanistics), special issue, no.1, May, 1951, pp.4-215. First-year (1951) interim report of multidisciplinary field work. Successive years' field work is reported in the Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: jinrui kagaku (Council of Nine Learned Societies annual: humanistic science), no.4. Kyoto, Kansholm, 1952; and as a final report by the Kyugakkai Rengo Tsushima Kyodo Chosa Iinkai (Council of Nine Learned Societies, Joint Survey Committee on Tsushima) (Ced.), Tsu.shima no shizen to bunka (Nature and culture in Tsushima). Tokyo, Kokin Shoin, 1954. Twelve papers in this interim report deal with ecology, archaeology, religion, dialect, customs, and the contrast between fishing and farming in social structure. A post-mortem discussion of findings is recorded. Main papers are listed separately in this bibliography.

Page  126 126 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Uchiyama Masateru, "Nomin undo ni kansuru shuyo na bunken to shiryo" (Main literature and other materials on agrarian movements). See Entry 1.047. Ushijima Morimitsu, "Sue mura no katari: sono shakaiteki kino to hen'yo katei" (Katari in Sue village: its social function and process of change). See Entry 11.083. Watanabe Hisao, "Toyama ken Higashi -to. Nishi Tonami gun no shichoson gappei shiryo" CMaterials on the annexation of local administrative bodies in Higashi and Nishi Tonami gun, Toyama prefecture). See Entry 19.037. Watanabe Yozo, "Sonraku to kokkaho" (The village and national law). See Entry 19.038. 12.037. Yokota Tadao ~) S x, et al., Sonraku 2f ~- (Village). KCKK, vol.2, 1958, 292pp. Twelve papers describing farm, mountain and fishing villages and the city (four papers), prehistoric and historic features an- c'anmes (five rapers), and internal organization of householders (three papers). Authors are well-established archaeologists and historical sociologists. Yoneji Minoru, "Choki sogo chosa"(Long term joint studies). See Entry 4.049. Yoneji Minoru, "Sonraku ni okeru ko to ie rengo: Nagano ken Suwa shi Konan Minamimajino" (Ko groups and ie federations in villages: Minamimajino, Suwa city, Nagano prefecture), See Entry 11.1. Yoshii Tojuro, "Toshika no nosonteki kitei: Kinki no ichi suidenson no baai" (_Urbanization and rural life). See Entry 18.047. B. PRE-MODERN PERIODS Listed here are works that portray conditions during the Tokugawa regime or prior to it. In treating villages under Tokugawa rule, of course, a number of studies trace developments past the Imperial Restoration in 1868; where the author has leaned toward emphasizing the pre-modern foundations, our practice has been to list his work here, while placing in the next section all studies that stress adaptation to modernizing change. Users of this Guide should consult the following section (Early Modern Period) as well as this one for maximum information on the Tokugawa period. Problems in legal sociology account for a considerable body of pre-modern studies. These works examine the methods of regulating village organization and activities. Two clusters are evident, according to whether the focus is on internal or external control. Studies of internal regulation examine villages as corporate entities and describes the charters, shareholding organizations, and councils or committees of householders that incorporated certain residents but excluded others, as well as prescribing various internal statuses and proclaiming expected behavior and sanctions. Studies of external regulation concentrate on the mechanisms by which villagers were held under the dominion of outside authority. Among the latter are studies of the breakdown of authority, in the form of peasant uprisings. Although external authority, as a rule, was in the hands of either the lord of a domain or the appointed official of the Tokugawa house, several studies examine, in comparative vein, communities on agricultural land that, in the Tokugawa period, wealthy merchants either bought or developed and colonized. These varied sorts of pre-modern rule are in some instances merely described without reference to larger theoretical issues. But certain works listed here come to grips, more or less explicitly, with the problem of defining "feudalism": which circumstances were those of a feudal system, properly speaking, and which were non-feudal or post-feudal although pre-modern? Where this question is not dealt with, the tendency is to use the term "feudal" in a loose sense, roughly equivalent in connotation with "pre-modern". Ariga Kizaemon, "Nambu Ninohe gun Ishigami mura ni okeru daikazoku seido to kosaku seido" (.The Gross Familie system and tenant farming in Ishigami mura, Ninohe gun in Nambu [Iwate prefecture]). See Entry 11.021. Ariga Kizaemon, Noson shakai no kenkyu: nago no fueki (Research on village society: nago corvee). See Entry 11.024. Ariga Kizaemon, "Yui no imi to sono henka" (The meaning of yui and its changes). See Entry 11.087. 12.038. Ariga Kizaemon aa Pi W and Nagashima Fukutaro Ia< % At Ts, "Tsushima hoken seido no shomondai: koba to kendaka, jikata chigyo, kakan ji) fjffT 'JA' 0 o MM 4-)a t ir j J ~ $tL PT, IAd A,^ (Problems on the feudal system of Tsushima: koba, kendaka, jikata chigyo, kakan)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Tsushima Kyodo Chosa Iinkai JM, 4 ^ty CCommittee for Joint Survey of Tsushima, Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Tsushima no shizen to bunka j, <4 i d) - 6 t iAU (Environment and culture on Tsushima). Tokyo, Kokin Shoin, 1954, pp.146-196. Examines the feudal system on Tsushima against the question as to whether or not Tsushima belongs within the Japanese culture area. Finds four practices on Tsushima quite consonant with practices in Japan proper:

Page  127 RURAL COMMUNITIES 127 (1) Koba: burnt-field cultivation, recorded in Tsushima by the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but not found in Japan until modern times; (2) kendaka: the practice of levying agricultural taxes not according to area but according to production; (3) Jikata chigyo: land given a retainer by his lord (ryoshu); (4) kakan: ceremony marking the attainment of adolescence or manhood. Ariga Kyoichi, Suwa no wakamono nakama (Suwa youth groups). See Entry 11.001. Hayashi Motoi, Hyakusho ikki no dento (Tradition of agrarian rebellion). See Entry 20.061. Hirasawa Kiyoto, Kinsei minami Shinano nomin no kenkyu (Farmers in southern Shinano [Nagano prefecture] in the Tokugawa period). See Entry 9.017. Irimajiri Yoshinaga, "Tosa han ni okeru kyodo seido no seiritsu narabi ni henshitsu katei" (_Origin and deterioration of the Kyodo system in the Tosa fief). See Entry 8.026. Kishimoto Minoru, "Awa ni okeru nomin rison gensho" (Migration of farmers in the later feudal days, in the case of Awa province). See Entry 6.091. 12.039. Kitano Seiichi A$ fy j a-, "Chonin ukeoi shinden ni okeru kosaku kankei VT V) '/ _'I - )o^f 4T (Tenant relations on reclaimed land under contract to townspeople)." Shakaigaku kenkyu fi~4t^^ ^t (Sociological research), vol.l, no.l, 1947, pp.71-96. Analysis of the special characteristics of tenancy on paddy land reclaimed and managed by city merchants as a capital investment in Niigata prefecture, where the restrictions and taxation made such enterprises possible. Kitano Seiichi, "Edo chuki Koshu sanson no kazoku kosei" (The composition of the family in a mountain village in Koshu [Yamanashi prefecture] in the middle Edo period). See Entry 10.025. Kitano Seiichi, "Mibun to kakaku" (Personal rank and ie status). See Entry 15.017. Kodama Kota, Kinsei noson shakai no kenky-u (Studies of rural society in the Tokugawa period). See Entry 9.020. 12.040. Kokusho Iwao o. jEi, Hyakusho ikki no kenkyu (R - &-t 9 5 ~ (Research on agrarian rebellions). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1928, 474pp. Most representative prewar study of peasant. uprisings. The author was professor of economic history at Kyoto University. Studies 574 rebellions of the Edo period. The first section of the book discusses concepts and the significance of uprisings in relation to social change and classifies the rebellions by type. The second section discusses causes, forms of opposition, and control. Appendices include a listing of theories about the rebellions, a chronological table, and a regional table. Komura Shinsuke (ed.), Toyo minken hyakkaden (Far Eastern leaders in popular rights). See Entry 20.064. 12.041. Kuroda Toshio, J ', "Sonraku kyodotai no chuseiteki tokushitsu: shu to shite ryoshusei no tenkai to no kanren ni oite L T fT; <9 t, t -J < M f I ^ A kyodotai 4 4is t 44 Feudal society and collective groups). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1961, pp.3-92. Using examples from many areas, analyzes collective use of fields and water before the manorial system, the system of manorial lords and village collective groups, religious bodies and village self-government, etc. 12.042. Maeda Masaharu Alj i h i j, Ho to sonraku kyodotai: Edo jidai niokeru sonpo o chushin to shite rts i 4t 0J) W socal) stru i1 Ky V 44,i R eg LT (The law and the village collective groups: village codes in the Edo period)." in Shimizu Morimitsu hi z e n, and Aida Yuji / i f )i iY (eds.), Hoken shakai to kyodotat u f t k D 114K(Feudal society and collective groups). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1961, pp.169-214. An analysis of the "village codes" of collective groups, examining their character as regulations for a collective group. Their sanctions, which were their vital features, receive special attention. Based on an analysis of 186 Edo period village codes. 12.043. Miyamoto Tsuneichi n 4x s _- "Kuroshima: sono shakai kozo I u) 0 -a —t L (nKuroshima: its social structure)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Noto Chosa Iinkai Ein e E - X (Council of Nine Learned Societies Committee for the Investigation of Noto) (ed.), Noto: shizen, bunka, shakai % ' ^fWho~'iUJA2L (Noto: nature, culture, society). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1955, pp.363-372. Historical analysis of administrative changes in the former Kuroshima mura (now part of Monzen cho, Fukeshi gun, Ishikawa prefecture) since the early Tokugawa period. Miyakawa Mitsuru, "Sonraku kyodotai no kinseiteki tenkai: Echizen no kuni Imadate gun Okamoto no baai" (The modern growth of village collective groups: the case of Okamoto in Echizen). See Entry 9.022.

Page  128 128 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Miyamoto Mataji (ed.), Kinki noson no chitsujo to henbo shogyoteki nogyo no tenkai, zokuhen (Order and change in rural parts of the Kinki area: a sequel to "Development of commercialized agriculture"). See Entry 9.010. Miyamoto Mataji (ed.), Shogyoteki nogyo no tenkai: Kinki noson no tokushu kozo (Eng. title: Development of commercialized agriculture: a special type of rural society in Kinki district). See Entry 9.023. 12.044. Nakamura Kichiji (Yoshiharu) j 1t 44 A. Kaitaiki hoken noson no kenkyu: Suwa han Imai mura / * Aftt' L t t 9A-I VY rt -4' (Study of a farm village at the breakdown of feudalism: Imai mura in Suwa fief). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1962, 7 + 5 + 774pp. A detailed study of change in economic structure of the former Imai mura and environs (_now the Imai district of Okaya city in Nagano prefecture), between the Tokugawa period and the end of the Meiji period. The village was chosen to provide contrast to a previous study by the same author and colleagues of a village in Iwate prefecture at the end of the Tokugawa period. See Niakamura, et al., Sonraku kozo no shiteki bunseki (Historical analysis of village structure) (1956). 12.045. Nakamura Kichiji (Yoshiharu) N Ai -A T, Sonraku kozo no shiteki bunseki: Iwate ken Kemuriyama mura 1 4 V <) 4 i? /. / AiT, t K iSt t (iHistorical analysis of village structure: Kemuriyama Iwate prefecture). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoron Shinsha, 1956, 22 + 908pp.+ maps. 12.046. Nakamura Kichiji (Yoshiharu) } '4,-;, "Seiji to sonraku: kinsei 4 a L i. iL;- (Politics and the village: modern period)." SSK Annual, no.7: Seiji taisei to sonraku -At ~ S 1 T -A (The political system and the village), 1960, pp.1-28. Considers some aspects of Tokugawa villages which explain or foreshadow subsequent rural conditions, tracing the creation of larger administrative villages out of smaller natural villages, and the elevation of all tax-paying farmers to membership. Uses detailed empirical research to develop a fresh theoretical framework and corrects many earlier explanations. 12.047. Nishikawa Zensuke iJ1 ) ' ~, "Kinsei ni okeru mura no koz5 to iriaichi no hensen: sonsoyusetsu no hihan j_ I -j D ^1 5- ) ~ ~ ~ at ~ /f ^_^ ite~ —a~ ] f- 0 \ af -f Village structure in the Tokugawa period and changes in rights to commonland: critique of the theory of communal village ownership)." HSKG, Part I, no.3, 1953, pp.65-97; Part II, no.4, 1953, pp.127-153. Using materials from Nagano prefecture, criticizes the idea that village common land belonged to the village and its people in the Tokugara period, analyzes the differentiation of members from non-members and differential use of common land according to social class. Covers the last half of the Edo period. Consists of 27 chapters in two sections, one presenting materials and documents and one identifying their source. Includes background materials on socioeconomic conditions which led to the riots. Oka Mitsuo, Hoken sonraku no kenkyvu (Research on the feudal village). See Entry 19.041. 12.049. Ono Takeo _}\, Goshi seido no kenky(u fo R sa n, ~9A r Research in the local gentry system). Tokyo, Okayama Shoten, 1925, 29 + 201pp. The goshi (local gentry) of the Tokugawa period were ranked as samurai but lived out in villages with the economic role of landlord. This work covers the history of the system, emphasizing social and economic factorsiand describes the local gentry's place in village life. 12.050. Ono Takeo jli ~ ff,,, "No to hei to no bunri A ~ / a ) / & H (The separation of agriculture from the military)." Shiso, no.169, 1936, pp.l35-147. Describes the association of peasants and farmers which was broken down in the ancient period, reintegratedand then again dissolved with changes of status and residence in the middle ages. Touches on the local gentry system in the Tokugawa period. 12.051. Otake Hideo j) A[4, Hoken shakai no nomin kazoku: Edoki nomin kazoku no rekishiteki ichizuke j'4-~./ < J) ~ I ~ t E 4- e ~, ~ _ ^ ^l^The peasant family in feudal society: determining the historical place of he Tokugawa period peasant family). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1962, 4 + 7 + 301pp. An outstanding study by a legal historian, mainly utilizing materials found in villages of the five central provinces around Osaka. Four sections deal with house rank, dozoku and kinship, inheritance, and t he fauthor sees the househea ad all members as cooperating to serve the ie; thus, the househead, as supervisor of production and manager of small scale farm labor, by common assent gained a role of authority.

Page  129 RURAL COMMUNITIES 129 12.052. Takeuchi Toshimi Ift{ NJ 1j\ ^, Chusei matsu ni okeru sonraku no keisei to sono tenkai: sanshin kokkyo no sonraku mure ni tsuite l > C v X A 05 1 d, -1 %-7 m (The formation and development of villages at the end of the Middle Ages: with reference to a group of villages on the border between Mikawa and Shinano domains). Tokyo, Ito Shoten, 1944, 206pp. An analysis of the changing social structure of a group of valley villages near the present border between Aichi and Nagano prefectures at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries; based mainly on ancient records of the Kumaya family in Nagano prefecture. Although the author is aware of regulation by external political forces, he is mainly interested in the internal regulating forces resulting from the union of families in various ways. Tokoro Mitsuo, "Kinsei shoki no hyakusho honyaku: yakuya to buyaku no kankei ni tsuite" (Leading farmers in the early Tokugawa period: their tax and corvee liabilities). See Entry 15.022. Wakamori Taro, "Mura no denshoteki shakai rinri: 'hoken isei' no mondai ni kanren shite" (Villagers's traditional social ethics: in connection with 'feudal residues'). See Entry 25.021. C. EARLY MODERN PERIOD (1868-1945) Works that stress conditions or problems inci- authority; others that consider the rise of landdental to rapid national modernization from the Meiji lordism and the appearance of peasant associations era through World War II are listed in this section. for protection against excessive imposition by landBy far the greater number focus on one or another lords; others that treat irrigation revision and aspect of political or socio-economic pressure and irrigation disputes. Some show how villagers rearadaptation. In certain cases, the central issue is ranged agricultural production to break into the one particular to the conditions of the village marketing system, while others deal with the exodus under study; more often, the case under scrutiny of villagers to wage-paying work on a temporary is one that can serve as a paradigm of change ex- (dekasegi) or permanent basis. Finally, many consiperienced in peasant communities throughout Japan. der the gradual but insistent pressure toward class relations and reworking of the internal authority Thus, we find studies that examine amalgamation structure within rural communities. of villages and administrative relations with outside 12.053. Ema Seiya i "Cu Chuo sanchi ni okeru sumiyaki buraku no sonraku kosei: Miyagi ken Katta gun Shichigashuku son okogawa buraku no jirei ^ I( 4 l lJJ1 e I) S5 ^ O ff /J L7^XF^4- T Ciyit| (Community organization in a charcoal burners' hamlet in the Ou Mou tain district: the example of Yokogawa, Shichigashuku village, Miyagi prefecture) [Eng. title: The Social Structure of 'Sumiyaku Buraku']." SKGHR, vol.6, no.4 (whole no.24), 1956, pp.61-79. Considers five households, each from the point of view of natives and outsiders, analyzing access to wood for making charcoal, and factors in circulation of the finished product. 12.054. Fukutake Tadashi A, Nogyo kyodoka to sonraku kozo At) v $ X (Collectivization of agriculture and conmmunity structure). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1961, 275pp. Report of field study of one village each in Yamagata, Shizuoka, and Nagano prefectures. 12.055. Hirano Yoshitaro A dg, et al., "Nihon noson mondai no shoten i A ^4 1 3 0, J (Focus on problems of the Japanese farm village)." SKGHR, vol.4, special issue, 1951, pp.2-43. Four authors (Hirano, Kondo Yasuo, Kurihara Hakuji, and Ouchi Chikara) address the problems of persons of influence, black markets, agricultural specialization, and surplus population. 12.056. Kakizaki Kyoichi j m j, "Buraku ni okeru ie no seiritsu to taiten X Z ~-I.' dX9)s v r AoAZ (Establishment and decline of ie in community)." SKGHR, vol.12, no.2 (whole no.46), 1962, pp. 37-54. Based on work done over a four-year period from 1956 in Niike buraku, Okayama prefecture, examines how ie are established, their resources, and cases of emigration resulting in the extinction of ie. This community is the subject both of an English language study, Village Japan, and of a follow-up Japanese study of mechanization by Okada Yuzuru, et al. 12.057. Kakizaki Kyoichi AtJ A s - "Suiri chitsujo to sonraku 4'j 4i|,f ~ 14 t (Eng. title: Social implications of irrigation and drainage systems in a rural community)." Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku Bungakubu kiyo j4t At (Tokyo University of Education Faculty of Literature bulletin), no.59: Shakaikagaku ronshu *A; (Social science papers), no.11, 1964, pp.1-74. A participant observer's detailed analysis of a village in which most of the farmers depend on irrigation water from two ponds and a river for their paddies. Conducted in 1956-1959 as a part of a study of farm mechanization in Niike buraku, Okayama prefecture, led by Okada Yuzuru and Kamiya Keiji.

Page  130 130 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 12.058. Kamiya Tsutomu At /y, et al., Seiji taisei to sonraku 5t a V 'J y- '14t (Political structure and the village). SSK Annual, no.7, 1960, 254pp. Papers on political change induced in villages in the modern century. Includes two fieldwork monographs, by Kamiya Chikara on administrative change and by Kawamura Nozomu on tenant uprisings (-both listed separately in this bibliography), and six more general essays on the pre-modern situation, the postwar situation, central government farm agencies, etc. Kamiya Tsutomu, "Meiji zenki no seiji taisei to sonraku" (The early Meiji political system and the village). See Entry 19.044. 12.059. Kitano Seiichi i -7,-, "Tsushima sonraku shakai kozo no shomondai. 4i?= 4-ih ~ A_ J I0 49 (Problems of social structure in Tsushima villages)." in Kyugakkai Rengo (Federation of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Jinrui kagaku dai yon shu } ~ ~kft wi u i (Anthropological science IV). Kyoto, Seki Shoin, 1952, pp.146-160. Report of a study on the west coast of Tsushima where the villages have comparatively much paddy land Deals mainly with grades of households known as old-timers (honke) and sojourners (kiryu), and with their dozoku organization and patron-client (oyakata-kokata) relations. For a supporting study focused on oldtimer and sojourner houses, see Okada Yuzuru, et al, "Kamoize oyobi shuhen chiiki no sonraku kozo" (Village structure in Kamoize and neighboring areas), 1954, listed as Entry 13.025. 12.060. Matoba Tokuzo A{ ] | _t (ed. ), Dekasegi no mura: Kagoshima ken Tsuruta son ni okeru datsunoka no tenkai katei d / )., 1" 7p %4)4,4) 3, p M +: (A village where men work away from home: the processes involved in the abandonment of agriculture in Tsuruta village, Kagoshima prefecture). Nogyo Sogo Kenkyusho a - ' f (Center for Coordinated Research in Agriculture) (ed.), Kenkyu sosho )I A, X (Research series), no.50, 1958, 7 + 344 + 5pp. A historical and empirical analysis of mechanisms involved in leaving the farm. Surveys a village in Kagoshima prefecture, far from areas where modern industry has developed. 12.061. Matsubara Kuniaki. t_ ~, "Iriai sosho jiken no hoshakaigakuteki kosatsu: Iwate ken Ninohe gun Kotsunagi buraku jittai chosa hokoku >)^ / A o i /z '-) ~ - l If *,~ /ifL ~t>J- ~T (A study of litigation over village commons from the viewpoint of legal society: report of a field study in Kotsunagi, Iwate prefecture) [Eng. title: Study on the cause about commons from the point of sociology of law]." HSKG, no.6, 1955, pp.167-202. Analysis of litigation between landlords and residents over common rights to forest land from the end of the Meiji period to 1955. 12.062. Matsumoto Michiharu sid )4'^Qfle, "Jinushiso no sonzai keitai to sonraku kozo: Ehime ken Toyo chiho sonraku no kozoteki henka no katei p r ftu <) j t * a- c X e nT f a t h4 - o 1- XLf it iA fu) oi;g (Eng. title: Landowners in Japanese agricultural villages: the case of villages in Toyo district)." SKGHR, vol.12, 1962, pp.55-72. Survey of large landowners in Ehime prefecture, delineating their origin and basic characteristics in the middle nineteenth century. The chan e in village structure which accompanied the rise of the large landowners is traced from the beginning of the Meiji period to the mid-1920's. 12.063. Matsuura Kosaku iy f44 and Hamashima Akira, Nihon shihon shugi to sonraku kozo: chin rodo kengyoka no shakaiteki no eikyo _ s 4XF j 4XC ~ tt rt o f N ine Lea n d (Japanese capitalism and village structure: the social effects of part-time wage labor). Tokyo, Seishin Shobo, 1963, 573pp. Report on field work done in 1954-1955 in Okuno, Nishitama gun, Tokyo prefecture, where a cement factory hiring farmers on a part-time basis has been located for thirty years. Studies the impact of labor disputes on order in the villages from which the workers come, and examines the influence of the labor union on the village administration. 12.064. Miyamoto Tsuneichi j;4, -, "Kuroshima: sono. shakai kozo -f i xQ (V i l g (Kuroshima: social structure)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Noto Chosa Iinkai JL, tA ' 1AM J Ay4 - (Federation of Nine Learned Socieities Committee for the Investigation of Noto) (ed.), Noto: shizen, bunka, shakai Soty 3 ' (Noto: natu re, society). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1955, pp.363-372. Social structure in the former village of Kuroshima in Ishikawa prefecture (presently part of Monzen cho, Fugeshi gun). Historical analysis of the changes in administrative system since the Tokugawa period. 12.065. Mogami Takayoshi _ AK J %., "Mura no soshiki to kaiso 44' 0 J1 t >i (Village organization and classes)." in Omachi Tokuzo J et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei f) s /,J hKt ft (Outline of Japanese folklore studies), vol.3: Shakai to minzoku I A, Am I\ L (Society and folklore I). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.53-76. Analysis of the old villages, which now are the units (ku and oaza) that make up the present administrative village, and points out types of community groups and their functions, what they did for the village, their mutual exclusiveness, and stratification within the group.

Page  131 RURAL COMMUNITIES 131 12.066. Naito Kanji * A ui and Gamo Masao ~' t- 3El, "Kikai Jima Gusuku, Takigawa buraku fsh St iJ~'_,_j )l1 ~ I (Gusuku and Takigawa, two buraku on Kikai Island)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Amami Oshima Kyodo Chosa Iinkai }[ 2 It t # ):k 1Io44+ _/ ([Federation of Nine Learned Societies Committee for the Joint Investigation of Amami Oshima) (ed.), Amami: shizen to bunka 4A J i ^c C Aft (Amami: nature and culture). Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai, 1959, pp.275-326. The first half is a study of the economic structure of Gusuku buraku by Naito; the second half is a study of the buraku structure and kinship organization of Takigawa buraku by Gamo. 12.067. Nakada Kaoru \ I A, "Meiji shonen ni okeru mura no jinkaku a J 1 IT iltPLA 4 (The personality of the vilage in the early Meiji period)." in Nakada Kaoru c, Hoseishi ronshU, t N3 1 (Essays in legal history), vol.2. Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1938, pp.991-1106. First published in 1927. Considers that the village in the Tokugawa and early Meiji periods prior to the promulgation of Statute No.1 in 1888 was treated in law as a corporate entity comparable to the "Genossenschaft" recognized in German jurisprudence. 12.0o68. Nakamura Masao X: 4t j he "Choson no seiritsu zengo 1 f i g 4 vLJ AL (Before and after the establishment of administrative villages and towns)." SKGHR, no.11, 1953, pp.127-130. A study in Fukuoka prefecture of how the 1888 amalgamation of communities into larger administrative units worked out. Utilizes data from "Survey of amalgamation of towns and villages in 1889" in Fukuoka ken shi shiryo (Fukuoka prefecture historical materials), nos.2,3. 12.069. Ono Takeo AJ J i) ~, "Meiji ishin to nomin kaikyu no kakumei shiso E *,., A ~ ~ 1t[ ~3 0 r) /,4y ' 4 (The Meiji Restoration and revolutionary ideas of the agrarian class)." SKGZ, no. 3, 1929, pp.1-15. Describes the contributions of the agrarian class to the Meiji Restoration. 12.070. Seki Kiyohide ' it t, "Kaitaku shuraku no shakai kozo to kazoku ruikei: Hokkaido pairotto faamu ni okeru 'ikka nyushoku gata' kazoku to 'bunke nyushoku gata' kazoku fW Ah} ~ ~ Jf), X 4. Al it iJ ti 4 7 7- -Y t' ~-* 11 7 A 1 - }^2 Id,1 r ~7 Z ^ (SSocial structure and family types in reclaimed-land settlements: the independent family settlement type and branch family settlement type on pilot farms in Hokkaido) [Eng. title: The pilot farm - its family and organization]." SKGHR, vol.13, no.4, 1963, pp.2-22. Divides pioneer families into those which moved in as established households and those which moved in as newly formed branch households and traces their behavior in farm management, community production organizations, and social structure. Based on two surveys of a pioneer community, Tokotan in Bekkai village, Notsuke gun, Hokkaid5, conducted between 1955 and 1959. 12.071. Shinomiya Kyoji 1 ' )f, Nihon nogyo no shakaigaku: kengyo noka no jisshoteki bunseki 4 > J 31% 9 4 t #f#:%, f )) Kf ( 4 f[ (Sociology of Japanese agriculture: empirical analysis of part-time farming households). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1953, 8 + 273pp. This book is composed of two sections: theory and corroborative research on part-time farming households. The second section on corroborative research is based on fieldwork in villages of Toyama prefecture. It analyzes (1) part-time farmers who also sell drugs, (2) organization of agricultural workers who leave home, and (3) the problem of farmer-laborers. Since drug peddling is a specialty of the Toyama area, its analysis forms a large part of this book. 12.072. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai )t 4,t/ (Society for Rural So ial Research) (ed.), SSK Annual, no.9: Nominso bunkai to nomin soshiki _ ^/$l A ^ ALi 4M (Breakup of the agrarian classes and organization of peasant associations). Tokyo, Jichosha, 1963, 261pp. Six essays and four brief reports, covering studies done in the decade since the Association was formed, focused on the problem of how to interpret reformulations of rural society that have occurred since the early 1900's, especially whether cooperatives or peasant associations have represented emerging class consciousness between owners and tenants, or have served to repress such class consciousness. The six essays are: Forms of agrarian organization (Shimazaki Minoru); Agricultural cooperatives as mobilizers of peasantry (Matsubara Haruo, et al.); Cooperative management in fishing cooperatives and organization of fisherfolk (Nakano Takashi); Growth of cooperatives in the Tsugaru apple district and agrarian organization (Sugano Tadashi); The trend toward single-eropwet rice and the breakup of the agrarian class (Abiko Rin); Forms of agrarian organization (Hosoya Ko). 12.073. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai 4 4 ) tj. vff%4 (Society for Rural Social Research) (ed.), Sonraku shakai kenkyu $4 Xky^/51,ff (4Studies of village society), no.1. Tokyo, Hanawa Shobo, 1965, 316pp. Successor to Sonraku shakai kenkyukai nempo, with major essays on the common theme of annual meeting. Seven authors here offer their approaches to village analysis from fieldwork in Hokkaid5 (_Iwamoto Yoshiteru, Kurosaki Yasujiro, and Fuse Tetsuji), in Niigata (Yasuhara Shigeru), in Kagoshima (Kawaguchi Akira), and in Fukuoka (Hara Hiroshi), with a comparison study from India (Fukutake Tadashi). They focus on such forces for change as consumer goods economy, land reform and landholding, rural urbanization, and Meiji administrative innovations.

Page  132 132 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 12.074. Tahara Otoyori 13,, Z 4 l, "Tohoku sonraku ni okeru jinushisei to seiji taisei tj JL4 L -: I- bK. 1a b J 5fa /t ]iJ (The landlord system and political organization in Tohoku villages)." SSK Annual, no.8: Nosei no hoko to sonraku shakai ) p 7 i- - MffAP- / (Agricultural policy trends and village society), 1961, pp.51-94. A monograph on Otani buraku, Asahi mura, Yamagata prefecture which traces the changes in village politics and landowner organization between the 1860's and the 1930's. 12.075. Tomeoka Kiyo i )J", Fuse Tetsuji 2 and Suzuki Shuichi 4I A4 -, "Nogyo no kindaika to nomin no seisan iyoku: nogyo mikyodoka gurupu to kyodoka gurupu no hikaku kenkyu fi U s Y 4t\U t E At Ac I A,T ' ) 71/-j 7" 9 A t t^I t (Modernization in agriculture and the farmer s will to produce: a comparative study of collectivized and noncollectivized groups)." Hokkaido Daigaku Kyoiku Gakubu Sangyo Kyoiku Keikaku Kenkyu Shisetsu kenkyu hokokusho t,7v \7^o.f,X196.^ 7 24 4P %- y 1 t ( CHokkaido University Faculty of ResearcT reports) vo1 1, pp; vol.2, 1963, 156pp. Vol.1 deals with a community in northeast Hokkaido which tried collectivization without success. Vol.2 deals with a community in which collectivization proceeded successfully and is still enlarging in its scope. Vol.3 is to compare the two cases. 12.076. Toyoshina cho shi Hensan kai % e W It* X1c 4 (-Editorial Committee, Records of Toyoshina) (ed.), Toyoshina cho shi ~ 4e ig y/ (Records of Tovoshina). Toyoshina, 1955, 843pp. Report of a joint survey (1952 to 1955) by sociologists and economists from Tokyo University of Education, in two sections outlining the history of Toyoshina before and after the Meiji Restoration. Especially detailed aralysis is devoted to local government as affected by national policies establishing administrative and school districts in the 1920's; to effects on local administration and local society of efforts to build commerce and industry, especially to foster a spinning industry; and, finally, to problems of amalgamation of three governmental entities in 1955. 12.077. Tsuboi Hirofumi 3 et a, "Minami Sado Ogi cho Kotoura no shakai to shuzoku,t, At" *W9y,4'S zzt/4Z Eti^ (Society and convention in Kotoura in Minami Sado)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Sado Chosa Iinkai h 'Sz i ''L,, 4 X (Federation of Nine Learned Societies Sado Survey Committee) (ed. Sado: shizen, 1bunka, shakai (f; - t ftk.-c, ISado: nature, culture, society). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1964, pp.482-491. Report on a survey of Kotoura, where agriculture is the chief industry, but fishery and work away from home are also important. Gives an outline of occupations and analyses of customs centering on marriage conventions. 12.078. Usui Jisho - -, et al., "Ibarashima: Niigata hirano ni okeru noson no jittai ( l pol % y 44 f (Ibarashima: an agricultural community on the Niigata plain)." Soshioroji 2 $,A 4 o' (Sociology), vol.10, no.2, 1963, pp.1-179. Report of a survey (1960, 1961) conducted by Usui and other Kyoto and Osaka sociologists in Ibarashima, Katahigashi village, Niigata prefecture, a single-cropping area of heavy snow fall, where rice is the sole crop and even vegetables must be brought in from the outside. This study, aided by U.S. foundation funds, well exemplifies the Usui approach, measuring seven parameters, namely: restriction/freedom; closedness/openness of the society; communality/apartness in daily life; homogeneity/heterogeneity; tradition/change; concrete particularism/abstract universalism; and harmony/disharmony. 12.079. Watanabe Yozo, and Ojima Kakuji A | t A, "Yosui sogi ni tsuite: Kojin sogo no mizu arasoi no jittai _?K t + -7 T 0 j-< o (-Water disputes: irrigation disputes between individuals). HSKG no1, n, 1951, pp.111-119. Analysis of water disputes between individuals, mostlyin oral accounts and not formally recorded in such sources as court proceedings, in localities in Tokyo and Yamanashi prefectures. Yagi Akio and Shimada Takashi, "Meiji koki ni okeru sonraku to seiji taisei" (The late Meiji village and the political system). See Entry 19.052. 12.080. Yanagida Kunio }jI } ] and Miki Shigeru 4 'y 1, Yukiguni no minzoku pa / (Folkways in the snow country). Tokyo, Yotokusha, 1944, 6hpp, + 211 illustrations. An excellent photo-essay illustrating folkways in Akita prefecture, such as annual functions of the rural villages, clothing, housing, food, household implements, and religion. Each picture is briefly explained. Separately included is an article "Lecture on the snow country" by Yanagida. 12.081. Yoden Hiromichi xj g ti, Nogyo sonraku shakai no ronri kozo < x 0 t % S '4 (Logical structure of agricultural village society). Tokyo, Kobund5, 1961, 418pp. A study of communities in Hyogo and Hiroshima prefectures, particularly of Hasebe community in Takarazuka, Hyogo prefecture. Influenced by the writings of Suzuki Eitaro and Otsuka Hisao, the author maintains that the community is based on the exclusive possession of paddy land by a collective group.

Page  133 RURAL COMMUNITIES 133 12.082. Yoden Hiromichi,f% 1 -1' 'L, "Sonraku kyodotai no kozo to seikaku 44 - f 9 )1 4/ ~ $ u, W (The structure and characteristics of the village community).I SSK Annual, no.6: Sonraku kyodotairon no tenkai 44:<~~j ] t Of (Development of theory on the village community), 1959, pp.l-24. Tries to develop further Suzuki Eitaro's concept of the natural village (-shizen mura) in this study of the structure of what was formerly Nishitani mura, now a part of Takarazuka city in Hyogo ken. The author has also written on the class structure of the same village, "Sonraku no kaikyu kozo to kyodotai kozo" (Class and community structure of villages), in Kansei Gakuin Shakaigaku, no.4. 12.083. Zenkoku Nogyo Kyodo Kumiai Chuokai I~ -,\f JjL - g (-Central Association of National Agricultural Cooperatives) (ed.), Kyodo kumiai shi F1 oa4 / (The history of cooperatives). Tokyo, Zenkoku Nogyo Kyodo Kumiai Chuokai, 2 vols; vol.1, 1961, 264pp.; vol.2, 1965, 374pp. Only the second volume deals with Japan, tracing cooperatives from the first legislation for industrial coooperatives in 1900 to the present. Authored by Miura Toraroku, it shows developments from industrial cooperatives through wartime agricultural associations to the postwar agricultural cooperatives. Emphasis is on the system and structure of the cooperatives, but the history also touches on background factors, such as the changes in agriculture itself in villages, and in agricultural policy. Volume 2 includes a useful bibliography. D. RECENT PERIOD (1945 —) Beginning with radical reform of land holding in chores to their wives and parents (sanchan nogyo), 1927, the nation's rapid economic recovery and accel- furnish an example. Other studies examine one or erating development and sharply altering political another specific response to the new socioeconomic conditions have brought about unprecedented trans- situation: in mountain villages, for instance, formation in rural community life. This unprecedented the effort to keep step with rising national income quarter century of change holds stage center in by developing commercial management of land -- vilmost of the studies listed below. Some themes might lage wide commercial forestry. A frequently desbe replicated in almost any village: the social cribed phenomenon, whether emphasized by the reconsequences of widespread shifting to part time farm- searcher or not,is the trend toward looser cohesion ing, as the principal workers of each household find of the community as the prewar mechanisms supporting employment outside of the village and relegate farm tight corporate solidarity are undermined or abrogated. Ariga Kizaemon, et al., "'SeiJi taisei to sonraku' ni kansuru togi" (Discussion on 'the political system and the village'). See Entry 19.005. 12.084. Hasumi Otohiko 9 j^f,M, "Sonraku kyodotai to noson shakaigaku 4- ^ W4 z t Al;t4IZ t (The village community and rural sociology)." SSK Annual, no.6: Sonraku kyodotai ron no tenkai k4e -1 a 1144 -i Q oh Y (Development of theory on the rural community), 1959, pp.25-51. Critique of trends in village community studies from a Marxist standpoint, with special attention to farm management problems and to study of the state of dissolution of rural classes. Stresses the importance of comparative studies on communities in various parts of Japan. 12.085. Ishimura Zensuke,7 4Bj s, "Buraku yurin'ya no sonzai keitai: Tokyo to Nishitama gun Hinohara son no Kumikyoyuchi ni tsuite ~ 44K 44 4i if t, Mt /, 4 A 44'9 L9 Pi W^ fVT" (Community forest land: community common land in Hinohara, Tokyo)." HSKG, no.10, 1957, pp.106-131. A study of community-held forest land in thirty communities in Hinohara village in Tokyo, where arable land is very scarce and livelihood is dependent on forest land. Studies the history of its development and the methods by which it is managed. The study was made from July to September, 1956. Kamiya Chikara, "Nogyo kazoku ni okeru kimbun s5zoku no mondai ni tsuite: sono jittai bunseki" (Equal inheritance in the rural family: an analysis of actual conditions). See Entry 10.140. 12.086. Kamiya Keiji c h t and Uchiyama Masateru o1 fI ho fho, "Futto jokyoka no noka to nomin,f+ *t )I~ I X i * (The agrarian household and people in ferment)." in Tobata Seiichi a. id % - and Kamiya Keiji % ~ (eds.), Gendai Nihon no nogyo to nomin,, j #P e < Aid (Contemporary Japanese agr culture and farmers). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1964, pp.116-191. Based on a study of rapidly changing farmers and farm households in Japan, attempts to forecast the future. Contents cover: changes in the number of farm households; trends in the ration of full-time to part-time farmers; changes in classes of farm households based on scale of farming; changes in size and composition of farm households; and discrepancies in social change. Kan'no Tadashi, "Nosei no shinto to sonraku taisei: Iwate sanroku chitai Nishine mura Dendo, Nakamura" (The penetration of farm policy and its effects on village organization in two foothill buraku of the Iwate range). See Entry 18.028.

Page  134 134 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 12.087. Nishida Haruhiko }j 1 jC i and Ikeda Kazusada,-t IU, "Sonraku no gyoshudo no sokutei ni tsuite., _ t < ) \JJ ~,-' (Measurement of cohesiveness in a rural community)." Wakayama Daigaku Gakugei Gakubu kiyo: jimbun kagaku (Wakayama University Faculty of Education bulletin: social science), vol.4, 1955, pp.l-27. Report of a survey made in a rural community in Wakayama prefecture in August, 1955. Uses sociometric techniques to calibrate the cohesiveness of relations between households in the comnunity. I2.088. Saeki Naoyoshi / A h 4 1it, "Ringyo no kihon mondai to sonraku kozo W# - 9 J Ma M 41;. j C (Village structure and basic problems in forestry)." SSK Annual, no.8: Nosei no hoko to sonraku shakai,< A J ~ J t- fi X f)-L (Agricultural policy trends and village society). Tokyo, Jiehosha, 1961, pp.33-50. A critical discussion of the forestry section of the 1960 report of the Research Committee on Basic Problems in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. Analyzes characteristics of Japanese forestry and their current implications. Predicts that the government policy to modernize forestry will break down the communal strcture of mountain villages. 12.089. Seki Keigo ~$ f et al., "Amami Oshima, Uken mura, Taken buraku, Okinoerabu shima, Wadomain cho Nishihara buraku, t i <. _:Ti,_ -.F? (TIaken buraku on Amami Island and Nishihara buraku on Okinoerabu Island), in Kyugakkai Rengo Aimami Oshima Kyodo Chosa linkai AL t/, /Lj^ $j -, 1, ~14-Az j (Federation of Nine Learned Societies Amami Oshima Joint Survey Committee) (ed.), Amami: shizen to bunka " j". t -. tC4 U (Amami: nature and culture). Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai, 1959, pp.327-365. Accounts of the social structure of Taken buraku (Kitagawa Takayoshi); economic structure of Nishihara buraku (Matsubara Jiro); kin organization in each buraku (Seki Keigo); and kin relations in the context of religion in the two buraku (Takagi Hiroo). 12.090. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai 44.'- LA fs t r (Society for Rural Social Research) (ed.), SSK Annual, no.5: Sengo noson hembo \' + - 4 (-Changes in the postwar agricultural village). Tokyo, Jichosha, 1958, 257pp. Field work reports on villages near Tokyo, in the T ahoku area and Hokuriiu are (fishing), and in Aichi prefecture. Also a paper on trends to part-time farming and one on trends in farm policy. Authors include Koyama, Takeuchi, Nakano, and others of repute as field workers. 12.091. Tahara Otoyori 1^ j. E q T, "Seisan kumiai oyobi eino kenkyukai to sonraku taisei: Yamagata -en Nidimurayama gun Takaku keiei nogyo chitai Asahi machi Otani i ~ g- / ^ 9- 0 A' ' ~ % k - 44 4 ' lJ ~ 4/' 64 - MX /7, L,~ _. 1~] J k - (Producers cooperatives, farm management research associations and vil.a-e organizations in a diversified crop area in Yamagata prefecture).' in Takeuchi Tosnimi k 4 J\ X (ed.), Tohoku noson no shakai hendo: shinshudan no seisei to sonraku taisei ~t~ 3t 5- to 1 44 ff / lrJ (Social change in Tohoku farm villages: the effect of new organizations on village patterns). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, pp.33-91. Analyzes the influence within a villar- - n e many new functional groups which have sprung up since the postwar shift in crops from rice and silKworms to tree fruits. Tanaka Mikio and Takeuchi Toshimi, "Sninseikatsu Undo to sonraku taisei: Sendai shi kinto Natori shi Tago" (The effect of the New Livelihood Movement on village organization: Tago buraku, on the outskirts of Sendai, See Entry 18.044. Ueno Hirohisa, "Miyazaki ken Usuki gun ni okeru sozoku keitai to keizaiteki kiso" (Patterns of succession in the Usuki area, Miyazaki prefecture, and their economic background). See Entry 10.154. Yasuhara Shigeru, "Nominso bunka to noson no shihai koza" (The dissolution of rural classes and the structure of rural domination). See Entry 15. C25.

Fishing Communities

pp. 135-141

Page  135 CHAPTER XIII FISHING COMMUNITIES Fishermen, a small though varied segment of Japan's village population, have received considerable sociological attention. The literature by no means matches the quantity of research on farm villages, but it presents a good many variants on traditional patterns of social and economic organization. There is also much descriptive material on traditional fishing equipment and techniques, and on ritual and folklore. Our selection stresses studies of local organizational adaptation to fishing as a way of life. As this research illustrates, fishing villages provide quite numerous alternatives to the basic patterns of solidary household and household federation (dozoku) organization that characterize rural areas; i.e., dozoku, etc., are present but in varying degrees of looseness and structural importance in the village as a whole. Usually, particular variants are explainable each in terms of the work-force combinations needed throughout the year to catch the fish species most exploited in the locality under study. In other words, ecological determinants of local social institutions tend to be closely examined in these studies. Also entering into explanation is accomodation to market opportunities, alternative work opportunities apart from fishing, and the impact of legislation or administrative action. For instance, several entries deal specifically with the impact of the 1949 Law on Fisheries, a sort of bill of civil rights for would-be fishermen who previously had been excluded from equal access to the apportioning of fishing grounds or to the fishermen's associations that controlled apportionment and other basic decisions. Excluded from our selection, with a few historical exceptions, are technological studies of fishing methods and material culture. Such information does, to be sure, enter works analyzing social groupings and socio-economic power, which we do list here, but it does not comprise their primary content. This policy has forced the regretful exclusion of certain older works, often in the reports and notes of the Attic Museum (Achiku Miyuzeamu), conducted under the inspiration of the late Shibusawa Keizo, whose career in finance and government did not dull his enthusiasm for ethnographic research, especially on fishing villages; and has enforced a relatively limited selection from the research of folklorists under the leadership of Yanagida Kunio (e.g., Entries 13.016, 13.017, and 13.047-48.) Some of the persons linked with these two leaders (Miyamoto Tsuneichi, Segawa Kiyoko, Tsukishima Kenzo) are among authors represented in Joint studies done under the auspices of the Nine Learned Societies (Kyugakkai Rengo) on Tsushima and Sado. 13.001. Aonuma Yoshimatsu q yv ~ ^, "Gyogyo shakai no kozo: K-machi no iwashi aguri ami gyogyo ni tsuite \ t f O, j,ftI t ' - T ( Structure of fishing society: purse seine fishing for sardines in 'K' town)." SKGHR, no.13-14, 1954, pp.46-73. A case study of social relations in a fishing community; especially good on entrepreneur-worker relationships in the sardine fishery. Chugoku Chiiki Shakai Kenkyukai (ed)., One shima: seitai to kadai (Cne Island: patterns and problems). See Entry 12.010. 13.002. Fujiki Michito i -i 4 A\ and Fujii Hajime j^ 4 p, "Engan sho gyoson no monogurafu: Miyagi ken Ojika gun Onagawa cho Yokoura no jirei d );) 7" 7 f7 i go ' S By pt87 (A monograph of a small coastal fishing hamlet: the case of Yokoura, Onagawa cho, Ojika gun, Miyagi prefecture)." SKGHR, no.32 (Aug. 1958), pp.85-102. A descriptive study of hamlet social structure, treating fishing and agriculture, social class and various groups within the hamlet. The focus of attention is the correlation of the dominant forms of fishing with the social structure of hamlets, and the correlation of changes in fishery and fishing hamlets. 13.003. (System (Social Goshima FuJimitsu e j~ O,'t "Ise wan ni okeru umiwari seido A t I 1 f' $' I 7J l of division of offshore sectors in the Bay of Ise)." Shakai keizai shigaku,4,,; A 3j and economic history), vol.7, no.2, 1937, pp.66-87. Analyzes the system used in Kuwana gun, Mie prefecture, for reapportioning offshore zones for gathering edible seaweed. A study of systems for distributing community resources, demonstrating the concept of equal rights for each participant household. 13.004. "Gyomin,@. (Fisherfolk)." One of two topics, "Gyomin to Tsushima, (Fisherfolk and Tsushima)" in Kyugakkai Rengo jt L _3l (CFederation of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: jinrui kagaku 4 If/z.i '/ J4 f L T 4 (Federation of Nine Learned Societies annual report: anthropological science 4). Kyoto, Seki Shoin, 1952, pp.1-82. Comprises five papers on customs and beliefs associated with Japanese fishing communities. The topics dealt with are: folk beliefs of fisher folk (by Tsukishima); fishermen's attitudes toward fishing (by Sakurada); women divers (by Segawa); houseboat fishermen (ebune) of the Goto Islands (by Yamashina); and a reconstruction of Yayoi ("chacolithic") period fishing Cby Akaboshi). 135

Page  136 136 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Habara Yukichi (Matakichi), "Hokensei yori shihonseika no suii ikan: gyogyo shijo no Sakai ko" (-How Sakai fared in the transition from feudalism: a history of fisheries in Sakai). See Entry 9.016. 13.005. Habara Yukichi /i Jt. $K, Nihon gyogyo keizaishi ' \ i4s.. C.t (Economic history of the Japanese fishing industry). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952-1955. 4 vols. Vol.l, 1952, 623pp.; vol.2, 1953, 599pp.; vol.3, 1954, 652pp.; vol.4, 1955, 684pp. Largely a collection of the author's essays dealing with various aspects of Japan's marine industry from the Tokugawa period. Includes previously published essays as well as new ones. Includes his field studies, of varying length and quality, on techniques, organization of the industry, fishing village society, etc., from all areas of Japan. 13.006. Habara Yukichi X, Nihon kindai gyogyo keizaishJ; X3g _;\ 5r- (- E (cEconomic history of the modernJapanese fishing industry). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1957, Vol.1, 4llpp.; vol.2, 305pp. History of fishing economy from the late Tokugawa through the Meiji period. Vol. 1 is a history of the Hokkaid5 marine and fishing industry. Vol.2 covers fishing in Japanese and Korean waters and the 1902 Fisheries Law. Includes many extended quotations from primary sources. Also includes many explanatory illustrations of ships, nets,and fishing equipment. 13.007. Habara Yukichi I. /A, $t, "Tango Inenoura no buri kabusei to sono keizaishiteki hatten Flt~~ f' t 0jtf '. L t 0 v~ K J I (Economic development of the yellow-fish shareholder system in Inenoura, Tango [Kyoto prefecture]). Shakai keizai shigaku,1j 3 ~ A -h T (-Social and economic history), vol.5, no.8, 1936, pp.1-51. Describes the traditional system of allotment of fishing grounds used in Inenoura, on the north coast of Kyoto prefecture. 13.008. Habara Yukichi A, J f, "Tosa no hogei ami gyoho fL 4. / '.. A f (On whale catching with nets in Tosa Bay)." Shakai keizai shigaku, / X_;~ t- t (Social and economic history), vol.3, no.4, 1933, pp.95-102. Using local records, gives a history of hunting whales with nets in Tosa Bay. 13.009. Hiroshima Kenritsu Rodo Kenkyusho A t SL AO " 'I*l TY ^ T (Hiroshima Prefecture Labor Institute) (ed.), Hiroshima ken gyogyo rodo no jittai $ y W if. \ j4 I 9 A (Fishery labor in Hiroshima prefecture). Hiroshima, Hiroshima Kenritsu R3d5 KenK yusho, 1951, 135pp. A field study of fishing villages in Hiroshima prefecture. 13.010. Kan'no Tadashi T We and Mori Hiroshi "Jisaki gyogyson no buraku kozo (C nit structur i kanJ ki gyogsojm no buraku k-zA t f 0 3 (Community structure in an offshore-fishing village)." Tohoku Shakaigaku Kenkyukai 0;s gt.4Ay^- ^ t y f, (Tohoku Research Society for Sociology), Shakaigaku kenkyu;i/ i' 9z (Studies in sociology), no.10, 1955, pp.1-21. A study of the Tsukahamza community in Onagawa, Miyagi prefecture, chosen as an exemplary model of a style of off-shore fishing. Studies the place of fishing households in the community, their distribution of power and authority, economic and social conditions and their relationship to personality structure. 13.011. Katsumata Takeshi ffo- e (, "Gyogyo sonraku kenkyu no ichi shikaku: Izu hanto teichi gyoson ni okeru engumi kankei o tsujite +, M ^ 5 2 4 Ip A) 4 4< oJnd' YaLs (An approach to fishing village research: affinal relationships in a fixed-net fishing village, Izu Peninsula)." SKGH, vol9, vol no.1 (whole nl (whole no.33), October, 1958, pp.55-61. An attempt to analyze social structure of a fishing village in Izu Peninsula from the angle of affinal relationship as against dozoku relationship. The author demonstrates the usefulness of this approach to a village where the dozoku system is not well developed. A new idea worthy of further tests. 13.012. Kondo Yasuo A * B (ed.), Nihon gyogyo no keizai kozo 1 '-, 9 t o (AEconomic structure of Japanese fisheries). Tokyo, Todai Shuppankai, 1953, 15 + 523pp. Gives an historical account of the economic structure of the Japanese fishing enterprise, analyzes the changes in the fishing industry caused by the development of capitalism, and outlines the class structure of the fishing people. Kondo Yasuo and Kajii Isoshi, Nihon gyoson no kajo jinko (Surplus population in the Japanese fishing village). See Entry 6.097. 13.013. Koyama Takashi yjs LLJ4, "Gyoson kazoku no teichakusei ni tsuite > '4 9 e 1,ztL \{ (On the localization of the fishing village family)." in Hayashi Megumi ); j - (ed. ), Gendai shakaigaku no shomondai,, P 6) %gt (Problems in contemporary sociology). Tokyo, Kobuindo, 1949, pp.201-224. An inquiry into the shifting of residence of fishing village families, using data from one village each in Miyagi and Niigata prefectures.

Page  137 FISHING COMMUNITIES 137 Koyama Takashi, "Ishizaki no kazoku" (The family in Ishizaki). See Entry 10.029. 13.014. Koyama Takashi yle r4, Seki Keigo gg g,and Takeuchi Toshimi /1 \ i ft ], "Ishizaki: sono sangyo keitai to shakai kozo F J ( fQ j _ | i A /-~ _. (Ishizaki: its industrial patterns and social structure)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Noto Chosa Iinkai j} 7~T '_X i ~)F/> (_Nine Learned Societies Council Noto Survey Committee) (ed.), Noto: shizen bunka shakai Ati_ tj A lt /rt (Noto: nature, culture, society). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1955, pp.297-329. Takeuchi and Seki analyze the relationship between fishing and other occupations and dozoku groups, kin groups and day-by-day cooperation. Koyama, in a briefer final section, discusses family structure and its formation. 13.015. Kyugakkai Rengo t/t it. (Council of Nine Learned Societies) ed.), "Kyugakkai Rengo to Suisancho ni yoru gyogyo seido kaikaku ni kansuru kenkyu toron o 7 1T9 /, 4.a s-p a tn +1 t g t n at l " T i - (A research conference on the re on formation of the fisheries system, held jointly by the Council of Nine Learned Societies and the Marine Products Ministry)." Jinrui kagaku 4 13.1T 4 (Anthropological science 4): Kyugakkai Rengo nempo "U itf hSo_ Rtes (-Council of Nine Leraned Societies yearbook). Kyoto, Seki Shoin, 1952, pp.l61-253. A record of a discussion just following the passage of the new fisheries law in March 1951 which sharply affected fishing villages and fisheries. 13. 016. Minzokugaku Kenkyusho ff 4/ %tT A, r f (ed.), "Kaison seikatsu 4 r (AFishing village life)." Minkan densho, < Z (Folk tradition), vol.13, no.7, 1949, 48pp. (a special number). Among the numerous articles, "Taking a ritual parent on Takara Island" (Sakurada Katsunori), "Village of women divers" (Segawa Kiyoko), and "Fishing festivals and labor organization in Omaesaki village" (Takeuchi Toshimi) have been regarded as most notable. 13.017. Minzokugaku Kenkyusho P, T X ' (ed.), "Rito chosa (f J4 (Research on isolated islands)." Minkan densho 4, f (Folk tradition), vol.16, no.3, 1952, 48pp. (a special number). A collection of fragmentary studies of isolated islands off the Japanese mainland. Mitani Tetsuo, "Rito gyoson ni okeru kazoku ruikei to seisan ruikei" (Patterns of migration and the family in a remote fishing village). See Entry 10.039. Miyamoto Tsuneichi, "Tsushima, Goto ni okeru gairaisha no juyo" (The relationship between immigrants and natives in Tsushima and Goto Islands). See Entry 15.018. 13.018. Miyamoto Tsuneichi - a ~ - "Tsushima no gyogyo seido /4/ on <9 - ) t'J (The fishing system in Tsushima)," in Kyugakkai Reng8o / rL fA (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: jinrui kagaku 4 A, f, 4 (Council of Nine Learned Societies annual: anthropological science 4). Kyoto, Seki Shoin, 1952, pp.111-116. A report on the organization of fisheries in Tsushima, especially with respect to honko (old-timer houses), discussed also in papers by Kitano and Nakano, listed in this Guide under Section 11 (Kin and Non-kin Groups and Relations). Naito Kanji, "Nenrei kaikyu: toku ni gyoson no wakamono-gumi" (Age classes: with special reference to the youth group (wakamono-gumi) in a fishing village). See Entry 11.007, 13.019. Nakagawa Zennosuke j )'j i z_ A, "Kesen no gyogyo kazoku ~A V) 9 j. e (Fishing families in Kesen)." in HSKG, no.1, 1951, pp.65-94. Report of surveys made in four fishing villages and in four smaller communities within them (all in Rikuzen Takada City, Iwate prefecture) after 1947. A detailed report of community social structure, collective groups, marriage, and other subjects is given. Includes larger problems of natural environment and the fishing industry. Nakano Takashi, "Gyoba o meguru sonraku shakai no henka: kinsei no kokudaka kaiso to gendai no shunyu kaiso o tegakari to shite" (Change in village society related to the fishing ground: seen in terms of both the Tokugawa period stipend-ranking and contemporary income stratification). See Entry 15.019.. 13.020. - Nakano Takashi I ' #, "Gyogyo rengo no kyodo keiei to gyomin shoshiki `fg.. X ' <f I 7;L di I* A,, f (Joint management of fisheries leagues and organization of fishermen)." in SSK Annual, no.9, Nominso bunkai to nomi soshik (Break-up of the agrarian class and organization of farmers), 1963, pp.85-122^. An analysis of the Kamo Fisheries Association, comprising three net owner associations and three fisheries cooperatives in a fishing village on the coast of the Ryozu Bay in Sado, Niigata prefecture, and of the labor union formed by the men who work for the Association. Special attention is paid to how the labor union developed, in terms of its relations with local collectivities such as ie, ie federation, communities, federations of communities, and class structure.

Page  138 138 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 13.021. Nakano Takashi 'f 'f t-4, "Hokuriku no teichiami gyoson: sono gyogyo kaikaku zengo ~3 Yr 9 _I-' v-14 { 02?i- ~ ~+ ~$.L (Eng. title: Changing social structure of Noto fishing villages: before and after the reformation of fisheries)." SSK Annual, no.5: Sengo noson no hembo K' fit, 4o)t I (Changes in postwar villages), 1958, pp.188-222. Studies changes brought about by the 1951 fisheries reform on the (drift-net fishing industry which had been formed in 1930. This organization was based on shares in a structure very similar to that found in Tokugawa period farming villages. Reform granted fishing rights to ie which had not had them before, but since the new shareholders lacked capital, the former controlling interests tended to retain cr-' ol. Reform did lead, however, to competition between communities. 13.022. Nakano Takashi 4', "lori mura to sono buri ami no shakai kozo: Meiji jidai o chushin to shite 2 ' m O ~-'t,7 dl~Jl 4/i 2M\ A x vA., L,T (Iori village and the social structure of its yellowtail fishery: focusing on the Meiji era)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Noto Chosa Iinkai I{it~y/D I f t -~ -4$X ' (Council of Nine Learned Societies, Noto Survey Committee) (ed.), Noto: shizen bunka shakai ~ 4 Aft b^ft-, (Noto: onature, culture, society). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1955, pp.345-362. Emphasis is on 19th and 20th century changes in social structure in iori village, center of drift-net fishing in Kitaonomi district, east coast of Noto Peninsula. The yellowtail fishery, a dominant occupation in this village, is shown to be a primary determinant of change. The author reports on the same field work in greater detail in a memoir on the several villages of the Kitaonomi district, in Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku Bungakubu kiyo (Tokyo University of Education Literary Faculty memoirs) written in 1955. 13.023. Nakano Takashi f ge u, s"Kita Onomi shoson to son b o uhenuyo j(s h ire i 9:/ oU ~) 0 A_ (Eng. title: Fishing villages using fixed nets for yellowtail, their changing social structure)." Serialized in Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku Bungakubu kiyo, shakai kagaku ronshu re\ ct, s o }T^,v4 - 4Aj-, -: }t f (Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature, Tokyo University of Education, essays in social science), Part 1 in no.2, 1955, pp.1-133; part 2 in no.5, 1958, pp.6-68; part 3 in no.10, 1963, pp.1-110. A heavily documented descriptive historico-sociological study of fishing villages, a parent hamlet hand its branch hamlets on the eastern coast of the Noto Peninsula, especially focused on the changing structure of fishing organization at each level of the community from the end of the sixteenth century to 1909. Later essays will bring it to the present. 13.024. Nakano Takashi uf -' ~, Kurosaki Yasuj iro 1 \ t )1 vsJand Kakizaki Kyoichi 4 _ - "Uchiura engan ni okeru sonraku shakai no henka: buri daiboami do'nyu izen o chushin to shite VI '.^ A 1-t r', 44 Bl — A )-'A1 7 ')t'. k 4 NJ)K r - L T (Changes in village society on the Uchiura coast: before the introduction of large trap nets for yellowtail)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Sado Chosa linkai )/P7,v yfi,4: ~ /' (Council of Nine Learned Societies, Sado Survey Committe) (ed.), Sado: shizen, bunka, shakai, J (Sado: nature, culture, society). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1964, pp.428-459. Report of an intensive historical and sociological study of villages located in the northeast part of Ryozu city in Sado which participate in coopereLive fixed net fishing but have farming and forestry also. Follows social changes in these villages from the beginning of the seventeenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, with special attention to economic and political leadership, social stratification, and social organization in these villages at each period. Follows the fortunes of each ie through each period. Two other essays in the volume by Nakano and Kakizaki deal with twentieth century developments. Noson Hosei Kenkyukai, Norin suisan seido jiten (Dictionary of the agricultural, forestry, and fisneries system). See Entry 19.020. 13.025. Okada Yuzuru A OE L et al., "Kamoize oyobi shuhen chiiki no sonraku kozo I >S -X A^ )l 3L 94 y^ by ()M f (Village structure in Kamoize and its neighbor villages)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Tsushima Kyodo Chosa linkai / S' t A / —cy8 J H )*14 ^ (Council of Nine Learned Societies, Joint Survey Committee on Tsushima) (ed.), Tsushima no shizen to bunka - ) 0 f 0- A4L(Nature and culture in Tsushima). Tokyo, Kokon Shoin, 1954, pp.479-550. Report on villages of Nanaura, on the east coast of Tsushima, emphasizing Kamoize, the geographic, social, and historical center, and showing how its structural differences from neighboring hamlets affect relations among these fishing communities. Fieldwork done in 1949 and 1950, just before and after passage of a law for fisheries reform, permitted describing the effect of this law in an epilogue to the main text. Basic to Kamoize society was a sharp status distinction between full members who are "old timers (honks)" and numerically increasing "sojourners (kiryu)"; the latter ("non-members" whether they are immigrants or branches from native houses) could only occasionally buy a native house's membership right, but the fisheries reform made them an effective interest group arrayed against the natives. Consequences of the two-class system are traced. 13.026. Okamoto Seizo v4 24 A, "Yaizu katsuo gyogyo keiei keitai no suii,, A A f'i o * 4ff (Changes in the bonito fishing organization at Yaizu)." Serialized in Suisankai (The journal of the fisheries of Japan), nos.606-610, May, 1933-July, 1934.

Page  139 FISHING COMMUNITIES 139 Describes changes in a special labor organization for bonito fishing in Yaizu district in which fishermen and their employer are linked through dozoku ties. 13.027. Saito Hyoichi ~ j/ -L t, "Gyomin seikatsushi no kenkyu: Hokkaido gyoson no jirei kenkyu.. tonL E$ teon _ j~t, 4. O - 4. 'J9 lJ1f - (A historical study of fishermen's life: a case study of a Hokkaido fishing village)." SKGHR, vol.8, no.3 (whole no.31), May, 1958, pp.85-106. A heavily documented descriptive history of fishermen's conditions in Hokkaido from the pre-Meiji down to the Meiji era. 13.028. Saito Hyoichi 4- j. F, "Gyoson shakaigaku no kadai: gyoson kenkyu ni okeru shakaigakuteki shomondai y/~... ' f S >'-~^.t.. % 1- t '/ ~ ~Ijrf4 (ThThemes in the sociology of fishing villages: sociological problems in fishing village research) [Eng. title: The subjects of sociology on fishing community]." SKGHR, no.19, 1955, pp.10-22; no.20, 1955, pp.33-54. Criticizes the village-study preoccupation with farm villages and systematically differentiates fishing and farm village society. Shows that, for fishermen, separation of the locus of production from the locus of consi option produces distinctive economic relations, group structure, and personal relations. Populatiorn mobility differs by season, area, and occupation, all this springing from the collective fishing area as the basic community resource. Saito Hyoichi, "Hantc gyoson ni okeru kazoku ishiki no seikaku: Shakotan Hanto no jirei ni tsuite" (Family consciousness in peninsular fishing villages: examples from the Shakotan Peninsula). See Entry 10.058. 13.029. Saito Yoshio L -' t, "Gyoson no buraku kozo bunseki e no ichi s~hiron: Miyagi ken Oshika gun, Onagawa machi Tsukahajna buraku no baaiJ. t ' A f ~, it ' /N d) - A e 9 A ~ /-j,X - )']JTf t.> <u 9 t t) aw4 (On the structural analysis of a fishing village: the case of Tsukahama village, Onagawa town, Miyagi prefecture)." SKGHR, vol.5, no.2 (whole no.18), January 1955, pp.29-46. A case study of the social structure of a fishing village dealing with (1) socio-economic base of the village; (2) structure of the village community; and (3) interrelations among the communities. Samejima Seiichi, "Yoron jima no rodo to shima no seikatsu" (Island life and labor on Yoron jima). See Entry 11.070. Sakurada Katsunori, "Gyojin to shinko" (Fishermen and the coming of deities). See Entry 22.071. 13.030. Sato Terumi {t 4; ', et al., "Kumano nada engan no gyoson no jisshoteki kenkyu Mie ken Watarai Nant5 Nieura t 'a (Eng.- t-tle: study of the a l - ' O~ 1~ ~ (Eng. t itle: A study of the actual conditions of fishing villages on the coast of the Kumano Nada'." in Soshioroji '7 &- 4 ' 4 " (Sociology), vol.6, no.2, 1958, pp.l1-137. Report of a survey carried out by the staff of the Sociology Research Center of Mie University from June to October, 1957. An analysis of social mobility, marriage and divorce in a fishing village where fishing is done with large spread nets and set nets, where oyster beds are kept, and which had formerly flourished as a port of call. Segawa Kiyoko, Ama ki (Women divers). See Entry 16.008. 13.031. Segawa Kiyoko ) '| c, Miyamoto Tsuneichi o n 7t -, Izumi Seiichi f o lf -,and Gam. Masao W anur, t mura "Wanniua village)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Tsushima Kyodo Chosa Iinkai Re(, /;." (Council of Nine Learned Societies, Survey Committee on Tsushima), Tsushima no shizen to bunka 6- A-. a) z ) 4t- (Tsushima: nature and culture). Tokyo, Kokon Shoin, 1954, pp.438-478. k A study of the social structure, notably the distinctions between warrior and commoner, old-timer (honko) and sojourner (kiryu) classes of families; cooperatives based on the special privileges of old-timer families and life patterns (life cycle, production, and consumption) within a fishing village on the north side of Tsushima. 13.032. Seki Keigo J { %, et al., "Wajima Ama machi no chosa hokoku ^^ -j a f ' 9 t (Report on survey of Wajima, Ama machi)." Kyugakkai Rengo Ai t A )Al - (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Jinrui kagaku 6 JN At~"t 6 (Anthropological science 6), 1954, pp.256-269. This study of Ama machi in Ishikawa prefecture mainly treats the shipboard social structure of these seaweed and abalone fishermen who spend about a third of each year offshore; their patron-client and age group relations; their marriage areas; and their patterns of temporary work away from home. 13.033. Setonaikai Sogo Kenkyukai 9EfY, A,^4ZL(The Inland Sea Joint Research Society), Gyoson no seikatsu: Okayama ken Kojima shi Shimotsui Tanoura UI4 )d it 11 I -, "X i I }if /AT' (Life in a fishing village: Tanoura, Shimotsui, Kojima city, Okayama prefecture). Okayama, Okayama Daigaku Setonaikai Sogo Kenkyukai, 1954, 12 + 42hpp. Joint research on a fishing village, Tanoura, by members of the faculty of Okayama University and others. Analyzes rather precisely the environment and work conditions, and the economic and social life of the

Page  140 140 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY village. In many social affairs the village is split in two, fishermen acting separately foom merchants and farmers. Shirai Takashi, "Gyoson ni okeru dozoku shudan" (Dozoku groups in a fishing village). See Entry 11.074. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai (ed.), SSK Annual, no.9: Nominso bunkai to nomin soshiki (Breakup of the agrarian class and agrarian organizations). See Entry 12.072. 13.034. Suzuki Makoto 4 7 if, Miyamoto Tsuneichi -, Kohama Motoji )W %J > iY, Ishida Eiichiro M Ad H -_ g and Kindaichi Haruhik o /s ] 4 a, "Tsutsu S J (Tsutsu)." Kyugakkai Rengo Tsushima Kyodo Chosa linkai ItkS/^-5y< ) t 4 \/z (Council of Nine Learned Societies, Joint Survey Committee on Tsushima) (ed.), Tsushima no shizen to bunka 9^ < if t _ t^ (Tsushima: nature and culture). Tokyo, Kokon Shoin, 1954, pp.337-437. A monograph on a village at the southern tip of Tsushima dealing with social structure, including distinctions between honko (old-timers) and kiryu (sojourners) families, and warrior and commoner families; descriptions of d5zoku, patron-client relations, occupations, and marriage, fisheries, religious customs and beliefs, anthropometry, and linguistics. Parallels another important study of social ranking of honko and kiryu in the Tsushima village of Kamoize, by Okada Yuzuru, et al. (1954), also in this bibliography. 13.035. Takeda Ryozo d )i _, et al., "Hanarejima gyoson no shakai shisutemu: Seto Naikai Ibukujima no baai f KfL Xf v.ftWt A ~ -; / ^ i/ pY )6 7 (Social systems in an isolated island fishing village: the case of Ibukujima in the Seto Inland Sea)." Waseda Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho 41_ H1 t a fT (Social Science Research Institute, Waseda University) (ed.), Shakai kagaku tokyu,J-j/- e J. - ( Social science research), VI, vol.3, no.1, 1958, 154 + 6pp., photographs. Report of research done in 1954-1956. An analysis of village collective groups as a whole using Ibukujima as an example of island societies with high cohesiveness. Six chapters outline the theme and cover the historical background of fishing, then describe the basic social system, the fisheries and human relations, social class and trends of change in social attitudes, village social life, self-government, and social security. 13.036. Takeda Ryozo ' ~k ~ and Tonogi Norio |-K 1 ), "Ogi ikatsuri boson Hime buraku no kozo;A ]',,.-or " 7 '99 34j- O ~ t-l.0gi: the structure of Hime buraku, a cuttle-fishing port)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Noto Chosa Iinkai /t_ (Council of Nine Learned Societies, Noto Survey Committee) (ed.), Noto: shizen, bunka, shakai V'_, Ital _t t ~ (Noto: nature, culture, society). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1955, pp.330-344. A survey report of the fisheries labor system and village structure in Hime, a part of the town of Ogi in Ishikawa prefecture. Between July and December many cuttle-fish (squid) boats sail out of Hime harbor to fish off Hokkaido. 13.037. Takeuchi Toshimi tef ]- 41\ ~, "Gyogyo to sonraku: sanriku katsuo gyoson no jirei IJ ~ 41 ' gtr e i J 't h-"' 94- ~ 'fJ\ (Fishing and villages: an example of a bonito fishery in Miyagi prefecture)." SSK Annual, vol.3, Sonraku kyodotai no bunseki t9 J 4 y 9 4' 1T (Structural analysis of the village community), 1956, pp.127-166. A monograph based on a 1950 survey of Tatsuhama, a village in Miyagi prefecture, whose residents engage mainly in deep-sea fishing. It analyzes both the existing social groups within a village dominated by the owner of large deep-sea ships who employs many fishermen, and the historical process by which ie and dozoku were formed. 13.0U38. Takeuchi Toshimi /'T ] i 4' ~., "Kuchinoto no gyoson shakai: Ishizaki no gyogyo keitai to sonraku koso \J lm 0 \g,;) hIJO 4_ ) r - (Fishing village society in Kuchinoto: Ishizaki fisheries and village structure)." Kyugakkai Rengo _t/' & 'j ~ (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed. ), 1954 nempo Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: jinrui kagaku 7 / 7 J$ 4 - m3./ ti ~0 K X _.T_ 7 (Council of Nine Learned Societies 1954 annual: anthropological science 7). Tokyo, Seibundo Shinkosha, 1955, pp.168-187. A study of village structure and the history, forms, and organization of fisheries in Ishizaki (now part of Nanao city), a fisheries center on the coast of Nanaominato in Ishikawa prefecture. Dealt with also in papers by Koyama Takashi in this volume and by Nakano Takashi in volume 6 of this series. Takeuchi Toshimi, et al., "Tohoku sonraku to nenjo soshiki" (Tohoku villages and the age-grading system). See Entry 11.013. 13.039. Tamaki Hajime. t j, "Gyoson ni okeru kyodo soshiki to ie no mondai Yi d l n % A*d a A At a _ (The organization of cooperatives and the ie in a fishing village)." SSK Annual, vol.8: Nosei no hoko to sonraku shakai, e X 4 1 tr A -44 t (Trends in farm administration and village society), 1961, pp.137-162. A study of the function and composition of cooperatives, and of the effect of ownership and inheritance of cooperative membership on attitudes and customs concerning the family. Undertaken in a village where fishing, pearl oyster, and forestry cooperatives are joined together.

Page  141 FISHING COMMUNITIES 141 13.040. Tamura Hiroshi 8 - t, Nogyoson kyosantai no kenkyu.; - ~ ) 9 h/ r < (Study of the communal group of a farming-fishing village). Tokyo, Taibunkan, 1931, 10 + 211pp. Survey report of landownership, consanguine group, economic life, customs, and religion of a farmingfishing village, Shiriya buraku, Higashidori mura, Shimokita gun, Aomori prefecture. Treats the village as a large family community based on consanguine relationship. Tanozaki Akio and Tahara Otoyori, "Gyoson no kaiso kosei: sanriku engan no ichi gyoson ni tsuite" (Class stratification in a fishing village: research report on a village on the coast on the Sanriku district). See Entry 15.021. 13.041. Tonogi Norio >T AtJ.As, "Ogi machi Hime buraku no gyoro soshiki: Hokkaido ika tsuri gyoro o chushin to shite )\ V4| di) t 4 AZ L ~ (Fisheries organization in Hime buraku, Ogi machi: cuttlefish fishing in Hokkaido)." in Kyugakkai Rengo L ', L/1- (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), 1953 nendo Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: jinrui kagaku /-3 7$ A '7-/ AYll/ rt i J )-tA ' (1953 Council of Nine Learned Societies annual: anthropological sciences). Tokyo, Nakayama Shoten, 1954, pp.232-240. Investigates the relation of fisheries to the social system in Hime buraku, Ogi machi, Susu gun, Ishikawa prefecture. The cuttlefish fishery off Hokkaido draws a great many men away from this hamlet during the fishing season. Tsuchida Hideo, "Iseshima ni okeru inkyo kanko" (Retirement practice in Iseshima). See Entry 10.153. 13.042. "Tsushima ft2,J (Tsushima)." One of two topics in "Gyomin to Tsushima >. X m 4,,J (Fisherfolk and Tsushima)." in Kyugakkai Rengo LU /tZ _/a (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Ky-gakkai Rengo nempo: jinrui kagaku 4 K /'a -S ~ /4g 2,t 4 (Council of Nine Learned Societies annual: anthropological science 4). Kyoto, Seki Shoin, 1952, pp.82-160. One section of the reports on the comprehensive study of Tsushima undertaken in 1950 by the Federation (at that time comprising eight societies), comprising papers offered at the 1951 joint meeting. (See also listings on Tsushima under Jimbun Kagakkai [Humanistic Sciences Association] and Kyugakkai Rengo [Council of Nine Learned Societies]). These papers cover the following topics: cultivated land, anthropometry, dialect, work customs, fishery organization, Shin Buddhism, Shinto, burial mounds and sarcophagi, medical conditions, and village social structure. 13.043. Yabuuchi Yoshihiko t1; i,, Gyoson no seitai: jimbun chirigakuteki tachiba,^:4 < / #4 ' X A j-L L iL - J94 (Status of fishing hamlets viewed from human geography). Tokyo, Kokin Shoin, 1958, 385pp. A collection of descriptive studies of fishing hamlets by a human geographer. Reports of coastal villages of Hokuriku district form the main part of the book. There are useful indexes. 13.044. Yamaguchi Asataro J 1 A > t), "Iki Katsumotoura no gyoson seikatsu iti J^~ K ' 9 Jo, '^ y~; (Fishing village life at Katsumotoura on Iki Island [Fukuoka prefecture])." Shakai keizai shigaku (Social and economic history), vol.9, no.4, 1938, pp.51-77; vol.9, no.5, 1938, pp. 65-99. Description of fishing, daily life, and folkways of fishermen at Katsumotoura, Katsumoto machi, Iki Island. 13.045. Yamaguchi Asataro L, JL /k3, "Iki no Ozaki ama ni tsuite / A 9 Jib4 1i- \ (On women divers at Ozaki in Iki Island [Fukuoka prefecture])." Shakai keiza shigaku,t A a A (Social economic history), vol.3, 1933, pp.67-88. Describes the work, daily life, and folkways of women divers at Ozaki ura, Watara mura, on Iki Island, Fukuoka prefecture. Yamaguchi Kazuo (ed.), Kinsei Etchu Nadaura daiami gyogyoshi (History of daiami fishery of the recent period in Etchu Nadaura). See Entry 9.026. 13.046. Yamaoka Eiichi m m J 4, "Gyoson shakai no kozo to gyomin ni okeru futatsu no kata,. /$~ /z ~ ~ 'L ^z. ] ~ 1 r- ~; -V 9 j (Social structure of fishing communities: two patterns among fishermen)." SKGHR, no.9, 1952, pp.63-72. Describes fishing village society in Shimane prefecture, comparing fishing villages with farming-fishing villages. 13.047. Yanagida Kunio 4- h 1, (ed.), Kaison seikatsu no kenkyu A 44 S / 9 -t (Studies of coastal village life). Tokyo, Nihon Minzoku Gakkai, 1949, 4 + 472pp. A report of numerous village surveys carried out by the members of the Japan Folklore Society from 1937 to 1939. Following Japanese folklorist practices, the volume presents sections on various aspects of life rather than describing any one village in its entirety. Important items are: labor organization in fishing, women's labor in the fishing village, the family and kin group, marriage, initiation ceremonies, and the daily life of fishermen.

Urban Communities

pp. 142-156

Page  142 CHAPTER XIV URBAN COMMUNITIES Researchers should be aware of connotations of the several Japanese words for "city," notably the words shi, toshi, tokai. The simplest designation, -shi, used as a suffix to place names, is an administrative term. Shi refers to a relatively elaborate administrative organization suited to an area, of high population density; but this administration is granted to localities of large population no matter how thinly scattered. Especially in the 1954 -1956 era of drive toward amalgamation, many localities were transformed from machi (town) to shi (city, municipality) merely by having their boundaries redrawn to engulf neighboring farm villages. Land use remained predominantly rural, though there often was the rationale of anticipated eventual urbanization around a central core (the former machi). in short, a researcher should not unwarily assume every community designated -shi to be urban in a sociological sense. The words toshi and tokai, however, do connote urban types of land use and urban concentration of population; though the two are almost synonymous, tokai has usually implied larger size and, if anything, the cultural and valuative aspects of a city (e.g., cities are crowded, dirty, lively). Toshi, on the other hand, is most commonly the word used in legal and social science contexts, as in "city government," "city planning," etc. Either term in combined form (daitoshi, daitokai) denotes a metropolis, while megalopolis is rendered kyodaitoshi, more rarely kyodaitokai. Urban research studies are readily divided into two groups, those on any of the "Big Seven," and those on the lesser, provincial cities. Tokyo is overwhelmingly the favored research target and, consciously or unwittingly, is conceived as the paradigm case for generalizations. As is implied by this observation, there is distressingly little comparative material from other cities of Japan on urbanization processes and urban social parameters. except perhaps in the field of urban morphology (or urban ecology, taken as roughly synonymous). Given that "urban research" very often means "Tokyo research," then, our selection shows studies of migration to the city, urban impact on organization and attitudes, peculiarly urban phenomena such as project housing (danchi, which usually are extensive apartment blocks) and central business districts, and neighborhood associations. Ruralurban contrasts come under study, of course, but not a few authors stress rural-urban continuities of social organization and life style (with ample justification); their subject matter thus fits into other categories of this Guide and is only crosslisted in this section, which is rigorously pared down to works not readily listed elsewhere. Comparativists will find almost no study on certain subjects that receire rather abundant attention in other parts of the world. Certain phenomena simply are less prominent in Japan than elsewhere, of course: most studies of the flow of population into cities have been merely statistical (and are classed by us under Demography) because Japan offers no compelling reason to focus on ethnic clash or detribalization; on wholesale migration from a chaotic countryside into urban-fringe barriadas or favelas, or on the springing up of a city de novo around a single industry. But in considerable measure urban sociology is just too recent in growth to have seized all its opportunities, including ones mentioned here and others that would provide instructive comparison. Moreover, our restriction in this Guide to research carried out as sociology by sociologists has not permitted full coverage of urban studies carried out by economists, political scientists, and opinion-pollers, city planners or engineers and architects, or others whose contributions should be investigated by persons broadly involved in urban research. A. GENERAL AND METROPOLITAN In this section we place studies of the morphology or ecology of cities, including both attempts to construct a broad general typology (e.g., Items 1i.014, 14.015, 14.028) and, at the other extreme of specificity, analysis of the functions of a single category of occupations (e.g., Item 14.013 on retailers). Certain studies of major cities (mostly Tokyo) dealing with migration, family structure, leisure activities, mass society, and urban administration are in this section. Researchers are advised, however, also to scan other sections from which works are cross-listed here. A few general surveys of urban sociology in Japan (notably by Ariga, Item 1L.001, and Suzuki, Item 14.025) are available, as are works that provide extended bibliography (Items 14.011, 14.016, 14.022, 14.026, and 14.075). Ari Bakuji, "Chiho seido [ho taisei hokaiki]: burakukai chonaikai seido" (The regional system (period of collapse of the legal system]: the system of village and neighborhood associations). See Entry 19,003. 14.001. Ariga Kizaemon, ^ 7, "Toshi shakaigaku no kadai AV t/ 7 -,. (Themes for urban sociology)." in Minzoku Bunka Chosakai er, 4U 6 [ / (Institute for Studies in Folk Culture) 142

Page  143 URBAN COMMUNITIES 143 (ed)., Shakai chosa no riron to jissai 'jR-/ 1] ~.t ' (Theory and practice in social research). Tokyo, Aoyama Shoin, 1948, pp.29-73. States that sociological study of Japanese urban society cannot be carried out as if it were in another universe from village society. Research must take into account that both urban and rural segments have continuity leading from Japanese social tradition. Dozoku groups and neighborhood associations are found in cities as well as in the country. In the city, the ie is apt to be the social unit in fewer situations than in the village, and the ie is less apt to be a basis for patron-client situations, which are more variable in the city. Yet, as the author shows with concrete examples, he finds city life replete with the very features he stressed as traits of rural society in his postwar methodological treatise. For a convenient reprint of this paper, see Ariga Kizaemon chosakushu (Collected works of Ariga Kizaemon), cited in Section 12A. 14.002. "Daitoshi e no jinko shuchu to chiho toshi no yakuwari J\ / O U V ' At- - ~ 'i 9 SLy] (Concentration of population in the large cities and the role of the regional city)." Special issue of Toshi mondai,o ) af A- (Urban problems), vol.54, no.8, 1963, pp.3-182. Results of a 1962 survey on population movements in Tokyo, problems and policies on population movements, and factors on population movement in outlying regions. Findings: Population has markedly increased in Tokyo and neighboring prefectures; a high percentage of those drawn to Tokyo come from T5hoku; but attractive regional cities succeed in retaining much population in their areas. Furusawa Tomokichi, '"Yokohama no kaso shakai ni kansuru ichi kosatsu" (A study of lower class society in Yokohama). See Entry 15.027. Fuse Tetsuji, "Gendai Nihon toshi kazoku ni okeru futatsu no 'ruikei' to toshi no kindaika": Nihon toshi kazoku no shakaigakuteki kenkyu josetsu" (Two types of Japanese modern urban families and modernization of cities: introduction to a sociological study of the Japanese urban family). See Entry 10.011. Hama Hidehiko, "Shuto chiiki ni okeru chuyakan jinko no jittai" (Day-time and night-time population in the Tokyo metropolitan area). See Entry 6.129. 14.003. Hattori Keijiro if -, "Kyodai toshika ni tomonau Tokyo toshin no yakuwari i no h ke n ky L ( O ccu pa1tiona'] (The role of Tokyo's inner city in mammoth metropolitan growth)." Toshi mondai T (Urban problems), vol.55, no.4, 1964, pp.53-72. Calculates the variable centering of functions in Tokyo by establishing multiple indices. Works out an index of functions for the central part of the city that incorporates twelve functions -- administration, national administration, large corporation headquarters, building rental space, finance, communications media, entertainment, etc., and an index for the zonal base, based on general population density, density of company employees, and land use. Also has an index of zonal strength based on eight variables, such as concentration of large enterprises, concentration of local agencies of the government, concentration of labor, and automobile traffic volume. Hibi Koichi, "Daitoshi no shokugyoteki seiso to ido: Tokyo ni okeru shakaiteki seiso to shakai ishiki no chosa kenkyu" (Occupational stratification and mobility in the large urban commuiity: a report of research on social stratification and social attitudes in Tokyo). See Entry 15.028. "Hokenjo" (Health center). See Entry 21.002. 14.004. Ikeda Yoshisuke "tG \!1 S& and Sasaki Eiji J4^ - K jg, "Gendai daitoshi ni okeru tsukon ken ni tsuite SAj JXF i' I -v \' T (The 'marriage area' of the residents of a modern metropolis)." SKGHR, no.26, February, 1956, pp.57-71. An extensive study of 14,886 instances of f marriage recorded within the city limit of Kyoto since 1901, to show the geographical distribution of marriage partners and changes with the passage of time. This pioneering study of urban marriage demonstrates the existence of the same tendency in a metropolis as in rural communities where much has been written on the marriaga area. 14.005. Ikeuchi Hajime n o -, et al., "Tokyo tomin no seikatsu jikan to seikatsu ishiki th f l 0<) O I 4- 7 (Eng. title: Metropolitan inhabitants: their everyday lives, leisuretime activities, and attitudes toward the metropolitan life)." in Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun Kenkyusho kiyo T_1KJfjfT f )W# 9A 7T 't ' (Bulletin of the Institute of Journalism, Tokyo University), Part I: no.10, 1960, pp.1-96; Part II: no.10-12, 1961, pp.1-62. Part I is a report of interviews with a sample of 1,200 selected from all the registered voters in Tokyo's 23 wards in July, 1959. A comprehensive analysis of use of time by city residents. Detailed analysis is given leisure time and use of mass media. Part II is an analysis of the relationship between attitudes and actual practice in the use of time, and examines the place of hobbies in use of leisure time. Inami Etsuji, "Daitoshi no ryudo jinko no kozo to jinko no ryudoken" (Structure of mobile population in the large city and its area of mobility)."

Page  144 i44 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 14.006. Isomura Eiichi JJ 4t4. -, "Daitoshi ni okeru chiiki kozo no bunseki: toku ni toshinteki chiiki o chushin ni )t $ 1 If'b1-,t 4t t4 'E'! — w -J.1 If - e, t it /{ I f/ 1(- (An analysis of areal structure in the large city: focusing on center areas)." Toshi mondai yf i A 4 (Urban problems), vol.46, no.9, 1955, pp.l-11. A zonal analysis of the city, casting doubt on prevailing methods. As indices to the structure of population, land and buildings, etc., the following functional analytical features are proposed: (1) nuclear areas of political and administrative authority; (2) economic and industrial headquarters areas; and (3) consumption and service areas. 14.007. Isomura Eiichi *7 v t -, "Daitoshi ni okeru toshin no hendo: Yokohama shi no baai - J I) z ^%^ Ott ) 4 L A (Change in the central core of big cities: the case of Yokohama)." Toshi mondai IT ' A >y (Urban problems), vol.47, no.50, 1956, pp.37-52. Shows that between two large cities, the one with the greater social and economic attraction will tend to dominate the other and draw it into its own sphere. In April 1956 surveys were taken of (1) local enterprises, (2) population migration, (3) the destination of pedestrians in residential areas, and (4) shopping and recreation in Yokohama, which showed its increasing domination by Tokyo. 14.008. Isomura Eiichi et al -, et al., "Hyuman rinyuaru t- An - J —JuL (Human renewal)." Toshi mondai 5 $ 3 J (Urban problems), special issue, vol.55, no.2, 1964. Containes five essays including two on "Current urban problems and human renewal" (Isomura Eiichi and Kitagawa Takayoshi), and one on "The slum and human renewal" (Oyabu Toshiichi). Isomura Eiichi, Ku no kenkyu (Research on city wards). See Entry 19.012. 14.009. Isomura Eiichi -, "Shudan to shite no toshi no tokushitsu A L 9 / t 9 t (Characteristics of the city as a social group)." SKGZ, no.67, 1929, pp.11-30. The effects of a city as a social group on its individual members and on families, as shown by a study made in Tokyo early in its course of growth to overwhelming metropolitan dominance. Isomura Eiichi (ed.), Toshi mondai jiten (Dictionary of urban problems). See Entry 2.029. 14.010. Isomura Eiichi /f7 v1 --, Toshi shakaigaku e4 l A / '; (Urban sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1953, 397pp. A comparative study of the theories of formation, structure and function, and actual conditions of the city as a community. This study attempts to analyze the influence urbanization exerts on the personality of city inhabitants. 14.011. Isomura Eiichi shakaigaku kenkyu d T ff t A j (Studies in urban sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1959, 17 + 349pp. A study of cities in terms of their formation, structure and functioning, the personality of urbanites, and finally, city planning. It represents an attempt to integrate Japanese information with theories developed by American scholars. Contains a useful guide to social research on cities, a carefully selected bibliography, and an index. 14.012. Iwai Hiroaki A - AA V-, et al., (eds.), Toshi mondai koza,, %;. i- (Symposium on urban problems), 7 vols. Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1965. Writers are experts in fields dealing with urban problems, including sociologists, urban engineers, administrators, and architects. All deal with contemporary Japan. Their contributions are grouped as follows: economic structure; dwelling land, and water; finance and administration; urban traffic; social environment; public hazards and disasters; and urban planning. Kawagoe Junji, "Toshi kazoku no sonzai keitai" (Patterns of urban families). See Entry 10.020. Keishichoshi Hensan Iinkai (ed.), Keishichoshi (History of the Metropolitan Police Board). See Entry 19.016. Kido Kotaro and Sugi Masataka, "Shakai ishiki no kozo: Tokyo ni okeru shakaiteki seiso to shakai ishiki no chosa kenkyu (III)" (Report of research on social stratification and mobility in Tokyo (III): the structure of social consciousness). See Entry 25.033. 14.013. Kobayasishi Hiroshi )1 44 j8, "Daitoshi ni okeru shogyo kino no kozo: Osaka shi o rei to shite A ^ ' 1VI v A J tX fiJ a L T (The structure of commercial functions in large cities: Osaka as an example)." Toshi mondai kenkyu -e l 4 X J (Studies in urban problems), vol.7, no.2, 1955, pp.15-31. Divides Osaka retailers into those who sell dry goods, clothing, and personal belongings; those who sell food; and restaurateurs; and analyzes the industrial function of cities in terms of their distribution. Koyama Takashi, "Nihon no toshi ni okeru kazoku kosei no tokushitsu" (Peculiarities in Japanese urban family composition). See Entry 10.034.

Page  145 URBAN COMMUNITIES Koyano Shogo, "Shakai kozo to shite no jikanteki seigo ni tsuite: toshika no shihyo no tame no ichi kasetsu" (On time-intervals as a factor of social organization: a hypothesis for an index of urbanization). See Entry 4.n17. 14.014. Kurasawa Susumu X ys j_, "Nihon toshi no sogo bunrui to seiritsu katei H 9 f a~ 2 X'. L; - _~ ~, #x' (Comprehensive classification and development of the Japanese city)." Toshi mondai kenkyu Ag g Ad T _j (Studies in urban problems), vol.15, no.9, 1963, pp.72-93. Attempts a classification of the 491 cities in Japan in 1955. Classification is based on degree of urbanization, industrial structure and mobility, using the 1955 and 1960 censuses and survey of business places. The author compares his classification with those of the Autonomy Agency (Jichicho) and Yasuda Saburo, as well as with Yamaguchi Keiichiro's classification based on formative processes. 14.015. Kurasawa Susumu jf j>, "Toshi shakai no kozo A yi 9, (The structure of urban society)." in Fukutake Tadashi,4i ' 'j (ed.), Nihon no shakai f - a jt, A (Japanese society). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1961, pp.163-214. Considers seventeen original functions (castle-town, port-town, etc.) of Japanese cities in the Tokugawa period and subsequentshifts in functions. Then lumps them in two classes: traditional consumption cities, or production cities; and analyzes the structure of each category. 14.016. Kurasawa Susumu j,, "Toshi shakaigaku no tenkai to kadai T,- z / 9,, L A S (Development of urban sociology and its themes)." Toshi mondai l J M (Urban problems), vol.50, no.9, 1959, pp.9-18. Outlines the present state of urban sociology (mostly American) and presents some problems, giving a bibliography of Japanese research. 14.017. Kurasawa Susumu A',7 ' _, "Toshika to tokaijin no shakaiteki seikaku n%, y - _ A i j' 9 1 * 'I (Urbanization and the social traits of urbanites)." SKGHR, vol.9, no.4 (whole no.36), 1959, pp.33-52. Urban surveys conducted by the Japan Municipal League in autumn, 1956, provide data on Ichikawa and Funabashi. The author suggests that urbanization includes change along three parameters: (1) forms (residence mobility, commuting); (2) structure (participation in occupational and other groups); and (3), attitudes (shift from traditional to rational action, from personal to impersonal relations, from authoritarianism to egalitarianism). Kuwabata Yukichi, "Toshi rikon no chiikiteki bumpu ni tsuite: shakai byori no seitaiteki hoho no ichi rei" (Zonal distribution of divorce within a city: an example of the ecological method in social pathology). See Entry 10.103. Kyoto fu Gakumu bu Shakai ka (ed.), Kyoto fu homen iin seido nijunenshi (Twenty year history of the local social welfare committee system in Kyoto). See Entry 21.006. 14.018. Mizuno Hajime Jib t g_, "Tsukin gensho kara mita Nagoya shi no chushinsei A4_ A i J > p t Au nm a 9 To/LTi (Eng. title: On the centrality of Nagoya city from the viewpoint of commuting phenomena)." in Toshi mondai kenkyu, / A if v j (Studies in urban problems), vol.11, no.7,(whole no.103), July 1959, pp.66-78; An ecological approach to centrality in terms of commuters. Using the census of 1955, the author selects 158 cities, townsand villages (scattered among the prefectures of Aichi, Gifu, Mie, and Shizuoka) from which more than ten people commute into Nagoya city. 14.019. Nakano Takashi T Y T (ed.), Chiiki seikatsu no shakaigaku jet Ad- +,4 j,- 7't (Sociology of area life), vol.2 of Fukutake Tadashi,4 ' j and Hidaka Rokur5 A3 7 Z\ M (eds.), Gendai shakaigaku k5za ^Y, > /T>v (Series on contemporary sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1964, 259 + 11 + 13pp. Contains five essays dealing with the sociological concept of "area" in Japan (Nakano Takashi), with regional bounds to ways of life (Uzu Eisuke), with social areas in the countryside (Kakizaki Kyoichi); with urban restructuring of areas (Okuda Michihiro), and with local economic development and social change (Tahara Otoyori). The first paper and last three papers offer much synopsized data on demographic and economic change. A chronological table is included. Nasu Shoichi, "Doyagai kyojusha no seikatsu kozo: Takabashi san chome no kansatsu chosa o chushin ni" (Social structure among residents of a lower class rooming house area: observation and study of Takabashi san chome). See Entry 15.030. Nihon Shakai Gakkai Ch5sa Iinkai (ed.), Nihon shakai no kaisoteki kozo (Social stratification of Japanese society). See Entry 15.007. Nihon Shakai Gakkai Chosa Iinkai (ed.), "Wagakuni ni okeru shakaiteki ido" (Social mobility in Japan: an interim report on the 1955 survey of social stratification and social mobility). See Entry 15.008.

Page  146 146 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Nihon toshi nenkan (Yearbook of Japanese cities). Published by Zenkoku Shichokai (ed.). See Entry 2.006. Nishida Taketoshi (ed.), Toshi kaso shakai (The lower classes in the city). See Entry 15.031. Odaka Kunio and Nishihara Shigeki, "Wagakuni rokudai toshi no shakaiteki seiso to ido" (Report of a sample survey of social stratification and mobility in the six large cities of Japan). See Entry 15.032. Okochi Kazuo (ed.), Keihin kogyo chitai no sangyo kozo (Industrial structure of the Tokyo-Yokohama manufacturing zone). See Entry 18.013. Okui Fukutaro, et al., "Shimin ishiki" (Citizen's consciousness). See Entry 25.047. 14.020. Okui Fukutaro ~ 7 t, Gendai daitoshi ron t.\ ' t (Studies of the modern metropolis). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1940, 12 + 743pp. The author, a pioneer in Japanese urban sociology, analyzes characteristics of modern large cities, using field surveys in Tokyo, Kamakura, and Osaka. He not only explains the demographic, communicative, and economic factors of the city itself, but also treats the city in its relation to the whole social and economic structure of Japan. Outlines the concepts of urban sociology and touches on city planning. 14.021. Okui Fukutaro _ j X, et al., "Toshi chosa no noho to kadai ~ i - ~ i4 ~ 1 f,. (Problems and methods of city survey)." Toshi mondai A r IT o (Urban problems), special issue, vol.45, no.5, May, 1954, 122pp; vol.45, no.6, June 1954, 58pp. In carrying out provisions of the October, 1953, law to implement town and village amalgamation, the localities denominated as "cities" jumped from 288 in 1953 to 391 by May, 1954. Study of this phenomenon of new cities, the chief subject of the 1954 annual meeting of the Japan Municipal Association, is the concern of these papers. The May issue carries theoretical and general papers: on survey methods as applied to defining neighborhoods, to communication, to public health, to cost of living, to attitudes, and to other aspects. The June issue presents field work reports on Fujisawa and Toyonaka as well as several other papers suggesting orientation to problems. 14.022. 5mi Tetsuo jL y f ~, "Toshi shakaigaku no genjo to kadai A_ t j z 90 L: l Ott% (Present conditions of and themes for urban sociology)." in Takeda Ryozo \ a R - (ed.), Konnichi no shakaigaku /, g f j 1' (Sociology today). Tokyo, Yushindo, 1960, pp.298-347. Review and critique of postwar Japanese urban sociology, which lists most of the significant works. See also Yasuda Saburo, Toshi shakaigaku no kaiko (Urban sociology in retrospect), and Shimmei Masamichi, Wagakuni toshi shakaigaku no doko (Trends in Japanese urban sociology). ()mi Tetsuo, "Toshika to bunka hendo" (Urbanization and culture change). See Entry 4.035. Ono Isamu, Kosetsu ichiba no kenk y (Research on the public markets). See Entry 9.031. 14.023. Osaka Shisei Kenkyujo setsuritsu jushu nen kinen rombunshu: daitoshi rio kenkyu i\x ]~ i t ) )' f t -eg-g )5~ A * ),s\ dT T P I) 4[ (Osaka Urban Institute tenth anniversary commemorative anthology: metropolitan research). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1961, 2 + 2 + 225 + 3pp. A collection of twelve articles dealing mainly with administration in large cities. 14.024. Shimazaki Minoru A J 1. and Kitagawa Takayoshi JL )'J1 e, Gendai Nihon no toshi shakai 3C{> V14 0- f A -t- ir (Contemporary Japanese urban society). Tokyo, San'ichi Shobo, 1962, 319pp. A Marxist interpretation of contemporary Japanese urban society touching on a wide variety of problems from the basic structure of urban society and the social consciousness of urbanites in respect to city administration and city planning. 14.025. Suzukl Eitaro X_' sJ ' -,7 Toshi shakaigaku genri A J,/ A j~ ' (Principles of urban sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1957, 21 + 463pp. The most outstanding theoretical study of present-day urban society in Japan by one leader of first-generation Japanese sociology. The author's interests are confined to basic theories of structure, function,and dynamics; he does not treat population, social welfare, pathological phenomenaor city planning. Theories are tested against findings in empirical research by the author and other scholars as well. Indexed. Suzuki Jiro (ed.), "Toshi to sonraku no shakaigaku: bunken to kaisetsu" (Urban and rural sociology: literature and comments). See Entry 1.043. 14.026. Suzuki Jiro B,y c_- " (ed.), Toshi to sonraku no shakaigakuteki kenkyu; i ~ A fi) t tz -T +J9,(Sociological study of a city and a village). Tokyo, Sekai Shoin, 1956, 306pp. This volume combines the two studies of Tachikawa city (1952) and of Komo-gun, Minami Izu town (1953). The author appends an annotated bibliography of urban and village studies. Takahashi Akira, "Howaito kara no seiji ishiki" (Political consciousness among white collar workers). See Entry 25.054.

Page  147 URBAN COMMUNITIES 147 Takahashi Akira, et al., "Toshi kinro shiminso no seiji ishiki to komyunikeshon kodo: chosa hokoku" (A study of political consciousness and communication behavior in the case of urban dwellers). See Entry 23.033. Takahashi Shin'ichi, Kyoto Shoko Kaigishoshi (History of the Kyoto Chamber of Commerce and Industry). See Entry 9.034. Takami Yasujiro, "Shiju torishimari enkaku: Meiji shonen no keisatsu" (History of city supervision: police in the early Meiji period). See Entry 19.048. Tokyo Shisei Chosakai, Jichi gojunen shi (History of fifty years of locaL self-government ). See Entry 19.031. Tokyo Shisei Chosakai Kenkyuba, "Daitoshi e no jinko shuchu to chiho toshi no yakuwari: Tokyo o meguru jinko ido no jittai o chushin to shite" (Population concentrating in large city and tasks of local cities - focusing on migration to Tokyo). See Entry 6.149. Tominaga Ken'ichi, "Toshi kazoku no shufu ni okeru kaisonai doshitsusei to kaisokan ishitsusei" (Intra-class homogeneity and inter-class heterogeneity among ITokyo] metropolitan housewives). See Entry 10.132, Uchino Sumiko, "Daitoshi ni okeru migrants to non-migrants no seikatsu kodo to ishiki" (Some observations on behavior and consciousness in daily life among migrants and non-migrants in the three biggest cities in Japan). See Entry 6.150. 14.027. Uzu Eisuke -t 7 a, "Toshi shakaigaku ni okeru seikatsu kozo no shomondai 4 /J-tv tI 1z b '7^ t y 4 ) _, 4 ' (Eng. title: Some problems concerning life-structure in urban sociology)." Chuo Daigaku Bungakubu kiyo: Tetsugakka -' y V< tC Z g (Chuo University Faculty of Arts bulletin: Department of Philosphy), vol.7, no.22, April, 1961, pp.88-114. An essay on theory which tries to resolve several issues in the analysis of contemporary society as a whole by applying the theory of Life structure conjointly with the theory of power structure, as these theories have been expressed in sociology. Yamamoto Noboru, "Shakaiteki seiso kenkyu no kadai" (Themes for research in social stratification). See Entry 15.012. Yasuda Saburo. "Aru sampuringu chosa no hokoku: Tokyo ni okeru shakaiteki seiso to shakai ishiki no chosa kenkyu'- (Report of a sampling survey: research on social stratification and social attitudes in Tokyo). See Entry 1.033. 14.028. Yasuda Saburo t 1 f, "Tohi renzokutai setsu no kosatsu t 'v;_J,_ V Ct id,A (A study of the rural-urban continuum concept)." Toshi mondai 1P X9 (Urban problems), Part I, vol.50, no.2, 1959, pp.53-60; Part II, vol.50, no.9, 1959, pp.40-51. Reexamines various theories on rural and urban differences, accepting the hypothesis of a graduated ruralurban continuum; then applies factor analysis to data from the 1950 Census of Japan and demonstrates the existence of such a continuum; finally, presents a tentative scheme for classifying cities. 14.029. Yasuda Saburo 3 1, "Toshi shakaigaku no kaiko, # i-, + I t7 1 9I C(Urban sociology in retrospect)." in Fukutake Tadashi Jt JN t (ed.), Nihon shakaigaku no kadai ff,,r f af (Themes for Japanese sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.99-116. A summary outline of the most important Japanese urban sociologists and their major contributions. Finds a poverty of theory on urban social structure to be the chief obstacle to further development. Criticizes the urban theories of Ariga Kizaemon and Suzuki Eitaro and presents his own theories. 14.030. Yasuda Saburo W T, "Toshika ni taisuru taido to tekio: Chiba sh a shi, Imai chiku no jirei chosa, I- J y9 t, 6s J i +J A (Eng. title: Attitude and adjustment toward the urbanization of suburban community)." Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku Bungakubu kiyo 4: Shakai kagaku ronshd, 4 K S us u u (Tokyo Faculty of Education bulletin, no.4: Essays in the social sciences), no.6, 1959, pp.1-48. The first part of this essay is an outline of the urbanization process in Chiba city, based on a survey carried out from 1959-1961. The latter half is an analysis of attitudes toward and adjustment to the process of urbanization as revealed in the survey. Yasuda Saburo and Kato Takako, "Josei no jinko ido to haigusha sembatsu: Tokyo ryunyui josei jinko no bunseki" (Female urban migration and mate selection pattern). See Entry 6.152. Yasuda Saburo and Kurasawa Susumu, "Tokyo tonai jinko no ido to teitai" 'Movement and accumulation of population in Tokyo). See Entry 6.153. 14.031. Yasuhara Shigeru, "Toshi jumin no seikatsu kozo A j A_ H 7. r (Life structure of urban residents)." in Shimazaki Minoru ~ dA r and Kitagawa Takayoshi -tji'J T - (eds.),

Page  148 148 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Gendai Nihon no tosni shakai I" t_ \3L4'- <% A i2 /' (Urban society in contemporary Japan). Tokyo, Sanichi Shob5, 1962, pp.179-214. Analyzes ways of living in the city to show how concepts of traditional life have crumpled as living standards and patterns have been remolded in a social structure changed by high growth rate under capitalism. Takes special note of the postwar appearance of mass-society phenomena in working and living patterns. 14.032. Yazaki Takeo 3< -A,, Nihon toshi no hatten katei 3 4 ) A, A 3S-i (The process of development in Japanese cities). Tokyo, K5bundo, 1962, 3 + 464pp. A history of the development of cities from the Yayoi prehistoric period (second century A.D.) to the TaishG period (1912-1926), with special attention to the growth of modern cities out of feudal cities and to the industrial revolution as the vehicle of this development. Includes many photographs and charts, Also available in English as Social change and the city in Japan. Most concepts of this work derive from American urban sociology. 14.033. Yazaki Takeo j Aft 1,, Nihon toshi no shakai riron }_ a / I 9i zk// (-Japanese urban social theory). Tokyo, Gakuyo Shobo, 1963, 128pp. See the author's essay in English on this subject,equivalent in this case to the Japanese version. 14.034. Yazaki Takeo? t T, "Tokyo no seitaiteki keitai A. e ti ' / ~ (Ecological patterns of Tokyo)." Toshi mondai (Urban problems), Part I, vo~.45, no.4, April 1954, pp.23-38; Part II, vol.45, no.5, May 1954, pp.l23-151; and vol.45, no.10, October 1954, pp.125-155. Reprinted in Fukutake Tadashi ki i (ed.), Shakaigaku ronshu: chosa hokoku Yien,ft-x '~ t > }) T ~ (Essays in sociology: survey reports). Tokyo, Kawade Shob5, 1960, pp.136-156. Applies ecological theory and methods to Tokyo. Part I, outlining ecology as preached by sociologists abroad, develops a theoretical framework which the author follows in Part 2 and the Supplement, plotting and analyzing distributions of population density, land prices, rental values, and traffic volume, and deriving ecological ranges. 14.035. Yazaki Takeo A "Zenkoku toshi chiiki no jinko zoka to chia Li kozo no henka katei A t i P 4h Li ai a 9 s f (Eng. title: Populatite r Population increase and changing pattern of the metropolitan community in Japan, 1920-1950)." Toshi mondai 4 A (Urban problems), Part I, vol.49, no.3, 1958, pp.51-60; Part II, no.4, pp.66-78. Outline of development of urban areas between 1920 and 1950 based chiefly on national census figures. B. LESSER CITIES AND TOWNS Most works listed here are of the community study whereas the other group relies on historical and category. That is, each is a case study of a particu- other documents and on ethnological observation and 1ar city which attempts to inspect all of the various interviews. Just one study (Item 14.052) is cited socio-economic characteristics of its residents. Two that inquires into migration to and from a minor city; distinct approaches mark these studies: one group is as this singular listing suggests, study of migration based almost entirely on statistics and survey data, has been almost entirely confined to major cities, especially Tokyo. 14.036. Aonuma Yoshimatsu - A -X 4Z, "Kanamono no machi: Sanjo shi kanamonogyo ni tsuite IV 9 ' Af 6- %aft t - Id V ' < (Hardware town: the hardware industry of Sanjo)." Toshi mondai:I i Aid (Urban problems), vol.45, no.9, 1954, pp.407-425. Analysis of the development and present state of the hardware industry of Sanjo, Niigata prefecture, which produces tools for carpenters, farmerse,and other small producers as well as household equipment. 14.037. Fujisawa Hiromitsu ~ y~/, A), Chihosho toshi no seitai: shi to yobareru mura %t 4j sx T ') _ 4- T L [ 1"43 A-I (The real shape of a local small city: a village called a "city'). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoron Shinsha, 1958, 14 + 327pp. A pioneering community study of Fuji Yoshida, a local city in Yamanashi prefecture, with special reference to urbanization processes and their impact upon local industries. Also noteworthy are the author's attempts to conceptualize urbanization, rural-urban differences, and community typology. There are convenient maps. lesaka Kazuyuki, et al., "Chiho toshi ni okeru shikai giin no katsudo to jumin soshiki" (Activities of municipal assemblymen and organizations of inhabitants in a local city). See Entry 19.011. 14.038. Koyama Takashi /j L, "Chiho machi no kosei to sono shakaiteki kino Jr 7, 1T '9 4 9 4J/i,. ff^ j (Organization of regional towns and their social functions).".inr Nihon shakai gakkai ' (Japan Sociological Society) (ed.), Nempo shakaigaku ' S CSociology annual), no.12: Minzoku to kokka /f A 2s, 1> (People and state). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934, pp.349-351.

Page  149 URBAN COMMUNITIES 149 Outline of urban organization and functionslin the modern period, of a sample of regional towns (so named to distinguish them from the modern type of city) in Toyama and Ishikawa prefectures. 14.039. Nakajima Ryutaro i s hai k o and Oyabu Juichi t _, "Chiho toshl no shakai kozo: Shiga ken, Nagahama shi jittai chosa hokoku I s s s go ho ok (I)(Eng. title: Social structure of local city: survey repor on Shiga, agahama cho cI))." Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Bungakkai jimbun kenkyu f \ ", J" -A (Osaka City University, Liberal Arts Society humanistic research), vol.11, no.11, November, 1960, pp.41-94. A sample survey and a total population survey were combined to yield analyses of citizen identification with the city, social stratification, and organizational processes. Nakano Takashi, "Notobe no kigyo: sono shakai kozo" (The industry of Notobe: its social structure). See Entry 17.019. 14.040. Nihon Toshi Gakkai e i7 P it k (Japan Society for Urban Studies) (ed.), Hamamatsu shi sogo chosa hokokusho Af ^^ v / (Report of the comprehensive survey of Hamamatsu city). Hamamatsu Shiyakusho, 1958, 395 + 13pp. Report of a comprehensive survey conducted from February, 1955 to March, 1957, by this Society at the request of the Hamamatsu Municipcial overnment. Covers specil characteristics of local society, measures for city development, geography and resources, living patterns and social characteristics, industry and economy, tourism problems, personal income and public finance, and administrative problems. 14.041. Nihon Toshi Gakkai, Kinki Shibu Q;f$ 27 Ji.t- Jx (Japan Society for Urban Studies, Kinki Branch) (ed.), Kochi shi sogo chosa j U Comprehensive survey of Kochi city). Kochi Shiyakusho, 1957, 352pp. Report of a comprehensive survey conducted in 1956 by the Kinki Branch of this Society jointly with Kochi University at the request of the Kochi Municipal Government. The staff was divided into five groups to study geographvy, the city. economy, society, and administration; concentrating on present conditions but also bringing in the past when necessary. The section on society analyzes group structure, attitudes toward city government, and social attitudes. Odaka Kunio (ed.), Imono no machi (Foundry town). See Entry 17.022. Okuda Michihiro, "Toshi jichi soshiki o meguru mondai: gyosei soshiki to no kanren ni cite" (Problems concerning local administration in cities, in connection with administrative organization). See Entry 19.021. 14.042. Sasamori Hideo A*- Jt&, "Toshi ni okeru shakai kankei ni kansuru jisshoteki kenkyu A f 1 a c mti suIbur4b of To and is teI mo s tJ (Empirical study of social relations in the city)." SKGHR, vol.6, no.2, (whole no.22), October 1955, pp.58-83. A unique empirical study of social relations in the city, including reflections on contemporary urban sociology. This study analyzes social relations in Sapporo by using kodencho (list of obituary gifts). 14.043. Sato Tomoo 4$ j At 'b,^$ (ed.), Chiho toshi: Itoigawa no jittai At 4J It '., J an| 9 y the (Local city: a field study of Itoigawa). Tokyo, Todai Shuppankai, 1961, 536pp. Report of a field survey (1958-1959) of Itoigawa city in Niigata prefecture. Exemplifies the problems of modernization in regional cities. 14.044. Seikei Daigaku Seikei Gakkai A f f' A g (Seikei University Institute of Politics and Economics) (ed.), Musashino shi A, jj^ f J (Musashino city). in 3 vols. Tokyo, Musashino Shiyakusho, 1953-1957, 547, 825, 990pp. respectively. Research carried out by the Musashino municipal government in cooperation with Seikei University. Studies municipal administration, life of residents, industry, and religious groups. Serves well as a case study of a commuting suburb of Tokyo, and is the most comprehensive study of Musashino, though the results are not thoroughly edited. For another study of the same community see Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku, in this bibliography. 14.045. Shimmei Masamichi J~ B) JF-A, et al., "Sangyo toshi no kozo bunseki: Kamaishi o tegakari to shite % J T o < t /; L/; S Ag + i $ 7y of 1} & l T7 (Eng. title: The structural analysis of an industrial city)." Tohoku Shakaigaku Kenkyukai p J,4,4LA t, ^_ K (Tohoku Sociological Research Society), Shakaigaku kenkyu /tcz'i f 9Lt (Sociological research), no.17, 1959, pp.1-101. Report of a comprehensive survey undertaken in 1957-8 of Kamaishi, an industrial city which came into being after the Meiji Restoration and which is economically dominated by one giant factory. The principal aspects in terms of which the city's social structure is examined are economic processes, political processes, and those processes which mediate between them (i.e. values, group identifications, etc.) which prevent individuals from acting politically in terms of purely economic interest. Suda Naoyuki, "Wagakuni toshi no gyosei kino no ichi kosatsu" CA study of administrative functions in Japanese

Page  150 150 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY cities). See Entry 19.028. Suzuki Fujio, "Kanko toshi ni okeru jinko ido: Shizuoka-ken Ito-shi no baai" (Population structure and migration of a resort city). See Entry 6.142. 14.046. Suzuki Hiroshi >~'Aygjp, et alo, "Reisai kigyo shudangata toshi no kigyo bunseki" $4g/fPl J4U1 bL4y A} t) I At A ' 1-T (Eng. title: An analysis of the total social process in a furniture producing city). SKGHiR, vol.13, no.l, (whole no.49), 1962, pp.59-84. Using the survey of Okawa city, Fukuoka prefecture, where petty furniture industries are dominant, this paper analyzes social processes in provincial cities and divides them in three catagories: economic social processes, sociopolitical processes, and mixed type. The same survey serves as a basis for an interpretive article elsewhere: see Kyushu Daigaku Tetsugaku nempo (Kyushu University Philosophical annual), no.24, 1962, pp.87-235. 14.047. Takeda Ryozo ~ W V i -,et al., "Orimono no machi Notobe: sono shakai kozo ~t - 9 tiK Vft 9j2 f 9 ^- g i (Notobe, a weaver's town: its social structure)" in Kyugakkai Rengo Noto Chosa Iinkai A t. i i $' ~/' (Federation of Nine Learned Societies Committee for the Investigation of Noto) (ed.), Noso: shizen, bunka, shakai T, KtA&J/X t(Noto: nature, culture, society), Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1955, pp.418-450. Report of a sociological and historical investigation of Notobe, a textile center in Ishikawa prefecture since the Tokugawa period. The first half deals with such things as occupational composition, number of families, agricultural produce; the latter half with management and labor organization in textile factories, analyzing management in terms of the kinship structure. The latter half has been expanded by NakanoTakashi in his study Notobe no kigyo (The industry of Noto) (See under Section 12a, Kyugakkai Rengo, Kyodo Chosa: Noto II, 195L}. 14.048. Tokyo Shisei Chosakai jP-,, 5 f ^ (Tokyo Municipal Research Association), Kamakura shi: toshi kosei to zaisei _im f,n t i i j X (Kamakura: Municipal organization and finance). Tokyo, Tokyo Shisei Chosakai, 1957, 433pp. Report of a study made from 1954-56 by this Association at the request of Kamakura City. Topics of analysis include attitudes toward city government, tourism, city, planning, individual income, and finance. 14.049. Tokyo Shisei Chosakai js(, j t (Tokyo Municipal Research Association), Toyonaka shi sogo chosa hokokusho t f i &f j -. e (Comprehensive survey of Toyonaka city). Tokyo, Toky5 Shisei Chosakai, 1953, 7+ 426pp. Toyonaka city was studied in 1951-52, the city being treated as part of the Osaka metropolitan area. The report is in two parts; first, the city's population, history, and social structure are reviewed. The second part takes up the structure of municipal government, official posts, activities of the municipal office, finance, planning, etc. Comparisons are made with Yokosuka, Kanagawa prefecture, Kamakura, Kanagawa prefecture, Ichikawa, Chiba prefecture, and Musashino, Tokyo. Also includes results of survey of citizens' life and a public opinion survey on city politics. 14.050. Waseda Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho W j(asedaUniversity Social Science Research Institute) (ed.), "Tanko to chiiki shakai: Joban tanko ni okeru sangyo, rodo, kazoku, oyobi chiiki shakai no kenkyuns ( 3 Mi nin faile a- d he w4 z y 'Ak t i' (coal mines and local society: research on industry, labor, family,and local society in the Joban mining area)." Shakai kagaku tokyu - ta 4 - j G (Social science research), vol.8, no.2-3 (whole no.22-23), 1963, 3 5pp. + 3 tables. Research carried on from 1958 to 1962 by investigators from Waseda University in the Yumoto area of Joban city and surrounding villages and at the Iwaki mine of the Joban Mining Corporation. The work consists of four chapters. (1) The general situation at the Joban Mining Corporation. (2) Management organization and labor unions. (3) Mining families and their way of life. (4) The coal mine and local society. The first three chapters are an analysis of the structure and function of the social system of mining society, the fourth chapter takes up the old town of Yumoto as a one —industry town. 14.051. Yamaga Seiji ii4,; -; f, "Eisei toshi Urawa no keisei to sono seikatsuken tso ) rt9j-v'W(Formation and subsistence area of Urawa, a satellite city (Eng. title: Urawa, the Satellite City of Tokyo)." Chirigaku hyoron, Lff iAf (The geographical journal), vol.24, no,2, 1951, pp.21-27. Report of a survey conducted in Urawa in November, 1949. Points out that a satellite city has both the charactersitics of a regional city and a suburban residential area. Yamamoto Fumio, "Sasebo-shi setai kosei chosa" (Sasebo shi household composition survey). See Entry 10.083. 14.052. Yokoyama Ryoichi_ 0. LJ -I, Nakamura Nobuaki, p A4 P - _,and Hayashi Yoshio * c "Toshi ni okeru jinko ido to sangyo kosei. Mie-ken Yokkaichi shi no chosa hokoku - f T 1- J /,/ T~4/ *1 ~,2^ iA' t- Vt^' 0 t3 f. 9 -af I- k (Population movement and industry in a city; research in Yokkaichi city, Mie, prefecture)." SKGHRR vol.5, no.2 (whole no.18), 1955, pp.73-95. Report of an analysis of population mobility as recorded in the city office registrations for 1951. Gives rate of mobility, sex, age, distance moved, and forms of mobility for the various areas of the city.

Page  151 URBAN COMMUNITIES 151 C. NEIGHBORHOODS AND DISTRICTS The special skill developed by fieldwork sociolo- setting, the danchi (extensive housing projects, gists, in common with ethnologists, in analyzing and usually standardized apartment buildings, erected interpreting the informal (usually traditional) with public funds or with subsidy). Also to be organization of small communities has been effec- noted is a series of studies of commercial subtively applied to the study of neighborhoods, though centers in Tokyo and Osaka by Isomura Eiichi (Items by all too few researchers. In this section are 14.056 - 14.060), and a few suveys of slum areas listed also several studies of a non-traditional by Isomura and others (Items 14.061, 14.066, 14.080). 14.053. Akiyama Kunizo _ L4 V l- and Masuko Shoji A? k ~, Kodo kumiai enkakushi > )/ 1 t;I $g t 3_ (History of the Kodo kumiai), 2 vols. Kyoto, Moto Kyoto shi Kodo Kumiai Jimusho~ vol,l, 1944, 657pp.; vol.2, 1943, 214pp. History of the Kodo kumiai (association in each of the neighborhoods of Kyoto) written in 1940 when they were forced to change over into chonaikai (neighborhood associations of the national system). Volume 1, by Akiyama, gives the history of neighborhood associations from the middle of the fifteenth century until the creation of the Kodo kumiai in 1897, including a detailed study of the Tokugawa and early Meiji associations. Volume 2, by Masuko, gives the history of the Kodo kumiai from 1897 to 1940. Volume 1 is a scholarly analysis. Volume 2 is chiefly a formal listing of events. Includes a list of important Kyoto officials from 1600 to 1937. 14.054. Buraku Mondai Kenkyujo P X Ad J T- T (ed.), Toshi buraku: sono rekishi to genjo A f ~ ~X^, L 'L (Outcast settlements in cities: past and present). Kyoto, Buraku Mondai Kenkyujo, 1959, 333pp. An intensive and partisan study of three urban outcast settlements in Matsusaka shi, Mie prefecture. Includes historical analysis of their founding and development through the Edo period, the emancipation campaign of the 1910-1925 era, the present-day situation with respect to employment, and a recent opinion study. Ishikawa Atsushi and Okuda Michihiro, "Bataya shakai ni okeru teitai to chinden: Nihon toshi ni okeru suramu keisei no ichi katei" (Stagnation and submergence in a "Bataya" community: one process of slum formation in the Japanese city). See Entry 26.003. 14.055. Ishikawa Atsushi J 'J \t }t and Okuda Michihiro Yj 1 j_}, "Toshi no chiiki shudan ni kansuru kenkyu: toshika no katei ni okeru chiiki shudan no ichi, ~ 9 d?' }k \ Ad J X F Nl $' ~~ A ' _fi I4 ~ '1I ^ JtW 0o4i (Study of local groups in the city: the position of local groups in the process of urbanization)." Toyo Daigaku Gakujutsu Kenkyukai,A f s ~ ~ Aft /~ (Toyo University Arts and Sciences Institute) (ed.), Toyo Daigaku kiyo At i x - -t ~ (Toyo University bulletin), no.13, 1959, pp.91-115. Summarizes and organizes current theory and then examines the place of neighborhood organizations and women's groups in the contemporary Japanese city. 14.056. Isomura Eiichi %j 44 i, "Daitoshi ni okeru fukutoshin no kenkyu: Tokyo Ikebukuro chiku no baai tu^] t 1i t'1t ^ JJAt 9f? \ he' >ti A t 0) ' An (Study of a secondary center in a large city: Ikebukuro, Tokyo)." Toshi mondai, 4 i X (Urban problems), vol.47, no.6, 1956, pp.63-79. Report on population mobility, types of business, business conditions, etc., in Ikebukuro, based on field work conducted in March, 1956. Attempts to investigate the character and role of the secondary center in urban society and in the process of urbanization. 14.057. Isomura Eiichi,p 4[ a -, "Daitoshi ni okeru fukutoshin no kenkyu: Tokyo Shinjuku chiku no jittai }r\ )J;/ 1-) XX J'JTf P ju; (Study of a secondary center in a large city: Shinjuku, Tokyo)." Toshi mondai 1 t 1 (Urban problems), vol.46, no.6, 1955, pp. 61-72. Partial report of field work done since 1953 on inner city social structure, using the Ginza, Shibuya, and Shinjuku districts of Tokyo. This report covers work done in Shinjuku on November 16, 1954. Concentrates on explaining four inner city features which the author proposes as basic points of urban research: its simall area, population mobility, industrial specialization, and multistoried buildings. This report concentrates on population mobility, reviewing data on the pressure of traffic volume, reciprocal relationship of traffic volume and land value, reasons for population movement, and the distribution of types of industry. 14.058. Isomura Eiichi,b t 44-, "Daitoshi ni okeru fukutoshin no seikaku: Tokyo Shibuya chiku no jittai '\J ] - \ t) 4] ^ J ~ X (Character of secondary centers in the metropolis: Shibuya in Tokyo)." Toshi mondai XT i t t (Urban problems), vol.45, no.10, 1954, pp.97-108. Studies one of Tokyo's major entertainment centers, a node where many private rail lines come together with the national rail line. Compares Shibuya with the Ginza in the heart of Tokyo. Investigates population movement, occupations and trades, place of residence of shoppers, and type of transportation used.

Page  152 152 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 14.059. Isomura Eiichi 3- e -, et al., "Danchi 1A T (Eng. title: Special issue on 'danchi')." Toshi mondai kenkyu 'A T $^ UAt, J (Studies in urban problems), vol.12, no.9, 1960, Contains seven essays dealing with implications of social structuring in project housing, the role of projects as local social units, rising land prices for project housing, human contributions to destructive incidents, shopping ranges of residents, and the study of a housing project near Yokohama. Contributors are Isomura Eiichi, Oshio Shunsuke, Shimizu Keihachiro, Kamei Kojiro, Hayashi Nokichika, Mizuno Hajime, and Nakamura Makoto. 14.060. Isomura Eiichi j -. -, "Osaka eki o chushin to suru toshin chiku chosa: Umeda chiku no jinko to chiiki no kosei 2,~y\? i ) a Lt] a- 0) W t y a St J~-~ A A/ a~ ~ (Study of a city center around Osaka station: population of the Umeda district and organization of the area) [Eng. title: The research of a heart city centering around the Osaka station]." Toshi mondai kenkyu if M A ) I ((Journal of urban problems), vol.7, no.9, 1955, pp.120-152. Study in May, 1955, analyzing varieties of occupation, distances between residence and place of work, land values, population movement, and the basis of regional structure. 14.061. Isomura Eiichi ~-2 4 -, "Suramu no hassei to sono seikaku, 7 0 ~ } a ) /o d f (Origin and character of a slum)." Toshi mondai kenkyu A ijf Nm 1, (Journal of municipal problems), vol.7, no.4, 1955, pp.3-18. Survey made from June, 1953, to November, 1954, of the Aoi community, a slum within Ueno Park in Tokyo. Analyzes household structure, geographic factors, and living conditions. 14.062. Kogoma Ryuzo )' j lB, "Tokyo shi Shiba ku Mita o chushin to suru shakai chosa A'- t -_ -* 'VJ. /' }X ~t 7 o _/ - (Social survey centered on Mita, Shiba ward, Tokyo)." Nempo shakaigaku: toshi to noson X A s,~ ~ a K (Sociology annual: city and village), no.4, 1936, pp.242-244. Report of a social survey carried out in 1935 by the Keio University Center for Urban and Social Work Studies with the cooperation of the local police. Topics included ownership of land and buildings, building structure and size, and relation to social position of residents. 14.063. Nakamura Hachiro ' 2-4 2, "Toshiteki hatten to chonaikai: toshi Hino cho no baai it~ X-< e T II,% / T if t ff e W ) A' (Urban development and neighborhood associations: the case of urban Hino)." Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku gakuho _ 'II - {) )X i~ 'Q f (International Christian University report), no.2A, Shakai kagaku kenkyu-:... (Social science research), no.8: Chiiki shakai to toshika;t, /'4Lt ~ A 4T (Local society and urbanization), 1962, pp.79 -154. Intensive case study of four neighborhood associations in Hino, Tokyo, to determine steps in urbanization. Takes up rules and activities of the associations, their links with town administration, their membership, and their relation with project housing orbanizations. Nakano Takashi, "Dogyo ni okeru dozoku rengo so shiki" (The organization of dozoku federations in a onetrade quarter). See Entry 11.054. 14.064. Nihon Jutaku Kodan _ ' /it,-/~ / (Japan Housing Corporation), Apato danchi kyojusha no shakai shinrigakuteki kenkyu y 17 - - t f t 9 t ) ' i t ' - (A socialpsychological study of apartment residents in project housing: part I, Ningen kankei to shakai ishiki o chushin to shite A/ '- /d -L L f/ T (Human relations and social consciousness); part II, Chiikisa no bunseki o chushin ni shite 4t A,VX T^ t A1 Lt (Analysis of area differences); and part III, Danchi to chiiki shakai Ad ~t '/ R (The housing project and local society). Part I, 1960, 238pp.; part II, 1961, 120pp.; part III, 1963, 182pp. Tokyo, Nihon Jutaku Kodan Kenchiku-bu Chosa Kenkyu-ka, 1960-63. Report of a study carried out by Tsujimura Akira and others. Part I reports studies of human relations, social attitudes, view of life, and political consciousness among apartment dwellers in the projects at Hibarigaoka and Aoto in Tokyo in March, 1960. Part II is a report of a similar study of Kori in Osaka made in December, 1960, and compares these findings with those from Tokyo. Part III analyzes answers to a questionnaire mailed to housing project superintendents all over Japan. It covered the projects' relations to such things as local politics, educational problems, and regional development. Included are studies of housing projects at Tamadaira, Tokyo, Kori, Osaka, and Yabe, Yokohama. Pages 127-160 survey American work in the field. 14.065. Ohashi Kaoru J\ X, "Daitoshi ni okeru "neighboring" no ichi kenkyu )Tu5 T 11 ) 1 /e{ bo-i nj o0 Ai- I [Eng. title: A study of neighboring interaction in a metropolitan community]." SKGHR, vol.4, no.4(whole no.l6), 1954, pp.25-44. Inquires into the social significance of neighboring and the neighborhood in an Osaka school district and discusses problems of scaling and analysis encountered in this 1953 questionnaire survey of 263 respondents. Ohashi Kaoru, "Kamagasaki no seikatsu jittai" (Life in Kamagasaki). See Entry 26.011.

Page  153 URBAN COMMUNITIES 153 14.066. Ohashi Kaoru s, "Karigoya misshu chiku no suramuka no kenkyu: Kochi-shi Kagamigawa engan chiku no saichosa ni motozuku 4t < 7 - )v I [Eng. title: A study of a slum area]," in Soshioroji 'J v 2 C/ (Sociology), vol.7, no.l, 1959, pp.35-56. In an effort to study slums in medium and small cities a shanty town along the Kagami River in Kochi city was chosen. This essay analyzes the conditions of filled in land, attributed of the residents, demographic phenomena, conditions of settlement, social structure, utilization of social system, etc. The survey on which this study is based was carried out in July, 1958, but results are compared with a general survey of Kochi city made in 1956. Ohashi Kaoru, "Toshi kanrakugai ni okeru jinko ryudo no seishitsu: Osaka 'Minami' sakariba no kosatsu o chushin to shite" (Characteristics of population fluidity in an urban entertainment district: the Osaka 'Minami' pleasure quarter). See Entry 6.037. 14.067. Ohashi Kaoru y 7 5, "Toshi no kinrin kankei to kinrin shudan no kosatsu Md L[ /M. ' [L Ad fa j ef ) A - (A study of neighboring and the neighborhood group in urban society)," in Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Kaseigakubu Shakai Fukushigaku Kenkyukai shakai fukushi ronshu \ At P f- }!t ~ a; i I S A- t>f At /-t yt ~~} z q (Osaka Municipal University Society for Research in Social Welfare, Department of Home Economics, essays in social welfare), no.5, 1957, pp.76-106, Analyzes conditions for the development of neighborly relations using data from the 1957 "Comprehensive survey of Kochi." Considers the meaning, forms, and function of neighborhood groups. Also discusses tensions in neighbor relations and the dissolution of neighborhood groups. 14.068. Okuda Michihiro )F.j }, "Kyu chukanso o shutai to suru toshi chonaikai: sono mondai ten no shiji I)fFA Be i, r 3 A M tfi)j t C I >. 9) tf TI (Neighborhood associations (chonaikai) that center on the old middle class: some problems)," SKGHR, vol.14, no.3 (whole no.55), 1964, pp.9-14. Finds that urban neighborhood associations (chonaikai) have changed in leadership and function over the years. Whereas prewar leaders were men of prominent old middle class families, postwar leaders are individually prominent in local affairs; and while pre-1945 chonaikai passively received orders from local government officials, postwar chonaikai now exert pressure on the local government. 14.069. Okuda Michihiro 1 ~ m 3, "Toshika to chiiki shudan no mondai: Tokyo-to kinko toshi ni okeru jirei o tsujite A,; it ~ Ad \S e) f X - ^~b X ~., -' t 'T. ~l ' L- T The problem of urbanization and local groups: a suburban city near Tokyo)," SKGHR, vol.9, no.3, (whole no. 35), 1959, pp.81-92. Study of urbanization in Funabashi, Chiba prefecture, and accompanying changes in local groups. Sets up three types of local groups, the traditional, the disguised, and the autonomous, and asserts that the third type typifies the modern city. 14.070. Omi Tetsuo j v L,"Toshi no chiiki shudan, 9 { t ) (Regional groups in the city)," Waseda Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho g W k\ - #t1 1 )f )L a l t T (Social Science Research Institute, Waseda University) (ed.), Shakai Kagaku /t Ad (Studies in social science), vol.3, no.3, 1958, pp.181-230. Begins with the problem of why neighborhood associations have remained strong and growing in the large postwar cities, contrary to the theories of Isomura Eiichi, Suzuki Eitaro, and Okui Matataro. Analyzes the characteristics and functions of the neighborhood association as well as the demands residents place upon it. 14.071. Osaka Shakaigaku Kenkyukai 7J ^ 4jy,&-z 7t _j., (Osaka Sociological Research Association), "Kamagasaki jittai chosa hokoku AQ- -k Ad (Kamagasaki field research report)," Soshioroji y;, f q >' (Sociology), vofI.8, no.3, October 1961, pp.1-121. Deals with fourteen blocks (cho) in the Osaka slum area colloquially known as Kamagasaki. Included are sections on the history and geography of the area, population, housing, labor, crimeand crime areas. Gives particular attention to the vicinity of a public employment office, known as "Employment Mews (Shokuan Yokocho)" and to a shanty area. 14.072. Oshio Shunsuke, K\ f ', "Chiiki shakai to shite no 'danchi' no seikaku iti Ai -i - L T U) elff t0),4>-[Eng. title: Some traits of project housing as a community)," Part 1, Toshi mondai kenkyu 1t Ad / > -^-j (Journal of urban problems), vol.12, no.9 (whole no.117), September, 1960, pp.17-31. From data on four project housing groups (danchi) in Tokyo gathered through team research by sociologists of Tokyo Municipal University in 1956, 1958, and 1959. The author analyzes ecological characteristics, sense of community of the residents, their interaction, their desire for affiliation, and the functions of groups in the danchi, and so estimates what danchi society may mean in a large city. Part 2 of this study remains unpublished. 14.073. Oyabu Juichi )'\~ 4, "Shudan jutaku no ningen kankei P g j ' I 9 /. M a t (Human relations in project housing)," Jimbun kenkyu A 9 (Humanistic sciences), vol.9, no,10, 1958, pp.71-103.

Page  154 154 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Report on interviews in 762 households in project housing in Osaka, Nagoya, Gifu, and Otsu. The interviews concentrated on items related to social class and human relations. i4.074. Seikatsu Kagaku Chosakai 4t; 4; j (Behavioral Science Survey Institute) Ced,), "Chonaikai burakukai JI 1i 4 / (Ward and hamlet residents' associations). in Seikatsu no kagaku:6 t r ) l a no 6 (The science of living, no.6), Tokyo, Seikatsu Kagaku Chosakai, 1962, 212pp. Okuda Michihiro et.al. present five articles on various aspects of neighborhood organization in Japan. The articles concern: the postwar revival of these groups, the structure and function of burakukai in contemporary farm communities, the condition of chonaikai in cities, and the residents associations in new government housing projects. In conclusion, there is a summary and analysis. The appendix provides an abridgment of a survey conducted by the Tokyo Metropolitan government in 1956 of residents' associations in twenty-three inner Tokyo boroughs (ku). 14.075. Seikatsu Kagaku Chosakai f7 J / (Behavioral Science Survey Institute) (ed.), "Danchi no subete /j %-t 0 ) A — (All about danchi)." in Seikatsu no kagaku shiriizu 4 { ) e J > ) -j/<- (Behavioral science series), no.8, Tokyo, Seikatsu Kagaku Ch5sakai, 1963, 294pp. Postwar Japanese danchi (housing projects consisting usually of apartment blocks constructed of ferroconcrete) and their residents are described by sociologists, psychologistsand architects. Includes a history of housing policies, a description of human behavior in such danchi, a comparison with American suburban developments, and a bibliography on danchi studies. i4.076. Sugimura Nobuji t tj- =, "Chushi shotengai no han'i to sono toshi jinko no okisa oyobi shuyo sangyo t}- ) f 1Aw Af ~ t f L 4 6. 97 AF.U? S< tI LA ~ ~ iJ [Eng. title: The relation between the extent of the central shopping streets and the size or the function of their cities)," Chirigaku hyoron; M v' - }N (Geographic journal), vol.31, no.9, 1959, pp.548-555. Examines the relation between a) the extent of a city's central shopping area and b) its population size and main industry. Focuses on land value as the critical index, since the extent of a central shopping street varies inversely with land value, and land value, in turn, varies with both the size of population and character of the main industry of a city. Commercial cities with lower land values than industrial cities of the same size have longer shopping streets; smaller cities have shorter shopping streets. 14.077. Suzuki Eitaro Jx3^.,et.al., "Shimin soshiki no mondai?, i, M )9 F i (Problems of civic organization)," Special issue of Toshi mondai t t (Urban problems), vol.44, no.10, 1953. Carries papers from the 15th National Conference on Urban Problems, 1953. Main articles, by Takada Yasuma, Suzuki Eitaro, Okui Matataro, Isomura Eiichi, and Furuya Keiji, trace the history of neighborhood associations, varieties of organization, their response to modernization, and other aspects. Tachi Minoru, "Tokyo-to jinko no hiru to yoru" (The population of Tokyo prefecture by day and by night). See Entry 6.146. Takami Yasujiro, "Kusei enkaku: nanushisei kara kusei made" (History of the ward system: from the headman system to the ward system). See Entry 8.051. 14.078. Tosei Chosakai A, rr /D (Metropolitan Government Research Institute), Daitoshi ni okeru chiiki seiji no kozo t\ I_; - I- ' I ) J_ A B \H 9# '(The structure of local politics in a metropolis), Tokyo, Tosei Chosakai, 1960, lllpp. Findings from a survey (August and September, 1960) on local politics in Suginami ward, Tokyo, where the major population consists of white-collar workers. It considers and analyzes the ward system, the roles of local influentials, and the problems of local democracy. 14.079. Tsushima Sadao J' - A A - et.al., "Toshi shudan Jutakuchi ni okeru kinrin kankei, S A If 'i A, ) l1'_ '7 i? ~ 'Li f[ 4 [Eng. title: Neighboring patterns in urban resident iaL areas]," Tohoku Shakaigaku Kenkyukai ~J Jb,AL / F t ~ ~', (Tohoku Sociological Research Society), Shakaigaku kenkyu at/ XT 1 C j (Sociological Research), no:.19, 1960, ppPl-56. An analysis of the relationship between neighborhood interaction and (1) housing type and (2) proximity of neighbors, based on a survey undertaken in Sendai. 14.080. Watanabe Masutaro y-. ~*.., "Toshi mitsuju chiku no kenkyu oI gif 4 { - vf (Study of an urban slum)," Nempo shakaigaku kenkyu 4 jtL *-a, (Sociological studies annual), nol1, 1944, pp.158-182. Analysis of data on population and occupational conditions in a Tokyo slum in 1940. Yasuda Saburo, "Danchi jumin no shakai ishiki: taishu shakairon to no kanren ni oite" (Social attitudes among residents of a housing project: relationship to the theory of mass society). See Entry 25.059. Yoshida Kyuichi, "Shiryo Nihon suramu no shohatsu to chiho kaso shakai" (The emergence of slums in Japan and the local lower social strata). See Entry 15.035.

Page  155 URBAN COMMUNITIES 155 14.081. Yosoi Shohei _otof -, Hashizume Sadao ),7 k tsIk )and Taniguchi Shigeru 4 u A, "Chusho kigyo shudan no kozo: Nagoya shi Nishi ku kashiyagai no baai v2 /, 4 a Xl itJi Ajfu, A /j' (Structure of a smaller scale business quarter: the case of a confectionery quarter in Nishi ku, Nagoya)." SKGHR, vol.7, no.4 (whole no.25), October, 1958, pp.103-119. A lucid analysis of social stratification in a business sector of Nagoy-a, using the number of employees as the principal criterion of stratification. One of few studies of such small and middle scale urban business areas. D. PRE-MODERN CITIES Although most research on pre-modern cities of Kyoto by Miyamoto Mataji (Item 14,082) fairly centers on specific features (e.g., stratification, represents the interests of this noted specialist family) and so is listed in other sections of this in local economic history except that his work Guide, a few works take a broader view. The study commonly has centered on Osaka. i4.082. Miyamoto Tsuneichi ' J4 -, "Machi ~f (Town)." in Omachi Tokuzo )W )_-%, et al., (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei 3: Shakai to minzoku I 3 t At t? r A I (Outline of Japanese folklore studies, vol.3: Society and folklore I). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, pp.111-126. Examines the historical characteristics of the town, using the records of a nationwide study of population and industry made by the government in the early Meiji period. Concludes that a "town" was any place where merchants resided, and examines the relationship between town and market. 14.083. Toyoda Takeshi ) W;, Nihon no hoken toshi [ A 9 fQJ_ i (The feudal city in Japan). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952, 16 + 303pp. Deals with developments and changes in cities founded in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and growing through the feudal period, describing city planning, population composition, administration, and commerce and industry. 14.084. Tsuchiya Takao J, - L, "'Edokko' kishitsu ni kansuru shiteki kosatsu: sono ichi shiron ~V', Ad, ~ ' ~ ~ $ ~ ~' t f e) X? (An attempt at a historical study of the 'Edokko' temperament). ' in Nomura hakushi kanreki kinen rombun shu: hokensei to shihonsei At } - s A 5 ~ t I atrJF ~~, Q_ I 'J L'' - V Ad 'J (Essays commemorating Dr. Nomura's 61st birthday: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.301-318. Random thoughts on the Edokko (native Edo townsman) temperament. Concludes that the Edokko was abnormal as a townsman. 14.085. Yokoyama Sadao 2d i _ />[, "Kinsei toshi shuraku no dotaisei to shudansei _ _ ~ ~o) A,% '1k ^ Ad ~ (Urban collectivity and mobility in the Tokugawa period)." in Hayashi Megumi tu Xt At (ed.), Gendai shakaigaku no shomondai A/,^; )-r A e ' it ~ lJS (Problems of contemporary sociology). Tokyo, Ko-bund5, 1949, pp.523-546. Taking up the problem of local administration in the Tokugawa period commercial city, this work analyzes a small district of Kyoto for its organizational features and for its mobility. He interprets the district as having greater heterogeneity of occupation in the Tokugawa period than in earlier times. E. URBAN FRINGES AND SUBURBS The few studies listed here may well be har- lure or force large corporations to locate their bingers of growing interest in the sociological new installations elsewhere than in the congested impact on previously rural communities as cities metropolis, in contrast to the unplanned growth sprawl outward and the impetus grows toward decentrali- that has inundated farm villages in the way deszation of industry and large business. The reason cribed in the studies listed here. is that government planning now is intervening to 14.086. Hara Hiroshi,% A;, "Kinko noson ni okeru kengy5 noka no tenkai: saikin no Kitakyushu no doko kara A.<!.^,, J 1 - i M t J]'l tv i ad' 5 (Eng. title: A report on the changing part-time farmers: through the cases in the suburbs of Yahata)." SKGHR, vol.11, nos.1-2 (whole nos.43-44), 1961, pp.62-75. Report on studies of trends in part-time farming households made in the western part of Yahata ku, Kitakyushu, and in Onga village in Fukuoka prefecture. 14.087. Kobayashi Shigeru,J 2k I, et al., Kinko nogyo 0 )oX (Agriculture in urban fringe areas)." Special issue of Toshi mondai Xf -~, N 5 (Urban problems'), vol.55, no.3, 1964.

Page  156 156 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Three principal essays are on the nature of agriculture (Kobayashi Shigeru), on part-time wage work and household economy (Shigetomo Ken'ichi), and on conversion of farm land in Mitama, Tokyo (Koga Makito). Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho (ed.), Chiiki shakai to toshika (Local community and urbanization). See Entry 18.034. 14.088. Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku Shakaikagaku Kenkyusho ) - ' 1- A T a 4 $ J it _ af (International Christian University, Center for Studies in Social Science), Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigahu gakuho 1 1i W ') X 1-< ]T 4' f r (International Christian University bulletin), no.2A: Shakai kagaku kenkyu ftf 4sot 4 s,, (Studies in social science), no.8: Chiiki shakai to toshika i_;, B, tg, f i>t_ j (Local society and urbanization), 1962, 6 + 332pp. The result of joint research by members of the Institute for Studies in Social Science at International Christian University, this study is a fieldwork sequel to "Structure of authority in the agricultural village" (1959). Four authors investigate consequences of urbanization in Hino, Tokyo prefecture. Kobayashi Shigeru deals with agricultural structure; Nakamura Hachiro examines neighborhood associations; Yasuda Saburo analyzes social consciousness of project housing residents in a framework of mass society theory; Ide Yoshinori treats public administration. Morioka Kiyomi adds a review of American sociological work on "fringe families." 14.089. Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku Noson Kosei Kenkyujo \/ r- ~ ') A /i T t (International Christian University Rural Welfare Research Institute), Kiyo 1 go: Mitaka shi: shakai seikatsu no shoso _ i L /: t e 4t (Bulletin no.l: aspects of life in Mitaka). Tokyo, 1957, 272pp. Report of a year's social survey (1955-1956) of Mitaka, a city on the outskirts of Tokyo. Includes a brief history and considers such topics as population growth, population composition, migration, commuting, local agriculture, manufacturing) and education. 14.090. Osaka Shidai Danchi Kenkyukai ~\ r/ ~ A fj of ~T m / (Osaka Municipal University Housing Projects Research Center), Danchi komyuniti no kenkyu: danchi keikaku ni kansuru shakaigakuteki narabi ni kenchikugakuteki kenkyu W t; \i t / 1- 1- 3X / - 5 1- tJ r f i~AT (A study of project housing communities: sociological and architectural research in project housing planning), 3 vols. Osaka, Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Danchi Kenkyukai, 1963-1964. Report of a survey made in 1962-1963. Attempts to measure communalism in housing projects on the basis of eight categories: primary and secondary attributes of housing project residents, time spent in various daily activities, patterns of consumption, human relations, group organization, patterns of thought and action, and sense of identification with a locality.

Social Stratification

pp. 157-166

Page  157 CHAPTER XV SOCIAL STRATIFICATION The notably hierarchic structure of Japanese society gives incentive to the study of stratification, the more so in view of the obvious question how much has really changed since post-Tokugawa government abolished its legal support of an explicit system of classes or estates. Before surveying the literature, however, students should be aware that approaches to the analysis of class at large, on the national level, tend to cluster around two quite distinct premises. The one, more familiar to Americans and in fact derived from American sociological method, treats class as a possiblity to be proven or disproven. It queries whether social features are randomly distributed or,on the contrary, cluster at points along a gradient. The researcher selects a particular feature such as occupation or income level as the prime or independent variable, ranks this variable, and examines correlations with other features along the gradient so established. The other premise, of Marxian origin, does not start by taking the existence or the number of classes to be an open question, but posits class as a sine qua non of social action; research then seeks mainly to learn how effectively one class manipulates another by monopolizing sources of power and consciously asserting its own identity and solidarity. It is this latter approach that encourages untiring inquiry into "class consciousness," that is, whether people are aware of their common interest with others in the same position to join together in social action. Terminology gives some slight cue to the conceptual frame a given author uses in analyzing stratification. Lexicographically, "class" is rendered by kaikyu, whereas kaiso equates with "stratum." However, the word kaikyu is consistently used in works of Marxist leaning and so picks up Marxist connotations, more expressly when used in combination: shihai kaikyu (dominant class), chusan kaikyu (middle class, literally "middle production class"). These connotations are not invariably intended: kaikyu is not an infallible cue to Marxist leaning, and by some the word is used merely for "class" in a society-wide sense, in which case kaiso may refer to classes or strata at the local level, as in the "tenant stratum" or "shopkeeper class" of a community. But others use kaiso when discussing nationwide stratification as defined, in the American fashion, on empirical grounds (e.g., an income or occupational stratum or class). Students may examine usage for themselves by comparing such a work as the papers Ohashi, et al. (Item 15.008), more or less in Marxist rhetoric, with another collection edited by the Japan Sociological Society (Item 15.006) or any of the works of Odaka Kunio, a prominent exponent of American approaches to stratification. What may be called micro-stratification studies constitute a category distinct from macro-stratification studies. Fieldwork, usually in a community study, is the basis of the former; these reports delineate class relations in the locality studied without necessarily making reference to society as a whole. Most such works are clustered under Section B: Rural, though some items in Section C: Urban also are of this nature. Macro-stratification, the stratification of Japanese society as a whole, as investigated by survey and sampling, is the concern of most works listed in Section A: General. A. GENERAL The studies and analyses listed here examine stratification in Japanese society as a whole. Some use self-estimated class position to determine ranking; almost none use the "estimate of knowledgeable others" approach; most typically, however, these studies either define class in terms of ranked sociocultural traits or in terms of Marxist premises, as discussed above. Listed here are studies of Tokugawa era stratification as well as those of more modern periods up to postwar times. Among works in this section, some analyze ehange,often by tracing the fortunes over several generations of selected families or of a category such as the samurai of the Tokugawa era. 15.001. Ariga Kizaemon "Nihon shakai kozo ni okeru kaisosei no mondai S - AD X- X. 1 5'T 3 J Jt4IbM) (The problem of hierarchy in the structure of Japanese society)." MZGKK, vol. 14, no.4, 1950, pp.13-22. By way of a critique of The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, the author proposes a methodology for cultural anthropology; then, weighing Benedict's thesis that "Japanese mentality" is rooted in the hierarchical quality of Japanese social structure, he sets forth his own interpretation based on studies of rural and urban dozoku. 15.002. Aso Makoto,? fE, "Kindai Nihon ni okeru erfto kosei no hen'yo j j \ e - l.'1 '0)-I- )~ I 7Lj 9 t (Changes in elite formation in modern Japan)." Kyoiku shakaigaku kenkyu t-, ~ / ts~T A, (Studies in educational sociology), no.15, 1960, pp.148-162. Using the Biography of Contemporary Japanese as an index of the Japanese elite, studies the structure of the elite and their relationship to Japan's modernization from the mid-Meiji period to the present. Studies 157

Page  158 158 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY place of origin, mobility, social rank, education, occupation, and route to power. 15.003. Hamashima Akira -, A A, "Sengo Nihon no kaikyu kaiso kankei to sono dotai: shakai ishiki no kitei ni aru mono t f A R- M ^ A. O~ - e k L $ 9I) (Relations between the classes and strata in postwar Japan and trends therein: the basis of social consciousness)." in Fukutake Tadashi )I -% I (ed.), Nihonjin no shakai ishiki f /'- K J si) - x z_ ) (The social consciousness of Japanese). Tokyo, San-ichi Shobo, 1960, pp.9-55. As the introductory essay in this collection, this paper outlines the premises on which the other essays are based. Outlines postwar trends in Japan. Homma Yasuhei, "Seiji no shakaiteki kitei no howaito kara" ([Wite Collar WorkersJ as a social cornerstone of politics). See Entry 19.010. Hosoya Tsuneo (ed.), Kyoshi no shakaiteki chii (Social status of the teacher). See Entry 24.005. Koyama Takashi, "Kon'in nenrei no chihosei to kaikyusei" (Regional and class differences in age at marriage). See Entry 10.098. Koyama Takashi, "Kon'in o toshite mitaru shizoku no shakai: Meiji koki Taisho shoki no Kanazawa shizoku ni tsuite" (Former samurai society as seen in marriage: former samurai in late Meiji and early Taisho in Kanazawa). See Entry 10.099. 15.004. Koyama Takashi )\ J-, "Shizoku no chiikiteki ido keiko ni tsuite I; ) t_ }' - 4f/ ~ 4. 11- 1,~ T' T (On the geographic mobility of former samurai)," KKSKG, no.2, 1931, pp.95-109. A statistical study of geographic mobility based on successive family registers in two former samurai and one merchant neighborhood in Kanazawa from the Meiji Restoration to 1930. 15.005. Koyama Toshio X.1 4'J Ai, "Htimpubetsu oyobi shokugyo betsu yori mitaru shussei ritsu oyobi kon'in nenrei no kenkyu A T i J i 1t Ad 4S ', s - 4 4 t > 6) A (Fertility and marriage age by wealth and occupation of husband)." SKGZ, no.13, 1925, pp.50-74; no,15, 1925, pp.47-67. The effect of wealth and occupation of husband on the marriage age and birth rate among 2,200 married women aged 40 and over, registered as residents of Niigata city. Kurita Mototsugu, "Edo jidai shoki ni okeru ronin no hassei ni tsuite" (On the emergence of unemployed samurai [ronin] in the early Tokugawa period). See Entry 8.028. Nihon Shakai Gakkai (ed.), "Kinsei Nihon ni okeru shakai seiso oyobi ido ni kansuru hogo shuyo bunken mokuroku" (Bibliography of basic Japanese language works on social stratification and mobility in the pre-modern period). See Entry 1.026. 15.006. Nihon Shakai Gakkai Chosa Iinkai A x at /x:T/p ~T L ji. (Japan Sociological Society Research Committee) (ed.), Nihon shakai no kaisoteki kozo J aftA /( ~) A < '- i _ CSocial stratification of Japanese society). Tokyo, Yahikaku, 1958, 6 + 0o8pp. The principal report of the first monumental statistical survey (1955-1956) of the Japanese class structure, done by the Japan Sociological Society. National survey covered 4,500 samples selected through stratified random sampling; a detailed survey covered about 2,700 samples from one metropolis, one local city, and two rural communities. Occupation and income as objective criteria of social status, self identification of class, social stratification, social mobility within and between generations, and social attitude are investigated. The final three-fourths of the book are given over to tables and schedules. 15.007. Nihon Shakai Gakkai Chosa Iinkai f;,-j_ ~f tl N X (Japan Sociological Society Research Committee) (ed.), "Wagakuni ni okeru shakaiteki ido >- Ie b' a y i} i<? ' / l (Eng. title: Social mobility in Japan: an interim report on the 1955 survey of social stratification and social mobiltiy)." SKGHR, vol.7, no.1 (whole no.25), 1956, pp.2-60. Report of a nationwide study made in 1955. Categories of study included intergenerational differences in occupation, intergenerational differences in subjective assignment of social class, intergenerational differences in education, occupational mobility in one individual's lifetime, and differences in subjective assignment of social class for one individual throughout his life. Odaka Kunio, et al., "Nihon no keiei" (Japanese management). See Entry 17.026. Odaka Kunio, "Shokugyo to kindai shakai" (Occupation and modern society). See Entry 17,058. 15.008. Ohashi Takanori, ^ -aft 2., et al., "Sengo Nihon no dokusen shihonka so Y t 3 A4 ) t ~5 ~ A' (Postwar Japan's monopoly capitalist stratum)." Keizai hyoron. *+ -{ [ (Economic review), special issue, vol.12, no.7, July, 1963, pp.8-84. A collection of articles utilizing a Marxist outlook: state of the Japanese monopoly capitalist stratum (Ohashi Takanori); postwar capital ownership and institutional investors (Matsunari Yoshiei); Japan's

Page  159 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 159 financial oligarchy (Imamura Komai); the nucleus of giant enterprises (Hozama Hiroshi); the privileged among the privileged (Shiroyama Saburo); and random thoughts on current views of managers CKitagawa Takayoshi). Okochi Kazuo (ed.), Keihin kogyo chitai no sangyo kozo (Industrial structure of the Tokyo-Yokohama manufacturing zone). See Entry 18.013. 15.009. Okochi Kazuo -, Sengo shakai no jittai bunsekhiKauN 41 'tf, 0 j M T (A field analysis of postwar Japanese society). Tokyo, Nihon Hy5ronsha, 1950, 292pp. Seven essays on labor unions, women laborers, farm households which furnish industrial labor, life in dugout shacks, vagabonds, black markets, and prostitutes. The work is intended as a sort of updated reprise of Yokoyama Gennosuke's Japan's lower class (1900). Okuda Michihiro, "Kyu chukanso o shutai to suru toshi chonaikai: sono mondai ten no shiji" (Neighborhood associations [chonaikai] that center on the old middle class: some problems). See Entry 14.068. Sakurai Shotaro, "Chusei hoken shakai ni okeru bushi kaikyu dotoku ishiki no ichi kosatsu: hosei, kakun, kyokunsho o shiryo to shite" (A study of the morality of the samurai class in the medieval feudal society: using laws, house rule books, and school rule books). See Entry 25.015. 15.010. Seki Eikichi g tx L, "Wagakuni burujoa kaikyu no seishin jF3 W 77,l 7 A ) A f <^ (Bourgeois class spirit in Japan)." SKGZ, no.53, 1928, pp.l-43; no.56, 1928, pp.26-39; no.57, 1929, pp.21-45. Asserts that the merchant class of the middle Tokugawa period (Genroku, Bunkaand Bunsei periods) regarded itself as a commercial, money lending, capitalist class before the industrial revolution. Shiori Tsutomu, Tominaga Kin'ichi, and Uzu Eisuke, "Shokuba ni okeru howaito kara no taido chosa" (Attitude survey of white collar workers at work). See Entry 25.050. Toda Teizo, "Kaikyuteki naikonsei ni tsuite" (On class endogamy). See Entry 10.129. Tominaga Ken'ichi, "Toshi kazoku no shufu ni okeru kaisonai doshitsusei to kaisokan ishitsusei" (Intra-class homogeneity and inter-class heterogeneity among [Tokyo] metropolitan housewives). See Entry 10.132. 15.011. Yamamoto Noboru 1J. 4' it, "Shakaiteki seiso kenkyu no kadai 4t- it, 4,; A U F) X11 (Themes for research in social stratification)." in Fukutake Tadashi 4 i If (ed.), Nihon shakaigaku no kadai i 2t f/i 4 0 U) ^i (Themes in Japanese sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.119-136. Outlines the history of research in social stratification in Japan, touches on problems in theory, and introduces both urban and rural research. Discovers a tendency among samurai to take wives of higher status than their own, through inspection of genealogy published in the mid-nineteenth century that lists samurai receiving an annual stipend of 700 koku of rice or more. Yokoe Katsumi, "Tokugawa bakumatsuki ni okeru daimyo no kaikyu naikon" (Class endogamy among daimyo at the end of the Tokugawa period). See Entry 10.136. Yokoe Katsumi, "Tokugawa jidai ni okeru daimyo no kaikyuteki naikon ni tsuite" (On class endogamy of the feudal lords in the Tokugawa period). See Entry 10.137. Yosoi Shohei, Hashizume Sadao, and Taniguchi Shigeru, "Chusho kigyo shudan no kozo: Nagoya shi NiShi ku kashiyagai no baai" (The structure of medium and small business groups: the case of a confectionary district in Nishi ku, Nagoya). See Entry 14.081. B. RURAL SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Community studies provide the data for most pattern of stratification predominates in each works listed here. They tend to deal with one of period: prescribed and legally enforced status three periods: the Tokugawa era, pre-war modern hierarchy in the Tokugawa era, followed by a periods, or the postwar period when land reform hierarcy of power based on land holding and, then, wiped out a main basis of pre-war ranking. A few, by partial or marked dissolution of hierarchy in the on the contrary, trace changes through two or postwar era. Even this rough generalization, however, more of these three periods. In general, a distinct is not immediately made manifest in the individual

Page  160 160 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY studies, most of which particularize, treating only newcomers) are locked into second class citithe local situation. Thus we find cases in which zenship; cases in which hierarchic inferiority is rights to fishing grounds or forest land prevail ameliorated by para-kinship ties across status as a basis for power over ownership of irrigated boundaries. As these studies amply demonstrate, acreage; cases in which newcomers ( or branch houses stratification on however slender a basis deeply of oldtimer house lines, treated as if they were affects all facets of life in a small community. 15.013. Abe Toshiko ] ~} L L J, "Noson ni okeru kaiso kubun no shihyo ni kansuru kenkyu: rodoryoku chotatsu no kata kara mita kaiso kubun ni tsuite no ichi shiron I. I —t '1- -T 9 +- 0 1 Iti on 'c 2 / t 4f/L9 ~ 1> t 4 ' 7 rz By } _ -~ l v X - y E S (A study of stratification criteria for the rural community: an attempt at stratification by types of labor supply)", SKGHR, vol.11, no;2 (whole no.42), Oct. 1960, pp.77-87. An attempt to define strata of farm households in a rural community by types of labor supply: between the top households, which employ workers regularly or casually, and those at the bottom comprising casual or regular agricultural wage laborers, are households that supplement their own labor through exchange of labor with fellow households. These three strata are further elaborated into five. Funabashi Junichi et.al., "Koshikijima no kon'in kanko: kon'in ni okeru 'bushigata' to ~shomingata'" (Marriage practices on Koshiki Island: warrior and commoner types of marriage). See Entry 10.092. Furushima Toshio, "Meiji shonen ni okeru nominso no bunka" (Class differentiation among farmers at the beginning of the Meiji period). See Entry 9.003. Hattori Harunori, "Yamanashi-ken ichi sanson ni okeru oyabun-so no kotai" (Transfer among the oyabun stratum in a mountain village of Yamanashi Prefecture). See Entry 11.092. Irimajiri Yoshinaga, "Tosa han ni okeru kyodo seido no seiritsu narabi ni henshitsu katei" (Origin and deterioration of the Kyodo system in the Tosa fief). See Entry 8.026. Kaneda Hiro'o, "Kaitaku buraku ni okeru 'socio-economic status' no sokutei to jakkan no mondai: yonshu no sukeru no itchisei o meguru ginmi" (Some problems on the measurement of socio-economic status in rural villages on recently opened land: corresponding results in the use of four scales). See Entry 4.014. Kan'no Tadashi and Mori Hiroshi, "Jisaki gyogyoson no buraku kozo (Community structure in an offshorefishing village). See Entry 13.010. 15.014. Kawashima Takeyoshi )'1 i,~ S,"Noson mibun kaisosei % - /4 ~? ~ }'J CStatus-class system in the agricultural village)," in Ogura Hirokatsu )x,~ (ed.), Nihon shihonshugi koza \ 3ds ~ -_ '~' -W (Series on Japanese capitalism), vol.8, Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1954, pp.405-433. Gives a clear conceptual framework for understanding the characteristics of and factors in the statusclass system based on rank and prestige as it is found in agricultural villages in Japan. 15.015. Kihara Kentaro y>,/ (L "Sanson shuraku-nai no kaiso ishiki ni kansuru jakkan no kosatsu 4d $ j g 9 -tlA ^ s e (Some observations on class-consciousness within a mountain village)," SKGHR, vol.3, no.4 (whole no.12), 1953, pp.52-80. An analysis of the class consciousness of the people of Nishina village and Nakagawa village, Kamo-gun, Shizuoka prefecture. 15.016. Kitano Seiichi y y0 t -, "Mibun to kakaku z Z 4 - (Personal rank and ie status)." in Omachi Tokuzo )\ W'^up), et al., (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei 4: Shakai to minzoku II \ 'Ax ^ I;7A^ 4 A- iN t i }. _ (Outline of Japanese folklore studies, vol.4: Society and folklore II). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, pp.11-34. Describes the rank organization of the Tokugawa period Japanese village. The hombyakusho was not just the registered land holder but was also a supervisor of the corvee which the village provided. Included were former tenant ie which had risen in status, but hombyakusho could also fall to the level of workers for other hombyakusho, and lose their status and become mizunomi-byakusho (landless farmers). Finally, landholdings became the single criterion of status, and newcomers were equated in status with tenant residents. However, informal dozoku relations accompanied these statuses which even the lord could not ignore, and forced gradual adjustment of the formal status system. Kitano Seiichi, "Tsushima sonraku shakai kozo no shomondai" (Problems of social structure in Tsushima villages). See Entry 12.059. 15.017. Miyamoto Tsuneichi I -, t,-, "Tsushima, Goto ni okeru gairaisha no juyo -, J I- \. 1S -_ 5 1-s> 0 C,$- (Eng. title: The relationship between immigrants and natives in Tsushima and Goto islands)." MZGKK, vol.21, no.1-2, May, 1957, pp.40-46. A comparative historical study of accommodation of newcomers to the existing social structure in Tsushima and Got5 islands. In Tsushima, newcomers were socially and economically segregated as kiryu Csojourners)

Page  161 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 161 or as shinko (new households), while in Goto, where the class system was not closed, newcomers were readily accepted. Mogami Takayoshi, "Mura no soshiki to kaiso" (Village organization and classes). See Entry 12.065. 15.018. Nakano Takashi 7 ~, "Gyoba o meguru sonraku shakai no henka: kinsei no kokudaka kaiso to gendai no shunyu kaiso o tegakari to shite t/. g y <- " - a- ' t t _ t _ 0~ a sj ~t A O es a A t tW * K wr LT (Change in village society related to the fishing ground: seen in terms of both the Tokugawa period stipend-ranking and contemporary income stratification)." in Kyugakkai Rengo L '/ / (Federation of Nine Learned Societies) Ced.), 1962 Nendo Kyigakkai Rengo nempo: jinrui kagaku XV / 2_ 4 ~4 4 At { Je t s T - V (Federation of Nine Learned Societies 1962 yearbook: anthropological science 15). Tokyo, Shinseisha, pp.292-318. A comparison of the class structure of two Sado fishing hamlets in the Tokugawa period and in the present day. The writer has determined each family's rise or fall, compares the differences between the two hamlets as to changes in the class structure, analyzes the reasons for the differences, and relates this to the introduction of fixed-net fishing. Nakano Takashi, Kurosaki Yasujiro, and Kakizaki Kyoichi, "Uchiura engan ni okeru sonraku shakai to henka: Buri daiboami do'nyu izen o chushin to shite" (Changes in village society on the Uchiura coast: before the introduction of large trap nets for yellowtail). See Entry 13.024. Okada Yuzuru, et al., "Kamoize oyobi shuhen chiiki no sonraku kozo" (Village structure in Kamoize and its neighbor villages). See Entry 13.025. 15.019. Sakimura Shigeki b. f, T.\, et al., "Noson jinko ido no kaikyusei to sono shakai keizaiteki shoyoin f./~ U *X9 - X O W / t 9 -, 4 it if_ - 0 s (Class characteristics and socioeconomic factors in rural population movement)." Nogyo keizai kenkyu j. ~4 $ f A! '- (Studies in agricultural economics), vol.13, no.4, 1937, pp.144-186. Studies the effects of spinning mills (especially synthetic materials) and rapidly developing regional cities on surrounding village society through a survey of population movement. Three villages in Fukui prefecture were studied in March, 1937. Segawa Kiyoko, Miyamoto Tsuneichi, Izumi Seiichi, and Gamo Masao, "Waniura mura" (Waniura village). See Entry 13.031. Sue Hiroko, "Nihon ni okeru ikuji yoshiki no kenkyu: Nagano ken K mura no ikuji ycshiki ni tsuite" (A study of child training practices in Japan: in K village, Nagano prefecture). See Entry 27.023. Suzuki Makoto, Miyamoto Tsuneichi, Kohama Motoji, Ishida Eiichiro, and Kindaichi Haruhiku, "Tsutsu" (Tsutscu). See Entry 13.034. 15.020. Tahara Otoyori ]1 J ~. f and Tanozaki Akio ]~ ~~ J, "Gyoson ni kaiso kosei: sanriku engan no ichi gyoson ni tsuite. t,' a~ ).: A ~ - /. 4 -.. (Eng. title: Class stratification in a fishing village: research report on a village on the coast of the Sanriku district)." SKGHR, vol.5, no.4, 1955, pp.55-80. An analysis of social stratification in Takeura, Miyagi prefecture, a fishing village which relies entirely on a wide variety of fishing techniques for its livelihood. Uses economic rank, family status, and privilege as standards for stratification. 15.021. Tokoro Mitsuo 'f1 5, "Kinsei shoki no hyakusho honyaku: yakuya to buyaku no kankei ni tsuite __ - 7C O 40) B i A h Ah t A By <W g 5 ^ -Ee (Leading farmers in the early Tokugawa period: their tax and corvee liabilities)." in Nomura hakase kanreki kinen rombun shu: hokensei to shihorsei aT Xt t e ^^ J]^ +1t \ (Essays in honor of the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.121-160. Detailed analysis of the corvee labor and taxes imposed on peasants (those holding leading farmer [hombyakusho] status) following the freezing of status by Hideyoshi. Many documents of the period are presented and analyzed; for Watari gun, in Ise fief (1594); for Muro gun, in Kishu fief (1601); for Yufuin, Hayami gun, in Bungo fief (1611); for Koumi, Motosu gun, in Mino fief (1643); and for None, Aki gun, in Tosa fief (1671). 15.022. Tokoro Mitsuo jT X J, "Noson shakai no mibun % t' posy> < 19 (Status in agricultural village society)." KKK, vol.3: Ie (Ie), 1958, pp.73-110. Discusses in detail the various statuses held by peasants in the Tokugawa period, and reviews their origin, characteristics, privileges, historical change, and the relation of peasants to persons of other statuses. 15.023. Yamada Keido j 1 )A, "Noson ni okeru shakai-seiso A T 1- D /J r.j.,4 (Social stratification in a rural community) [Eng. title: The problem of quasi-parent and child relations]." SKGHR, vol.7, no.1 (whole no.25), October, 1956, pp.82-102. A new approach to rural social stratification through analysis of fictive parent-child (yoboshi oyako) relations which prevail in the Shimokita peninsula, Aomori prefecture. This case study was done in Okunai, Tanabe machi, Shimokita gun.

Page  162 162 JAPANESE SOCILOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 15.024. Yasuhara Shigeru, "Nominso bunkai to noson no shihai kozo r Ai ~ " t L 9 Xr. L 1 j (The dissolution of rural classes and the structure of rural domination)." SSK Annual, no.8: Nosei no hoko to sonraku shakai i At < - ij ta 1 - $ A (Agricultural policy and village society), 1961, pp.95-136. Analyzes the breaking up of rural class structure, political domination of a farm village, and the reaction of various substrata of farmers to this division. Based on a 1960 survey of Kubiki Hirano, a wet-field village of Niigata prefecture. C. URBAN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION A statistical approach to the analysis of class class (or "salarymen") in recent years has beand status difference, based on aggregate data such come the darling of journalistic punditry, works as social surveys, predominates over particularizing of sound sociological quality were indeed rare up case studies in the works listed here. Although to the closing date of this collection (1967). some cross-sections based on randomized sampling are This class does receive attention, however, in the available, attention is focused on laborers or the several works analyzing intergeneration upward moproletariat and on slums more than on other urban bility and the status characteristics of in-mistrata. For instance, although the new middle- grants to a metropolitan area. 15.025. Ando Masakichi ~ ~ j ~,"Hokyu seikatsusha 4 X ~ t f (Salaried workers)," in Okochi Kazuo >s 16 1] ~, Kokumin seikatsu no kadai, _, ) X (Problems in the life of Japanese). Tokyo, Nihon Hy5ronsha, 1943, pp.183-220. On the education, gratifications, attitudes, occupations, and living conditions of salaried workers. 15.026. Furusawa Tomokichi ~ A A, "Yokohama no kaso shakai ni kansuru ichi kosatsu ye yj ) 1/ ~Je 1~~ M $ ~a -A (A study of lower class society in Yokohama)." Rodo mondai kenkyu i, g /vfl t (Research in labor problems), vol.48, 1951, pp.47-65. A field survey of living conditions of the "lumpen proletariat", called futaro, who increased in number in Yokohama after the defeat ending World War II. Almost all came from other prefectures, and younger persons predominated. Most are reported to have had some schooling, and 77% had up to eight years of education. 15.027. Hibi Koichi! X, ~ iT -, "Daitoshi no shokugyoteki seisc to ido Tokyo ni okeru shakaiteki seiso to shakai ishiki no chosa kenkyu (2) Ad,t f ~,i a4 ' 4 ' \ ~- 4' '1 V A f it ha a TA } ~ ~ 944]-] ~( 2) (Occupational stratification and mobility in the large urban community: a report of research on social stratification and social attitudes in Tokyo, 2)." SKGHR, vol.4, noel-2 (whole no.l13-14), 1954, pp.135-149. A sample survey of native-born Tokyo residents and migrants to Tokyo, inquiring into occupational changes. Present occupations are compared with father's occupation for native-born, and with former occupation for migrants. Kido Kotaro and Sugi Masataka, "Shakai ishiki no kozo: Tokyo ni okeru shakaiteki seiso to shakai ishiki no chosa kenkyu (III)" (Report of research on social stratification and mobility in Tokyo (III): the structure of social consciousness). See Entry 25.033. 15.028. Miyaide Hideo I _~ A J,Rumpen shakai no kenkyu,W > A ~ Be % < - (The "lumpen proletariat"). Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1950, 324pp. A sociological study of the "lumpen proletariat". 15.029. Nasu Shoichi /j. jf.-, "Doyagai kyojusha no seikatsu kozo: Takabashi san-chome no kansatsu chosa o chushin ni f 0 A) t 4- i_ ' t: T -J l ' /, t A) ~ (Social structures among residents of a lower class rooming house area: observation and study of Takabashi san-chome) [Eng. title: The life structure of labour in 'Doya' area]," Chuo Daigaku Bungakubu kiyo t t,\ 1it )_.. w",:;'~ $ (Bulletin of the Chuo University Faculty of Literature), no.25, Tetsugakka t -T(Department of Philosophy), no.8, 1962, pp.41l-69. Report of a survey made of a lower-class laborer's rooming house area at Takabashi san-chome, Eto-ku, Tokyo, in 1960-1961. Because of the character of the neighborhood, interviews were not used. Data were gathered through observation and from rooming house registers, employmenc bureau records, and school records. 15.030. Nishida Taketoshi i J -J4 (ed.), Toshi kaso shakai %, il F,;/4 (The lower classes in the city). Tokyo, Seikatsusha, 1949, 13 + 277pp. A collection of Meiji period works describing the actual conditions of slums in Tokyo and Osaka. It

Page  163 URBAN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 163 contains a description of Nago-machi, Osaka, by Suzuki Umeshiro; a newspaper report on "conditions of slums in Tokyo prefecture" (from Choya-shimbun); a description of slums in Tokyo and Osaka by Sakurada Bungo; and "Darkest Tokyo" by Matsubara Iwagoro. 15.031. Odaka Kunio J j 1 /%, and Nishihira Shigeki 1J; t, "Wagakuni rokudai toshi no shakaiteki seiso to ido a|),w' I jAd x A ), ^it J 4 i 4 f 4 %, (Social stratification and mobility in the six large cities of Japan). SKGHR, no.12, 1953, pp.2-57. Summary of the results of a sampling survey of social stratification, carried out by the research committee of the Japan Sociological Society from June to November, 1952. Suzuki Hiroshi et al., "Reisai kigyo shudangata toshi no kigyo bunseki" (An analysis of the total science process in a furniture producing city). See Entry 14.046. 15.032. Yasuda Saburo ' 19 _ 0,"Aru sampuringu chosa no hokoku: Tokyo ni okeru shakaiteki seiso to shakai ishiki no chosa kenkyu (1) Ad i 1 7~ j " 77 ") 1 9 -, X,' 1 7 b /)d 1 / \ t At f/5 < ^ ') fk- %if L (1) (Report of a sampling survey: research on social stratification and social attitudes in Tokyo. 1)." SKGHR, vol.3, no.4 (whole no.12), 1953, pp.114-130. An analysis of methods used in an opinion survey of social stratification and social attitudes conducted in Tokyo by the author and six members of the Department of Sociology, Tokyo University. society in Japan). Tokyo, 1st ed. Kyobunkan, 1899, 2nd ed. Chu5 Rodd Gakuen, 1949, 31 + 398 pp. One of the best pioneer studies by an independent student of pre-1900 capitalism in Japan. Vividly treats lifp in the Tokyo slums, textile mills of the Kiryu district (Gumma prefecture) match factories of the Hanshin district (Osaka and Hyogo prefectures), and in silk mills, cotton mills and iron works throughout the entire country. Touches also on labor movementq in Japan and on 1ivng connditinn.S mcng rural tenants. 15.034. Yoshida Kyuichi I1l ) -, "Shiryo Nihon suramu no shohatsu to chiho kaso shakai ~i A d s, ^ <) Ad I-, Y A ~/7 j j_. A A A/J (Eng. title: The emergence of slums in Japan and the local lower social strata)." SKGHR, no.l6, 1954, pp.111-132. Study using statistical materials to trace the origin of slum populations, finding them in the 1880's when they emerged, in the author's view, through impoverishment of the former samurai, farmer, workman, and artisan classes, all of whom formed the collective urban destitute. D. THE OUTCASTE STRATUM Literature on outcastes is indisputably dominated the available research reports present data in by partisan works undertaken by scholars who them- rat'her polemical packaging. Our selection has put selves are of outcaste birth or who identify with the particular emphasis on empirical reports that do Emancipation Movement dedicated to ameliorating not have explicitly partisan goals but can be social discrimination and its consequence, poverty, regarded as fact-finding works (e.g., the Kyoto disease, and alienation. Alienation, of course, Municipality survey, or items by Koyama Takashi, has reared formidable obstacles to Japanese scholars Suzuku Jiro, Toyoda Takeshi, and Yamamoto Noboru). from outside the outcaste community who propose Items sponsored by the Center for Studies of Outor initiate sociological investigations there for cast Communities (Buraku Mondai Kenkyusho) which they are apt to be regarded as intruders or, worse, we list here, however, provide a lead to other as spies. Hence it is understandable that many of literature for interested students. Buraku Mondai Kenkyujo (ed.), Toshi buraku: sono rekishi to genjo (Outcaste settlements in cities: past and present). See Entry 14.054. 15.035. Buraku Mondai Kenkyusho t A. I /t ft (Center for Studies of Outcast Communities) (ed.), Buraku mondai kenkyu no tebiki - d d g 11 A e ~ 1 (A guide to studies of outcast communities). Kyoto, Buraku Mondai Kenkyusho, 1957, 160pp. A useful general guide to outcast studies, though the overtone is partisan (for emancipation of outcasts) rather than scientific. Serviceable as a guide to field research as well as to documentary studies. Includes a comprehensive bibliography and a detailed chronological list of events from 1869 through 1956. 15.036. Buraku Mondai Kenkyusho f A 0f f % 1 fP (Center for Studies of Outcast Communities) (ed.), Buraku no rekishi to kaiho undo X ~. I) Ad ). a -A J 3A1 (A history of outcast settlements and their emancipation movements). Kyoto, Buraku Mondai Kenkyusho, 1954, 8 + 300pp. The history of outcast settlements in Japan is narrated by several scholars: the ancient period by Kitayama Shigeo, the medieval period by Hayashiya Tatsusaburo, the Tokugawa period by Naramoto Tatsuya, the modern period by Fujitani Toshio, and the present by Inoue Kiyoshi.

Page  164 164 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 15.037. Buraku Mondai Kenkyushof f:.t _ % f (Center for Studies of Outcast Communities) (ed.), Buraku sangyo no shiteki bunseki: Mie ken Ueno shi Hachiman buraku, 1-, V 4 /~ 7 i - ^t j F At );f v\ A (A historical analysis of outcast occupations: the case of Hachiman buraku, Ueno city, Mie prefecture). Kyoto, Buraku Mondai Kenkyusho, 1957, 229pp. A detailed historical study of a settlement of outcasts bordering the urban center of Ueno city, Mie prefecture; the study focuses on modes of production as constituting a main basis of inferior status as well as an arena for demeaning treatment of outcasts. Volume 1 of Outcast Problems Series. 15.038. Kida Teikichi L 1 Ad i (ed.), "Tokushu buraku kenkyu M / %j r A (Study of outcast settlements)." Minzoku to rekishi ~ f ~ ~&,_ (Race and history), special issue, vol.2, no.l, 1919, 326pp. This number consists of articles mostly written by Kida, dealing with the origin of outcast settlements, the origin of various names for outcn'cts, the history of discrimination, and population growth in outcast settlements. 15.039. Kikuchi San'ya X t _ -, Eta zoku ni kansuru kenkyu I, 7v ej, }, f (A study of the eta). Tokyo, Sanseisha Shoten, 1923, 16 + 400pp. Regards the outcasts as descendants of the aborigines of Japan. Studies their distribution and their variant names according to localities. Discusses, in unsystematic fashion, their distinction from peoples named in historical records and the problem of relating them to archaeological materials. 15.040. Kimura Kyotaro '41, J - (ed.), Buraku mondai shiryo, no.2: Chusho kigyo no jittai? A g w1 0o-2- jo A t A d j A yJ (Materials on outcast problems, no.2: conditions of middle and small scale enterprises). Kyoto, Buraku Mondai Kenkyusho, 1952, 44pp. Includes S. Ushio's "The types of production in the manufacture of leather —a survey of Takagi settlement, Kyoto prefecture," and K. Fujita's "Imitation pearl manufacture and its sources of labor —a survey of Yasakacho, Osaka." Analyzes the economic characteristics of middle and small businesses. 15.041. Kohama Motoji A ' i j, "Buraku jumin keishitsu ni tsuite n n e i k a 1 v T (On anthropometric traits of t eraits of t outcasts)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai if j4 A _ i' CJapanese Humanistic Sciences Society) (ed.), Shakaiteki kincho no kenkyu R Ad ye O < % (Studies of social tension). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1953, pp.359-368. The first anthropometric study of outcasts by a Japanese anthropologist, made in five outcasts by a Japanese anthropologist, made in f settlements in Shiga, Nara, and Hiroshima prefectures. Their mesocephalic cephalic index differs from the brachycephaly of the surrounding people, but is close to the average index of the present Japanese. 15.042. Koyama Takashi +,, "Buraku ni okeru shakai kincho no seikaku V - 1 I 1 ' $ ( S> W X (The character of social tension in the outcast settlements)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai 1 5.044 (Japanese Humanistic Sciences Society) (ed.), Shakaiteki kincho no kenkyu Al ( h 9 to ia (Studies of social tensions). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1953, pp.395-410. A report on a survey of the very complicated attitudes of social "outcast group" members toward elimination of discrimination against eta in two buraku (districts within a town) in Osaka and Wakayama. 15.043. Kyoto-fu R5do Keizai Kenkyusho n o baail 4*4 _.,- 'f f C (Kyoto Institute of Labor and Economics), Mikaiho buraku ni okeru rodo keizai jiJo5 X t - on Eb i 5 e 2fu (Economic conditions of labor in unemancipated settlements). Kyoto, Kyoto-fu Rodo Keizai Kenkyusho, 1951, 156pp. An empirical study of living standards among the outcasts of Takeda, Fukakusa, and Fushimi wards, Kyoto, their means of livelihood)and their present experiences of discrimination. The researchers included economists, sociologists> and psychologists. 15.044. Miyoshi Iheiji JO- t A;, Dowa mpndai no rekishiteki kenkyu 1u J il M la V, A t A (A historical study of the outcast problem). Tokyo, Dowa H5kokai, 1943, 434pp. Traces the problem of the outcast community back to the most ancient times, studying the Kojiki, Nihon Shoki, regional histories, and public documents for each period, and the most recent studies of the problem. Emphasizes that the attitude toward outcasts is race prejudice in its most elemental form. 15.045. Mori Yoshio A, et al., "Mikaiho buraku no seikatsu kozo: Tottori ken, Hino gun, Kofu son, Ebi Gochome no baai } V f T ^ Ac;JO44 4 A ~/ a @ (Eng. title: The life of Mikaiho buraku [unemancipated village]: report on Ebi 5 chome Kofu cho, Tottori prefecture)." Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Bungakkai jimbun kenkyu j\ I d.- f f mJ 9 I It X (Osaka City University Literary Society humanistic studies), vol.12, no.10, 1961, pp.1-86. A survey carried out in April, 1957, with three main objectives: (1) to learn about living conditions in outcast communities in the mountain areas of the San'in region; (2) to study other communities in the same area, compare them with the outcast communities, and show how they interact; and C3) to apply techniques for analyzing population, family, and consumption to outcast studies using registries and various questionnaires.

Page  165 URBAN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 165 15.046. Nara ken Minsei Rodobu Dowa Mondai Kenkyusho A. $, i4X f 1S 1I M %3 X IB P' 71f (Institute for Research on Assimilation Problems, Welfare and Labor Department, Nara prefecture), Mikaiho buraku no jissho teki kenkyu ~t? e % I' ~/ < (Empirical study of an outcast settlement)." Nara, Nara ken Minsei Rdo-bu, 1953, 6 + 116pp. A field survey of 331 outcast households in Nara city. Reports the results of research of March - April, 1952, on population composition, housing conditions, occupations, education, and the emancipation problem of the outcast people. 15.047. Naramoto Tatsuya, ~ r t_ (ed.), Mikaiho buraku no rekishi to shakai ~ ' - A _ ' 9 M _ a /iFt 4 (The history and society of unemancipated [outcast] communities). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1956, 392pp. A collection of essays which report field studies in a forestry village (Sakamoto, in Shiga prefecture) and a fishing village (Tohama, in Hiroshima prefecture) dealing with history and social functions, aimed at the questions of how outcast communities do not dissolve under discrimination and what the basis of discrimination may be. Finds them persisting in a feudal context. 15.048. Naramoto Tatsuya ~- A —KA ti (ed.), Mikaiho buraku no shakai kozo Ks ~~ b n s- iftk o?_ ((The social structure of outcast [buraku] settlements). Kyoto, Buraku Mondai Kenkyusho, 1954, 16 + 322pp. A field survey of an outcast village, Kobayashi buraku, in Taisho mura of Minamikatsuragi gun, Nara prefecture. Describes the history, land ownership relations (before the land reform), economic relations and class relations of the buraku. Touches also on dSzoku, families and educational problems in the buraku. 15.049. Okamoto Wataru 1-Jl d- y, Tokushu buraku no kaiho fi ffi 9 - (Emancipation of outcast communities). Tokyo, Keiseisha, 1921, 360pp. A pioneering work on the outcast problem by an author with forty years experience in the emancipation movement. Outlines concrete plans for emancipation. A rich source of facts on actual conditions. 15.050. Suzuki Jiro, 4s _- f, "Burakumin no chiikisei, shokugyo, kekkon ~f t Ps 9 A 4 e,*at{> (The localism, occupations, and marriages of outcast people)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai AJ jN. o 1 'IT 4 (Japanese Humanistic Sciences Society) (ed.), Shakaiteki kincho no kenkyu itr /y i s k 0)/ f (Studies of social tension). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1953, pp.381-394. Discusses jobs, marriages,and residential seclusion of outcast people based on field surveys of fifteen buraku (outcast settlements) in Saitama, Kyoto, Okayama, Hiroshima, Saga, and Nagasaki prefectures. 15.051. Suzuki Jiro W X, -, "Hiroshima ken 0-gumi no chiikisei, shokugyo, kekkon ni tsuite Ji t "T 0 t. ) e 'T 3 -Y " XT (On the problem of regionalism, occupation,and marriage of the "0" local group in Hiroshima prefecture)." Philosophia (Philosophy), no.23, 1952, pp.141-l70. A social anthropological survey of the outcast area of Hiroshima in 1952. Analysis of the life of the eta group, their particular jobs, marriages between eta and non-eta, and -he disdain with which they are commonly regarded. 15.052. Takahashi Sadaki 4u t t,, Tokushu buraku issennenshi f jt. (. -- ~ j- (A thousand years of the outcaste community). Kyoto, Koseikaku, 1924, 340pp. This work, based on the research of Kida Teikichi, constitutes the most systematic treatment of this difficult problem in pre-war times. Part one covers the history of outcaste communities. Part two deals with the present status of such communities and discusses the emancipation movement (suihei und5). 15.053. Takahashi Sadaki ~ j j 4 4-, Tokushu buraku shi,. p ^ 3W (History of outcast communities). Kyoto, Koseikaku, 1924, 341pp. Traces the history of outcast communities from ancient times, discusses reasons for their origin and organization, and discusses the history of the emancipation movement and its significance. 15.054. Toyoda Takeshi T f j, "Burakumin no sabetsu sareru yo ni natta rekishiteki jijo 1 6) o 'J ^-L J0 S- ~ -; f v rt B -_ f I (Hi storical account of how discrimination developed against outcasts)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai ~ f d 'j '; 7R (Japanese Humanistic Sciences Society) (ed.), Shakai teki kincho no kenkyu J V. z i If y (Studies of social tension). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1953, pp.369-379. A general study of the origin of discrimination against the eta, summarizing existing data on this subject. 15.055. Yamamoto Noboru 11 43, Buraku sabetsu no shakaigakuteki kenkyu ~ -i J e, 6) _- /? i V4tJf t { (A sociological study of outcast community discrimination). Kyoto, Buraku Mondai Kenkyusho Shuppanbu, 1966, 467pp. Report of ten.years of study of outcast communities by the author. Includes his methodological theories. 15.056. Yamamoto Noboru A ~\ ~, "Mikaiho buraku no kazoku: sozoku seido o chushin to shite >Jr ~ ~: $ fp ~ d);tX 3;7 t ~ r l; (The family outcast village: the system of inheritance).

Page  166 166 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY [Eng title: The family of "Mikaiho buraku" (unemancipated village)]." Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Bungakkai jimbun kenkyu P f i L rY f~ - x- (Osaka City University Literary Society humanistic studies), vol.6, no.10, 1955, pp.47-60. Analyzes families in a village in Wakayma prefecture, using registries beginning with the Jinshin koseki of A.D. 902 and continuing to the registry for the end of March, 1951, to determine methods of deciding on heirs. 15.057. Yamamoto Noboru "LJ jk;, "Mikaiho buraku no kazoku (zoku): bunke ido o chushin to shite " te: 1if - 0? | X (-) ^74 -1i 4$ tr -- L (The family of unemancipated villages (cont'd): house-branching and mobility)." Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Bungakkai jimbun kenkyu )\ W. T./ ~- ' ~7UK -/jtf -' (Osaka City University Literary Society humanistic studies), vol.7, no.10, November 1956, pp.65-85. Follows the author's paper under the same main title, dealing with inheritance, and is based on the same data, but this is an essay complete in itself. Deals with outcast patterns of creating branch houses and shifting residences, and notes the special problems raised for these normal events by the fact of their being outcast status. 15.058. Yamamoto Noboru L1 "' I, "Mikaiho buraku no shakaiteki seikaku: Tokushima shi Nishi cho chiku chosa o chushin to shite. J.. ] ~ f ~ ~ ~ $~. ' l T ~ _ td J L-t (The social characteristics of Japanese outcast settlements: a study of the Nishi cho area, Tokushima city) [Eng. title: The social characteristics of Mikaiho buraku (unemancipated village)]." saka Shiritsu Daigaku Bungakkai jimbun gakuho t\ r5. f L } r' t ~/i lJ - f- (Humanities bulletin of the Literature Society, Osaka Municipal University), vol.14, no.8, 1963, pp.51-74. Analysis of an unemancipated outcast community in Tokushima city based on field work done in August and September of 1960. Yamamoto Noboru, "Sabetsu ishiki to shinriteki kincho: mikaiho burakumin no ishiki ni kansuru kenkyu" (Sense of discrimination and psychological tension: research on attitudes among outcaste people). See Entry 25.058. 15.059. Yanase Keisuke )N 4 Jf S, "Shakai gai no shakai: Eta hinin;2t 9F i- i (~l / / (A society apart from society: Eta, hinin)." in Yoshino Sakuzo j 3 } (ed.), Meiji bunka zenshu ~ ~../Jl l, (Series on Meiji culture), vol.21. Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1929, pp.109-160. An analysis in minute detail of the origins, names) living conditions, causes for discrimination, and relief measures concerning the outcaste eta class.

Women

pp. 167-169

Page  167 CHAPTER XVI WOMEN Our subjective impression is that studies of brevity of our selection in this Guide, is surely women and their problems may well be underrepresented testimonial to the unconscious male-oriented quality in this Guide; but it is even more certain that of Japanese scholarship. We so interpret our unprewomen are underrepresented in the amount of profes- meditated scanty offerings here, but set the material sional sociological attention given them to date in apart in a separate chapter on Women, in any case, Japan. The scarcity of literature, as much as the to encourage more extensive representation in any subsequent edition. 16.001. Ema Mieko j3,$ 4t, Hida no onna tachi,j O T- t (Women of Hida province [Gifu prefecture]). Tokyo, Jiipusha, 1950, 5 + 244pp. The postwar edition of "Large family of Shirakawa village" (Women's Library). The author, living in the Hida area which is famed for its large extended families associated with silkworm raising, describes the life of women about her, centering around manners and customs. 16.002. Emori Itsuo, D j 9, "'Zen kon'inteki jiyu kosho' kanko ni tsuite: sono honshitsu to sho kihan genri j4f d 7p 4 j -T 1J V T I f 1 ~" ~ 0 $j y~ 7/ (On the practice of premarital sexual freedom: its nature and principles)." in Nihon Hoshakaigakkai ETYJf Jim v 5T/ ' (Japanese Society of Legal Sociology) (ed.), Kazoku seido no kenkyu (ge): riron to jissai i. _ 'J s) t I (1) ^ 4t7 ~ ai n.-(A study of the family system, vol.2: theory and practice). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1?57, pp.233 -300. A comparative ethnological and legal sociological study of yobai (the practice of premarital sexual freedom) with special attention to its basic principles and social backgrounds as well. The author regards customary premarital license as the socially approved way of mate selection in an age-graded society. 16.003. Hashimoto Hiroko )r 4- i. a, "Fujin no ishiki: joshi rodosha no ishiki 6) J p\' W } at 18Y X^ r Ad A (The awareness of women: attitudes among women workers)." in Fukutake Tadashi PA; (ed.), Nihonjin no shakai ishiki O i< yK 0 T X-iY X i (The social consciousness of Japanese). Tokyo, Sanichi Shobo, 1960, pp.231-254. Mainly an examination of the changing attitudes of women in the period following the Pacific War, based on many case studies of labour disputes. Also briefly outlines the pre-war history of women's attitudes when they occupied a more restricted social position. 16.004. Hozumi Sayo a; ) fS a, "Fujin no ishiki: ippan fujin no ishiki - / tt; m^ (Women's attitudes: the attitudes of women in general)." in Fukutake Tadashi 4t 1 Ced.), Nihonjin no shakai ishiki \' A- J- 0 Baj - f (The social consciousness of Japanese). Tokyo, San'ichi Shobo, 1960, pp.255-269. A study of the social values of women other than working women, with emphasis on trends in women s movements and the attitudes of women involved in these movements. 16.005. Kyugakkai Rengo U A Lt iaJ' (Federation of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), "Sei 'J (Sex)." in 1953 Nendo Kyugakkai Rengo Nempo: jinrui kagaku VI /7-3J Ait f T-t '- ~ '_ f. - a i i t T VI (Federation of Nine Learned Socieites 1953 yearbook: anthropological science VI). Tokyo, Nakayama Shoten, pp.18-90. The first half of a special number, on sex and on studies of the Noto Peninsula. It consists of eight short reports presented at the 1953 meeting of the Federation. Includes articles on physiological and social differences by sex, on marriage and geographic marriage areas, on speech differences, on sexual life, and on religion as related to sex. 16.006. Mitsui Reiko, At (ed.), Gendai fujin undoshi nempyo ( 4^ i- Adt # CChronology of contemporary women's movements). Tokyo, San'ichi Shob5, 1963, 260pp. Japan's first comprehensive chronology of women's movements. Contains materials related to women's problems, including livelihood, education, law; reviews research from 1868 to 1959. Includes simple explanations of important events. 16.007. Murata Shizuko j \ AJ f 1, Fukuda Eiko: fujin kaiho undo no senkusha, W W ~ ~ f Zi #1 U) E L o - (Fukuda Eiko: an early fighter for women's emancipation). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1959, 236pp. Not only the life history of an early proponent of women's rights (1865-1927), but also a source of information on the nature of both the Liberal People's Rights Movement of the Meiji period and the Socialist movement of the Taisho period, and on the theoretical basis of the early feminist movement. Contains a chronological chart and a bibliography. 167

Page  168 168 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Okochi Kazuo, Sengo shakai no jittai bunseki (A field analysis of postwar Japanese society). See Entry -15.010. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku (Women and Minors Bureau, Ministry of Labor), "Boseki fujin rodosha no shin'yagyo ni kansuru chosa" (A survey of night work of cotton spinning women workers). See Entry 17.066. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku (Women and Minors Bureau, Ministry of Labor), "Hashutsu kangofu no jitsujo" (Working conditions of visiting nurses). See Entry 17.067. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku (Women and Minors Bureau, Ministry of Labor), "Kanai rodo no jitsujo" (Working conditions of home employment). See Entry 17.068. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku (Women and Minors Bu;eau, Ministry of Labor), "Kinu jinken orimono kojo no joshi rodosha" (Women workers in silk and rayon mills). See Entry 17.069. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku (Women and Minors Bureau, Ministry of Labor), ' Men boseki kojo no joshi rodosha" (Women workers in cotton spinning factories). See Entry 17.070. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku (Women and Minors Bureau, Ministry of Labor), "Seishi kojo no joshi rodosha" (Women workers in silk mills). See Entry 17.071. Sato Masao and Sato Mamoru, "Tohoku noson mibojin kazoku no jittai: Miyagi ken Kuribara gun Monji mura no baai" (Conditions in widows' households in rural Tohoku: Monji, Miyagi prefecture). See Entry 21.011. 16.008. Segawa Kiyoko. )'A m, Ama ki i; -~ A (Woman divers). Tokyo, Jiipusha, 1950 Cist printing 1942), 12 + 244pp. First published in 1942 as one of a series on women. Describes the life and customs of woman divers in various parts of Japan, and the life of women in mountain villages. 16.009. Segawa Kiyoko H. )'1 ~ ~, Hanjo ft ~ (Woman vendors). Tokyo, Jiipusha, 1950 (1st printing 1943), 5 + 254pp. First published in 1943 as one of a series on women. Describes a fishing village custom by which fishermen's wives peddle fish which their husbands catch in exchange for grain. Segawa Kiyoko, "Ubuya ni tsuite" (On houses for childbirth). See Entry 22.072. Seiji Keizai Kenkyusho (Institute of Political Economy) (ed.), "Fujin rodo no kihon mondai" (Fundamental problems of women workers). See Entry 17.075. Takamure Itsue, Dai Nihon josqishi: bokeisei no kenkyu (History of Japanese womanhood: a study of matrilineage). See Entry 10.122. Takamure Itsue, Nihon josei shakaishi (History of the social life of Japanese women). See Entry 8.011. 16.010. Tatewaki Sadayo 1 X 4, Nihon no fujin: fujin undo no hatten o megutte V 4 ) $ J. 4 j, I- 9 ) 0: ' ^T (Women of Japan: development of the feminist movement). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1957, 208pp. A history of the feminist movement in Japan. Focussing mainly on the women's emancipation movement, the author discusses the activities of the Seitosha (Blue Stocking Party) of the 1910's, such obstacles as the traditional Japanese family system and inequalities in labor and politics, and the many post-war advances to 1956. 16.011. Tatewaki Sadayo A j A a\ (ed.), Sengo fujin undoshi Sk ' + 3A. t C(A history of postwar women's movements). Tokyo, Otsuki Shoten, 1960, 222pp. Consists of three sections: 1) "Postwar Japanese women's movements" by Hasegawa Setsuko, a historical sketch which shows their connection with the labor movement; 2) "Women laborers in the period of industrial rationalization" by Tatewaki Sadayo, a study of the long-term labor dispute (beginning in 1955) that accompanied the large-scale introduction of machinery into the Utsunomiya factory of the Japan Monopoly Corporation; 3) "Social attitudes of housewives" by Ide Fumiko, an analysis of 497 responses to a sample survey of housewives in Tokyo and its suburubs taken in July, 1959. 16.012. Tsubaki Koji t-, $t and Fujii Akira, "Sanson no onna wa otoko yorimo hayaku shinu: sanson roreisha no seihi ni tsuite L1) 1f 0 4! X t d y X s; _ A I 0 9 A 1'.X"t (On the sex ratio of the population in advanced ages in mountain villages in Japan: the mountain village female dies earlier than the male)." Jinruigaku zasshi ) ^ to s (Anthropology magazine), vol.66, no.1, September, 1957, pp.1-10. An anthropological study of sex ratio in three mountain villages in Japan. In the mountain villages studied, the sex ratio of the population cohorts above sixty years is about 0.5, i.e., 7 females to 13 males. This fact, in conjunction with the scarcity of level land and steepness of roads, suggests that earlier death of women is due to heavier labor for women than for men in remote and retarded villages,

Page  169 WOMEN 169 Yamaguchi Asataro, "Iki no Ozaki ama ni tsuite" (On women divers at Ozaki in Iki Island [Fukuoka prefecture]). See Entry 13.045. 16.013. Yamamura Fusa iL]h 1t% and Tanuma Hajime Ji ~ ~, "Fujin undo ni okeru rodo fujin no yakuwari: komuteki jimuteki bumon no mondaiten,k 'Xs: b '! / J $ T 41 ' r) 1_l&j. ' (The role of female laborers in women s movements: problems in government and business areas)." Shiso 0 A. (Thought), no.442, April, 1961, pp.97-106. Takes a historical look at trends in the numbers, working conditions, demands, and organization of women in such occupations as public health nurse, day nurse, and public school teacher. Outlines present problems. Yasuda Saburo and Kato Takako, "Josei no jinko ido to haigusha senbatsu: Tokyo ryunyu josei jinko no bunseki" (Female urban migration and mate selection pattern). See Entry 6.152.

Human and Labor Management

pp. 170-183

Page  170 CHAPTER XVII HUMAN AND LABOR MANAGEMENT Given their traditional emphasis on rural sociology, it is understandable that Japanese sociologists and social anthropologists dealing with large organizations such as corporations have discovered familism, paternalism, patron-protege relations, and personalistic cliques there. These phenomena consitute major themes of their findings. Pre-war research examined small industries or craft firms, on such themes as transformation in the nature of apprenticeship. The early postwar years introduced aggregate survey techniques to study worker's political attitudes, labor-management tensions, geographic and class mobility, and other phenomena parallel to American large-organization sociological interests. But this statistical approach, led by Odaka, seemed more to obscure than to highlight significant structural features of economic organization. Thus, since the late 1950's, outstanding work has been again historically oriented, though also hypothesis oriented, testing the ways in which growth in scale as well as the loeic of erPnomic rationalization finds accommodation for personalities or familistic patterns of organization inherited from the past. The work of Hazama exemplifies this concern. For convenience, this chapter includes iunder Section A) compendia and guides giving the names and characteristics of Japanese manufacturing and business firms and rosters of management personnel. A. INDUSTRY AND HUMAN MANAGEMENT In an era increasingly dominated by giant industrial enterprises, almost no serious, comprehensive sociological study of their organization has been attempted. Surely such work is not far in the future; this aspect of Japan's economic transformation is recent and sociologists as well as business management specialists will find occasions and methods to tackle the job. The work listed here, however, deals more with smaller enterprises in which there has been less extensive rationalization of management and worker organization. Also, though large organization as such is not an active field of study, there are investigations of the life style, background, and outlook of employees in such firms, which are to be found in this and the following sections. 17.001. Ajiki Masao -? /t j5i X, "Shakai taisei to shite no kanri shudan: mitsu no jirei kara L,' \ ^A' L b X < fit S 7 ) A a4j 5 (Administrative groups seen as social systems: three examples). SKGHR, vol.5, no.4 (whole no.20), 1955, pp.81-93. Empirical studies (1) of a labor union whose administrative committee determines union activities, C2) of a hierarchical machine shop reflecting the community structure of the country town it exists in, where even productivity is controlled strongly from above by kinship and local ties, (3) of a school in which neither the school authorities' educational aims or the teachers' instruction have much influence on students' attitudes to study or their lives, since independent girls' teen age peer groups form the core of social structure in the school. Aonuma Yoshimatsu, "Kanamono no machi: Sanjd shi kanamonogyo ni tsuite" (Hardware town: the hardware industry of Sanjo). See Entry 14.036. 17.002. Aonuma Yoshimatsu ~,. A, Waga kuni ni okeru sangyo to redo: koshinsei no jittai ~ 2 1 -- b v-7, a "AA4 4 ~ E A S * 1< V (Industry and labor in Japan: a demonstration of backwardness). Tokyo, Sekaishoin, 1958, 9 + 354pp. A detailed report of capital-labor relations in three minor industries (hardware, cotton fabrics, and fishing), based on an empirical field study. The focus of interests is pre-modernity of the laborers' status and of their working conditions. Includes maps and photographs. 17.003. Aoyama Hirojiro t i 4, "Nihon no kigyo ni okeru O.R. katsudo no jittai chosa a - 9 Ij 1p ^ 't O& e' wt. 0 fT 4 (Eng. title: A sample survey of operations research activities of companies in Japan)." in Tokei Suri Kenkyujo iho J^, 2-f T t t (Proceedings of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics), vol.11, no.2 (whole no.21). Tokyo, 1964, pp.77-104, English summary appended. A sample survey undertaken in the autumn of 1963, utilizing interviews and mail questionnaires to measure the permeation of operations research activities and their status within, and effect on, management organization. The study was not undertaken by a sociologist but is useful as a source of information on Japanese management. 17.004. Daiyamondosha 7/} n gy o 'tn (ed.), Daiyamondo kaisha sangy5 soran Y-"f \ L ' f v ^Jo (Diamond general survey of corporations and industry), 3 vols. Tokyo, Daiyamondosha, Vol.l: 1964, 170

Page  171 HJMAN AND LABOR MANAGEMENT 171 1234pp.; vol.II: 1965, 1275pp.; vol.III.: 1965, 1078pp. Vol.1 contains editorial notes on survey method and listing; index of all corporations, and list of companies by older names. Vol.2 contains information on steel, non-metals, metal, machines, electrical machinery and tools, machinery and tools used in transport, precision machinery and tools, and other manufacturing industries. Vol.3 concerns commercial, investment, insurance, real estate, land transport, sea transport, air transport, storage, broadcasting, telephone and telegraph, electric power, gas, service industries, product guides. 17.005. Daiyamondosha ^V} X: & -" - - (ed.), Daiyamondo kaisha shokuin roku 'J4Y {V At 4E. Y^: tt % (Diamond register of corporation personnel). Tokyo, 'Daiyamondosha, 19b4-19b5. 2 vols. Vol.1: l-bu jojo kaisha han ): J- L 4 /t V-T )iJl- (Corporations listed in section one of the stock exchange), 19b4, 1536pp. Vol.II: 2-bu jo kaisha ha han 2: jz- A L AX - Ki (Corporations listed in section two of the stock exchange), 1965, 800pp. Lists main office of the corporation, capitalization, number of employees, an outline of its business, and location of its branches. For major personnel, lists the name, date and place of birth, position, dependents, education, residence, hobbiesand interests. of business, and branches. For major personnel, it lists position, name, dependents, date and place of birth, education, residence, hobbies and interests. In addition, for other economic bodies, it lists purpose of the entity, number of members, and publications. 17.007. Fujibayashi Keizo f j _, Roshi kankeiron i 3 A. i'; (Labor-management relations). Tokyo, Keiei Hyoronsha, 1949, 252pp. A collection of essays written betwee n 1 n 1946 and 1949 on various points of conflict in labor and management. Topics covered include the open shop, economic councils and labor management relations, means of handling grievances, etc. 17.008. Hasegawa Hiroshi k-z~) A, Nihcn no hyuman rireshonzu A -ao 9-ma a m' (Human relations in Japan). Tokyo, Otsuki 5hoten, 1960, 216pp. Lists many examples from business of the introduction and spread of human relations techniques and relates these to the labor movement. About a third of the volume provides instances of practical methods of human relations and their results. 17.009. Hazama Hiroshi, "Keiei kazoku shugi no ronri to sono keisei katei; Nihon romu kanrishi kenkyu josetsu e t X, 9 t 0 A t g T > (Th logic and the growth process of managerial familism in Japan: an introduction to studies in the history of labor administration in Japan)." SKGHR, vol.11, no.1 (whole no.41), July, 1960, pp.2-18. An excellent inquiry into why Japanese laborers work hard under poor labor conditions. Its conclusion points to the social characteristics of Japanese corporations, especially of their management, before the Second World War; in a word, to "familism in management." 17.010. Hazama Hiroshi t %, "Kogyo chiku ni okeru keiei to rodosha f ' t )t_~ 1I / 1i ~ ~ j - r*1J,(Enterprises and their workers in an industrial area)." SKGHR, no.17, 1954, pp.55-79. A descriptive report of research on family units carried out among small and middle scale bookbinders in Bunkyo ku, Tokyo. The article reveals the labor conditions of these families. 17.011. Hazama Hiroshi U f, Nihon romu kanrishi kenkyu: keiei kazoku shugi no keisei to tenkai ELKS afI A t Br a d T. I 4 Z,: L - (Study of the history of labor management in Japan: the formation and development of Oamilism in management). 'okyo, Daiyamondosha, 19b4, 10 + 692 + 24pp. Analysis of the development of familism in management relations with employees in large-scale secondary industry, from the Meiji Restoration to the opening of World War II. Takes up paper manufacturing, spin-' ning, heavy industry, and mining in that order, which is the order in which familiam developed in these industries. 17.012. Hazama Hiroshi 9 ^, Nihonteki keiei no keifu 43 t 9 I 't-(The genealogy of Japanese business). Tokyo, 1963, 296pp. Attempts to understand Japanese business management in terms of the Japanese people with their unique social characteristics, and of the unique historical and social background of the society in which business must be carried out. Presents an outline of business history since the early Meiji period, and analyzes the environmental conditions which have affected business and labor relations in large industrial enterprises.

Page  172 172 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 17.013. Ishida Takeo / 1A ~' j, Keiei soshiki no jisshoteki kenkyu: kokuyu tetsudo no shoshiki o chushin to shite j 9 ) i- p 7 A }- CEmpirical research on management organization: focus on organization of the Japan National Railway). Tokyo, Ochanomizu Shobo, 1955, 463pp. Chapter I is a detailed account of changes in management organization during the eighty-two year history of the JNR. Chapters 2 and 8 are a detailed analysis of this material. Ishikawa Tomoyoshi, et al., (eds.), Nihon no rodo kagaku (Japanese labor science). See Entry 1.008. 17.014. Mannari Hiroshi i Ad - 1T', "Nihon no keieisha no shakaiteki seikaku V4' O.It C; 0) ftl,/. /i-t (Eng. title: Social characteristics of Japanese business leaders)." SKGHR, vol.12, no.1 (whole no.45), 1961, pp.7-19. An analysis of job mobility by generations; social class and mobility; education and social mobility. Based on a questionnaire mailed to the board chairmen, presidents, vice presidents, and managers of all 392 corporations incorporated at more than 1,000 million yen (January, 1960) and to one-third of the executive directors of these companies (total sample, 1524; responses, 67% or 1008). This essay forms one section of Abegglen and Mannari, Gendai Nihon no shidosha kenkyu keikaku (Plan for research on present Japanese leaders). 17.015. Matsushima Shizuo v6A 4 ^V 7X, "Wagakuni ni okeru romu kanri no tokushitsu to sono genkai o meguru mondai: H kozan no jirei o chushin to shite ) s ] "g 1 'jj ' jz - f T / -- ~ 0) 9 < 9 - &" If X H hi iL c9 -d'1J X ~T } LT (Problems of Japanese labor-management characteristics and their limits: the case of H mine)." Tokyo Daigaku Kyoyo Gakubu Shakaikagakka Shakaikagaku kiyo 1955.J -~ iT i ^ tT ^t '3 - (c iatf 'J/-sj (Social science bulletin 1955 of the University of Tokyo General Education Faculty, Social Science Department), 1956, pp.l-69. A study of one of Japan's oldest and most successful copper mines, undertaken in 1954-1955 to test the hypothesis that the managerial goal of minimizing labor costs must circumscribe managment's freedom to expand worker welfare measures, though managment must also furnish these to insure morale and continuity of labor supply. Finds that H mine has maintained an almost complete and enclosed world not only for its workers (who are given a company-owned supply store, barber shop, theatre, hospital, water services, etc.) but also for people in the environs (by providing employment and manipulating connections). The report goes into the history of the mine, its wage system, personnel management, and its labor union, as well as the housing conditions of the workers. 17.016. Meiji Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho Ad t JK 7_ A a% T m T (Meiji University Social Science Research Institute) (ed.), Tekkogyo no gorika to rodo: Yawata Seitetsu no jittai bunseki '/e7 s9~ T ie nT a )fX jq Jf 9 /u (Rationalization of the steel industry and labor: empirical study of the Yawata Steel Corporation)>. Tokyo, Nitto Shoin, 1963, 8 + 271pp. Report of a study made in 1960. As one of the first industries in Japan to be rationalized, more advanced results are seen in the Yawata Steel Corporation. For this detailed study both management and the labor union cooperated fully. Takes up the problem of workers employed by sub-contractors but actually working in the plant and changes in worker attitudes as rationalization progressed. 17.017. Mori Goro ^^ j t, Sengo Nihon no romu kanri: sono seikaku to kozoteki tokushitsu ~' y 3 T )0 i' At / t~ ~1 {'91 ^$ ~ S m %_ (Postwar labor supervision in Japan- its character and structural characteristics). Tokyo, Daiyamondosha, 1961, 222pp. Consists of an introduction on research methods and conceptual framework and essays based on four field studies. Field studies were conducted in seventy-one large businesses in 1953, 1954, an& 1959, and in smaller business, studying labor supervision systems comparatively. The postwar Japanese labor supervision system was reorganized about 1955. Nakano Takashi, "Detchi tedai to bekke sosetsu" (Apprentice, clerk, and branch manager). See Entry 11.053. Nakano Takashi, "Ie no kozo to ishiki oyobi sono henyo" (The structure and consciousness of ie and its change). See Entry 10.047. 17.018. Nakano Takashi ' 't ~, "Jigyoshu no keifu to seikaku V);-P # O - t Y } - (Genealogies and characteristics of proprietors)." in Odaka Kunio T _ 1 ~ A (ed.), Imono no machi ' ~ "9 t1 (Foundry town). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.65-107. Survey and analysis of genealogies and careers of proprietors, their relationships to employees, and special characteristics of administrative employees in foundries in Kawaguchi, Saitama prefecture, where there are over five hundred foundires. Demonstrates the usefulness of applying sociological principles developed in study of ie and dozoku. 17.019. Nakano Takashi t! s, "Notobe no kigyo: sono shakai kozo 9 K f ~ ' _- ' O V%/~ ' (The industry of Notobe: its social structure)." in Kyugakkai Rengo?u 'A AJ'n (Federation of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Jinrui kagaku VII Vj - V II (Anthropological science VII). Tokyo, Seibundo Shinkosha, 1955, pp.149-168.

Page  173 HUMAN AND LABOR MANAGEMENT 173 An analysis of the managerial and labor organization in a one-industry town, Notobe, in Ishikawa ken. The factories in this town provide a classic example of sub-contracting prevalent in the textile industry but what differentiates the economic and social structure of the community are the matsui or groups each consisting of one main family and its branches, which manage their separate factories. Factory workers commute from surrounding farms which to this day may also sub-contract and weave. 17.020. Noda Nobuo f m 4t, Kigyro no kindaiteki keiei /j f d N [ t '? (Modern business management). Tokyo, Daiyamondosha, 1954, 251pp. Discusses general theory, organization, capital and internal control. Stresses the public character of modern business and points out that the traditional secrecy in Japanese business hinders progress in techniques of business administration. 17.021. Noguchi Yuichiro f e afi - F and Inaba Michio - ~, "Taishu goraku to goraku sangyo k43%\ uj jJA X s (Popular amusements and the amusement industry)." Shis5 /J *: (Thought), no. 431, May, 1960, pp.81-89. Analyzes such things as management and labor conditions in Japan's five most popular amusement industries: pachinko, bicycle racing, horse racing, boat racing, and movies. Based on data from the late 1950's. Noshomusho Shokokyoku, Shokko jijo (Social conditions of workers). See Entry 17.054. 17.022. Odaka Kunio Af Z / t (ed.), Imono no machi t 44 -9 T- (Foundry town). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, 4 + 280 + 6 pp. + maps. An analysis of linkages between proprietors of small and medium-sized businesses, organization and production attitudes of employers, human relations within the union, and relationships between the business enterprise and local society in 68 foundries in Kawaguchi in Saitama prefecture, a twon with about five hundred foundries. The field work was carried out in three efforts between the end of 1947 and May, 1950, by a group from Tokyo University. Contributors besides the editor are Matsushima Shizuo, Nakano Takashi, and Sugi Masataka. 17.023. Odaka Kunio,, Sangyo ni okeru ningen kankei no kagaku A ' A ts O,t (The science of human relations in industry). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1953, 14 + 326pp. A useful introduction to industrial sociology for advanced students. Comprises several surveys of American achievements in this field, lucid discussions of basic methodology) and an example of its application to emprical studies of factories in Japan. There is an index. 17.024. Odaka Kunio t Ad }f 2A (ed. ), Shinromu sosho 7: rodo shakaigaku f A % - 0 Ad A? if L7 ' '7 (New labor library, vol.7: labor sociology). Tokyo, Kawade Shob5, 1952, 300pp. Four essays, notably a review of basic problems of labor sociology (Matsushima Shizuo) and the earliest postwar specimen of fieldwork survey among laborers undertaken to learn attitudes (Odaka Kunio). 17.025. Odaka Kunio li 7 _, "Shokugyo to shakai shudan: Izumo chiho no tetsuzan ni okeru seikatsu kyodotai ni tsuite 4 L. )tJ ~ ~ A V All 7 V / i 1]- D J_ \ v. WI1,, -.' (Occupation and the social group: on the livelihood-community of ironsmiths in Izumo district)." MZGKK, n.s., vol.3, no.2 (whole no.11), 1946, pp.41-93. Describes traditional and changing social relations among ironsmiths (tatara fuki) in Izumo district, Shimane prefecture. English translation in American Sociological Review, vol.15, 1950, pp.186 ff. 17.026. Odaka Kunio,x A f ~, et al., "Nihon no keiei J 2~4 ) o t (Japanese management)." SKGHR, vol.12, no.1 (whole no.45), 1961, pp.2-66. Odaka briefly introduces the subject, which is given round-table treatment by Okuda Kenji, Ayano Hiroshi, and Hazama Hiroshi. There follow three main essays on social characteristics of managers (Mannari Hiroshi), on human relations in Japanese business (Takezawa Shin'ichi), and on social class correlates (Tominaga Ken'ichi). Earlier treatment of the same theme was published in SKGHR, no.7, 1952. 17.027. Odaka Kunio Mt 17 /n4 T, et al., "Sangyo to ningen kankei A ~ ~ \ T 14 - (Industry and human relations)." SKGHR, no.7 (special issue), 1952, pp.2-27. Three general essays (by Odaka Kunio, Noda Nobuo, Yoneyama Keizo) showing early postwar sociological thought on labor relations. A field report and two surveys follow, concerned with ceramic industry in Seto (Aichi prefecture), with employee attitudes as related to management, and with a labor union. These are written by Tomita Toshio, Matsushima Shizuo, and Nakano Takashi, respectively. 17.028. Okuda Kenji J ' L _-L, "Nihon no keiei o mondai to suru shiten ni tsuite i A" e gS- 3 M 7& r J 4 ^'JC^- 1: - \ T (On views of Japanese management)." SKGHR, vol.12, no.l (whole no.45), 1961, pp.46-51. Summary of a paper given at the Japan Sociological Society 1960 meeting; it criticizes other papers read at a symposium on social qualities of management, taking issue with their treatment of enterprise familism and life-time employment.

Page  174 174 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Okuda Shuzo, et al., "Kagyo: Kyoto Muromachi orimono tcnya no kenkyu" (Ie enterprise: studies of textile wholesalers in the Muromachi area of Kyoto). See Entry 10.056. 17.029. Orii Hyuga Af 4 f ii, et al., Keiei to rodosha: kigyo ni okeru ningen kankei kanri no jitsurei t 25 ' e Ad X t \~h hI ' -I J\t ttf, e t - < 'j (Management and labor: examples of human relations control in business). Tokyo, Daiyamondosha, 1958, 311pp. Report on studies of employee attitudes in the Nihon Kanko KK. (Japan Steel Tube Corp.), one of Japan's largest steel companies. The studies, directed by Odaka Kunio and carried out by management, were on (1) employees' identification with the company and the union (July, 1952), (2) attitudes toward performance rating sheets (July, 1952), (3) attitudes toward the system of making certain workers responsible for others (October, 1954), (4) attitudes toward a dispute over base-wage raises (June, 1953), and (5) attitudes toward welfare facilities (March, 1956). Sato Mamoru and Haneda Arata, "Shikki gyo ni okeru sanchi kozo no koningata to shoningata: dento kogyo no hendo no mekanizumu" (Japanese lacquer-ware producing communities as either craftsman or merchant types: mechanisms for change in a traditional industry). See Entry 18.016. Shimada Takashi, "Kinsei chuki Shinshu Imaike no rodo soshiki" (Labor organization of the Imaike house in Shinshu, in the 18th century). See Entry 11.073. Takeda Ryozo, et al., "Orimono no machi Notobe: sono shakai kozo" (Notobe, a weaver's town: its social structure). See Entry 14.047. 17.030. Takezawa Shin'ichi ~ / ~ -, "Nihon no keiei to ningen kankei f3 > ~. 7 a0 2 2 f {. (Eng. title: Human relations in Japanese industry)." SKGHR, vol.12, no.1 (whole no.45), 1961, pp.20-29. Outlines the character of human relations in pre- and post-war Japanese industry and postulates future trends in these relations. 17.031. Tominaga Ken'ichi ' 1K -i, "Nihon no keiei to nihon no shakai: keiei soshiki to kaikyu ko-zo5 E G ) $7 4 C a }3 pX^DAS f4 t -fi t' t At (Eng. title: Industrial organization and social structure in Japan). SKGHR, vol.12, no.1 (whole no.45), 1961, pp.30-45. Considers, among other things, the relationship between management and society, Japanese ideas on management, the rising status of workers —in the context of Japan as a highly industrialized society dominated by giant enterprises. Yosoi Shohei, Hashizume Sadao, and Taniguchi Shigeru, "Chusho kigyo shudan no kozo: Nagoya shi Nishi ku kashiyagai no baai" (The structure of medium and small business groups: the case of a confectionary district in Nishi ku, Nagoya). See Entry 14.081. B. WORKERS AND EMPLOYEES Though this Guide lists only publication since (dekasegi), and with case studies of particular about the beginning of the twentieth century, this craft-enterprises. In the thirties and forties, span of time has covered a wide variety of change a leading concern was with under-employment, overin economic conditions, as is reflected in the works shadowed in the late fifties and sixties by growing presented under this heading. Early official sur- labor shortage. Postwar work includes studies of veys of workers' living conditions (Item 17.054, by the school systems' role in labor recruitment, of the Noshomusho) show turn-of-the-century circum- the wide spread and deep rooted seniority system, stances which may be compared with historically and of clique and other small-group relations at antecedent Tokugawa conditions (Takeuchi, Item managerial and employee levels. Analyses of union 17.079) or late 19th century conditions (Ogimura, relations are so abundant as to merit a separate Item 17.059), and amplified with system-studies of section (Section C, below). apprenticeship, or employment away from home 17.032. Asai Kiyonobu b;, ) -.jg, et al., "Kyoto Kitakuwada chiho ni okeru sanrin rodo no jittai: Sanrin rodo no jittai chosa no hitokoma it, j UL \C 1a JV I ' i - 4 Al Y ~ t. b J- t' s - 9 /. aJ - ( ~ -5 (Field research on forestry labor in Kitakuwada, Kyoto)." HSKG, no.5, 1954, pp.100-121. Survey and analysis of forestry labor conditions in Tsurugaoka, Yamaguni (present Miyama town, Keihoku town), Kyoto prefecture). Takes up the scale of enterprise, recruitment of labor, organization of labor, and conditions of work. 17.033. Ezawa Shigeru, jD v/ ", Shokigyo ni okeru fujin romusha no shuro-joken to rodo ishiki ' ~X A I' 'y' t 4 i A ) 4 jZ 4- - J -X (The working conditions and attitude toward work of female employees in a small enterprise)." SKGHR, no.27-28, July, 1957, pp.35-53. An excellent intensive study of a restaurant (thirty employees) in Sapporo, Hokkaido, from the viewpoint of labor sociology. It reveals poor labor conditions, human relations among employees, and the organizing process of a labor union.

Page  175 HUMAN AND LABOR MANAGEMENT 175 17.034. Fujita Wakao af W X 4, Nihon rodo kyoyakuron El 4 ) - W 7 61 1 (Theory of Japanese labor agreements). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1961, 591pp. Analyzes the characteristics of peculiarly Japanese postwar labor agreements, stressing the importance of studying the bearing of various provisions on the wage clauses, as distinct from a legal study of overall provisions. Gives special attention to seniority ranking arrangements and labor agreements. Fuse Tetsuji, "Chiiki kaihatsu to gakusotsu rodoryoku ido: Hokkaido ni okeru chuko daigaku sotsugyosha no rodo shij5ken no kenkyu" (Area development and labor mobility after graduation: a study of the labor market for graduates of junior and senior high schools and universities in Hokkaido). See Entry 24.004. Hagiwara Kazuyoshi, "Rodosha no ishiki, sono ni: chusho kigyo rodosha no ishiki" (The consciousness of laborers, 2: the consciousness of workers in smaller enterprises). See Entry 25.026. Hashimoto Hiroko, Fujin no ishiki: joshi rodosha no ishiki" (The consciousness of women: attitudes among women workers). See Entry 16.003. 17.035. Hazama Hiroshi ] %, "Chingin rodosha no keisei to kazoku a / S 3 ~ 9 / ' e The family and formation of the wage labor force)." in Okada Yuzuru 1\- i - and Kitano Seiichi?_7$ Y k - (eds.), Ie: sono kozo bunseki | ) Q ~ -S^ (Ie: its structural analysis). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1959, pp.259-282. Describes the role of the farm family as the source of the Japanese wage labor force and compares it with the wage laborer family. Asserts that this relation lends distinctive quality to Japanese labor management and social welfare. Hazama Hiroshi, "Rodosha no ishiki: I" (The consciousness of laborers: I). See Entry 25.027. Hidaka Rokuro, Takahashi Akira, Kido Kotaro, and Watanuki Joji, "Rodosha no seiji ishiki" (Political attitudes of laborers). See Entry 25.028. 17.036. Ikeda Yoshinaga ~i AIT = a, "Dekasegi no igi narabini sono shakaigakuteki keiso: toku ni Hokkaid5 ni okeru jijitsu o shiryo to shite <9 fi is ~t,~ -1 I 't ^J W / - L IL A/ $?I 7 a, $ y7, [ _ S U ~ t (The meaning and sociological forms of working away from home: field data from Hokkaido)." in Nihon shakai gakkai, nempo shakaigaku '-2A-~ 7- / /. ~ t P z ) (Japan Sociological Society, sociology annual), no.6. Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1938, pp.1-32. Based on a survey of workers temporarily away from home, carried out by the Hokkaido prefectural government in 1937. Examines the percentage of those who leave home, their sex, occupation, distance from home, etc. The survey showed that fishing villages provided the highest percentage and that 90 percent went to the north sea or to Sakhalin. 17.037. Ishikawa Akihiro, j )',, "Shakaigaku ni okeru rodo, rodosha kenkyu t- i 1' ' - 7 y 7t 4W A Jv9 JL (Research on labor and worker in sociology)." Kikan rodoho; \ "t r (Labor law quarterly), no.46, December, 1962, pp.l34-145. An introduction to postwar essays on sociological research on Japanese labor and workers, especially on studies by Japanese sociologists. Ishikawa Atsushi, "Rodosha no ishiki, sono ni: shitsugyosha hiyatoi rodosha no shakai ishiki" (The consciousness of laborers, II: the social consciousness of unemployed workers and day laborers). See Entry 25.030. 17.038. Isoda Susumu p }1I v, "Nihon no rodo kankei no tokushitsu 3 J3 9 7'4 gi 4- W i ~ (Special features of Japanese labor relations)." Toyo bunka, no.l, January, 1950, pp.78-115. The actual conditions shaping labor relations in Japan are marked by the following main characteristics: (a) workers outnumber the available job openings; (b) wages are uncertain in amount and arbitrarily determined; consequently, (c) relations between laborers and employers characteristically perpetuate the traditional master-follower pattern rather than contract based on marginal utility. Thus the hierarchy within business corporations and administrative organizations makes for personal superordinate-subordinate relations, which workers have already been predisposed to accept by reason of their pre-employment background. Izumiya Hajime, "Howaito karaa no ishiki" (White collar consciousness). See Entry 25.031. 17.039. Kanagawa ken Rodobu 2- ( )'J P - 7$2:t w4 (Labor Department, Kanagawa prefecture) (ed~.), Kanagawa kenka soshiki rodosha ni okeru shohi seikatsu no jittai chosa t ).'. i,. 5( 'A 47 j 1 17. ) a o k oh 94 \iKiiJv_ (A field report on the economic life of organized workers in Kanagawa prefecture). lokohama, Kanagawa ken Rodobu, 1951, 76pp. A study of the living conditions of organized workers in Yokohama as of January, 1950. 17.040. Kaneko Mitsuru 4 X, "Shiryo insatsuko futeichakusei no gen'in ni tsuite k -s f J XI) A^ 54 '14i ' }JRI j _ - f T (Eng. title: On the causes of printer's labor instability)." SKGHR, vol.4, no.3 (whole no.16), pp.87-110.

Page  176 176 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY A general sketch of mobility among printers and other technicians in the printing industry, together with analysis of an intensive study carried out from September, 1951, to June, 1953, in one printing company. 17.041. Kikuchi Isao B { - Hi, "Sekitan kofu rodo jotai no hensen /a /, fj ' l <, - 9 _ j (Changes in the working conditions of coal-miners)." Hosei kenkyu $ J 1 f t (Legal research, vol.2, no.1, 1932, pp.47-89. Conditions of pre-war management and labor particularly as related to the problem of working hours in coal mines. 17.042. Kishido Mamoru, f 7, "Nihon sangyokai no hensen to rodo iyoku 13 2 LA Jf- - )5 i 4 XL s (Industrial changes and worker's demands in postwar Japan)." SKGHR, no.22, October, 1955, pp.84-99. An excellent study of changes in workers' demands after World War II. Here the author describes excessive demands by industrial workers and discusses the difficulty of controlling workers' demands. 17.043. Kitagawa Takayoshi J )j1 T R, "Rodo shakaigaku o meguru mondai: sono tenkai to jakkan no hansei?I PI 7-z '/ 6V &; M; t e, 1 L a 2 T 9 o b2 (Problems in labor sociology: development and retrospect)." Romu kenkyu Et = ~ar 9 (Labor research), vol.11, no.8, 1958, pp.15-22. Evaluates the history of labor research in sociology and rejects simple statistical analyses, emphasizing a historical, structural,and dynamic approach. Kitagawa Takayoshi, "Rodosha no shiso kenkaku no mondai to seisansei kojo undo" (Changes in thinking among workers and the movement to raise productivity). See Entry 25.035. Kuroda Toshio, "Rodo ryokuritsu no nenrei kozo" (Labor force participation and age composition). See Entry 6.024. 17.044. Matsushima Shizuo /4il ~ t A, "Keiei to jugyoin no taido t.' X 7 L i, T ~ 0) X (Management and employee's attitudes)." SKGHR, no.7, 1952, pp.45-57. A field study of the attitudes of employees toward management, owners, fellow workers) and labor unions in foundries in Kawaguchi city, Saitama prefecture. The analysis breaks down the interviewees by rank, age, original home, former job, and size of the factory where they work. 17.045. Matsushima Shizuo At~ S t JZ, "Kozan ni mirareru oyabun-kobun shudan no tokushitsu '/A li I" 7 AiL >7$36/J ^ B^? - 1ff u(Characteristics of the patron-client system among mine workers)." SKGHR, vol.1, 1950, pp.61-67. Describes the characteristics of ritual patron-client (oyabun-kobun) relationship in the Tomoko League of mine workers. 17.046. Matsushima Shizuo 'Aj2 X ~ )f, "Nomin to hikaku saretaru rodosha no seikatsu taido a p~ l }b ^_ ~. +l \ % '~ dt A 9 }; t-, (Laborers' and farmers' attitudes toward life compared)." Shakaigaku kenkyu - 7 )' X L (Sociological research), vol.1, no.1, 1947, pp.97-138. An early postwar comparative study of attitudes, moral standards, and social life, matching farmers against wage-workers. 17.047. Matsushima Shizuo )VA, -T R, Rodo shakaigaku josetsu?l' 4 -/#,T A (An introduction to the sociology of labor). Tokyo, Fukumura Shoten, 1951, 9 + 448pp. A two part work; the first part deals with changes in laborers' attitudes as revealed in field data. The second part deals with the Tomoko League, a mutual aid group in Japanese mines. The author's analysis reveals that the league is founded on patron-client (oyabun-kobun) relationships. 17.048. Matsushima Shizuo C Z j t ~, Romu kanri no Nihonteki tokushitsu to hensen 7, ' % 0 6 Jt ~t' ~ - m U~j (Japanese characteristics and transformations in labor management). Tokyo, Daiyamondosha, 1962, 480pp. Five chapters report on field work and two present the author's conclusions. Special attention is paid to personnel management structure. Field studies were carried out in mines, a construction project, a petroleum chemical plant, and a paper mill. Finds labor-management relations and automation to be primary factors in change. 17.049. Matsushima Shizuo ~4 1. f, "Wagakuni rodo ni okeru hokensei to rodosha no shitsuteki kitei ~ / 4 1 Al-.~'t 4 2 44 k if A f (The feudalistic character of labor relations and material conditions of laborers in Japan)." Shakaigaku kenkyu -2i z ~ 7_ % (Sociological research), vol.1, no.2, 1947, pp.127-136. Discusses laborers' relations in the workers' living quarters (hamba) of mines. Matsuura Kosaku and Hamashima Akira, Nihon shihon shugi to sonraku kozo: chinrodo kengyoka no shakaiteki no eikyo (Japanese capitalism and village structure: the social effects of part-time labor). See Entry 12.063.

Page  177 HUMAN AND LABOR MANAGEMENT 177 VvI X'lj, (Measurement of the quantity of Japan's present unemployment)." in Ueda Sadajiro 3J- &J Ij. A (ed. ), Nihon jinko mondai kenkyu i J 4 ) d \^ tj (Research on Japanese population problems), vol.2. Tokyo, Kyochokai, 1934, pp.311-341. Recognizing manifest and hidden types of unemployment the author stresses the significance of hidden unemployment in Japan but concedes the difficulty of measuring it. His estimates, therefore, deal only with those who have lost jobs and those manifestly unemployed among persons who have held no jobs since finishing their schooling. 17.051. Minoguchi Tokujiro s 3jc 1T ~, "Nihon genka no shitsugyo wa ika ni shite hassei shita ka i J' _ ~t Fu: Iu l - ' L r;) (How did the unemployment in Japan originate?)." in Ued[a Sadajiro Ji i\; X (ed.), Nihon jinko mondai kenkyu 3 y u$ A d 12 A et (Research on Japanese population problems), vol.2. Tokyo, KyochOkai, 1934, pp.342-422. The author ascribes the unemployment in Japan from 1920 to 1930 to the fact that rising demand for goods and rising production of goods were not balanced by increases in the labor force. 17.052. Mori Kiichi _ - -, Nihon rodosha kaikyu- jotaishi 1J Af 4 f? t ). 3Qt (History of the condition of the Japanese laboring class). Tokyo, San'ichi Shobo, 2 vols.: vol.l, 1961, 548pp.; vol.2, 1962, 548pp. This review of the growth of labor under capitalism covers the period up to World War II in. Volume 1, postwar period in Volume 2. Deals with working and living conditions, worker attitudes, and changes in the size and quality of the labor force, using many charts and tables. Presents tables showing labor union organization. Nakamoto Hiromichi, "Enden rodosha no rodosha ishiki: Kagawa ken san enden no baai" (Labor consciousness in the salt fields: three fields in Kagawa prefecture). See Entry 25.038. Namiki Masayoshi, "Sangyo rodosha no keisei to nogyo jinko" (Formation of industrial labor and the agrarian population). See Entry 6.108. Noguchi Uichiro and Inaba Michio, "Taishu goraku to goraku sangyo" (Mass entertainment and the amusement industry). See Entry 25.043. 17.053. Noshomusho, (Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce) (ed.), Tomoko domei ni kansuru chosa ^,f-^. _ JZ ~ @ ^ 1- AdS4 (Survey of the 'tomoko' league). Tokyo, Noshomusho, 1919, 316pp. Material from surveys of mutual aid organizations among mine workers. 17.054. Noshomusho Shokokyoku ) i r X 3, 1 (Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, Bureau of Commerce and Industry).(ed.), Shokko jijo ji (Social conditions of workers). Tokyo, Noshomusho, 1903, 5 vols. (Vols.l, 2, and 3 reprinted by Seikatsusha in 1947 and 1948). A very objective study on working and living conditions of factory workers, carried out in 1901 by the Temporary Factory Research Section of the Bureau of Commerce and Industry. The research covers types of work, working hours, holidays, employment conditions, wages, savings, reward and punishment, supervision, sanitary conditions, housing, morality, aid for sickness and injury, and education of the workers of various industries (cotton spinning, silk-reeling, textile, iron, glass, match, tobacco, cement, printing, cotton ginning, parts assembling, electric bulb, matchstick, brush, mat, and straw-braid industries). 17.055. Obayashi Munetsugu jt 41, Wle, "Sakai shi naishoku oyobi fukugyo no chosa narabini kenkyu y a ];, t ' dJ 9 11 -M n 1f - J (A survey of home employment and secondary employment in Sakai)." Ohara shaken zasshi 7h Ay t J (Journal of the Ohara Institute for Social Problems), vol.7, no.1, 1930, pp.150-244. Research on the type and character of home employment and secondary jobs in Sakai city, based on a survey ending in August, 1928. 17.056. Odahashi Sadaju )\ ) j j, "Totei seido ni tsuite Jk A 4'J -7. T (On the apprentice system)." Rodo mondai kenkyu i44 g} 1 Jf9 (Journal of labor problems), no.9, 1947, pp.15-32. A study of the decline of apprenticeship in small and medium-size factories in the postwar period, the causes of decline, and the future of the system. Odaka Kunio, "Kumiai ishiki to kigyo ishiki: rodosha ishiki no kozo bunseki" (Union and business image: structural analysis of workers' attitudes). See Entry 25.045. 17.057. Odaka Kunio, J i flA, "Rodo jittai chosa hokoku: rodoshaso no seikatsu taido ni tsuite AtlfXMt ^ 4^ 8, ~ iz X -7= t C (A field report of labor conditions: laborers' attitudes toward life)." Rodo mondai kenkyu,- 1j (Journal of labor problems), no.16, 1948, pp.11-28. A field study of workers' attitudes in 18 factories in the neighborhood of Tokyo, done from January to May, 1947.

Page  178 178 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY ANn SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 17.058. Odaka Kunio i f -t, "Shokugyo to kindai shakai - ' $ ' iAvE ltY f- (Occupation and modern society)." Tokyo, Kaname Shobo, 1948, 288pp. A collection of nine articles on occupational sociology divided into three parts: (1) Japanese social structure and occupational ethics in a modern society; (2) occupations and occupational groups; and (3) occupational sociology. 17.059. Ogimura Akinori }j K, "Shudan shikko chitai no jittai: Nagano ken Kiso-Hirosawa shikki \S Iz - j? it~ ) _ fdd A Ad j 7 j\;~ u, r8 (Eng. title: Aspect of a lacquer (urushi) ware cooperative area: Kiso Hirosawa, Nagano prefecture)." SKGHR, vol.5, no.4 (whole no.20), 1955, pp.94-98. Traces four centuries of lacquer-making in Hirasawa and studies the apprenticeship system, village structureand the difficulties of mechanizing this age-old craft. Okochi Kazuo (ed.), Kokumin seikatsu no kadai (Themes in national life). See Entry 5.021. 17.060. Okochi Kazuo } jJ 1J - ~ and Sumiya Mikio _ 1 _- - f (eds.), Nihon no rodosha kaikyu J ) ~ 1j aA a(Ja pan's working class). Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1954, 332pp. Published in conjunction with Nihon no rodo kumiai (Japanese labor unions) edited by Okochi. Consists of writings by nine economists under three general headings: (1) labor sources, (2) labor power, and (3) livelihood and self-image. 17.061. Okochi Kazuo t\ \ j-] ' and Ujihara Shojiro /JA ~ X ] (eds.), Rodo ichiba no kenkyu: chugakko sotsugyosei no shushoku mondai t ~i 2 t J / I T' jx Xf 9 ) Vg 4' ~ J | (A labor market study on the employment of middle school graduates). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1955, 7 + 411 + 10 + 6pp. The first part gives an over-all analysis of the national scene; the latter part an intensive analysis of surveys on 20,000 male and 19,000 female middle school graduates leaving middle school in Kanagawa prefecture in March, 1953, who were intert[e wed July 1, 1953. Emphasizes the present and future relationship between Japanese industry and the graduates of postwar middle schools. 17.062. Osaka shi At,, Honshi ni okeru gofuku ten'in no seikatsu to rodo _ i 1- \ _ / 17 / A-, t d <9~ o' i ^4? (Daily life and labor of drapers' clerks in Osaka). Osaka, Osakashi Chosaka, 1928, 207pp. The recruitment, placement, and treatment of drapers' clerks. 17.063. 5saka Shiritsu Daigaku Keizai Kenkyusho A\ _ fi. f it i J' At ^ 7 ~ fj (The Economics Institute, Osaka City University), Osaka ni okeru naishoku to hiyatoi no jittai; Lr/ i 7 AV Ad (Conditions of home employment and day labor in Osaka). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoron Shinsha, 1954, 4 + 197pp. A report of research on home employment (making of umbrellas, artifical flowers, paper bags, and machinesewing) carried on from August-September, 1951, and of a survey made from July-August, 1952, on day labor. Analyzes on-the-job organization, work conditions, income and reasons for accepting work of this sort. 17.064. Oshima Totaro \S $ fi ^, Hoken teki rodo soshiki no kenkyu: kotsu tsushingyo ni okeru ^tJij' ttt.C %S,& J^ )'S i ^ - A vh^' Ii L (Research in feudal labor organization: transport and communications). Tokyo, Ochanomizu Shobo, 1961, 428 + 7pp. Uses the examples of overland freight cartage, harbor transportand special post offices commissioned to private enterprise to give a detailed analysis of past and present labor organization. The author's thesis is that feudal labor organization mirrored, in miniature, the familistic organization of all society, though with some special features. 17.065. Oyama Gen ' ichi iLV — _., "Tomoko domei no kenkyu, ) f 1% f- ) it f (A study of the Tomoko League)." SKGZ, no.29, 1926, pp.66-75; no.30, 1926, pp.63-84. Deals with the organization of and changes in the Tomoko League, a mutual aid group among miners and minetimber workers in metal or sulphur mines since the Tokugawa period. Rodo Mondai Bunken Kenkyukai (ed.), Bunken kenkyu: Nihon no rodo mondai (Bibliographical study: Japan's labor problems). See Entry 1.034. 17.066. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku / _ f ~ F J7 (Women and Minors Bureau, Ministry of Labor) (ed. ), Boseki fujin rodosha no shin'yagyo ni kansuru chosa 4, ) id, A Ad (A survey of night work of cotton spinning women workers). Tokyo, Rodosho, 1953, 2 + 44pp. Medical research on fatigue among women laborers in spinning factories. 17.067. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku 14 t / /4 k ' /47 (Women and Minors Bureau, Ministry of Labor) (ed.), Hashutsu kangofu no jitsu-jo i! ~ *a ) Ad (Working conditions of visiting nurses). Tokyo, Rodosho, 1952, 1 + 73pp. I l Describes the placement, working conditions, and residences of visiting nurses; derived from surveys of placement agencies, nursesand patients.

Page  179 HUMAN AND LABOR MANAGEMENT 179 17.068. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku Ij N X Aj T - (Women and Minors Bureau, Ministry of Labor) (ed.), Kanai rodo no jitsujo ' J ',j Q 'J (Working conditions of home employment). Tokyo, Rodosho, 1952, 15 + 125pp. Surveys of working conditions at home in making dish-holders (Toyama prefecture), braid (Okayama prefecture), chinaware (,Mie), artificial pearls (Kagawa), handkerchiefs and neckerchiefs (Gumma), straw bags (Aomori), and rush mats (Fukuoka). 17.069. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku (W P A Ay4/ (Women and Minors Bureau, Ministry of Labor) (ed.), Kin ~ (Women workers icn spn g Kinu jinken orimono kojo no joshi rodosha A }E f { ) f Ji- (Women workers in silk and rayon mills). Tokyo, Rodosho, 1953, 6 + 82pp. A survey of labor hours, wages, hygienic, medical and recreational facilities, and dormitory life of women working in silk and rayon mills since World War II. 17.070. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku nit o f w A 7 (Women and Minors Bureau, Ministry of Labor) (ed.), Men boseki kojo no joshi rodosha w ).; ^s j_ + f t 7 (Women workers in cotton spinning factories). Tokyo, Rndosho, 1952, 1 + 159pp. A survey of recruitment, labor hours, facilities for eating, hygiene, recreation, education, dormitories, and labor union participation of women working in cotton spinning factories since World War II. 17.071. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku 7 44 j 4'/Ar4-,i (Women and Minors Bureau, Ministry of Labor) (ed.), Seishi kojo no joshi rodosha t t " d (Women workers in silk mills). Tokyo, Rodosho, 1950, 1 + 105pp. T i 7 An analysis of changes in working conditions of women in raw silk reeling factories since World War II. Describes sources of recruitment, wages, working hours, medical treatment, welfare, living facilities, dormitories, and labor union participation of women workers. 17.072. Saegusa Mikio 3- 2L s \ Hataraku mono no moraru: wagakuni no jittai to sono tokushitsu Xt < s of ) 7 6 4 1'9 9 '- j_ f i- t (Morale of workers: actual conditions and special characteristics of Japan). Tokyo, Nihon Noritsu Kyokai, 1957, 102pp. Three essays outlining research methods and principles, and three essays which present results of field studies. 17.073. Saegusa Mikio - e Af_, Jugyoin shinri no kenkyu A_ /t 4 k 9 $ s (Research in employee psychology). Tokyo, Nihon Noritsu Ky5kai, 1962, 276pp. A number of essays based on attempts to measure employee attitudes. Part I examines employee attitudes considering various social attributes as primary factors. Part II is an analysis using shop groups and their leaders as the key. 17.074. Saegusa Mikio ~ A k, "Sangyo rodosha no moraru ni tsuite no jisshoteki kenkyu: toku ni shakaiteki taido to no kankei o chushin to shite 4 Jp ~I A 7 "? 1 v "X ~ Y 3 ' A 7 L< I // i At j| 1 / W A l L T (An empirical study of industrial workers' morale: with special reference to their social attitudes)." SKGHR, vol.12, nos.3-4 (whole nos.47-48), 1962, pp. 2-16. Analyzes the relation between morale and social attitudes of workers in eighteen firms, from surveys done in 1955-1956, with comparisons done by age, length of service, education, and size and type of enterprise. Sakayori Toshio, "Chusho kigyo rodosha no kachi henkaku" (Changes in the values of laborers in small and medium enterprises). See Entry 25.003. 17.075. Seiji Keizai Kenkyusho jEx v _t f, *f (Institute of Political Economy) Ced.), Fujin rodo no kihon mondai A-f }. 'r EE o - (Fundamental problems of women workers). Tokyo, ChUo Rodo Gakuen, 1949, 11 + 284pp. A field survey of changes in working conditions of women in Japanese spinning factories since World War II. Deals with the change in distance of the factory from rural areas from which labor is recruited; also considers changes in wages and labor hours, democratization of the dormitory system, and participation in labor unions. Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai, Kindai kigyoka no hassei (The development of modern entrepreneur). See Entry 9.032. Shiori Tsutomu, Tominaga Ken'ichi, and Uzu Eisuke, "Shokuba ni okeru howaito kara no taido chosa" (Attitude survey of white collar workers at work). See Entry 25.050. 17.076. Sono Kenji X At --, "Wagakuni no hiyatoi rodosha ni kansuru jakkan no kosatsu 4 WI < 1 j It ] 1 t {; 9 ^ _ (Some studies of day-laborers in Japan)." Mita gakkai zasshi (Journal of the Mita Society), vol.27, no.12, 1933, pp.45-116. Extracts from surveys of the living conditions of day-laborers in Tokyo, Osaka) and Kyoto; includes laws governing aid in case of injuries, responsibility for aid and insurance, mutual aid insurance, etc. 17.077. Sumiya Mikio Or _/: A, "Rodoryoku ni okeru hokenteki naru mono: hanno hanko ni tsuite t3' t J I% ~a ' T- t'y - t 1 -. -Ar Y D I "c -n (Feudal characteristics of labor practices in

Page  180 180 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY agricultural and home industry occupations)." SKGHR, no.1, 1950, pp.20-30. Compares home industry with pre-modern agriculture in respect to labor force supply. Includes field study data and analysis. 17.078. Takada Yoshitoshi, 1 j lJ], "Howaito kara no sengo sedai: ginko rodo kumiai no baai o chushin ni '/7 i 1- 3 -9 ~ j7 -:, iJ ri 1 t /0 ~ \ Jo 1V (The postwar white collar generation: a study of bank employees' unions)." Shiso ) Ad (Thought), no.421, July, 1959, pp.39-54. Through a study of bank employees' unions, the author (1) contrasts pre-war and postwar salaried employee attitudes; (2) compares attitude differences within the postwar generation; and (3) notes recent common attitudes. He deals especially with such matters as the way democratic notions are accepted and the relationship between the organization and the individual. 17.079. Takeuchi Toshimi,1T 1S1 X', "Hokonin, yatoinini, totei Ai J, ain g (Servant, employee, apprentice)." in Omachi Tokuzo a\ f4 aun K (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei, 4: shakai to minzoku II tsa 4b f jK 4 Ilt t 4 - Jj (Outline of Japanese folklore, vol.4: society and folklore II). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, pp.63-99. A comprehensive survey of various sorts of traditional subordinate workers mainly in farm households of the Tokugawa period and thereafter. This is also an excellent analysis of the household, the family enterprise, and the dozokudan from the servant's side. Offers a useful classification of servant categories. Takeuchi Toshimi, "Sanson ni okeru hokonin: Nagano ken, Kami ina Kitabe chiho, Kamiminochi gun Nishiyamabe chiho no jirei" (Farm laborers, in mountain villages: examples from around Kami ina, Kitabe, and Kamininochi gun Shisanbe districts in Nagano prefecture). See Entry 11.104. Takeuchi Toshimi, "Shokugyo shudan I" (Occupational groups). See Entry 5.026. 17.080. Tamura Takeo Vf t j4,, "Kyoshi no jinji haichi ni mirareru gakubatsu no sonzai keitai it 0) /\ A S - }z -p Ct f- ^" q> fr Ad $ ^ f or"(Patterns of academic cliques as seen in the placement of teachers)." Kyoikugaku kenkyu at PJ yf;!_ (Research in education), vol.30, no.3, 1963, pp.53-64. A study of the placement of Tokyo's teachers according to the schools from which they graduated. In primary schoos, finds graduates of two former normal schools competing with each other, and in secondary schools, finds graduates of two universities in competition, each clique pair having dominance over the graduates of other schools. 17.081. Tomita Yoshiro T _, "Aichi ken Seto shi to sono rinsetsu chiiki (Asahi machi) no yogyo kojo ni kansuru shakaigakuteki chosa A ^U t f 0; C e - 4- St; ( WI) o ', 4 A; I ^ 3 ^,Xty 1f (A sociological survey of pottery works in Seto, Aichi prefecture, and in neighboring Asahi)." SKGHR, no.7, 1952, pp.28-44. A sociological survey of pottery works' employees. 17.082. Tomita Yoshiro ^ and Yosoi Shohei + 1 j 3 ^ "Nagoya shi no futatsu no dai kojo ni okeru ningen kankei no chosa7 % s; 17 J M o py N j-1 (Eng. title: Survey on human relations at two large factories in Nagoya city: through workers' grievances)." SKGHR, vol.3, no.19, 1955, pp.45-57. Two samples of workers were interviewed, one at a heavy industry plant, the other at a ceramics factory, between April and August, 1954, as to their grievances, degree of dissatisfaction, working hours and conditions, pay, contact with others, education, access to welfare facilities, recreation, commuting, and their views on management policy and their union. 17.083. Ujihara Shojiro Ad it [ Ad g], "Iwayuru 'joyoko' to 'rinjiko' ni tsuite?f A JI A -i L o f y1, 1 v-"[ (On 'regular factory workers' and 'temporary factory workers')." Shakai kagaku kenkyu ilk /k d.~ 'y JF f_ (Social science studies), vol.3, no.2, 1952, pp.24-44. An economic analysis of the "temporary worker" system characteristic of Japanese industrial soceity, comparing such workers to "regular" employees. Watanuki Joji, "Rodosha ishiki kenkyu no hihan to kadai" (Critique of and problems for research on consciousness of laborers). See Entry 25.056. 17.084. Yamaguchi Tadashi. lL U 53-, "Hiyatoi rodosha mondai ni tsuite no ichi kosatsu U\ i - t ~ d X 1-~ It^, ) ~ (A study of day laborer problems)." SKGZ, no.9, 1925, pp.23-35. A routine description of working and living conditions of day laborers in the Kansai district at that time. 17.085. Yoneyama Keizo )T i +j 3 5, et al., "Sengo Nihon shakai no bunseki: sangyo rodo ' 1 1 J-,MtX Aft$T 1 - As ^t (Analysis of postwar Japanese society: industry, labor)." SKGHR, vol.7, no.l (whole no.25), 1956, pp.134-170. Summarizing such sources as surveys and government reports, the writers find that postwar changes in industrial and labor relations include the creation of employers' associations to set employment policy, the

Page  181 HUMAN AND LABOR MANAGEMENT 181 growing feeling of workers that union and management are one, the development of enterprise unions) and the clear desire of most workers to belong to an enterprise family. C. LABOR UNIONS Sociological interest in this field has gone living and working conditions, of the opinions and in two directions. One group of studies focuses attitudes of unionized workers, and of ordinary on unions as large-scale organizations and on their union members' relations with union officials. role in economic affairs; it includes studies of Some raise questions of the union response to trends factions within unions, clashes between competing of technological and economic change, a matter unions, management-union disputes, and the important that seems bound to become more critical as unions political role played by unions in Japan. The other strive to free themselves from frozen molds that group deals with workers as members of labor unions; become increasingly irrelevant to new problems. it includes studies of union influence on their 17.086. Fujita Wakao a W; ~,l Daini kumiai: toitsu undo no hatten X - a ) ' t v ((Second unions: progress of unification movements). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoron Shimbunsha, 1955, 278pp. Considers the rise of rival second unions to be a flaw in the Japanese labor movement and presents the history of the movement's attempt to conquer it. Analyzes many examples of such dual unions in the postwar period to understand how split unions come about, and is led to conclusions about basic features of Japanese union organization and function. Presents and analyzes many examples of the formation of rival second unions. 17.087. Fujita Wakao a ~ A A and Shioda Shobei f w yi-)(eds. ), Sengo Nihon no rodo sogi ~' /~ 13 l x <) j ^ /4) A~ (Postwar Japanese labor disputes). Tokyo, Ochanomizu Shobo, 1963, 706pp. Analyzes ten typical examples of postwar Japanese labo- disputes and uses them to characterize the postwar labor movement. Provides background by examining causes of each dispute, the political and economic situation, the position of the enterprise in the total industrial picture, and the results and influence of the dispute. Examples are from the period between 1950 and 1960 and include the disputes at the Toshiba Kamo plant, the Toho Zinc Annaka plant, Amagasaki Steel, the Nihon Steel Muroran plant, the JNR Niigata district, Oji Paper Industries, Hokuriku Rails, the Mitsui Miike mine, and disputes in a sub-contractors plant and in a hospital. 17.088. Hoshikawa Susumu 4 )'J') j _, "Rodo kumiai ni okeru habatsu no sonzai keitai J' 4t $[ ' It-7 I> %I k t ~/>j I -At (Forms of factions in a labor union)." SKGHR, vol.13, no.12 (whole no.50), 1962, pp.65-77. Uses a 1960 survey of a labor union in a large Fukushima prefecture mining company to analyze the forms of factions and their functions, and claims that their immediate cause is jockeying for special positions within the formal organization of the union. 17.089. Hoshikawa Susumu ~ )' L, "Rodo kumiai no seijiteki yakuwari Jt t ~[ - ~ 5 A V At1 (Ergs. title: The political roles of trade unions)." SKGHR, vol.4, no.3 (whole no.55), 1964, pp.27-37. A survey of the political role of labor unions treating union connections with political parties, elections, mass action, etc. 17.090. Ishikawa Atsushi / )'1 i ) and Hirano Hideaki - A ~ ~4, "Rodo kumiai ni okeru daini kumiai no seiritsu to sono hokai no joken ' t,[a~ 1 7. ) $K IL / f ) E a ~, (Causes of the formation and dissolution of a company union)." SKGHR, vol.22, October, 1955, pp.116-137. A case study of the split of a labor union and formation of a company union in the Toko Electric Company. 17.091. Kitagawa Takayoshi i-L )'j t, "Rodo kumiai kenkyu ni okeru jakkan no kihonteki mondai ni tsuite,fl y I,, )Af 5L I1 j' 17 7 % f 9J 9 4 7 I - ' T (Some basic questions in labor union research)." in Fukutake Tadashi k5g -; L (ed.), Hayashi Megumi Kyoju kanreki kinen rombunshu: Nihon shakaigaku no kadai 4 / d -. A t An AH X j l x Ad _ <) A ti (Essays commemorating the 61st birthday of Professor Hayashi Megumi: themes in Japanese sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.233-245. Summary review of research on labor unions in Japan and a presentation of basic questions for future research. The author emphasizes the importance of the distinction between the social function of the labor union and its social role and character; the importance of historical perspective; and the importance of an analysis of trends in management and the labor conditions with which they are intertwined. 17.092. Kitagawa Takayoshi iL 1,\ ' X, "Sogi 0 * (Dispute)." in Makino Tatsumi 4t t 8 (ed.), Gendai shakaigaku Q 4,// t4' (Current sociology). Tokyo, Seishin Shobo, 1957, pp.78-99. Describing labor disputes in 1955 in the main offices and seven plants of a company manufacturing electric bulbs, anajyzes social relationships between management and labor, the importance of small groups on the job, the economic and social psychological aspects of the causes of disputes, and the tangential factor of social class.

Page  182 182 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 17.093. Kitagawa Takayoshi Jl )'| 1 f, et al., Fuji Firumu rodo kumiaiin no ishiki to jittai ' - 7 )~1 AI- 3 -_ ~t _,) Of 1 - a a% (Attitudes and true conditions of members of.Fuji Film labor union). Goka Roren Fuji Firumu Rodo Kumiai, 1962, 274pp. (A non-commercial publication). Report of a detailed study of social attitudes of members of the labor union at the Fuji Film Corporation, Japan's largest manufacturer of photographic film. Considers the class structure of workers on the basis of age, social history)and work experience; types of class attitudes; life outside the plant; and leadership within the union. This survey is unique in the degree to which the union cooperated with it. 17.094. Matsushima Shizuo s $ i and Hazama Hiroshi g -, "F kogyo, Y tanko chosa f A ) TA'JJ |- (A study of F mining company, Y mine)." Tokyo Daigaku Kyoyogakubu Shakai Kagakka kiyo, Shakal kagaku kiyo 3ja,TC i X t 't r: / - t, (Bulletin of the Department of Social Science, Faculty of LiberalA rts, Tokyo University, Bulletin of social science), no.6, 1956, pp.1-206. Part I: The rise of labor unions: analyzes the labor market and the relationship between the labor union movement and labor supervision; Part II: The development of the labor union movement: a detailed examination of union history and an analysis of the present state of the labor union. 17.095. Nakano Takashi 4 Af, "Rodo kumiai ni okeru ningen kankei I% t 45 /3 \ ~ '7 ) /-. I. (Human relations in a labor union)." in Odaka Kunio,, j jAt (ed.); Imono no machi i- /t T (Foundry town). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.201-269. An intensive case study of a foundry labor union as one part of a study of Kawaguchi, a town which is the center of the casting industry. An analysis of a labor union built on human relations where the company headship is hereditary, management staff are employees of many years, and workers form many informal groups. Revision of his paper on the union in SKGHR (whole no.7), 1952, pp.57-69. Nihon Kyoshokuin Kumiai, Nikkyoso junenshi (Ten-year history of the Japan Teachers' Union). See Entry 20.044. Nihon Rodo Kamiai Sohyo Gikai (ed.), Sohyo junenshi (Ten-year history of the General Council of Japanese Labor Unions). See Entry 20.045. Nihon rodo nenkan (The labor year book of Japan). Published by Hosei Daigaku Ohara Shakai Mondai Kenkyujo. See Entry 2.005. 17.096. Numata Inejiro s / ' K1i VI ~ (ed.), Godo Rogumi no kenkyu: sono jittai to hori I iN s-.,T~ A, Ot g ^-&.L y. A (Researcn on Godo Rogumi: its present state and relation to legal principles). Tokyo, Rodo Hogaku Kenkyujo, 1963, 390pp. A report on a national survey conducted in 1960-1961 to discover the economic, social, political and legal implications of the existence of Godo Rogumi, a union for employees in small and medium enterprises, which was brought into being after Sohyo's sixth annual general conference in 1955. 17.097. Okochi Kazuo J ye 1] -. 7 (ed.), Nihon no rodo kumiai ~ 4 <).. A A (Japanese labor unions). Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1954, 247pp. Empirical studies of Japanese labor unions by eleven economists covering organization, finance, wage demands, political conflict, labor contractsand disputes. A postwar chronology of the labor movement is appended. A sister volume to Nihon no rodosha kaikyu, edited by Okochi and Sumiya. 17.098. Okochi Kazuo ]k s I - ~, Rodo kumiai?^j; g r ~ (The labor union). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1963, 327pp. Proposes that labor unions' external function is in making demands, their internal function is in direction and control, and maintains that for the future it is important for the union to work "inward" to stabilize its organization. Clarifies the present situation in which the technical revolution and the shift from.company to industrial unions are bringing a qualitative change in unions. 17.099. Okoc-hi Kazuo 1k \p )f -A (ed.), Rodo kumiai no seisei to soshiki: sengo rodo kumiai no jittai,W-< $4 ~ _ A H..' ) t d jt: _A (Creation and organization of labor unions: conditions in postwar labor unions). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1956, 388 + 12pp. A representative early postwar study made in 1947 and first published in 1950 as Sengo rodo kumiai no jittai (Postwar labor unions) (Hyoronsha). A joint study, by members of the Social Science Institute of Tokyo University, on motives in union organization, characteristics of leaders, method of selection of union officials, and activities of specialized departments of unions. Mailed questionnaires were used with a return of 397 out of 927 mailed (one questionnaire to each union). 17.100. Okochi Kazuo tk Y * -l and Ujihara hojiro T, l a g~ (eds.), Koza rodo mondai to rodoho J, 70 ]4, TO ' t (Symposium on labor problems and labor law), vol.1: Rodo kumiai no soshiki to un'ei a t t/ O,, '3 (The organization and management of labor unions). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1957, 322pp. Empirical characterization of Japanese labor unions dealing with their pre-war and post-war histories, their organizational structure, internal management)and their political activities. An annotated bibliography is appended.

Page  183 HUMAN AND LABOR MANAGEMENT 183 17.101. Okochi Kazuo $- e ~V, Ujihara Shojiro fi JA 5 6., and Fujita Wakao 1- a X i (eds.), Rodo kumiai no kozo to kino t7, ' '9 gi>. n ' (The structure and function of labor unions). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, iv + 639 + ivpp. Mainly an analysis of the workshop, the lowest unit in modern industrial management, based on investigations of the Tokyo University Labor Union Research Group under Professor Okochi between 1955 and 1958. Continues the work issued in 1950 as Sengo rodo kumiai no jittai (Postwar labor unions) [Hyoronsha] and reissued in 1956 as Rodo kumiai no seisei to soshiki (Growth and organization of labor union) [Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai]. Rodo Sogi Chosakai (ed.), Sengo rodo sogi jittai chosa (Field surveys of postwar labor disputes). See Entry 20.049. Rodo Undo Shiryo Iinkai (ed.), Nihon rodo undo shiryo (Historical materials on the Japanese labor movement). See Entry 20.051. Rosei Kenkyukai (ed.), Nempyo: Nihon rodo undoshi (Chronological table of the history of the Japanese labor movement). See Entry 20.053. 17.102. Shimazaki Minoru j H, Noson to rodo kumiai A ft r- ' 4 ~-/t (The agricultural village and the labor union). in Fukutake Tadashi A, i idaka Rokuro 8 ir 51,and Takahashi Akira j1 ~ (eds.), Koza shakaigaku t 2. _ ~ (Lectures in sociology), vol.6: Kaikyu to kumiai A,t v Ac t (Class and union). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1957, pp.271-303. The author attempts to define special conditions of Japanese capitalism which permit joint activity between farmers and the labor movement. A first section analyzes how the labor market was formed just before and after 1947 agricultural land reform; a second section examines the relationship of farmers to workers in the vicinity of the enterprises involved in selected postwar worker-management disputes. 17.103. Shirai Taishiro f I *17 -, Rodo kumiai no zaisei )ff 4. $] f) ~ i 3 (Labor union finance). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1964, 294pp. Studies the characteristics of union organization through analysis of their finances. The author is a specialist in American unions and compares Japanese and American unions in this respect. A rich source of concrete materials. Shiryo rodo undoshi (Historical materials on the labor movement). Published by Rodosho. See Entry 2.008. Taga Yasushi, Suzuki Yukio, and Qishi Kiyoshi, "Rodo kumiai ni okeru komyunikeshon no katei ni tsuite" (On the process of communication in the trade union). See Entry 23.028. 17.104. Takahashi Ko Aj and Shimazaki Minoru j A, "Toho Aen Annaka sogi no shakaiteki keizaiteki joken s ^ + 4 9 ti AZ _ _ (Social and economic conditions in the strike at the Toho Zinc Company's Annaka Refinery)." Kikan rodoho t 1] $ Ad 1 (Labor law quarterly), no.16, 1955, pp.101-126. The authors analyze various problems involved in the all-out strike at this plant which lasted from October 12, 1953, to January 4, 1954. They point out that in industries located in rural areas, characteristics of the labor force and labor mobility differ from those of industrial centers owing to local conditions. Takanashi Akira, "Bunken kaidai" (Annotated bibliography). See Entry 1.045. 17.105. Tokyo Daigaku, Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho Jx ]~ ~ / i~ J f L ht (Institute of Social Sciences, Tokyo University) (ed.), Sengo rodo kumiai no jittai j 5? ~F/l 0 G (The condition of post-war labor unions). Tokyo, Nihon Hy5ronsha, 1950, 25 + 388pp. A joint questionnaire survey by members of the Institute of Social Sciences covering fourteen labor unions as of August, 1947, to investigate democratization in post-war labor unions. Survey items are: reasons for forming the union; character of the leaders during its formation; organization of the union; kinds of members; character of its leaders; organs of communication; youth section; women's section; collective bargaining; management council; cultural activities; labor disputes; relation to superior unions; and union finances. Results of the survey show that "feudalistic" ideas of status and dependence on management still influence the thinking and behavior not only of rank and file members but also of the union leaders.

Social Change

pp. 184-192

Page  184 CHAPTER XVIII SOCIAL CHANGE The breathtaking rapidity and magnitude of change throughout Japanese society, surely without parallel elsewhere yet in the world, offers a naturally inviting challenge to study that has been taken up in various ways by Japan's sociologists. It is important to note here that their interest in change has much deeper historical scope than is usual among Western scholars viewing Japan. The Japanese view postwar changes as being no more than a continuation of evolutionary adjustments and reorientations extending through several centuries. Thus, in the name of change, one study may concentrate on the impact of Tokugawa rule on local rural society, another on the 19th century transition to capitalism especially as expressed in the growth of landlordtenant systems, another on the nation-wide regimentation of the pre-war period, another on the postwar period of recovery, another on the impact of largescale industry and a consumer-oriented economy, and so forth. Our entries in this chapter are mostly of postwar date but deal with any or all of these periods. Pre-war studies, on the whole, are listed elsewhere because their data on change are apt to be presented as a history of the institution or phenomenon under study rather than as an analysis of institutional adaptation, as such, and such studies trace change only to the period the researcher happens to be dealing with. Unlike the American sociological tendency to take cities as the natural setting in which to study change, Japanese case studies (whether pre-war or later) most frequently deal with non-urban areas. It is only expectable that the recency of the rise of urban sociology in Japan would yield a lower proportion of research on urban change. But it may be more reasonable to note that study of pre-war change, if focused on non-urban areas, was after all dealing with the most numerous and characteristic areas of Japan; and that postwar study also can have similar focus inasmuch as the dam-building and highway projects and other adjuncts of industrial growth take place not, as in America, in a wilderness or desert, but in well settled, populous communities, however remote from cities they may be. Furthermore, these communities show persistent vitality now as in the past in the midst of severe pressures, and maintain their identity despite the outflow of youngsters and others to industrial centers and despite innovations from the outer world. For Japan, then, rural areas as much as urban areas lie "where the action is" and remain important in sociological study of change. We offer two sections in this chapter, lumping what might be distinguished as "urban" studies with others in thefirst section. These studies deal with change in an industrial or craft setting or with change imposed by the rise of some industrial facility such as a factory or dam. 4 good many studies in this section are team studies of events in a particular area. Works of a general or theoretical nature, not very numerous in any case, are also listed in this section. The second section comprises studies of the varied adaptations made by rural communities to political, economic, and, lately and indirectly, industrial pressures while remaining rural in character. Critically considered, most works listed here provide an abundance of factual data with what American sociologists if not anthropologists would regard as only modest explicit effort to build an integrative web of theory. Earlier Japanese models of social change, if not built from Marxian premises, tended to cling to a diffusionist or "transfer" model: i.e., Japanese society penetrated by Western technology, capitalism, and customs. Not a few sociologists, perhaps a majority, even today think and write of Westernization -- or, latterly, Americanization. But implicit in many empirical studies is the notion of system-change and several leading scholars recently advocated more explicitly than before a search for forces and processes within the local or national social system that initiate or shape change. Some have discussed this matter in connection with the debate over theoretical conceptions of "modernization and use this term in their discussion. Their papers as yet are few and treat the subject in large and general terms; there is as yet little development of middle and lower range models to be verified or modified in field research. This is not to say that general agreement on the modes and directions of change in Japan is lacking, but only that authors often stop short of separating the general or universal from the particular in the situations they report. A. GENERAL AND INDUSTRIAL Apart from certain papers of theoretical import (e.g., Items 18.001, 18.003) most works listed here are case studies of social change brought about in industry or by industry-linked development. Among the localities studied are ones in Aichi prefecture (Toyota factory), Ibaraki prefecture (Hitachi factory), Chiba prefecture (Toyo Koatsu factory), Okayama prefecture (Onoda cement factory, Dainihon spinning mill), and the large dams in Akita (Kitakami) and Aichi-Shizuoka (Sakuma) prefectures. Though both the Hitachi and Toyota cases are, in a sense, urban studies, the cities concerned are basically company towns; and the other studies just noted deal with the impact of large scale construction or industry on a hitherto rural population. Students interested in the industrial transformation of crafts will find items (e.g., Item 18.016) here and in earlier chapters, especially Chapter 14: Urban Communities. 184

Page  185 SOCIAL CHANGE 185 18.001. Ariga Kizaemon Yi X $ T I, "Kindaika to dento _!L(< 4t 'u a4 t (Modernization and tradition)." Keio Gijuku Daigaku Daigakuin Shakaigaku Kenkyuka kiyo ^y; X J) Pr T T At A tt1 2tL (Keio University Graduate Sociology Course bulletin), no.4, 1964, pp.l1-9. Takes issue with the current use of "modern," "traditional," and "modernization" in studying Japan or other societies. His thesis is that a culture must change by utilizing and continuing to incorporate its "tradition," adapting it to the external conditions of each period. 18.002. Baba Akira.. ~, Abiko Rin X if, 7, Watanabe Moto jiQ and Ichikawa Hajime ji )1Jet -, "Karyu chitai no sangyo kozo r1c, t. 9 A T i'-3 (The industrial structure of the downstream area)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai k,4 A X. IT, (Japanese Society for Humanistic Sciences) (ed.), Kitakami gawa: sangyo kaihatsu to shakai hendo jL Jt- J'|, f -H X A (Kitakami River: industrial structure and social upheaval), (Part I, Chapter 3). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1960, pp.267-376. Studies the nature and quality of farming of the lower Kitakami river basin in Miyagi prefecture (Toyoma, Monose, and Kurihara gun; also Furukawa shi and Toda and Shida gun of the Osaki district), in connection with the impact of Sakuma dam. Intensive attention is given to land improvement projects in northern Momoo gun and Toyoma gun's Toyosato machi. 18.003. Fukutake Tadashi A i }, "Kindai gijutsu no shakaiteki eikyo no chosa no shuketsu ni atatte '- l W 9 Ii. i, A ~ "4 - 0 I ) r 1? T( (On concluding investigations on the social influence of modern technology)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai L i A t Cf A 1" (Japan Humanistic Sciences Society) (ed.), Gijutsu kakushin no shakaiteki eikyo. I f 9,-, <a -/ / (The social influence of the technological revolution). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, pp.521-523. A brief outline of the six multidisciplinary studies conducted by the Japan Humanistic Sciences Society and begun in 1954 on behalf of Japan UNESCO is offered by the director of the enterprise. Successive case studies dealt with the effects of modern mining, impact of modern industry on local communities, dams (2), regional industrial development, and a general assessment of social effects of the technological revolution. Hanzai Mondai Kenkyukai, "Sengo junen ni okeru hanzai hiko gensho no bunseki" (An analysis of crime and delinquency in the decade after the last war). See Entry 26.002. 18.004. Horie Yasuzo T vi Z 1, "Nihon no kindaika no mondai f ) I /l )L 9 t S (The problem of the modernization of Japan). in Nomura Hakase kanreki kinen rombunshu: hokensei to shihonsei e 4 $ *$ ~M, A N ~ t f- AL \ i; AI AJu (Essays commemorating the 61st birthday of Dr. Nomura: feudalism and capitalism). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.379-393. An analysis of the characteristics of Japan's modernization, taking up nationalist attitudes, the spirit of rationalism, imitation of foreign culture, etc. Kawashima Takeyoshi, "Kindai Nihonshi no shakai kagakuteki kenkyu: 1960 nen Hakone kaigi no kanso" (Social science research in modern Japanese history: reflections on the 1960 Hakone conference). See Entry 4.015. Kazoku Kenkyu Bukai, "Sengo ni okeru kazoku no jittai" (Status of the family in postwar Japan). See Entry 10.023. 18.005. Kinoshita Akira yt f ~, Tanabe Ken'ichi itZ 4L -,and Takeuchi Toshimi F'J }J 4\ J, "Kitakami chiiki kaihatsu no igi -J i JLt Ni A t 9ej (The significance of Kitakami area development)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai 0 44 Jo it _ (Japanese Society for Humanistic Science) (ed.), Kitakami gawa: sangyo kaihatsu to shakai hendo JZ Vt- f1,,- ft t t - tq / (Kitakami River: industrial development and social upheaval). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1960, pp.3-28. Broad treatment of environment and industry in the basin of the Kitakami River, its historical background, and the significance of its economic development to the Japanese economy. Introduction to detailed, section by section analyses of the basin affected by Sakuma dam. 18.006. Muranaga Rineo -s \ J AWt, Shimada Takashi j 1 t, and Yagi Akio At o JK, "Churyu chitai no sangyo kozo 0 A A ) 4 I A ' - (The industrial structure of the midbasin area)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai / 4 _ A t z (Japanese Society for Humanistic Science) (ed.), Kitakami gawa: sangyo kaihatsu to sha (Kitakami River: industrial development and social upheaval), Part I, Chapter 2. Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1960, pp.193-266. The Kitakami River midbasin area is defined to include Morioka city and all or parts of the gun of Iwate, Shiwa, Isawa, Waga, Kamihei, Higashiiwai, Nishiiwai, Esashi, and Hienuki. Rice-growing is the chief occupation. This study of production focuses on the influence of irrigation canals on crop production and the agricultural community, singling out for special attention Kazuma channel and Kazuma drainage channel. 18.007. Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai la 4$ A X 4" ' "(Japanese Society for Humanistic Science) (ed.), Damu kensetsu no shakaiteki eikyo /"A i_ t ~ ) Jr -A t. -. 4 (Social impact of dam construction). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, 7 + 492pp.

Page  186 186 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY A set of three team studies in rural areas affected by recent dam construction, explaining the social changes resulting from the building of (a) a multi-purpose dam (Sagami) leading to revision of field patterns; (b) a smaller irrigation dam (Hashima, in Fukushima prefecture) permitting paddy cultivation in villages hitherto based on cultivation of dry-fields; and (c) a dam for rural electrification (Hirane, in Nagano prefecture). These studies can be considered sequels to an earlier report (1958), entitled Sakuma damu (Sakuma Dam). A terminal essay by Shimazaki Minoru discusses the advantages and problems of team field work in this sort of research. 18.008. Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai 1I J-u- Vft ' T (Japan Society for Humanistic Science) (ed.), Gijutsu kakushin no shakaiteki eikyo AIL 4 I' ' no ~ a/c 9.. (Social effects of automation). Tokyo, Toky5 Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, 6 + 523 + llpp. Final report of a two-year study by the Japan Society for Humanistic Science. Process automation in the chemical industry was studied at the Shigehara (Chiba prefecture) plant of the Toyo Koatsu Corporation and mechanical automation was studied at the Aichi prefecture plant of the Toyota Automobile Company. Instead of trying to determine the direct social effects of automation, the effects of automation on management and production were first studied, and then an effort was made to see the social effects of these. For this reason specialists in labor economics and management were added to the research group. The introduction by Sumiya Mikio outlines the idea of automation as innovation taken from J. Schumpeter and shows why it was necessary to choose the comparatively closed society of a factory town. Seven chapters present the study of the Toyota plant. These outline the history of the Toyota Corporation and Toyota city; study labor and the labor union through surveys of attitudes, participationand changes in way of life; study effects of changes in the Toyota plant on conditions in subcontractor industries; and analyze the relationship between education in the factory and the city public school system. The final chapter outlines social changes which have accompanied the development of the Toyota plant. Six chapters present the Toyo Koatsu study. They outline the effects of a major renovation in the organization in the plant in 1959 -1960; study the effects of automation on hiring practices; and compare this to other plants. 18.009. Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai aft 4 X e 'x 4 (Japanese Society for Humanistic Science) (ed.), Kindai kokogyo to chiiki shakai no tenkai 4a a JI- n t %t e t-at O / (Modern mining and manufacturing and the development of local society). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1955, 4 + 791 + 4lpp; Part 1, pp.l-475; Part 2, pp.477-791. Hitachi city, Ibaraki prefecture, an industrialized center and company town, was chosen as the primary target, and Annaka ni Gumma prefecture became the secondary target of this field study (July-December, 1954) of the social effects of modern technology. The report gives historical background, studies impact on decision making, and deals with tensions over pollution and with labor disputes in communities whose public affairs tend to be dominated by a large company. The report includes an English summary. 18.010. Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai H 2 oAt t ' a (Japanese Society for Humanistic Societies) (ed.), Kindai sangyo to chiiki shakai. tL i_,{ J +. a -it J-N t (Modern industry and the local community). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1956,11 + 616pp. Constitutes Volume 2 on "Social Impacts of Modern Technology." An interdisciplinary study (1955), in the format of ten papers, on two local plants in Okayama prefecture. The companies under study were the Onoda Cement Co. (since 1931) at Niimi, and the Dainihon Spinning Co. (since 1951) at Soja. Both are along the Takahashi River. One paper presents environmental and historical background; another compares the two ecological settings (upstream ant coastal plain); others examine ownership and economic matters, labor supply, effects on local power structure) and rural and tova living patterns, and (through questionnaires) such attitutdinal matters as laborer views of their status and changes in women's outlook on hygiene. 18.011. Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai j 4 J., / f' 3 (Japanese Society for Humanistic Science) (ed.), Kitakami gawa: sangyo kaihatsu to shakai hendo O LJ )J |,6 Jt d /4 ~, Y (Kitakami River: industrial development and social upheaval). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1960, 9 + 668pp. Extensive report on a six-month study (July, 1958 - January, 1959) of the impact of technological development, especially the recent construction of Sakuma dam, on the people living in the Kitakami river basin area, covering questions pertinent to several disciplines. This report is the fifth and major report. Takeuchi Toshimi was director of the Tohoku University team, sponsored by the Society for Humanistic Science under a mandate from the UNESCO commission. 18.012. Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai tg 2' / A_ _A>/ (Japanese Society for Humanistic Science) (ed.), Sakuma damu: kindai gijutsu no shakaiteki eikyo EA - 3 7'm ' { A T ') Yft O a Jr P,{.T}(The Sakuma dam: the social impact of modern technology). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1958, 635pp. Constitutes Volume 3 on "Social Impact of Modern Technology." An interdisciplinary study (1956), in the format of seven papers, on the Sakuma-Dam, the biggest dam in Japan: its impact upon the labor market, worker organization)and the local community. it reveals serious social and economic blows to the local community. 18.013. Okochi Kazuo }\ rj 1] > (ed.), Keihin kogyo chitai no sangyo kozo:_ -. ~ - A h 7 A9 >- - ' it (Industrial structure of the Tokyo-Yokohama manufacturing zone). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, 5 + 329pp.

Page  187 SOCIAL CHANGE 187 An important socio-economic study of Kanagawa prefecture (with the cities of Kawasaki, Tsurumi, and Yokosuka) which holds the heart of Japan's heavy industry. For wider perspective, the study compares local against national economic structure and examines postwar development. Longitudinal analysis was made possible by access to parallel data from two earlier studies done in 1951 and 1957 by the Kanagawa prefectural government and issued in non-commercial publication; the government offices cooperated fully with the staff of the present promect, headed by Okochi, a leading economist and labor relations specialist. The volume consists of three parts plus an introduction dealing with the role of Kanagawa in the national economic structure. Part I analyzes trends in farming, fishing, and lumbering; in manufacturing; and in commerce. Part II takes up population shifts and labor recruitment, housing facilities and problems, the transportation system, and land and water uses and needs. Part III covers finance: shifts in the structure of personal income, organizational finance, and prefectural finance. 18.014. Saito Yoshio ), ~ Kan'no Tadashi t f j i, Suzuki Hiroshi 4 a and Mori Hiroshi Ms 1, "Kako toshi no shakai hendo if U T 0) ~~ i t (The social upheaval of a rivermouth city). in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai t 4- J < _4 't A (Japanese Society for Humanistic Science) (ed.), Kitakami gawa: sangyo kaihatsu to shakai hendo J L-]- 11, f if y - a -/,-t f4 (The Kitakami River: industrial deve lopment and social upheaval), Part II, Chapter 3. Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1960, pp. 527-665. Analysis of Ishinomaki city, at the mouth of the Kitakami River, in relation to changing of production and social structure in the areas along the Kitakami River through development and construction of the Sakuma dam. 18.015. Sakuta Keiichi ~ ] 7 -, "Sengo Nihon ni okeru Amerikanizeishon i 4o ' 3 4 1V 1- '7, X 7J- -_jt~. (Americanization in postwar Japan)." Shiso ), - (Thought), no.454, 1962, pp.30-39. Treating the term "Americanization" broadly, this paper divides Japanese social structure into those aspects where "Americanization" proceeded easily and those aspects where the special characteristics of Japanese society prevented its penetration. Goes on to develop a theory of contemporary Japanese society. 18.016. Sato Mamoru ' is - and Haneda Arata J] 1 T[, "Shikki gyo ni okeru sanchi kozo no koningata to shoningata: dento koXyo no hendo no mekanizumu $Jr l- l 1' b );_5- W I, ]ij- dt t/ Jl9 -i-XA"/(Japanese lacquer-ware types: mechanisms for change in a traditional industry)." SKGHR, vol.14, no.3 (whole no.55), 1964, pp.74-95. Four representative Japanese lacquer-ware producing communities are examined. Their structures are classified as either craftsman type or merchant type and their histories, structural characteristics)and patterns of change are analyzed. Shimmei Masamichi, et al., "Sangyo toshi no kozo bunseki: Kamaishi o tegakari to shite" (Structural analysis of industrial cities: using Kamaishi as the model). See Entry 14.045. Shiobara Tsutomu, "Sengo Nihon no shakai undo: sono soshiki jokyo no tembo" (Social movements in postwar Japan: observations on organization). See Entry 20.038. 18.017. Sugano Shunsaku r ff t J$-, Mori Iwao 4 W A, and Azuma Toshio ) A *, "Joryu chitai no sangyo kozo Lt Gu it 4+ X, r ^; ~ A (Industrial structure of the upstream area)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai L 24 &J 4 i tt / (Japanese Society for Humanistic Science) (ed.), Kitakami gawa: sangyo kaihatsu to shakai hendo jL JL- ) A. Hi 3x a E r-4 'j e (Kitakami River: industry and social upheaval)," Part I, Chapter 1. Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1960, pp.31-192. Defines the upper reach of the river as consisting of part of Shiwa gun and most of Iwate gun (except Kuzumaki machi on the Mabuchi River). Important economically are forestry and livestock (horses, especially) Treats historical progress and present conditions of production. 18.018. Tanozaki Akio d VAtj ~5), "Chiiki shakaigaku e no kisoteki kosatsu: sonraku kozo to toshi kozo A! if 't '/ 4t /~ /)'. ~ 4_,. -L t'- m at (A basic examination of regional sociology: rural and urban social structure)." Chuo Daigaku bungakubu kiyo u B 'f " t B. (Chuo University Faculty of Literature bulletin), no.31: Tetsugakka;g + I (Department of Philosophy), no.9, 1963, pp.136-161. On the premise that there is more to society than the city and the rural community, this essay advocates the analysis of rural and urban social structures and at the same time adds limits to the methods of analysis of social structure. The essay touches on the controversies of Suzuki, Arigaand Kitano over the natural village and adds a theoretical consideration of collective groups and solidarity. 18.019. Takeuchi Toshimi A'ft ]fJ.'], Tsukamoto Tetsundo A ~ 4 A > and Tahara Otoyori f, J [ 4,4 "Joryu chitai no kaihatsu to shakai hendo D "J e- 9 7 "ta ' f t; ~ (Development of the upstream area and social upheaval)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai Q 45 A< [ 4 i~ / (Japanese Society for Humanistic Science) (ed.), Kitakami gawa: sangyo kaihatsu to shakal hendo jL. J- P A f -, f _ _- A 9t (Kitakami River: industrial development and social upheaval), Part II, Chapter 1. Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1960, pp.379-472. Study of the social impact on forestry-dependent communities of construction of Hanayama dam, a flood control and irrigation dam on the Sema River, tributary to the Kitakami River.

Page  188 188 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 18.020. Takeuchi Toshimi T 1 4J A, Tsukamoto Tetsundo A 4 J;, and Tahara Otokazu } A T 4-,J "Karyu ch ita i no k aih atsu to shak ai hendo a,\, *te ' 9 It t ^ / W I- ' I (The developm ent of the low er basin and social upheaval)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai 1 J) t t 4 z s (Japanese Society for Humanistic Science) (ed.), Kitakam i gawa: sangyo kaihatsu to shakai hendo t ' my 1U X 1 C t _a:t 7 (Kitakami River: industrial development and social upheaval), Part IT, Chapter 2. Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1960, pp.473-526. Report featuring the case-study of reclamation, for cultivation, of a 12,500 acre former overflow basin near the lower reaches of the Kitakami river, in Yoneyarma machi, Miyagi prefecture. Toyama Shigeki, et al., "Nihon no shiso zasshi" (Japan's intellectual magazines). See Entry 25.004. Toyoshina choshi Hensan kai (ed.), Toyoshina choshi (Records of Toyoshina). See Entry 12.076. Yasuda Saburo, "Toshika ni taisuru taido to tekio: Chiba shi, Soga Imai chiku no jirei chosa" (Attitude and adjustment toward the urbanization of suburban community). See Entry 14.030. 18.021. Yazaki Takeo A J~ J, "Wagakuni jinko no toshika to chiiki kozo no henka katei (1920-1950) 4% 8' Wa1Ay 9,^~T t -it:J aO ~ >_ ~ Y3 ~> e X b 'u X_,s (Urbanization of the Japanese populations and change in the structure of local communities [1920-1950])." Keio Gijuku Daigaku Hogakubu kiyo: hogaku kenkyu / m T T f d (Kei8 University Faculty of Law bulletin: legal research), vol.33, no.2: Oikawa Tsunetada sensei tsuito rombunshu 4 X\ 4 - - 3t' / J X (Professor Oikawa memorial), 1960, pp.567-600. Uses 1920-1950 censuses and annual reports of registered resident shifts to examine rural-urban drift, urban growth, increasing imbalance of population distribution, and the consequent changes in city structure. B. RURAL SOCIAL CHANGE Sharing a common focus on rural communities, the government farm policy, or trace the transformation works listed here deal with a wide variety of social of farmers into part-time or full-time wage earners changes. Some focus on traditional circumstances in non-agricultural enterprises. Apart from these and institutions (tenants and unpaid workers; youth studies, we list a few general reviews of the past associations; land-holding relationships) and examine century and more of rural transformation written their persistence or decline and transformation. from the sociological point of view, especially Others treat emergent institutions (marketing; spe- those by Kakizaki (Item 18.027) and Kawamura and cialty-crop cooperative associations), or review Hasumi (Item 18.030). 18.022. Ema Seiya I J. -tL and M ori Hiroshi t "Sein en remmei no shocho to sonraku taisei: Fukushima ken Shindatsu yosan chitai Yanagawa cho Awano chiku 3 0f. S 9 - a y i< tJ ' X 4. /~ L,~ t~ 4 i 1 i WT -t (The vicissitudes of youth leagues and village organization: Awano, a silk producing area in Yanagawa cho, Fukushima prefecture)." in Takeuchi Toshimi He T P1 4 ' 9 (ed.), Tohoku noson no shakai hendo: shinshudan no seisei to sonraku taisei jL ) ~ t 9 g 2 ' 4 Jr str u c t r e ). i a H I (S o c i a l c h a n g e i n T o h o k u f a r m i n g v i l l a g e s: t h e f o r m a t i o n o f n e w g r o u p s a n d v i l l a g e structure). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, pp.93-139. An analysis of the processes of change in farm management centering on the Awano Youth League, an independent group of young adults in an area where the silk industry declined in the postwar period. Fukutake Tadashi, "Buraku no 'heiwa' to kaikyuteki kincho: ichi gyosei son ni okeru nomin undo no sui'i " (Buraku 'peace' and class tension: the changing agrarian movement in an administrative village). See Entry 25.007. 18.023. Furushima Toshio A Z? a (e d. ), Warichi seido to nochi kaikaku A 'f ~_~ 1' A1 t - m (Systems of land division and agrarian reform). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1953, 271pp. An excellent report of a survey carried on for many years by University of Tokyo social scientists working on rural communities. This study attempts to analyze the practice of land division and includes: (1) an analysis of the present state of land division; (2) changes in customary land division, especially since agricultural land reform; and (3) land division practices since the reform. 18.024. Goto Kazuo g V and Kamiya Tsutomu,, t, "Kyuyosha domeikai no seiritsu to sono joken g +, Ad A c 9p. g LT JH 6T 4 ^ ( (The formation of wage earners' unions and their conditions)." SSK Annual, no.2: Nochi kaikaku to nomin undo y, X, (Land reform and farmers' movements), 1955, pp.160-197. A study of the organization of commuting laborers from Fujimatsu village in Aichi prefecture. An analysis of the activities of this organization which is area-defined, and its history as it grew since the land reform triggered a re-alignment of local society and brought these laborers together with their impoverished neighbors who were farmers.

Page  189 SOCIAL CHANGE 189 18.025. Goto Kazuo $ ~fi $ ), and Kamiya Tsutomu 77 >~ t7, "Wariyama seido no mura to nochi kaikaku fJ [i PJ ~ L 44 n J fE ~ ~ (Rural ltnd reform in a village community with the Wariyama system)." SKGHR, vol.4, no.3 (whole no.16), July, 1954, pp.61-86. An excellent report of a survey (1953) of Yamayoshida village in Aichi prefecture. This report shows continuity of a ruling group after the land reform owing to dependence of the inhabitants on customary division of mountain-side woodlots. 18.026. Hanamura Yoshiki T T, "Anetai mura chosa hokoku: nochi kaikaku no katei o chushin ni ~f $~ f ~lg ~ ~ ~ Ji St K 'J SL [ ~_ / u 10 (Eng. title: Land reform in Anetai village)." in Tokyo Daigaku Toyobunka Kenkyujo 1. J', ' ~ \ 3- 4b f 'T (University of Tokyo Oriental Culture Institute) (ed.), Tokyo Daigaku Toyo Bunka Kenkyujo kiyo,J f 5. 3~ L ~ / 7 7 (University of Tokyo Oriental Culture Institute bulletin), no.5, February, 1954, pp.77-135. Summarizes the process of land reform in Anetai village, in the flat land of the southern part of Iwate prefecture. Based on investigation of the farmers' union, the functions of the village community,and the traditional behavior patterns of farmers, as critical points for analyzing social change. Hara Hiroshi, "Kinko noson ni okeru kengyo noka no tenkai: saikin no Kitakyushu no doko kara" (A report on the changing part-time farmers: through the cases in the suburbs of Yahata). See Entry 14.086. to show their course of development. The author's effort is to specify in concrete particulars how village life has been changing in the context of change in the total social system; he reviews specific economic, political, religious, and social institutions described in the literature, 18.028. Kan'no Tadashi Jk, "Nosei no shinto to sonraku taisei: Iwate sanroku chitai Nishine mura Dendo, Nakamura ); f) ~ ' th. - tlJ ~ ~ t / L1 j 4.l, it~ (The penetration of farm policy and its effects on village organization in two foothill buraku of the Iwate range) " in Takeuchi Toshimi /'a7 I u \'1 (ed.), Tohoku noson no shakai hendo: shinshudan no seisei to sonraku taisei n.4) <ri '. 1JS 4 9. ' f /*' 4 J (Social change in Tohoku farm villages: the formation of new groups and village organization). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, pp.211-257. Describes both the activities of the Agricultural Practice Unions, which played an important role in carrying out postwar national and prefectural agricultural policies at the local level, and the resulting changes in the structure of two buraku, Dendo and Nakamura, in Nishine mura, Iwate prefecture. 18.029. Katsumata Takeshi 0 iA j, "Kyodonojo no seiritsu katei: Shizuoka ken Hambara cho Nita DnoNkmr +34 ' o] _, 1 /;]- Jt (The formation of a co-operative farm: Nita, Hambara cho, Shizuoka prefecture)." in Takeuchi Toshimi /T 1V 'J (ed.), Tohoku noson no shakai hendo: shinshudan no seisei to sonraku taisei J. jI U - 14 _ / z [ W f '' / --- +1 - J (Social change in Tohoku farming villages: the formation of new groups and village structure). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, pp.339-371. An analysis of the development of cooperative management of a farm formed by six households in Nita, Shizuoka prefecture, a rice and tea producing area, and its effects on village structure. 18.030. Kawamura Nozomu bu 4.u D and Hasumi Otohiko k mu, r J', "Kindai Nihon ni okeru sonraku kozo no tenkai katei: sonraku kozo ni kansuru 'ruikei' ron no saikento S/A\ u k - ' h 11 4 Nt -4 't) i}S '_ 4. '~ Jj44 '~j!:~ > ^f I1dtV ~.t( The development of village structure in modern Japan: a reexamination of typologies of village structure)." Shis5 ) 'J_ (Thought), Part 1, May, 1958, pp.55-71; Part 2, June, 1958, pp.87-103. An analysis of the development of village structure in Japan with special attention to political and administrative structures. Postulates two historical stages in post-Restoration village structure: a prototype built on the creation of a parasitical landlord class, and a post-World War II type which arose when the prototype collapsed. 18.031. Kinoshita Akira N 4.1, "Nago seido to nochi kaikaku_ N n _ke r- u J (The nago system and land reform)." SSK Annual, no.2: Nochi kaikaku to nomin undo )jH j. ^4 o l a i _ (Land reform and farmers' movements), 1955, pp.131-159. Deals with the dissolution of the nago (serf-like tenant) system through land reform in villages in Iwate, Aomorivand Akita prefectures. Through comparisons between the villages, isolates conditions for dissolution or survival of the nago system. 18.032. Kitagawa Takayoshi Jb'1I 't, "Amami Oshima no sangyo kozo A1 3. 1L (Indu strial structure of the Amami Islands)." in Kyugakkai Rengo - to ~ z' / /un (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), 1957 nendo Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: Jinrui kagaku /7 7 $?',. "/ U iS,. /A v ) (Council of Nine Learned Societies 1957 annual report: Anthropological sciences), no.10. Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1958, pp.137-161.

Page  190 190 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Examines three sets of determining conditions for Amami industry (topography, meteorology, communications) and then considers both the present ratio of industry and the potential attraction of the area for private enterprise. 18.033. Kitagawa Takayoshi "lf, "Taken buraku no shakai soshiki: keizai kozo to shakai shudan to no kanren \1 yu wr 2 7ft - l $' A>,+ L ~z m i e (Social structure of Taken buraku: the connection of economic structure to social groups)." in Kyugakkai Rengo )L -/, -' 8 (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), 1958 nendo Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: Jimbun Kagaku /j-, AJLC$ 2T/^ 'S_-/g /X e 2t ~~ ~(Council of Nine Learned Societies 1958 annual report: Anthropological sciences), no.11. Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1959, pp.131-141. Outlines changes in economic structure since the Meiji era in this impoverished village on the main island of Amami, where income derives mainly from small-plot agriculture supplemented by wage work away from home. Analyzes the functions of local social groups in organizing farm work and in village administration. 18.034. Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho t ' (dA.) At* -- )t ` 't%?If (International Christian University, Social Science Institute) (ed.), Chiiki shakai to toshika t,_ yip; -~ i~ ' t t (Eng. title: Local community and urbanization). Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku Shuppan 2-A: Shakai kagaku kenkyu IT A 4 X J I Jt ' T 2-A fJz )A t T 5 (International Christian University Publication 2-A: Social science studies), no.8. Tokyo, Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku, 1962, 6 + 332pp. Follows "Structure of authority in rural villages" published in 1959. Shimohino in Tokyo was chosen as a community lying between the rural village and the city which is now undergoing urbanization. Student and staff research was done on agricultural structure, community structure, political administration, political consciousness, organization of ward associations, social consciousness among residents in housing developments, etc. The reports here focus on part-time farming, on ward associations, on attitudes of persons in public housing projects, and on administrative accommodations to urbanization. Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho, Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku gakuho (International Christian University Social Science Institute bulletin). See Entry 14.088. 18.035. Kondo Yasuo o f A ~, "Nochi no yami baibai j A~ V l _ A (Black market trading in farmland)." SKGHR, no.4, 1951, pp.14-22. Sale of farmland after the 1947 reform was nearly frozen, though the demand for land raised the specter of a growing black market exchange, the problem addressed in this study. Based on a government "Survey on farm rents and land transfers" (August, 1950) and on records of land committees throughout Japan. Deals with (I) quantity of transfers and prices for rights of ownership and cultivation; (2) circumstances of sales; and (3) transfers of land between social classes. Matsubara Jiro, "Nomin kumiai no keifuken ni tsuite" (Genealogy of the Agrarian Union). See Entry 20.067. 18.036. Matsubara Haruo 3^ vri _S: ** 18.0 - Matsubara H ruoA a ~ Y and Hasumi Otohiko ~ 1, "Sengo ni okeru seiji to sonraku t' ] 1%/ ')1 KV v A t- (Postwar politics and the village)." SSK Annual, no.7: Seiji taisei to sonraku FjC ya X' 4\ (Political structure and the village), 1960, pp.152-181. An outline of the relationship of politics to village structure after World War II, taking 1950-53 as the dividing line between the phase of democratization and the phase of reorganization. 18.037. Morioka Kiyomi A. }/i ( A, et al., "Sonraku no shakai kozo: kenryoku kozo o chushin to shite i1t?f - 0 S rA y L T (Village social structure: with emphasis on structures of authority)," in Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daig akau Kenkyusho K1as 2K +k1 7 t st ui mae o erf (International Christian University Social Science Institute) (ed.), Noson no kenryoku kozo t e4 9 4 X _(Rural structures of authority). Tokyo, Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku, 1959, pp.8-190. Report of a field study made from November, 1958, to April, 1959, in Mitsusawa village, Chiba prefecture. Examines changes in pre-war and postwar social relationships from the standpoint of structures of authority. 18.038. Okada Yuzuru ) 1EJ Apt and Kamiya Keiji Ar - X, et al. teds. ), Nihon nogyo kikaika no bunseki: Okayama ken Takamatsu cho Niiike buraku ni okeru ichi jikken VA j4. o H: 1^(- 9K- T \1S y4,> ^ TT T ^f r^ f f 17 e 1 J,.(Analysis of agricultural mechanization in Japan: an experiment in Niiike, Takamatsu cho, Okayama prefecture). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1960, 3 + 2 + 371 + 70pp. + maps. In 1956 the Asia Foundation furnished funds for use in agricultural mechanization in the Niiike community, known from Village Japan, by researchers from the University of Michigan whose study immediately preceded the present one. This is a report on a comprehensive study of the social and economic effects by scholars from Tokyo University of Education, Tokyo University, and Okayama University, working as members of four groups in the fields of sociology, agricultural economics, history,and geography. This report covers studies made over a period of three years. Two members of the sociology group alternating at two month intervals were resident in the community for three years. Detailed records were kept in eight selected houses on agricultural accounts and labor from April, 1957, to March, 1959.

Page  191 SOCIAL CHANGE 191 Saeki Naoyoshi, "Ringyo no kihon mondai to sonraku kozo" (Village structure and basic problems in forestry). See Entry 12.088. 18.039. Saito Yoshio - f j 7, "Ringo no shukka kyodo to kyodo keikei: Tsugaru ringo saibai chitai Hirosaki shi Nowatari 1I) ~ q" O 0! 6 1 jg ~s ) J 7"A 4 Y t T f -T A it (Cooperative shipping and cooperative growing of apples in the Tsugaru straits area buraku of Nowatari near Hirosaki)." in Takeuchi Toshimi n 1} 4'J ~ (ed.), Tohoku noson no shakai hend5: shinshudan no seisei to sonraku taisei Ji U 4 ~9, a0 ( t T f d) ' A l.4 /v-J (Social change in T5hoku farm villages: the formation of new groups and village organization). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, pp.171-210. Growers in one of the apple centers of Aomori ken have banded together to replace the once powerful merchants in the marketing of their fruit and have also created cooperatives to utilize the latest large-scale production methods in farming. This article is a study of the interrelation and growth of the cooperatives. 18.040. Sasaki Tetskro A / t "Nogyo kyodo kumiai to sonraku taisei: Fukushima ken Yama gun Inawashiro cho Nagase g j A_ iJ '. T'* X (Agricultural cooperatives and viltage organization: Nagase, Inawashiro cho, Y gun, Fukushima prefecture)." in Takeuchi Toshimi <J 1e A'J. (ed.), Tohoku noson no shakai hendo: shinshudan no seisei to sonraku taisei, ItU Aft 9 z'~ h( f. 0) p a p r at n I 44- $ (Social change in Tohoku farming villages: the formation of new groups and village structure). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, pp.259-280. An essay analyzing the relationship between agricultural cooperatives and improvements in village structure. For this case study, fieldworkers chose an area designated as a special area for the New Life Movement in 1959-1960. 18.o04. Sato Mamoru, "Shikki kanai kogyo chiiki ni okeru shihai taisei no hendo: Akita ken Okachi gun Kawatsuro chiiki no baai I -fi ^ 1 - 4 s t I v i7 3 K7>1A4 P 91V K1. 1^ }%$,$}'1 St (')4'(Eng. title: On the change of ruling structures in the community of lacquer domestics industry: in Kawatsura area, Akita prefecture, Japan ). SKGHR, vol.11, no. 1-2 (whole no.43-44), 1961, pp.76-92. The paper analyzes changes in authority in a community of lacquer workers. The family that had been dominant from the end of Tokugawa to earlier Meiji lost power as wage labor and other changes permeated. Five formerly subordinate families rose; four broke away from the tradition of farming on the side; the efifth family was the only one able to maintain its domina ting position through the depression before World War I and on until the recent postwar land reform. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai (ed.), SSK Annual, no.5: Sengo noson hembo (Changes in the postwar agricultural village). See Entry 12.090. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai (ed.), SSK Annual, no.l: Sonraku shakai kenkyu (Studies of village society). See Entry 12.033. 18.042. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai Kenkyukai t (ed.), Nochi kaikaku to nomin undo t 5, S-^iJ7 (Land reform aan farmers' movements). SSK Annual, no.2. Tokyo, Jichosha, 1955, 244pp. A collection of the several long articles devoted to the analysis of postwar farmers' unions and political structure in rural communities after land reform. Tahara Otoyori, "Seisan kumiai oyobi eino kenkyukai to sonraku taisei: Yamagata ken Nishimurayama gun Takaku keiei nogyo chitai Asahi machi Otani" (Producers cooperatives, farm management research associations and village organizations in a diversified crop area in Yamagata prefecture). See Entry 12.091. 18.043. Takeuchi Toshimi 1'T V 1 ' s. (ed.), Tohoku noson no shakai hendo: shinshudan no seisei to sonraku taisei tj A4 9 fT AJx * Uf1 O9 $N 4 V t 41](Social change in T5hoku villages: the formation of new groups and village organization). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, 373pp. Joint research carried on by sociologists from Tohoku University. Analyzes the effects that such postwar organizations as agricultural cooperatives, agriculture study societies, agricultural youth groups, shipping cooperatives, and agriculture corporations for joint farm management have had on traditional Tohoku village structure. Includes a theoretical introduction by Takeuchi, seven monographs on typical villages from each of the seven divisions into which the Tohoku area was divided for purposes of this study, and a concluding comparative study from Shizuoka prefecture. 18.044. Tanaka Mikio!f 3 6 A and Takeuchi Toshimi "ET 1 a'n A, "Shinseikatsu Undo to sonraku taisei: Sendai shi kinto Natori shi Tago Vr v _ X I g A Ad1 / - r if A 1T VT (The effect of the New Livelihood Movement on village organization: Tago buraku, on the outskirts of Sendai)." in Takeuchi Toshimi k'f 1 }4 \1,(ed.), Tohoku noson no shakai hendo: shinshudan no seisei to sonraku taisei i J j C f 4t 9,yX^. SI f IItT 0 L t V Mu4 (Social change in Tohoku farm villages: the formation of new groups and village organization). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963, pp.141-170. Describes the changes in the "keiyaku ko (contract group)" or househeads' association, which fostered the

Page  192 192 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY government sponsored New Livelihood Movement within Tago village and made it an urban-fringe village with fruit and vegetable truck-farming plus dairying, as a major postwar transformation. 18.045. Tohoku Shakaigaku Kenkyukai s )kir 9n (Tohoku Sociological Society) (ed.), "Choson,appei to chiiki shakai fT;t, At A _ Z t (Eng. title: The consolidation of municipal areas and the community)." Shakaigaku kenkyu At ^r ~t (Research in sociology), no.11, 1956, pp.1-75. Ten essays based on a detailed study of the consolidation of one town and six villages to form Shiroishi city in Miyagi prefecture. Noteworthy because these essays try to go beyond theories of structure to a theory of social change. Each community's annexation is the subject of one essay, while three papers treat attitudes and conditions in the entire area. 18.046. Tsukamoto Tentsundo X ~S, et al., "Kino shudan no tenkai to sonraku kozo - ~ 19, Ad i r~ j t_ _ (Eng.title: Functional groups and community structure)." Tohoku Daigaku Bungakubu Tohoku Bunka Kenkyushitsu J j t j X ' ~ ~tl ~ L (Tohoku University Faculty of Literature Center for Research on Tohoku Culture) (ed.), Tohoku Bunka Kenkyushitsu kiyo. I 'U % (Center for Research on Tohoku Culture bulletin), no.3, 1961, pp.54-94. Report of Tsukamoto and three others on a survey carried out in August, 1960, on one community in Nanae cho, Kameda gun, Hokkaido. This is an attempt to approach basic social structure through an analysis of the household as the concentrated expression of the function of daily life, an analysis of the community using the household as a unit, and a delineation of functional groups with an analysis of the correlation of the role of leaders. Tsukamoto Tetsundo, "Suiden tansaku chitai noson ni okeru shinshudan no tenkai: Yamagata ken Sakata shi, Kita Hirata chiku" (The development of new groups in a one-crop paddy area: Kita Hirata in Sakata city, Yamagata prefecture). See Entry 11.105. 18.047. Yoshii Tojuro X I go +, "Toshika no nosonteki kitei: Kinki no ichi suidenson no baai _d t ), t 2 t $t ~ f ~ e-?~[l 7 ~r^ ) Xv (Eng. title: Urbanization and rural life)." Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Bungakkai, Jimbun kenkyu \J Af ~ J 7 /A J A% - (Osaka Municipal University Literary Society, Humanistic studies), vol.8, no.11, 1957, pp.17-31. Based on a survey of Toma village in Nara prefecture, conducted from August, 1956, to February, 1957. Attempts to analyze the principal rural factors in urbanization, emphasizing the increasing number of non-agricultural households within the community structure and the expansion of their range of social impact.

Government and Politics

pp. 193-201

Page  193 CHAPTER XIX GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS In the Japanese academic world political sociology is a recognized and active field of sociology. Its closest counterpart in America, however, is found less in departments of sociology than in departments of political science, comprising the field of political behavior. Thus the undeniable overlapping of interests and methods that is particularly clear in problems approached through survey research methods has been resolved differently in the two countries, at least for the time being. Full coverage of the Japanese field of political sociology would extend our selection far beyond the space available and entail considerable and unnecessary duplication of listings in another Guide in this Bibliographical Series, by Robert E. Ward and Hajime Watanabe. Hence, our more restricted aim is to offer no more than a brief selection of studies and commentaries in which a sociological viewpoint applied to government processes and institutions deals with their relation to other areas of social structure. We urge users to consult the Ward-Watanabe Guide for further materials on similar subjects. A. GENERAL AND MODERN PERIOD Sociologists have not made any single aspect of government and politics their special and exclusive domain, though of course their main interest lies in the relation between general social structure and government. Japanese research touches a wide and motley variety of subjects. No single theoretical framework predominates. Some researchers follow Karl Marx or Max Weber while others show the influence of recent American political science and social psychology or run along quite independent courses. As to subject matter, certain studies listed here examine the effect on electoral behavior of given social characteristics such as class, occupation, union membership, or adherence to religious movements such as the Sokagakkai. Others examine the social components influencing the structure or funtioning of governmental institutions: e.g., the boundaries of towns, villages, or urban wards; the police system; bureaucracies. Some study is listed of the social backgrounds of politicians and bureaucrats. Along with other social scientists, sociologists also have examined how various social phenomena in Japan have worked to facilitate or impede the implementation of democratic concepts and institutions, both in the pre-war era and since World War II. 19.001. Aiba Juichi f 4 -, "Nihon Shakaito no riidashippu no bunseki: chuo shikko iinkai o chushin to shite O?^A:^ ^ )-X- i~77. 0 7> e t ff At X7K s t A / Lf T (An analysis of leadership in the Socialist Party of Japan: the central executive committee)." Soshioroji?/ C ~ i (Sociology), vol.7, no.3, May, 1960, pp.55-82. The leadership of the Japan Socialist Party is analyzed with respect to the leaders' position in the Diet and their cohesion with leaders of labor unions and other party leaders. 19.002. Akamatsu Koichi, t - U, "Chiiki minshuka undo no ichi dammen: toka Kunitachi ni okeru jichitai minshuka undo If LI d L 1 t - T T- I V. IT I - A- 7 f l - _ / 3 (One phase in the movement to democratize local government: in Kunitachi cho, Tokyo)." Shiso 3) *@ (Thought), no.446, August, 1961, pp.58-74. Describes and analyzes a democratization movement in Kunitachi cho, a residential area of 30,000 residents in Western Tokyo, which changed in the postwar period from a farm community to a commuters' residential area. The former ruling stratum was opposed and vanquished by the newcomers who democratized the local residents' association (chonaikai) and formed groups to combat and expose corruption in government and to oppose union with Tachikawa city. 19.003. Ari Bakuji dJ! {Jj t_- "Chiho seido [ho taisei hokaiki]: burakukai chonaikai seido AS 74 J ] (Aai st'J oXY f cthans i 1, (The regional system [period of collapse of the legal system]: the system of village and neighborhood associations)." in Ukai Nobushige < 1 a, et al. (eds.), Nihon kindai ho hattatsushi: shihon shugi to ho no hatten 13;s STI C 4 i ^ AS (History of the development of modern Japanese law: capitalism and the development of law), vol.6. Tokyo, Keis5 Shobo, 1959, pp.163-208. Analysis of changes in the legal system in the Meiji and Taisho periods which saw a strengthening of village and block associations not as institutions of self-government but as extensions of the lower administrative units of the national government. 19.004. Ariga Kizaemon A Y -$ 4#Tt', "Senkyo no jittai J_ 9,. (The present state of elections)" SKGHR, whole no.5, 1951, pp.69-84. To give perspective on Japanese elections, the author analyzes village elections referring to such things as the interests of ie and the political machines of landlords. Though intended to be mere jottings, the article is nonetheless rich in insights. 193

Page  194 194 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 19.005. Ariga Kizaemon Mu Jir4 P d, et al., "'Seiji taisei to sonraku' ni kansuru togi ak a h h'Ji ho ji-7i e an (D ndDiscussion of 'the political system and the villages')." SSK Annual, no.8: Nosei no hoko to sonraku shakai 9 C 4 - 16 t t t-x (Trends in farm administration and village structure), 1961, pp.163-172. Round table discussion of the theme of-the eighth SSK meeting (1960) inquiring especially into influences on farmers' political attitudes. Participants are Ariga Kizaemon, Koike Motoyuki, Nakajima Ryutaro, Yasuhara Shigeru, Shimazaki Minoru, Matsubara Jir5, Yoda Hiromichi, Saito Yoshio, and Nakano Takashi. Chiho jichi benran (Handbook of local autonomy). Jichisho Bunsho Kohoka (ed.). See Entry 2.002. 19.006. Fujita Takeo ai C ~tT \, Nihon chiho zaisei hattenshi V4 At Mt citi (History of the development of regional public finance in Japan). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1949, 9 + 10 + 678pp. Research on regional public finance from the announcement of the municipalities system in 1888 and the prefectural and county system in 1890 until major changes in the local tax system in 1940. Not limited to taxation, this volume also discusses the road law, river and streams law, city planning law, school system, etc. 19.007. Fukutake Tadashi fi o f t (ed.), Gappei choson no jittai (T rd gT4 Y to(The condition of amalgamated villages). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shupankai, 1958, 467pp. A survey of the five villages which amalgamated to form the larger new town (machi) of Kosei in Shizuoka prefecture on April 1, 1955. Field work for this University of Tokyo study spanned the period March-July 1955; findings deal minutely with problems and perspectives of each original village as well as the new larger entity. 19.008. "Gendai Nihon no shakai chizu 'P~ } A' Y / tC h rf (Social charting of contemporary Japan)." Keizai hyoron " 't p (Economic review), vol.8, no8, special issue, 1959, 198pp. Contents comprise eleven articles in three parts. The first five, on socio-economic class phenomena, offer analysis of Japan as a society of monopoly capitalism, consider changes among workers, farmers, and the urban middle class, and trace effects of technological change on economic organization. The next four, on political culture, treat the National Diet, bureaucracy, machinery for peace, and local government. The last two consider pressure groups and analyze mass communications as business enterprises. In addition, the results of two surveys are shown: how Japanese think, and a pictorialization of social stratification in Japan. Higo Kazuo, Tenno shi (History of the emperor). See Entry 8.038. 19.009. Hierano Yoshitaro c- e -s ), "Nihon kanryo seido ron c n 4" 4i ad e ve (On the Japanese bureaucratic system)." Hirano Yoshitaro 5 -f t )8f, Kobayashi Yoshimasa vi 4- E 3, et al., Choryu k za: keizaigaku. zenshuryu symposium: collection on economics). vol.1. Tokyo, Choryusha, 1949, 73pp. An analysis of the Japanese bureaucracy and its power during the capitalist period in Japan. The author' s thesis is that the social structure of modern Japan is marked by a strong bureaucratic tendency because Japanese capitalism has been reared under the protection of the government. 19.010. Homma Yasuhei " — M E, "Seiji no shakaiteki kitei no howaito kara AG l? e i? A i /L1J, 7/ -;7- (White collar workers as a social cornerstone of politics)." SKGHR, vol.14, no.3, 1964, pp.38-48. Considers the labor union as the channel through which the white collar worker becomes involved in politics. Asserts, as chief characteristics of the Japanese labor movement, that (a) labor unions are multi-craft enterprise unions and (b) unions of government employees constitute a high proportion of the total number. Analyzes three union strategies of organization bearing on political mobilization of white collar workers, namely, organization to protect the system of specialized skills, to handle problems inherent in the use of skills, or to monopolize the results of white collar skills in order to turn political power to their own advantage. 19.011. lesaka Kazuyuki * L A{i, et al., "Chiho toshi ni okeru shikai giin no katsudo to jumin soshiki: ' 14 t I. '7 ' Tr fr i g9, 7 t of (Eng. title: Activities of municipal assemblymen and organizations o inhabitants in a local city)." Tohoku Daigaku Bungakubu Nihon Kenkyusho,fs I_ IT< f t 4 M; ~ T (Institute of Japanese Culture, T5hoku University) (ed.), Nihon Bunka Kenkyusio kenkyu hokoku I > ^ F ^v ' (Reports of the Institute of Japanese Culture), Supplement no.1, 1963, March, pp.48-85. Traces the background activities of the forty-six assemblymen elected to the Sendai municipal assembly in May, 1959, covering political affiliation, occupational and educational record, positions held in community groups. Then discusses in detail several conservative and several radical assemblymen. Ikeuchi Hajime, Okazaki Keiko, and Kubo Naoko, "Senryo kikan ni okeru Nihon shimbun no suko" (Trends in the Japanese press during the Occupation). See Entry 23.007.

Page  195 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 195 Ishida Takashi, Gendai soshikiron (Contemporary organization theory). See Entry 5.011. 19.012. Isomura Eiichi; 1 -, Ku no kenkyu L /f Wj (Research on city wards). Tokyo, Shiseijinsha, 1936, 11 + 357 + 7PP. Clarifies the administrative role of the ward (ku) in Tokyo's former city system using abundant empirical data. Includes valuable data on conditions in Tokyo in the early Showa period. 19.013. Iyasu Tadashi j, @ ~, "Sengo kokumin daihyo no kosei to henka, I: Sangiin giin no kosatsu ' \ I Br t A 4 a t' B U ~ ~r f (S (Eng. title: A study in the political elites of the House of Councillors)." Soshioroji /; ~ v (Sociology), vol.7, no.3, May, 1960, pp.28-54. In this survey of the upper house of the Japanese Diet, members of the five successive House of Councillors between April, 1947, and January, 1959 are classified by age, education, occupation, etc., with notes on changes that have occurred. 19.014. Jichisho Shinko ka ~1 if f ^ - (Bureau of Promotion, Local Autonomy Ministry) (ed.), Zenkoku shichoson yoran Ar i V t. S (National directory of municipalities). Tokyo, Jichisho, 1965, 370pp. Originally published in 1963, now in its third revision. Includes an index and guidance for the reading of all municipal names. Kaigo Tokiomi (ed.), Rinji kyoiku kaigi no kenkyu (Study of the Extraordinary Conference on Education). See Entry 24.010. Kamiya Chikara, et al., Seiji taisei to sonraku (Political structure and the village). See Entry 12.058. Kan'no Tadashi, "Nosei no shinto to sonraku taisei: Iwate sanroku chitai Nishine mura Dendo, Nakamura" (The penetration of farm policy and its effects on village organization in two foothill buraku of the Iwate range). See Entry 18.028. Kataoka Masaharu (ed.), Nihon kyosantoshi(senzen) (History of the Japan Communist Party [pre-war]). See Entry 20.016. 19.015. Kawanaka Niko $t 7 - f, "Chiiki no gyosei soshiki to shihai kozo )1 y tGL t ttcS- (Local administrative organization and control structure)." Shiso w S (Thought), no.443, 1961, pp.24-38. Examines the general system of local administrative structure (including ward, city, town, and village) by tracing it historically. Treats local self government from the early Meiji period, the enactment of the post-war Local Autonomy Law, and the present situation. 19.016. Keishichoshi Hensan Iinkai;tr* i A (ed.), Keishichoshi f f 3 (History of the Metropolitan Police Board). Tokyo, Keishicho Hensan Iinkai, 1959-1962, 3 vols. Vol.1, 1959, 24 + 528pp.; vol.2, 1960, 30 + 749pp.; vol.3, 1962, 38 + 1075 + 20pp. Illustrated. Covers Tokyo Metropolitan Police history and its implications for the nation at large during the modern period, devoting one volume to each reign: Meiji (1868-1911), Taisho (1911-1925), and Showa (1926- ). Kinoshita Hanji, "Shiryo: sengo kyoku'u seito n seitai" (Materials: ecology of postwar ultra-right political parties). See Entry 20.030. 19.017. Kyogoku Jun'ichi )t 2, - and Ike Nobutaka s 7 7, "Sengo sosenkyo ni okeru tohyo kodo 5 k $ t - o' 11 3 t $ 4' 4 (Voting behavior in postwar general elections)." Shiso (Thought), no.434, 1960, pp.21-40 and no.435, 1960, pp.50-65. Summary of a collaborative American-Japanese report presented to the research conference, "City and village in the modernization of Japan" at Carmel, California, in August, 1959. Using official returns from the six general elections held between 1947 and 1958, analyzes voting behavior by electoral districts. The report as presented to the conference is published as "Urban-rural differences in voting behavior in postwar Japan" in Tokyo Daigaku Kyoyo Gakubu shakai kagaku kiyo (Bulletin of social science, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University), no.9, 1959. Kyoto fu Gakumu bu Shakai ka (ed.), Kyoto fu homen iin seido nijunenshi (Twenty year history of the local [social welfare] committee system in Kyoto). See Entry 21.006. Matsui Yasuhiro, et al., "Bengoshi no seikatsu to ishiki" (Life and consciousness among lawyers). See Entry 25.037. Mombusho, Gakusei kyujunen shi (Ninety-year history of the school system). See Entry 24.023. Mombusho Jitsugyo Gakumu Kyoku, Jitsugyo kyoiku gojunen shi (Fifty-year history of vocational education). See Entry 24.027.

Page  196 196 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 19.018. Nihon Chizu Kabushiki Kaisha 1.j:ttJ A H t (Japan Map Corporation) (ed.), Zenkoku shichoson haichi bungo benran I f _ WT ''~ J j J' 4 j (Handbook of abolished and established municipalities). Tokyo, Nihon Chizu Kabushiki Kaisha, 1955, 226 + 6pp. Records municipalities established or abolished through amalgamation to April 1, 1955, with a supplement bringing it up to June 15, 1955. 19.019. "Nihon ni okeru seiji no shakaiteki kitei ]f 11 gc j 8; Vy Xt;t ) ^ j (The social bases of politics in Japan)." SKGHR, vol.14, no.3 (special issue), 1964, pp.2-48. A collection of five papers; three on national politics as affected by general social factors, by labor unions, and by white collar workers, one on the old middle class in urban neighborhood associations, and one on farmers in village political structure. "Nihon no kakushin seito" (Japan's progressive political parties). See Entry 20.033. "Nihon no Kyosanto" (Japan's Communist Party). See Entry 20.034. Nihon Shakaito soshiki bu (ed.), Soshiki handobukku (Organization handbook). See Entry 20.035. 19.020. Noson Hosei Kenkyukai X 7 f -'J sO t A (Society for Research on the Rural Legal System) (ed.), Norin suisan seido jiten 3 S 'Z1J,L M3j (Dictionary of the agricultural, forestry, and fishery systems). Tokyo, Gakuy5 Shobo, 1961, 1683pp. Here the "system" refers to laws and to policies based on them. The report takes September 1960 as a base but includes some reference to major changes at the end of that year. Basic official questionnaire forms are appended. Includes an index. Ogura Takekazu, Tochi-rippo no shiteki kosatsu (A historical consideration of land legislation). See Entry 9.030. 19.021. Okuda Michihiro in 1, "Toshi jichi soshi soshiki o meguru mondai: gyosei soshiki to no kanren ni oite a pre T h al c T te A 1 b\Tu (Eng. title: Several problems corcerning the citizen's locality groups in Japanese urban communities: in relation to the political power)."it Toyo Daigaku Shakai Gakubu kiyo n t }s b,j- / o s n fo (T6y3 University Faculty of Sociology bulletin), no.1, March, 1960, pp.1-27. A study of urban local and neighborhood associations (e.g., residents' associations, women's associations, and youth groups) in the cities of Yoshiwara in Shizuoka prefecture, Funahashi in Chiba prefecture, and Iida in Nagano prefecture. The analysis concerns the structure and function of these groups and concentrates on their links to city administration and their financial support from the city. 19.022. Ouchi Tsutomu ji I /], "Nihon nosei no rekishiteki tenkai 0 A4;R1 je t } (The historical development of Japanese agricultural policy)." SSK Annual, no.7: Seiji taisei to sonraku je v: ~ ij] & >. f. (Political structure and the village), 1960, pp.182-202. Sets chan gs in agricultural policy against each of three phases of capitalist development in Japan. 19.023. Royama Masamichi J4j^ _( ', Noson jichi no hembo,. 9- A, (Changes in village self-government). Tokyo, Ifakuyo Shoin, 1948, 20 + 4o6pp. An eminent political scientist does a pulse-count on reforms initiated after World War II, using detailed field surveys from one village in the Kanto district and two villages in the Tohoku district. He investigates the capacity for local self-government as evidenced in elections, administration, and the work of administrative committees and agricultural associations. Remarkable as an innovation of method in Japanese political science, and for the informative quality of questions investigated. 19.024. Royama Masamichi i~o J J 14, et al. (eds.), Sosenkyo no jittai,.,j_ ' ~? (Actual conditions in a general election). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1955, 206pp. Report of field work done on the general election of October, 1952, in the sixth district (Koto-ku) and the seventh district (Tsurukawa village). Analysis was made of electioneering activity, political consciousness, and the influence of mass media. Data on the April, 1953, general election are also included. 19.025. Sakurai Shotaro } f oL ) J, "Kindai Nihon seiji no hokensei ~ L \ ~ 4 L \^ <r _t (Eng. title: Feudalistic character of politics in modern Japan)." in Nihon Shakaigakkai t 4- ~ tL Ao* f~ (Japanese Sociological Society) (ed.), Shakaigaku kenkyu t* LJ A (Sociological studies), vol.1, part 2. Tokyo, Takayama Shoin, 1947, pp.85-96. Recognizes four sorts of political power since the Meiji Restoration: han-cliques, the bureaucrats, militarists, and political parties. Examines each one for feudalistic features such as minority power-monopoly, disregard of public opinion, secretiveness, private and class oriented (versus open public) premises, nonparticipation by women in politics, and control by use of violence. 19.026. Sato Isao 01 ~ (ed.), Keisatsu e (The police). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1958, 196 + 3pp.

Page  197 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 197 A useful though popular commentary on the modern Japanese police. Contributors include legal scientists, political scientists, and the sociologist Iwai Hiroaki. Contents cover the police system, police activities, the police association, and the psychology of policemen, including their views of their work and their educion. The appendix contains bibliography, police legisation, a table of police organization, and statistical charts. Seikatsu Kagaku Chosakai, "Chonaikai burakukai" (Ward and hamlet residents' associations). See Entry 14.074. Shiso no Kagaku Kenkyukai (ed.), Tenko (Conversion). See Entry 20.022. 19.027. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai t. $. -t-Ag f (Rural Society Research Association) (ed.), Nosei no hoko to sonraku shakai A jt ( 94 Ad j. 0.? Dj (Farm policy trends and rural society). SSK Annual, no.8, 1961, 193pp. Seven papers, six of which deal with social change culminating in the enactment of the Basic Farm Law in 1961, which marked a sharp change in official farm policy. Paper number 5 concerns cooperatives and ie in a fishing village. 19.028. Suda Naoyuki - It jl iZ, "Wagakuni toshi no gyosei kino nc ichi kosatsu t W:f i 0 ^ 5 t^ B. y 9 -! (A study of administrative functions in Japanese cities)." SKGHR, vol.11, nos.3-h (whole nos.43-44), 1961, pp.39-61. An attempt to measure actual functioning against the rated capacity and standards of administrative organs of fifty-four Hokkaido cities (shi), in order to assess the adequacy of urban administration. Tagawa Kazuo, Nihon Kyosanto shi: shinkakuka sareta zen'ei (A history of the Japanese Communist Party: the sanctified vanguard). See Entry 20.040. 19.029. Takagi Hiroo tk, "Senkyo to soshiki katsudo: k akushin seito, Soka akka i, Nachisu o hikaku shitsutsu fk ~t r 7 m, \ - (Elections and organized activities: comparison of radical parties, the Soka Gakkai, and the Nazis)." Shiso )r A (Thought), no.421, July, 1959, pp.125-138. Analyzes the unorganized quality of radical party action and the regimented campaign methods of the Soka Gakkai in the May 1959 House of Councillors and local assembly elections, and compares them to Nazi campaigning. Takagi Kyoten and Fukuda Yoshizo, "Nihon fashizumu keiseiki no masu medeia tosei: masu medeia soshikika no jittai to masu medeia" (Control of mass media during the emergence of Japanese fascism: mass media and their mobilization). See Entry 23.030. Takahashi Akira and Arase Yutaka, "Kempo mondai to masu media no taido" (The constitution problem and the posture of mass media). See Entry 23.031. Tohoku Shakaigaku Kenkyukai (ed.), "Choson gappei to chiiki shakai" (The consolidation of municipal areas and the community). See Entry 18.045. 19.030. "Tohyo kod5 no kenkyu Showa 35 nen 11 gatsu sosenkyo no jittai chosa th e Z $ 4 9 7t 1 cm os4 3of 3supot f or s th e Demo (Research on voting behavior: study of the November, 1960 general election)." Waseda Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho $ x c. T& /4 } m (Social Science Research Institute, Waseda University), Shakai kagaku tokynA Ad14, x 'I 4!, (Research in social scisnce), 16-17, vol., nos.2-3 [joint issue], 1962, 264 + 9pp., 2 maps. The main purpose of this study was to determine the primary factors which influence voting behavior, as well as to determine the influence of the influence of the movement against revision of the security treaty, and the composition of support for the Democratic-Socialist Party, formed in January, 1960. The survey was carried out in two areas of Ibaraki prefecture, OTtsunomiya city and Haga cho. 19.031. Tokyo Shisei Chosakai ~ ~, "$N-o sa (Tokyo Urban Research Institute), Jichi gojunen shi i[? 5 (Voting $ (History of fifty years of local self-government), vol.1: Seidohen (Systems). Tokyo, Ryosho Fukyukai, 1940, 20 + 633pp. Volume one of a series published to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the promulgation of the municipalities system in 1888. Relates in detail the early Meiji local government system, the prefectures and counties system of 1890, and subsequent changes. Supplementary materials include a discussion of changes in the system of water rights groups and government offices dealing with local administration. Other volumes in the series are: vol.2, Finance; vol.3, Operations; vol.4, General Overview; and two volumes of materials. 19.032. Tomino Yoshikuni J 4 g, "Nosangyoson ni okeru senkyc no seitai chosa i Et ap V 7 J ) J d (Voting survey in farm, mountain, and fishing villages)." SKGHR, vol.8, no.4 (whole no.32), August, 1958, pp.60-75. This report uses a random sample of 1:17 from voters' lists to assess political awareness in rural areas.

Page  198 198 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY The survey probes into informal personal and social relations to discover their influence on voting, with the special aim of uncovering irrational motives in voting. Tosei Chosakai, Daitoshi ni okeru chiiki seiji no kozo (The structure of local politics in a metropolis). See Entry 14.078. 19.033. Toyama Shigeki K LL A; At and Adachi Yoshiko ';j yi, Kindai Hihon seijishi hikkei f A\ 5 T4- G (t 4^ J t (Handbook of modern Japanese political history). Tokyo, Ivanami Shoten, 1961, 4 + 251pp. A handbook of basic materials covering the period 1867-1945. Materials are classified under eighteen headings, each carefully annotated. Headings include: development of the various ministries of the Dajokan, high officials of the Dajokan, cabinet changes, changes in cabinet ministries, agencies directly under cabinet ministries, establishment of prefectures and local administrative authorities, high military officials, vice-minister of home affairs, chief of the police bureau, superintendent general of the Metropolitan Police, colonial administrative officers, and privy councilors. Toyoshina-choshi Hensankai (ed.), Toyoshina choshi (Records of Toyoshina). See Entry 12.076. 19.034. Tsuji Kiyoaki Lt l H, Nihon kanryosei no kenkyu \ i g - ~,1 0 O 1 ~ (The Japanese bureaucracy). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1949, 7 + 287pp. The author analyzes modern Japanese bureaucracy during its formation in the middle of the Meiji period, and describes its main characteristics: the dominance of sectionalism in the administrative system and the free enjoyment of privilege in the ruling branch, deriving mainly from the feudalistic clique structure of the early Meiji government. Although this is a study in public administration, it shows a sociological approach to the public official system, the cabinet system,and local administration. 19.035. Tsujimura Akira ]. ^, "Kanryo seijika no ishiki j, 9 L W~ (Attitudes of bureaucrats and politicians)." in Fukutake Tadashi At; ~ (ed.), Nihonjin no shakai ishiki U PV Jo 2rj^^l..^(The social consciousness of Japanese). Tokyo, San'ichi Shobo, 1960, pp.57-84. The title notwithstanding, this study deals only with bureaucratic organization and attitudes. The bureaucracy is divided into "privileged bureaucrats" and "lower bureaucrats." Attitudes of the former were analyzed from indirect evidence; those of the latter from a direct survey. 19.036. Tsujimura Akira jt t afl 5 et al. (eds.), "Tohyo kodo ni okeru isniki kozo_;. 9 t It ~.~ t JI. -f ^ 'Attitude structure in voting behavior)." Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun Kenkyusho kiyo s ~.7?~J F2 t A fT (Bulletin of the Institute in Journalism, Tokyo University), no.8, 1959, pp. 55-125. A "before and after" study of tine general election for the Lower House of the Diet, May, 1958. The survey was conducted among male voters in Itabashi-ku,Tokyo, for purposes of comparison with a previous study done there in 1957 (see no.7 of the Bulletin) Quantitatively analyzes the relationship between voting behavior and changing attitude structure in thirteen case studies. Uchikawa Yoshimi, et al., "Nihon fashizuma no genron tosei katei ni kansuru kenkyu" (Study on the process of control of expression in Japanese fascism). See Entry 23.037. Uchikawa Yoshimi "Shimbun~hiho no seitei katei to sono tokushitsu: Meiji koki ni okeru genron jiyu henshitsu no ichi sokumen" (l'he enactment and special characteristics of the Press Law: one aspect of deterioration in the freedom of the press in the late Meiji period). See Entry 23.035. Uchikawa Yoshimi and Kanai Saburo, "Nihon fasnizumu keiseikino masu media tosei: masu media soshikika no seisaku oyobi kiko to sono henyo" (Control of mass media in the formative period of Japanese fascism: policy of mobilizing the mass media machinery and its alteration). See Entry 23.036. Ueno Hirohisa, "Gakusei no kempo ishiki keisei yoin" (What forms students' attitudes toward the Constitution?). See Entry 25.055. 19.037. Watanabe Hisao i j3 _. A, "Toyama ken Higashi to Nishi Tonami gun no shi-cho-son gappei shiryo ^ tt h,^ J, A 0 T a n X S e (Materials on the amalgamation of local administrative bodies in Higashi and Nishi Tonami gun, Toyama prefecture)." SKGHR, vol.7, no.1 (whole no.25), October, 1956, pp.61-81. An ecological study of conflict and accommodation between the de facto ecological area and the formal administrative area, treating both the eighth century gun-go system and the recent product of amalgamation in the central part of Toyama prefecture. Uses data on industrial organization, population and trading areas. 19.038. Watanabe Yozo L ir V4 3~., "Sonraku to kokkaho 4nt 'W \ ] at (The village and national law). SSK Annual, no.7: Seiji taisei to sonraku B b *" i a j" -' (Political structure and the village), 1960, pp.203-224.

Page  199 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 199 Compares pre-war with postwar national law code provisions on villagers. Postwar changes have abolished the burakukai (hamlet association) which was an extension of the local government, so the buraku is no longer an administrative unit. However, the buraku remains a fiscal entity having the right to own and manage property. 19.039. Yokusan Undoshi Kankokai - ' 8 (Society for Publishing the History of the Imperial Rule Assistance Movement) (ed.), Yokusan kokumin undoshi, -4 P _U P 1? (History of the Imperial Rule Assistance Movement). Tokyo, Yokusan Undoshi Kankoka', 1954, 73 + 15 + 1085 + 16 pp. History of the Imperial Rule Assistance Movement centering on the Imperial Rule Assistance Association from its beginning in November, 1940 to its dissolution in June, 1945. Planned in 1944, this history is based on the 20,000 page manuscript compiled at that time with postwar additions and deletions. Its four major divisions are: (1) early history, (2) history of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, (3) local activities, and (4) history of affiliated groups. Includes a detailed chronology and index of names. Though it includes no analytic or critical research papers it is useful for its detailed information. B. PRE-MODERN PERIODS Few sociologists dealing with the Tokugawa closely and intimately regulated many aspects of period focus narrowly on governmental functions and the social organization of all classes. Thus, it their impact on social structure at large. Studies is a rare and occasional study of that period that of local society that extend back to pre-Meiji fails to include some information on government. conditions, however, inevitably take into account For this reason we provide cross-reference to a the political or administrative situation for the great many works that we have primarily categorized simple reason that government, whether by fief- under other headings. holder or by appointees of the Tokugawa house, Ariga Kizaemon, "Nara jidai no koseki to keicho" (Civil registration in the Nara period). See Entry 7.001. Ariga Kizaemon and Nagashima Fukutaro, "Tsushima hoken seido no shomondai: koba to kendaka, jikata chigyo, kakan" (Problems on the feudal system of Tsushima: koba, kendaka, jikata chigyo, kakan). See Entry 12.038. Goto Morikazu, "Jodai ni okeru kizoku shakai no shutsugen" (Appearance of the nobility in prehistoric Japan). See Entry 7.003. Hozumi Nobushige (ed.), Gonin gumi hoki shu (A collection of regulations of the five-family group system). See Entry 8.024. Hozumi Nobushige, Gonin gumi seido ron (On the five family group system). See Entry 8.025. Inoue Mitsusada, Nihon kodaishi no shomondai (Problems in the ancient history of Japan). See Entry 7.007. 19.040. Inumaru Hideo A' L - ), "Kagahan ni okeru juson seido JU7 - 1 a' '> + *I A J(The juson [ten-village] system in the Kaga clan)." Nihon Shakai Gakkai, nempo shakaigaku Q Ad A 1f f fo ' 7 (Japan Sociological Society, annual sociology), no.2: Minzoku to kokka H - Jf I (People and the state), 1934, pp.347-349. Examination of the formation, role, authority, and remuneration of the juson, the Kaga clan's unique system of village government in the Tokugawa period. Ishikawa Ken, Nihon gakkoshi no kenkyu (Studies in Japanese school history). See Entry 24.008. Kishimoto Minoru, "Hanseiki no jinko shiryo to shite no Munatsuke Cho" (Munatsuke cho as the source material for the population study in the feudal days in Japan). See Entry 6.092. Miura Hiroyuki, "Kodai koseki no kenkyu" (A study of the ancient register book). See Entry 7.011. Morita Seiichi (ed.), Genten ni y<ru kinsei nosei goi-shu (Pre-modern agricultural administrative terms collected from original sources). See Entry 2.033. Nakamura Kichiji, "Seiji to sonraku: kinsei" (Politics and the village: modern period). See Entry 12.046. 19.041. Oka Mitsuo ) t_1 J, Hoken sonraku no kenkyu -A j r' - ' 1 9 (Research on the feudal village). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1963, 238pp. Six essays on the relationsihp between social control and agricultural production in a village in the Shinoyama fief (Hyogo prefecture). Includes records of the village office (kori bugy ))which are labelled "annual events;' and a chronological table. The former are especially valuable in clarifying the personnel and patterns of local administration under the feudal fief.

Page  200 200 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Ota Akira, Nihon jodai ni okeru shakai soshiki no kenkyu (Study of social organization in ancient Japan). See Entry 7.014. C. MEIJI ERA (1868-1911) Japan's first modern government, in its effort the lives of rural Japanese, by bringing shrines to establish nationwide control and security, pre- under a nation-wide organization, by establishing empted a number of social institutions that for- schools and agricultural cooperative associations, merly existed only as local entitites; it also intro- by requiring military service, and so on. Others, duced other institutions such as schools that had with secial interest in family structure, trace both local and national connections; and it continued administrative influence exerted by the establishment and expanded the practice of regulating the social of a system of family registers (koseki), or by lives of Imperial subjects. Studies listed here conscription policies favoring eldest sons as examine political or governmental relations with presumptive heirs. Social factors in tne rise attention to each of these aspects. Some works of Meiji Era political parties also are the subject focus on means by which government penetrated into of works listed here. Chiba Masashi, Gakku seido no kenkyu: kokka kenryoku to sonraku kyodotai (Research on the system of school districts: national authority and village collective groups). See Entry 24.003. Fukushima Masao, Koseki seido to ie seido: ie seido no kenkyu (Koseki [family register] system and ie system: research on the ie system). See Entry 10.008. Fukushima Masao, "Meiji 4-nen kosekiho no shiteki zentei to sono kozo" (The family registration law of 1871 and its historical preconditions). See Entry 10.009. 19.042. Goto Yasushi 4t ~ ~, Jiyu minken undo ] 4 { '_~* (The popular rights movement). Osaka, S5gensha, 1958, 205pp. A brief history of the movement during the period 1877-1887, which demanded a national parliament, reduction of land taxes, and eliminationof the unequal treaties. Brief but valuable discussion of thought and activities of the major participants. Contains a detailed bibliography. 19.043. Itagaki Taisuke,$ y g, Jiyuto shi t 3 (history of the Liberal Party). Tokyo, Aoki Shoten, 4 vols., 1955, 1139pp.; vol.1, pp.l-281; vol.2, pp.282-586; vol.3, pp.587-876; vol.4, pp.877 -1139. Basic reference for the history of the party that spearheaded the popular rights movement. This edition reprints the 1910 two-volume first edition (by Itagaki Taisuke, Uda Tomoi, and Wada Saburo) sponsored by the Kenseikai, successor to the Jiyuto or Liberal Party, using Gosharo as publisher. In this reprinted edition, Goto Yasushi adds detailed commentary, a bibliography, and a genealogical table of popular rights political organizations. The contents are rich in primary documents, testaments, and speeches from the early years of the Meiji reign. 19.044. Kamiya Tsutomu Sh7 g a 7, "Meiji zenki no seiji taisei to sonraku y 6)f t h e leme so I' dt e (The early Meiji political system and the village)." SSK Annual, no.7: Seiji taisei to sonraku j ^4+J - 4cf X (The political system and the village), 1960, pp.29-83. Uses examples from Aichi ken to illustrate changes in village political organization following the changes in land ownership and local administration brought about by central government policy of the early Meiji period. Kurasawa Takashi, Shogakko no rekishi I: gakusei shogakko seisaku no hatten katei (History of the elementary school I: development of elementary school policies in the educational system). See Entry 24.017. Kurasawa Takashi, Shogakko no rekishi II: shogakko seisaku no mosaku katei to kakuritsu katei (History of the elementary school II: groping for and crystallizing elementary school policy). See Entry 24.018. 19.045. Matsushita Yoshio ^ f 2, Meiji gunsei shiron 1 \Q 7: +'J ~ >(A historical essay on the Meiji military system), 2 vols. Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, 555 + 668pp. Traces the development of all Meiji military ministries, of the General Staff system, and of the system of conscription, all of which, taken together, had a vital bearing on politics in subsequent decades. Vol.1 covers the period from 1868 to 1878, vol.2 from 1879 to 1903. Much valuable primary documentation is included. 19.046. Naka Arata <-, Meiji shoki no kyoiku seisaku to chiho e no teichaku. J *, 6 ) /fc l j^ - _ 6 ) ^,_X (Early Meiji educational policy and its establishment in outlying areas). Tokyo, Kodansha, 1962, 873pp.

Page  201 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 201 Points out the factors in outlying regions which hindered the carrying out of the policies of the Meiji government. Centers on problems of supervising the establishment of school districts and schools using illustrations from Gifu and Aichi prefectures. Nakamura Masao, "Choson no seiritsu zengo" (Before and after the establishment of administrative villages and towns). See Entry 12.068. Ogawa Masaaki, "Jukkyu kisoku no seiritsu: Meiji zettai shugi kyuhinho no seiritsu katei" (Development of legislation for relief of the poor: the Poor Law established under Meiji absolutism). See Entry 21.008. Ono Isamu, Kosetsu ichiba no kenkyu (Research on the public markets). See Entry 9.031. 19.047. Takagi Hiroo it A Up ), "Gosha teisoku to kosekiho A-t _t- X*'J A a (District shrine ordinance and the family register law)." in Fukushima Masao e J j~ 3 s (ed.), Koseki seido to "ie" seido f 1~411 _ Y r ' 'J(The family register system and the ie system). Tokyo, Toky5 Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, pp.321-338. An analysis of the District Shrine Law promulgated in July, 1871. The author handles this as "the law which reorganized the local shrine to correspond to the local administrative unit and built a system sealed to the people as the foundation of local society." Takami Yasujiro, "Kusei enkaku: nanushisei kara kusei made" (History of the ward system: from the headman system to the ward system). See Entry 8.051. 19.048. Takami Yasujiro,, "Shiju torishimari enkaku: Meiji shonen no keisatsu x ' - 9t jt )i we T - ) v r (History of city supervision: police in the early Meiji period)." Toshi kiyo 4 - j (Bulletin of Tokyo history), no.2, 1954, pp.6-224. Belates the story of administrative measures and changes in the Tokyo police system in the late Tokugawa and early Meiji periods. Especially useful in that it quotes from many original sources. 19.049. Tanaka Sogoro W ~ it 5, "Hambatsu: sono keisei o chushin ni. f0) / ~ 1. ~ '/> 1I (The clique of feudal clans: its formation)." SKGHR, vol.3, no.1 (whole no.9), October, 1952, pp.16-29. Tanaka argues that the four feudal clans of Satsuma, Ch3shu, Tosa and Higo formed a state through a secure consolidation with the emperor system and thus brought into being a nation ruled by a feudal clique. This study indicates the political and economical backwardness of the clans from the historical point of view. 19.050. Toshitani Nobuyoshi X'] 1 4: A,, "Meiji zenki no mibunho to chohei seido: mibunho ni okeru shihoteki seikaku no keisei katei ^ At ) e # ~ A L ( A B _ 1; 4A i 1 0 Aft W X_! 5 (Status law and conscription system in the early Meiji period: the development of private law features in the status law)." in Fukushima Masao X ~ IE j3 (ed.), Koseki seido to ie seido, * f];i L E^ *P\, (Koseki [family register] system and ie system). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, pp.339-398. Analyzes the provisions in the conscription law (Chohei rei) of January 1873, which freed certain individuals from military duty. Especially concerns the change and abolition of regulations deferring certain persons in order to insure the maintenance of the ie system. 19.051. Tsuchiya Tadao t. 4f A,-S, Meiji zenki kyoiku seisakushi no kenkyu 1) ' f t g } y, C (A study of the history of educational policy in the early Meiji period). Tokyo, Kodansha, 1962, 456pp. Studies the development of educational policy from 1867 to the end of the Dajokan system in 1885. Relates this to cultural, socio-economic, and financial history and to the biographies of the men involved. 19.052. Yagi Akio c kEt Wand Shimada Takashi $, "Meiji koki ni okeru sonraku to seiji taisei KIS 4vf Ad 11 y b7 I 4 0 L 4, / (The late Meiji village and the political system)." SSK Annual, no.7: Seiji taisei to sonraku j;C 4\^ A A 4t^ (The political system and the village), 1960, pp.84 -105. Outlines general changes in the village as related to the political system during the period of the establishment of capitalism in Japan. 19.053. Yamanushi Masayuki iLA i, _ t-, "Meiji kosekih5 no ichi kino: dasseki torishimari ni tsuite E A 'f j^ MA 0 ) Ax,* %R I' a 1 a (One function of the Meiji koseki law: to ensure complete registration)." in Fukushima Masao p f. (ed.), Koseki seido to ie seido. k \'J, A t t- A (The koseki [family register] system and the ie system). Tokyo, Toky5 Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, pp.l71-203. Views the measures in the Meiji koseki law compelling registration as fulfilling an absolutist political function: to suppress and control potentially anti-government elements consisting of lower samurai and peasants.

Social Moves

pp. 202-213

Page  202 CHAPTER XX SOCIAL MOVES Popular movements significant at the national level are the subject of this chapter. In general, these are opposition or protest movements, representing certain interest groups alienated in some degree from the government or from better established interest groups. Our materials deal with opposition political parties and their members, with peasants, with workers, with students, even with riotous consumers. We include here, also, some studies of groups that are primarily -- or, at least, initially -- of religious character such as the Sokagakkai and other so-called New Religions of postwar time, though users of this Guide should consult Chapter 22: Religion and Folklore, Section A, for further materials on these religious movements. The movements considered here range from the unorganized rice riots of 1918 to highly organized postwar labor unions and religious groups. Some works deal specifically with governmental counteractiol against such movements: viz., the wartime system aimed at re-converting liberals and radicals, called tenko. For this chapter, we have assembled certain primary document sources (autobiographies, formal proclamations and declarations, newspaper collections, etc.) in addition to works analyzing their sociological context. For political parties, labor unions, and student movements, the problem is one of selection from the abundant documentation. Participants in peasant movements, on the other hand, have been less highly articulate; but, as it happens, sociological interest in rural society has produced rather close study of peasant movements, making it possible to list documentary collections for them, as well. A. GENERAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL For convenient use, we group autobiographies and biographies in this section. Most such works are those of political and labor leaders; the life histories of political activists in the early days of radical parties come close to being histories of the movements they led. A few items, however, are studies of broad scope that analyze the nature of opposition and revolutionary movements in general (see, especially, Hidaka Rokuro, Item 20.003). 20.001. Akamatsu Katsumaro i - jt, Nihon shakai undoshi 1 4- j-0/.X At (History of social movements in Japan). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952, 330pp. An outline of social movements in Japan from about 1870 to 1940. 20.002. Arahata Kanson,, Kanson iden A. /i (Kanson's autobiography). Tokyo, Ronsosha, 1961, 567pp. Autobiography of Arahata Kanson, a central leader of the socialist movement in Japan. While outlining his experience from the late Meiji period to mid-twentieth century, he also relates many important facts on various aspects of social movements. Itagaki Taisuke, Jiyuto shi (History of the Liberal Party). See Entry 19.043. 20.003. Hidaka Rokuro I -T Jo W,et al., "Shakai undo,- j (Social movements)." SKGHR, vol.13, no.l (whole no. 49), special issue, 1962, pp.2-58. Six papers in a symposium, with an introduction by Hidaka Rokuro (listed separately). The papers are by Shiohara Tsutomu, Tanaka Kiyosuke, Sugihara Juichi, Nakamoto Hiromichi, Yamate Shigeru, and Shinden Tadashi. They deal with organization and leadership, the cross-feeding dynamics of social movements, problems of schism, and the pitfalls of attempting research in this area. 20.004. "Kakumei ' e (Revolution)." Shiso no kagaku J1,f t) t (Science of thought), no.13 (no.48), April, 1963, special issue. A collection of essays by literati, sociologists, and critics. Though non-technical, this group offers clues to Japanese thought on the subject. 20.005. 377pp. Katayama Sen J al At, Jiden V ~ (Autobiography). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1954, 2nd edition, Appeared as a serial in the magazine Kaiso in 1920-21 and later in book form; later reissued in this 1954 edition. Includes reviews of the earlier edition, lettersand a detailed table of the life of an earlier Japanese socialist and labor leader. 20.006. Kawakami Hajime 7 JL- A, Jijoden k 3~ A+ (Autobiography). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952, 5 vols. Vol.1, 4 + 312pp.; vol.2, 5 + 323pp.; vol.3, L + 302pp.; vol.4, 5 + 340pp.; vol 5, 3 + 333pp. 202

Page  203 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 203 The autobiography of Kawakami Hajime is supplemented by some of his essays and a chronological table of his life. A living record of left-wing movements of the later 1920's, especially of the Communist Party's activities. Mitsui Reiko (ed.), Gendai fujin undoshi nempyo (Chronology of contemporary women's movements). See Entry 16.006. Murata Shizuko, Fukuda Eiko: fujin kaiho undo no senkusha (Fukuda Eido: an early fighter for women's emancipation). See Entry 16.007. Okamoto Wataru, Tokushu buraku no kaiho (Emancipation of outcast communities). See Entry 15.049. 20.007. Osugi Sakae /, Jijoden f, fi (Autobiography). Tokyo, Gendai Shisosha, 1961, 296pp. Autobiography of Osugi Sakae, crusader and anarchist, who was assassinated in 1923 at the age of thirtyeight. Pictures the situation of social and radical movements in the early twentieth century. 20.008. Shinobu Seizaburo \5 i 3 l, Watabe Toru j 4; i i, and Koyama Hirotake )I\ 1 F X (eds.), Koza: gendai hantaisei undoshi ---,,_ t4 j } Jl 3 6 (Symposium: a history of contemporary opposition movements), 3 vols. Tokyo, Aoki Shoten, 1960, vol.1 342pp.; vol.2, 355pp.; vol.3, 348 + 12pp. The first volume treats their formation and development, the second their rise and fall, and the third volume concerns their rebirth and progress. Includes all freedom movements and social movements under the general head "opposition movements." Twenty authors cover the history of these movements comprehensively from the 1860's to the demonstrations against the Security Pact in June, 1960. Each volume includes a bibliography and chronological table. Suzuki Eitaro, et al., "Shimin soshiki no mondai" (Problems of civic organization). See Entry 14.077. Takahashi Sadaki, Tokushu buraku shi (History of outcast communities). See Entry 15.053. 20.009. Taoka Reiun \ ) /} -, Meiji hanshinden 1 ^ 7g _ 4 (Biographies of Meiji rebels). Tokyo, Aoki Shoten, 1953, 170pp. Reissue of a work originally published by the Hidaka Yurindo in 1909. Relates events and activities of the central figures in early Meiji popular rights movements. The new edition includes a detailed commentary by Nishida Masaru. Tatewaki Sadayo, Nihon no fujin: fujin undo no hatten o megutte (Women of Japan: development of the Feminist Movement). See Entry 16.010. 20.010. Watabe Yoshimichi t o and Shioda Shobei AL 1jT K~(eds.), Nihon shakai undoshi nempo 6 TA jf A 3yz D (Chronology of the history of the Japanese socialist movement). Tokyo, Otsuki Shoten, 196, 4 + 229 + llpp. Charts. Chronological tables of the Japanese socialist movement from 1868 to 1956. The socialist movement is taken broadly to include political parties, peasants, workers, students, and women's rights movements. Shows political and economic conditions of Japan and the world in relation to these movements. Charts include those of proletarian parties and labor organizations. 20.011. Yamakawa Hitoshi i )1, Aru bonin no kiroku ne common man's chronicle) and Yamakawa Hitoshi jiden /1 4 i j -~ o j (The autobiography of Yamakawa Hitoshi). (Combined vlume edited by Yamakawa Kikue d4 ),(,x and Sakisaka Itsuro ~ Jo, ). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1961, 488pp. Yamakawa was a representative organizer and theorist in Japan's socialist movement. The chronicle is a collection of his statements on Japanese socialism; the autobiography covers his thought and actions from 1880 to the post World War II period. The volume provides a profile history of socialism in Japan and also an interesting social history of Japan. A chronological chart is appended giving Yamakawa's life history and his writings. 20.012. Yamakawa Hitoshi tj ) ji 1_, Yamakawa Hiitoshi zenshu L )']? i, (The selected works of Yamakawa Hitoshi). Tokyo, Keiso Shobo, 1966 —. 20 volumes projected (vols.,3,7, 19 issued in 1966), approx. 420pp. per vol. Provides primary materials on a leader of the socialist movement 1900-1950. Volumes 1 through 19 present his papers in chronological order. Volume 20 will contain two important works of Yamakawa's late years together with an index of his works and his curriculum vitae. Zenkoku Nogyo Kyodo Kumiai, Chuokai (Central Association of National Agricultural Cooperatives) (ed.), Kyodo kumiai shi (The history of cooperatives). See Entry 12.083.

Page  204 204 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY B. THROUGH WORLD WAR II For general documentation of pre-war social taneous outbursts in protest against runaway rice movements, see Tanaka Sogoro (Item 20.024). In prices that began in Toyama in 1918 and spread most works listed below, attention is focused on throughout the larger cities of Japan. The other semi-organized and organized political movements set of items deals with tenko, a wartime governranging from the Popular Rights movement that ment counteraction to re-convert political prisoners, emerged in the 1870's up the the clearly polarized which neatly illustrates a characteristic Japanese movements of left and right persuasion in the twen- view that wrmngdoers -- or wrong thinkers -- should tieth century: Communist, Socialist, and anar- not merely be removed from society and punished chist on the left, nationalist and ultra-nationalist but, by some means, should be rehabilitated and on the right. returned to their empty place in society. Note should be made of items on two distinct phenomena. One set of items deals with the spon20.013. Horie Hideichi - - - - and Toyama Shigeki - ~ [ -; (eds.), Jiyu minkenki no kenkyu t QB ~; ~S?, ~_ (Studies of the popular rights period), 4 vols. Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1959, vol.1, 264pp.; vol.2, 269pp.; vol.3, 198pp.; vol.4, 215pp. A compilation of studies of the Jiyu Minken Undo (Popular Rights Movement) assembled with the aim of presenting readers with a comprehensive and unified picture. Relations with the agrarian and other movements, economic causes of the movement and other approaches are developed. Hosokawa Karoku, et al. (eds.), Nihon shakai shugi bunken kaisetsu: Meiji ishin kara taiheiyo senso made (Commentary on Japanese socialist literature: from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War). See Entry 1.005. 20.014. Ichikawa Shoichi k ':l -, Nihon Kyosanto toso shoshi B; ^ - A t ^(Brief history of the struggle of the Japan Communist Party). Tokyo, Otsuki Shoten, 1954, 214pp. Ten year history of the JCP, which was organized in July, 1922. Edited in July, 1932. Actually this is a record of Ichikawa's statements in his trial over the April 16, 1929 incident. Includes the formation, development,and suppression of the JCP in the context of domestic and international affairs, its ideology, activities and organization. 20.015. Inoue Kiyoshi X L- `A and Watanabe Toru `V T (eds.), Kome sods no kenkyu k, t/ e %~i J (A study of rice riots), 5 vols. Tokyo, Yuhikaku, vol.1, 1958, 518pp.; vol.2, 1959, 314pp.; vol.3, 1960, 474pp.; vol.4, 1961, 618pp.; vol.5, 1962, 499 + l6pp. A comprehensive study by historians of the violence among the urban poor which broke out in August, 1918, against the high price of rice. The first part of volume one and all of volume five outline the national conditions, while the other essays study specific local conditions. Volume five also outlines in detail the countermeasures against the riots and the trials in their aftermath. The local studies take up (1) changes in the rice price and living conditions, (2) the progress of the riots, (3) aid from administrative organs) and (4) the countermeasures and trials. A wide variety of sources is used: newspapers, administrative records, diaries, and interviews with rice merchants who were targets and with police who quelled the riots. Volume five includes a chronological table, statistics, and an index. 20.016. Kataoka Masaharu kJj ` f 7 (ed.), Nihon kyosantoshi (senzen) 35T ' t_ (V f) (History of the Japan Communist Party [pre-war]). Tokyo, Gendaishi Kenkyukai, 1962, 3 + 12 + 490 + 8 pp. Reissue of a work first published as survey materials by the government's Public Salt y Survey Commission in May, 1)62. Includes affidavits taken from persons related to the Japan Communist Party in the preliminary court of inquiry, and materials from Yearbook of Social Movements, published by the Police Bureau of the Ministry of Home Affairs. The editor, Kataoka Masaharu, is a civil servant w ho has worked on studies of communist-related activities for many years, so that the materials in this publication have a high degree of reliability. Source materials are listed at the end of the volume. 20.017. Kindai Nihon Shiryo Kenkyukai Ij\ 2 $ s Z ~e (Institute for Modern Japanese Historical Materials) (ed.), Nihon shakai undo shiryo -ff _ g ' ) ~ e(Historical materials on Japanese socialist movements). Tokyo, Meiji Bunken Shiryo Kankokai, 1959-1962, vol.1, n.d., 331pp.; vol.2, 3, n.d., 706pp.; vol.4, n.d., 423pp.; vol.5, 1959, 434pp.; vol.6, 1962, 469pp. A valuable photocopy collection with typeset commentary of secret documents on socialists, anarchists, and other dissenters, prepared by the Home Ministry from about 1900 to 1918 on the basis of police intelligence. This set was to make public the personal collections of members of the editorial board, but terminated prematurely with vol.6; printed for limited distribution, some volumes have incomplete colophons. 20.018. Kinoshita Hanji `[s, 3, Nihon kokkashugi undoshi 3 s 1g s ti+<gti (The history of Japanese nationalist movements). Tokyo, Keio Shobo, 1939, 1 + 557pp. Covers nationalist movements from the 1870's to about 1935. The author does not strictly define "nationalist movement" but includes various movements covering exclusionism, ultra-nationalism, national socialism, Asia-ism, physiocracy, and patriotism. He describes various incidents caused by these movements and the people involved in them. 20.019. Meiji Shiryo Kenkyu Renrakkai vimL) Jv ^ A __ (Meiji Historical Materials Research

Page  205 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 205 Liaison Group) (ed.), Meijishi kenkyu sosho 3: Jiyu Minken Undo O <tI f A x 3 i t F X4 (Meiji historical research series, vol.3: the Popular Rights Movement). Tokyo, Ochanomizu Shobo, 1956, 250pp. Assembles important but previously inaccessible studies, including: the social limits of the popular rights doctrine (Hayashi Shigeru, 1939); the Chichibu Incident (Inoue Koji, 1950); the lida Incident (Goto Yasushi, 1952); the Fukushima Incident memo (Shimoyama Saburo, 1950); and the economic background of the Popular Rights Movement (Shoji Kichinosuke, 1950). Toyama Shigeki contributes tne preface. 20.020. Meiji Shiryo Kenkyu Renrakkai W Y t 21 7 i' (Meiji Historical Materials Research Liaison Group) (ed.), Meijishi kenkyu sosho 3: Minken Undo no tenkai } l _ 3 t j _ <.'K -4 (Meiji historical research series, vol.3: development of the Popular Rights Movement), series II. Tokyo, Ochanomizu Shobo, 1958, 240pp. Brings together three important but hard to obtain studie s on the history of the Popular Rights Movement. Includes a preface by Irimajiri Yoshinaga and the following articles: the social background of the Shizuoka Incident (Haraguchi Kiyoshi, 1955); an historical evaluation of warrior class popular rights (Goto Yasushi, 1953); the Liberal Party of 1884 (Hasegawa Noboru, 1954). 20.021. Shioda Shobei 0 )0 sOfand Watanabe Junzo i' " _- (eds.), Hiroku daigyaku jiken, ds( A * -- (Secret documents on the high treason case), 2 vols. Tokyo, Shunjusha, 1959, vol.1, 282pp.; vol.2, 202pp. Trial records of the high treason case of 1910. Shioda includes a commentary on the records and a sketch of the history of the socialist movement up to the incident. Watanabe covers the trial itself. 20.022. Shiso no Kagaku Kenkyukai ^ g 0 ', 9- '@ (Institute for Study of the Science of Ideas) (ed.), Tenko f. Ad (Conversion), 3 vols. Tokyo, Heibonsha, vol.1, 1959, 382pp.; vol.2, 1960, 492pp.; vol.3, 1962, 530 + 24pp. A study of conversion defined as "a forced change in ideology by authority" by scholars associated with the sponsoring institute. Detailed analysis of representative figures in "conversions" at different periods. Includes materials on methodology, background, etc. 20.023. Shoji Kichinosuke /. I ~ ~_, Kome sodo no kenkyu?rf UO~, (A study of rice riots). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1957, 209pp. A study of the violence which broke out all over Japan in the summer of 1918 against the high price of rice. After surveying capitalist development as a background to the riots, the author focuses on events in Fukushima prefecture. He appends a brief history of research on rice riots at the end of the volume. 20.024. Tanaka Sogoro!T J E - W (ed.), Shiryo Nihon shakai undoshi kt _/L ' - pp 1 (Documentary history of social movements in Japan), 2 vols. Tokyo, Tozai Shuppansha, vol.1, 1947, 560pp.; vol.2, 1948, 494pp. A valuable collection of selected documents on social movements in Japan beginning with 1866. Each volume begins with a chronological table of events. Documents and sources are taken from government publications, party pronouncements, articles from newspapers, and party publications. Volume 1 covers 1866 to 1905; volume 2 covers from 1906 to 1908. Successor volumes are missing owing to the death of the editor. 20.025. Teruoka Shuzo a _ _, Jinushisei to kome sodo: Taisho ki o chushin to suru Yamato heigen ichi noson no kenkyu t 3J \ - - ^ ^ J X ~ ~ -U V L * A _ - Vt.x (The landlord system and rice riots: case study of a village on the Yamato plain in the Taisho period). Tokyo, Todai Shuppankai, 1958, 332pp. Report of a study made in Horyuji mura (present Ikaruga cho) in Nara prefecture. The subject of the study was rice riots in 1918 which were tied up with tenant disputes. Studies the influence of rapid urbanization and growth of commercial markets, as well as opposition between landlords and tenants on conditions which were the specific issue of the riots. Yamamura Fusa and Tanuma Hajime, "Fujin undo ni okeru rodo fujin no yakuwari: komuteki jimuteki bumon no mondaiten" (The role of female laborers in women's movements: problems in government and business areas). See Entry 16.013. Yokusan Undoshi Kankokai (ed.), Yokusan kokumin undoshi (History of the Imperial Rule Assistance Movement). See Entry 19.039. 20.026. Yoshikawa Morikuni ~ )' 1l - A, Keigyaku seiso shi: Nihon shakai shugi sokumenshi \ ' _ Xj,j 4,,- J'ji~(History of anarchists: a partisan history of Japanese Socialism). Tokyo, Aoki Shoten, 1957, 260pp. A reprint of the first edition published by Fujiya Shobo in 1936. The author himself was involved in the movement in the Meiji and Taisho periods. Valuable for its material on the social background, perceptions and activities of anarchists of the 1910's.

Page  206 206 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY C. AFTER WORLD WAR II The movements treated in works listed here, U.S. - Japan Mutual Security Treaty and, in as in the previous section, are primarily political. 1954, against recentralization of the police The works deal with sociological implications of system. Included in this section, also, are works highly politicized dissent movements of the near- dealing with religion -linked organizations that radical and radical left and the ultra-right. have become prominent in postwar years: the The peace movement, also, is political, as were so-called New Religions, including the Sokagakkai the large-scale riots in 1960 against renewal of the which has spawned the Komeito political party. Aiba Juichi, "Nihon Shakaito no riidashippu no bunseki: chuo shikko iinkai o chushin to shite" (The analysis of leadership in the Socialist Party [of Japan]: the central executive committee). See Entry 19.001. 20.027. "Ampo ~ (Security treaty)." Shiso no kagaku. - 9 ~ ~f (Science of thought), no.15 (no.49), June, 1963, special issue. Essays and reports on the 1959-1960 security treaty disruptions, many by anonymous participants. 20.028. "Gekidoki no kakushin seito Bit j f 9 t Ef (Radical political parties in a period of upheaval)." Keizai hyoron - i t 6 i(Economic review), special issue, vol.13, no.13, 1964, 204pp. Concentrating on the Japan Socialist Party, the Democratic Socialist Party, and the Japan Communist Party, this issue contains essays by representatives of these parties as well as others on the influence of events such as Khrushchev's retirement, China's nuclear explosion, and England's Labor cabinet. 20.029. Hidaka Rokuro I a J1 t (ed.), Senkyuhyaku rokujunen gogatsu jukunichi J? X X X 1 11 (May 19, 1960). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1960, 279pp. A social and political history of the "struggle" against the Japan- U.S. Mutual Security Treaty which reached a climax on the title date, May 19, '960. Seven sociologists and political scientists (Hidaka Rokuro, Fujita Shozo, Ishida Takeshi, et al.) include numerous critiques, notes, interview reports, and other documentation, making this work a unique source. 20.030. Kinoshita Hanji ) f ~ a, "Shiryo: sengo kyoku'u seito no seitai htf ) JA ai~ ~t X f~,.(Materials: ecology of postwar ultra-right political parties)." SKGHR, no.5, 1951, pp.29-43. Arrangement of materials since the pre-war period, following ultra-right organizations through their wartime dissolution and recrystallization since the war. 20.031. Kumakura Hiroyasu, ~ ~, Sengo heiwa undoshi #t j 1 XV Z_ j(History of the postwar peace movement). Tokyo, Otsuki Shoten, 1959, 206pp. The author has been an active leader in many of the postwar peace groups including the Nihon Heiwa Iinkai and the Nihon Gensuibaku Kinshi Kyogikai. 20.032. Masumi Junnosuke -4 9. it ', et al., "Keishokuho 'Kaisei' to taishu undo ron ^ ' y jEJ L-,tij 'S;~ op ('Revision' of the law on performance of police duties and popular movements)." Shiso W Af (Thought), special issue, no.416, February, 1959. A special issue containing four essays and three reports on the popular movements against the revision of the law on performance of police duties in the autumn of 1958. One essay is a critique of the revision from the viewpoint of democratic principles (Masumi Junnosuke); another stresses the concerns of labor (Nakabayashi Kenjiro); another the concerns of women (Sekiya Ranko); and another the concerns of students and young people (Kitagawa Takayoshi). The three reports treat Ishikawa and Kochi prefectures and Kyushu. 20.033. "Nihon no kakushin seito f 2 f * +1 jft, Z (Japan's progressive political parties)." Keizai hyoron g Beg (Economic review), special issue, vol.10, no.7, June, 1961, pp.2-200. A collection of studies on the Japan Social Democratic Party, the Democratic Socialist Party, and the Japan Communist Party discussing such things as their major policies and problems, their doctrines of organization) and their relations with labor unions. 20.034. "Nihon no Kyosanto dA- e B. (Japan's Communist Party)." Gendai no me 3 \ /1 We. (The eyes of contemporary times), special issue, vol.5, no.7, 1964. Five studies and a reference source focussed on the internal turmoil arising in the Communist Party at the time of Diet deliberations on the partial nuclear ban treaty. 20.035. Nihon Shakaito soshiki bu tQ AfL t t,' (Japan Socialist Party, organization division) (ed.), Soshiki handobukku., ' ) -V7'-/7 (Organization handbook). Tokyo, Nihon Shakaito Kikanshi Kyoku, 1961, 175pp. Compiled by the Social Democratic Party of Japan (official name of Japan's Socialist Party) as a practical guide to party management and administration, and to the recruitment, education, and organization of various segments of the population.

Page  207 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 207 20.036. Sato Tomoo; j t "Taishu undo to anomiit 7 ' (Eng. title: Mass movements and anomie)." Chuo Daigaku Bungakubu kiyo 13: Tetsugakka it Y< }' ','C i' ^^ +et- 1 3 ~< T Vt (Chuo University Faculty of Literature bulletin, no.13: Philosophy Department), no.5, October, 1958, pp.19-42. Differentiates mass movements from social movements and analyzes the postwar Japanese food riots of 1945 -1946 in terms of those distinctions. 20.037. Shimizu Shinzo 4,' -.,M Nihon no shakai minshu shugi g 4- O /); A _-* (Japanese democratic socialism). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1961, 225pp. Examines the role of democratic socialism in socialist theory and movement, maintaining that democratic socialism is effective in the socialist revolution. Analyzes postwar Japanese democratic socialism and the Japan Socialist Party. Includes history of the Japan Socialist Party's organization and activity. 20.038. Shiobara Tsutomu ~ 7j. [, "Sengo Nihon no shakai undo: sono soshiki jokyo no tembo j' f5f L, <, X < -9q (s >f (Social movements in postwar Japan: observations on organization)." SKGHR, vol.13, no.1 (whoee no.49), 1962, pp.5-21. Examines postwar Japanese social movements both as system change and as dissent movements. First the author classifies movements into types by state of organization in each of three periods: 1945-1949, 1950-1955, and 1955 onward. Then he notes special features marking the development of particular movements. 20.039. Suginohara Juichi iy.jt-, "Shakai undo sogokan no dynamism 2 f~ n 3 a d) iLSn (The dynamism in social movements)." SKGHR, vol.13, no.1 (whole no.49), 1962, pp.32-38. Postwar Japanese social movements are divided into those conforming to the system, those opposed to itand those in between. The dynamic relations between the three types and among those of the same type are analyzed in terms of two dimensions: the accommodation-revolution axis and the unification-polarization axis. 20.040. Tagawa Kazuo f )A];, Nihon Kyosanto shi: shinkakuka sareta zen'ei;3 IVd ~ A -I rc -X,r C I (A history of the Japanese Communist Party: the sanctified vanguard). Tokyo, Gendai Shichosha, 1961, 297pp. A postwar history of the Japanese Communist Party by an ex-party member expelled during the demonstrations against the Security Pact of 1960. Says little about the movement itself but gives detailed information on intra-party strife. Takagi Hiroo, Nihon no shinko shukyo: taishu shiso undo no rekishi to ronri (Japan's new religions: the history of and the logic behind mass ideological movements). See Entry 22.019. Tatewaki Sadayo (ed.), Sengo fujin undoshi (A history of postwar women's movements). See Entry 16.011. 20.041. Tsuda Michio G )~ At, Gendai no Torotsukizumu 7,A 9 V; / '.LA"(Contemporary Trotskyism). Tokyo, Aoki Shoten, 1960, 230pp. A detailed analysis of the effect of Trotskyism on contemporary proletarian movements in Japan. Includes a history of present Trotskyist organizations and their activities. Yanagida Kunio, Mori Hideto, Shimane Kiyoshi, and Tsurumi Shunsuke, Shakubuku: Soka Gakkai no shiso to kodo (Shakubuku: theory and practice in the S5ka Gakkai). See Entry 22.027. D. LABOR UNIONS The works listed here analyze the relation of to cover the extensive non-sociological literature unions and unionization to general social structure, on union organization and operation, or on the examine the emergence and transformation of unions economic and political roles of Japanese labor as an aspect of social history, or scrutinize union- unions. For the convenience of the user, however, management negotiations and disputes as instances of we do list some sources of primary documentation patterned social interaction. We do not attempt on union history. 20.042. Katayama Sen ) J and Nishikawa Kojiro o nl] in en, Nihon no rodo undo J j (Japan's labor movements). (Originally published in 1893 by Rod5 Shimbunsha Shakaishugi Toshobu 20.0- tt; 3 [Labor News Co., Socialist Library Dept.]). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 2ded., 1952, 426pp. Empirical analysis of labor movements in Japan between 1881 and 1893, including the organization of each labor group, organs of labor education, and labor groups active only in economic affairs, by leaders of the labor movement at that time. Originally published in 1893 by Rodo Shimbunsha Shakaishugi Toshobu. 20.043. Kishimoto Eitaro At t S t Nihon rodo undo shi ^ ^ (Japanese labor

Page  208 208 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY movement history). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1950, 200pp. Relates the Japanese labor movement to the country's social history. Considers its break-up and internal dissension to be due to (1) the underdeveloped Japanese economy and (2) the failure of the proletariat to organize due both to oppression from above and improper leadership from within. Covers the Meiji and Taishc periods with plentiful data on industries and labor demography. 20.044. Nihon Kyoshokuin Kumiai X- o j,s- (Japan Teachers' Union), Nikkyoso junenshi fC A ~t I;L (Ten-year history of the Japan Teachers' Union). Tokyo, Nihon Kyoshokuin Kumiai, 1958, 847pp. History of the Japan Teachers' Union, the largest labor union in Japan with its 500,000 members. Part I gives gives a brief history of pre- and postwar unions and tells the story of the JTU from its organization in 1947 to 1957. Part 2 deals with problems such as "teacher's life and reputation", "educationalpractice and research", and "the development of the movement for peace". A detailed chronology is included. 20.045. Nihon Rodo Kumiai Sohyo Gikai ' T / 3~i & p {T #z (The General Council of Japanese Labor Unions) (ed.), Sohyo junenshi t, t t (Ten-year history of the General Council of Japanese Labor Unions). Tokyo, Rodo Jumposha, 1964, 764pp. Covers the period 1950-1960. Presents historical details, largely without analysis. Includes a chronological table. One of the writers of this volume, Okazaki Saburd, has also published Fifteen years of the General Council of Japanese Labor Unions: high level development in the labor movement (Tokyo, Rod5 Jumposha, 1965). Nihon rodo nenkan (The labor year book of Japan). Hosei Daigaku Ohara Shakai Mondai Kenkyujo (ed.). See Entry 2.005. Mori Kiichi, Nihon rodosha kaikyu jotaishi (History of the condition of the Japanese laboring class). See Entry 17.052. Numata Inejiro (ed.), Godo Rogumi no kenkyu: sono jittai to hori (Research on Godo Ragumi: its present state and relation to legal principles). See Entry 17.096. 20.046. Okochi Kazuo X\ }^-, Reimeiki no rodo und5o ~ f- jg?fS 4 (The labor movement in the dawn of the modern period). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1952, 221pp. An introduction to the labor and socialist movements of the Meiji period covering the movements and their philosophies between the Popular Rights Movement and the High Treason Incident of 1910 (when twelve Communists were executed). Considers the external and internal factors causing the labor movement to tie itself to Socialist and even revolutionary movements. 20.047. Okochi Kazuo )\i.} -), Sengo Nihon no rodo undo '~ At }& ' ) t_ (Postwar Japanese labor unions). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1955, 226pp. Cites data to illustrate and prove the peculiarities of Japanese unions (the tendency to organize employees along single enterprise rather than occupational lines; the combination of factory and clerical workers in the same union); and outlines historically their social function and position. A postwar chronology of the labor movement is appended. 20.048. Osaka Chiho Rodo Undoshi Nempyo Hensan Kai A R o % 19 (Association for the Compilation of a Chronological History of the Labor Movement in the Osaka Region), Osaka chiho rodo undoshi nempyo A1\ 1fi 4tt j X /t -~ (Chronology of the labor movement in the Osaka region). Osaka, Osaka Chiho Rodo Undoshi Nempyo Hensan Kai, 1957, 18 + 464 + 14pp. A comprehensive chronology of social movements in the Osaka region from 1868 to 1956. The thirty-seven man group used a wide range of sources to compile data not only on labor movements but also on many related movements. Plentiful supplemental charts include genealogical tables of both the postwar labor unions in the Osaka region and the major labor unions in Osaka prefecture. 20.049. Rodo Sogi Chosakai / t A < (Society for the Study of Labor Disputes) (ed.), Sengo rodo sogi jittai chosa \'_. # t > (Field surveys of postwar labor disputes), 11 vols. Tokyo, Chu5 K5ronsha, 1957-1958. T These are large-scale surveys of disputes arranged by sectors of industry and special problems, as follows: mining (vol.1); electric power (vol.2); communications (vol.3); textiles (vol.4); unfair labor practices (vol.5); special cases (vol.6); steel (vol.7); chemicals (vol.8); smaller enterprises (vol.9); contract disputes (vol.10); and lockouts (vol.11). 20.050. Rodo Undoshi Kenkyukai 'jZ A h ^y (Society for the Study of the History of the Labor Movement) (ed.), Meiji shakai shugi shiryoshu w;t, A< i * I (Historical materials on Meiji socialism). Tokyo, Meiji Bunken Shiry5 Kank5kai, 1960-1963, 19 vols. Reproduces primary documentation (socialist journals and news sheets) clarifying the theory and ideology of socialism after about 1890 with detailed commentary and a subject index. Compilers include Okochi Kazuo, Itoya Hisao, Kishimoto Eitaro. The representative magazines and newspapers are all included:

Page  209 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 209 Chokugen, Hikari, Shinkigen, Nikkan heimin shimbun, Osaka heimin shimbun, Shukan shakai shimbun, Tokyo shakai shimbun, and Kakumei hyoron; in the Annexes are Sekai fujin, Kumamoto hy5ron, and Shukan heimin shimbun; in the Appendixes are Shakaishugi kenkyu, rodo sekai, Shakaishugi, and Kaho. The set is numbered volumes 1-8, Annexes 1-4, Appendixes 1-7. 20.051. Rodo Undo Shiryo Iinkai J IV T_ _th - /, (Labor Movement Documentation Committee) (ed.), Nihon rodo undo shiryo -' 4x ~ /i t J < j -(Historical materials on the Japanese labor movement). Tokyo, Rodo Undo Shiryo Kanko Iinkai, 1959-1964, 11 vols., illustrations. A five-year project of the Conmmittee on Historical Materials on the Labor Movement (Directors: Okochi Kazuo, Fujibayashi Keizo, Matsui Shichiro) with an editorial committee of eight members. Foreign scholars cooperated in editorial selection, e.g., Solomon Levine (Illinois), Peter Belton (Stanford). Primary historical materials from 1877 to 1945 are systematically arranged. The collection is selective, intended to clarify facts accounting for ideological adherence to the socialist movement, to provide materials on crucial periods in labor history, to reveal special features of unionism and the thinking of union leaders, and to take into account the decisive role of government by including ample legal materials. Six periods are recognized; five volumes provide materials on working and living conditions, union organization and management, strikes,and labor laws. Volume 10 offers statistics. Of the materials collected, only a fraction is included; but all materials are on microfilm at Tokyo University Library. 20.052. Rodo Undo Shiryo Iinkai );4Pt * _T^i, 'i" (Labor Movement Documentation Committee) (ed.), Rodo sekai t iy4 t- (The labor world). Tokyo, Rodo Undo Shiryo Kanko Iinkai, 1960, 16 + 84opp. + 2 color plates. Japan's first labor union movement newspaper, published by the Rodo newspaper company between December 1, 1897, and December 21, 1901, was the Rodo sekai (The labor world) featuring Katayama Sen. Of the 100 editions, 89 are reprinted. Each edition carried one page in English. Nine editions could not be found. Indistinct sections in the reprints and stop press inserts are restored in the appendix. An introduction by Sumiya Mikio opens the volume and there is a table of contents at the end. Not to be confused with a journal also called the Rodo sekai which was one of the successors to this newspaper. 20.053. R5sei Kenkyukai t Jj i (Association for Labor Administration Research) (ed.), Nempyo: Nihon rodo undo shi X H 7 J4 Y |' _ X3 J(Chronological table of the history of the Japanese labor movement). Tokyo, Suibunsha, 1961, 2 + 235pp. Covers the period 1871-1961. Includes a list of the chief figures and an index. 20.054. Saito IchirZo -~ i -, Rodo undo hihan: choki teishiseika no sohyo no jittai bunseki }a k - a 1 1 ^ \'J] t^^ ^-L ih <n A P If9; ttz (Critique of the labor movement: analysis of Sohyo' s persisting low posture). Tokyo, San'ichi Shobo, 1959, 336pp. A continuation of the author's Sengo Nihon rodo undo shi (History of the postwar Japanese labor movement) (1956) and Sohyo shi (History of the General Council of Japanese labor unions) (1957). A critical analysis of the labor movement from 1956 to 1958. 20.055. Saito Ichiro -2 -sT, Sengo Nihon rodo undo shi ~'4 J 4" t A 4 (Postwar Japanese labor movement history), 2 vols. Tokyo, San'ichi Shob5, 1956, vol.1, 330pp.; vol.2, 240pp. The author, long a Marxist participant in the labor movement, has written mainly in terms of a criticism of the Japanese Communist Party's labor movement policy, which he perceived to be misguided during the collapse of the labor union assembly by sectors of industry (the Sambetsu). It is especially detailed in describing the situation during the existence of Sambetsu. Shirai Taishiro, Rodo kumiai no zaisei (Labor union finance). See Entry 17.103. Shiryo rodo undoshi (Historical materials on the labor movement). Rodosho (ed.). See Entry 2.008. Takahashi Ko and Shimazaki Minoru, "Toho Aen Annaka sogi no shakaiteki keizaiteki joken" (Social and economic conditions in the strike at the Toho Zinc Company's Annaka Refinery). See Entry 17.104. 20.056. Takano Minoru 11 f 6, Nihon rodo undo < 9 )' f*( Japan's labor movement). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1958, 234pp. Covers the history of the Japanese labor movement from the end of the Pacific War to about 1958, including the creation and dissolution of a united national orgaization. The author was a labor organizer himself and he gives not only an inside view but also attempts to give an objective picture by drawing on newspaper articles and pamphlets. 20.057. Tanahashi Taisuke 1 44 4, Sengo rodo undo shi P ~ ' f f X (History of the postwar labor movement). Tokyo, Otsuki Shoten, 1959, 255pp. Outlines the course of the postwar labor movement and discusses problems. Written from the standpoint of a Marxist minority group.

Page  210 210 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 20.05&. Taniguchi Zentaro A N J ~ go, Nihon rodo kumiai hyogikai shi y f J(History of the Japan Council of Labor Unions). Tokyo, Aoki Shoten, 3rd ed., vol.l, 1953, 213pp.; vol.2, 1954, 488pp. Condensed history of the farthest left pre-war federation of labor unions, one under the strong influence of the Japan Communist Party. The author was one of its most powerful leaders. Originally published in 1932 in Kyoto by the Kyosei Kaku under the pseudonym Isomura Hideji, and second edition published in 1948 by Koto Shoten. Tokyo Daigaku, Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho (ed.), Sengo rodo kumi ai no ittai (. A4,# ji T (The condition of postwar labor unions). See Entry 17.105. 20.059. Watanabe Toru f K, "Yuaikai no soshiki no jittai: kaiinsu to shibu bunkai no shocho jisho (Eng. title: The membership and branches of the Yuaikai)." Kyoto Daigaku Jimbun Kagaku KenkyushD J' $ }' 'j-'. J Y ~ J If (Kyoto University Institute for Humanistic Studies) (ed.), Jimbun gakuhlo k _ f ~ (Journal of humanistic studies), vol.18, October, 1963, pp.l-70. Describes the Yuaikai, an important group in the early history of the Japanese labor movement, from its beginning in August, 1912, up to 1918 only, due to lack of later materials. Traces the rise and fall of membership and number of local branches, the reasons for their decline, and describes in detail the characteristic activities of each branch. Yamamura Fusa and Tanuma Hajime, "Fujin undo ni okeru rodo fujin no yakuwari: komuteki jimuteki bumon no mondaiten" (The role of female laborers in women's movements: problems in government and business areas). See Entry 16.013. E. PEASANT MOVEMENTS Among Japanese peasants suffering, as tenants, under high land rent and other anguished circumstances there have been both spontaneous uprising of protest and more formally organized tenant unions. These, of course, are entirely separate from the cooperative associations for crop-marketing, etc., sponsored by the government throughout the countryside. Tenant movements and unions surged into prominence in periods of farm depression, especially during the crisis of the middle and late 1920's. The works we list here, however, cover movements ranging from the Tokugawa period up through the postwar crisis of land reform. Documented histories are listed here (Items 20.060 and 20.068). Users will note that a good many works deal with "farmer consciousness (nomin ishiki)"; this sort of expression is unusual in English-language sociologese and calls for interpretation, especially on behalf of persons unfamiliar with Marxian concepts or terminology. The expression rests on one or both of two concepts that have very little relation to each other. One extends the feudal/modern contrast from institu20.060. Aoki Keiichiro | 2 - X, Nihon nomin agrarian movements), 6 vols. Tokyo, Nihon Hy5ronsha, 539pp.; vol.4, 548pp.; vol.5, 564pp.; supplement, 676 tions and social patterns to ideas, contrasting rational against "feudal" (presumably pre-rational) ways of thinking. Authors using this concept usually speak of "farmer consciousness" with pejorative connotations implying that the ideas in question are old-fashioned, outdated, or in any case distasteful. A second and quite different concept more common in postwar writing is the hypothesis that farmers, until they are aware that their own problems are shared by farmers as a whole, will be unable to take effective action as a class to resolve these problems. This hypothesis leads to the analysis of peasant movements to determine whether, in the aggregate, they signalize emerging awareness among farmers of "class consciousness," a necessary precondition to their organizing to end exploitation by bringing about social reform or revolution. The studies listed here which use this term "farmer consciousness" are not necessarily Marxist, but are addressing a problem posed within the framework of Marxist social philosophy. But the term "consciousness" has become a cliche used, often, without clear reference to either of these two concepts. undo shi ~A x f T 3 (History of Japanese 1958-1962, vol.1, 1548pp.; vol.2, 555pp.; vol.3, + 19 + 12pp. Covers the period from the end of the Edo period to the present. Writers are those actually in the field, often participants. Each volume covers a reign-era and is subdivided by prefectures, carrying articles by local leaders. Vol.6 contains an index and a bibliography for all volumes. 20.061. Hayashi Motoi Ht ~, Hyakusho ikki no dento - -_ -- ~ 9z f.,'(Tradition of agrarian rebellion). Tokyo, Shinhyoronsha, 1955, 382pp. Fifteen essays by the author. Includes an outline of the uprisings, a bibliography, chronological table, and a listing of materials by region. 20.062. Ikuta Kiyoshi JL 1: f, "Kyosanson ni okeru nochi kaikaku to nomin undo e 1 -1, fi- t Y- I, 1~ i (Farmers' movements and land reform in 'Communist Village')." SSK Annual, no2:

Page  211 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 211 Nochi kaikaku to nomin undo 3 Z %j ^ A j (Land reform and farmers' movements), 1955, pp. 99-130. Survey c C Agata village in Tottori prefecture, where, after a long struggle, a progressive farmers' union in one community was able to apply sufficient pressure to have land reform carried out. 20.063. Kawamura Nozomu v$J ) ~, "Kosaku sogiki ni okeru sonraku taisei )\l t Fz; t' 1-.;.t.4/?J (Village organization during the period of tenancy disputes)." SSK Annual, no.7: Seiji taisei to sonraku j 4 ' 4 j\ I (Political organization and the village), 1960, pp.106-151. Analyzes trends of affairs within villages throughout Japan at the time of the tenancy disputes (mid-Taisho to early Shawa) but relies for examples mainly on instances within Nara prefecture. Kokusho Iwao, Hyakusho ikki no kenkyu (Research on agrarian rebellions). See Entry 12.040. 20.064. Komuro Shinsuke )[ ~t ~ (ed.), revised by Hayashi Motoi M -, Toyo minken hyakkaden jtu- f ~ ~ 1 Hi ~ (Far Eastern leaders in popular rights). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1957, 402pp. Revision of a work published by Angaid5 in 1883, giving comprehensive biographies of forty-eight leaders in agrarian uprisings of the Tokugawa period and including detailed reports of the uprisings. Hayashi Motoi has included a biography of the original author and a bibliography. 20.065. Kuroda Hisao If MS 4 and Ikeda Tsuneo, Nihon nomin kumiai undoshi 0 y P Based on the reports of Kuroda Hisao, a representative member of the wing of socialism which does not cooperate with Communists. 20.066. Matsubara Haruo 4Q jt A F'i, "Yosan senshinchi ni okeru nomin undo to sono haikei,, i L lJ ' _ ~ ) f- (Agrarian movements and their background in a locality of advanced sericul ure)." SSK Annual, no.2: Nochi kaikaku to nomin undo,; ) #, % a A A P _ (Land reform and agrarian movements), 1955, pp.66-98. Report of a field study in Yasuno, Naka Shioda village, Nagaao prefecture. Its general results are outlined in the author's "Main-house control of the dozoku and village structure," (SSK, whole nos.18, 19, 1955), while this essay concentrates on the development of agrarian movements in the Taisho period. 20.067. Mvtsubara Haruo4 v, t A, "Nomin kumiai no keifuken ni tsuite; f H f 1 -2 \T * (Genealogy of the Agrarian Union)." SSK Annual, no.2: Nochi kaikaku to nomin undo, -t e}C tz jHiLp P Jl(Land reform and agrarian movements), 1955, pp.218-219. Outlines the organizational genealogy of agrarian unions from the organization of the Japan Agrarian Union in 1922 up to 1954. 20.068. Nomin Kumiaishi Kankokai,; (History of Agrarian Unions Publishers) (ed.), Nomin kumiai undoshi,A 1W\ j_ S __(History of movements for agrarian unions). Tokyo,, Nhon Minsei ChCsakai, 1960, 816 + 168 + 37pp. Published to commemorate the seventieth birthday of Sugiyama Genjiro, founder of the Japan Agrarian Union, which, as a union of tenant farmers, stood at the center of the agrarian movement. Covers the period 1917-1941 and touches on other agrarian movements which competed with the Agrarian Union. Materials are indexed by year, eventsand prefecture. Includes a detailed chronology and table of statistics. 20.069. Nomin Undo Kenkyukai u o _ t /( Peasant Movement Research Association) (ed.), Nomin undo no kihon mondai t< X'.j _ ~9 ~ f 8M(Fundamental issues in the peasant movement). Tokyo, San'ichi Shobo, 1960, 272pp. Written as a practical guide for the peasant movement, it nonetheless goes beyond the technical aspects and delves deeply into theoretical issues using empirical evidence. Of the ten papers, seven are studies by experts on Japanese peasants and farm villages; the other three discuss movements and their rationale. 20.070. Nomin Undoshi Kenkyukai, J __2 Jt tA (Peasant Movement History Research Association) (ed.), Nihon nomin undoshi *,$' d S 3 (The history of Japanese peasant movements). Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1961, 134 +1188 +20 pp. A massive work on the history of peasant movements since 1900, meant by its authors to supersede previous works which were "narrow-minded documents full of self-praise" or "mere collections of shreds and patches." The book contains three sections: issues in the history of the movement, prefectural and regional histories of the movement, and profiles of movement leaders. A detailed chronological table is appended. It disagrees with much established theory. Nosei Chosakai (ed.), Kinsei nomin sodo shiryo: kosaku sodo ni kansuru shiryoshu (Historical materials on agrarian riots in the pre-modern period: materials on tenant riots). See Entry 12.048. 20.071. 5uchi Tsutomu J V 2, "Buraku kozo to nomin undo At Fr S j_ t (Buraku

Page  212 212 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY structure and the farmers' movements)." SSK Annual, no.2: Nochi kaikaku to nomin undo si t C _~ ~'i ~_~ (Land reform and farmers' movements), 1955, pp.1-27. Emphasizes the strong influence of buraku or village structure and the characteristics of particular local landlords on the character of farmers' movement, that rose in particular communities. Based on case studies in Ibaragi, NaganoYamanashi, and Fukushima prefectures. 20.072. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai A4 -4_7, (Association for Research in Village Society) (ed.), SSK Annual, no.2: N5chi kaikaku to nomin undo A 3, - ~ " i, * i (Land reform and agrarian movements), 1955, 244pp. Seven essays, including case studies, treat obstacles that agrarian movements of the 1910's and 1920's faced within local communities as well as administrative repression; they discuss the relationship between tenancy disputes and rural social structure in this era. The contributors (whose papers are listed separately) are Ouchi Tsutomu, F'-kutake Tadashi, Matsubara Haruo, Ikuta Kiyoshi, Kinoshita Akira, Uchiyama Masateru, and (jointly) Goto Kazuo and Kamiya Chikara. Matsubara also contributes a lineage diagram of farmers' unions. 20.073. Tsuchiya Takao <-, + and Ono Takeo )1]f \K (eds.), Meiji shonen nomin sojo roku 195 i 6 AN 5 z f. 4s (A record of early Meiji period peasant uprisings). Tokyo, Keiso Shobo, 1958, 665pp. A compilation, by prefecture, of 230 peasant uprisings (including those in cities) throughout Japan between 1868-1884, derived mainly from the Cabinet Library's History of the Prefectures (Dofuken shi) and the EncyclopedIo of National Administration (Dajo ruiten), but supplemented by such things as prefectural and county hisLories. Appendices include a chart showing changes in prefectural administration areas and a chronology of early Meiji peasant uprisings. Uchiyama Masateru, "Nomin undo ni kansuru shuyo na bunken to shiryo" (Main literature and other materials on agrarian movements). See Entry 1.047. F. STUDENT MOVEMENTS Two principal periods of student action are submerged under larger aims pointing toward social studied in the materials listed here. The earlier reform, or violent revolution if necessary, in period is the so-called "democratic decade" of the society at large. Analyses of the 1920's (Taisho 1920's; the later period is the postwar unrest and early Showa reigns) deal in some detail with in the 1950's and 1960's, in which democratic repressive reaction by university and other governslogans and ideals again figured as the basis for mental authorities. Analyses of the postwar radical protest. In both periods, reform of univer- student movement are concerned, in part, with sities or other causes centered in student life disentangling the complex factions, and their formed part of the stimulus to student activism; fissions and fusions, within the All-Japan Federabut this aspect tended to be mixed with and then tion of Student Associations (Zengakuren). 20.074. "Gakusei und6o I ^ ':_ (Student movements)." Gendai no riron / I\ 9 ~ (Contemporary thought), vol.2, no.5, 1965, pp.2-49. A symposium on postwar student movements, and two papers on their role in university reform (Egawa Hiroshi, Fukuda Masami). 20.075. "Gakusei undo ~F/2^t (The student movement)." Shiso no kagaku, 9; 9 4 t(The science of thought), n.s., no.26 (whole no.62), special issue, May, 1964. Recollections by participants in the student movement in the Taisho period, the early Showa period, during the war, and in the postwar period. Includes a bibliographical commentary. 20.076. Gakusei Undo Kenkyukai B ~ X ~ f (Student Movement Research Society), Gendai no gakusei undo. 9ty 0 (The contemporary student movement). Tokyo, Shinko Shuppansha, 1961, 333pp. Written by core members of the student movement between 1956-1961, this work is in three parts: (1) theory behind the student movement, (2) history of the student movement,and (3) observation on the unification of and various problems confronting the contemporary student movement. It is especially detailed in describing the period between the reconstructi6n of the movement in 1956 and the Japan-U.S. Security Pact "struggles" of 1959-1960. 20.077. Gendai Shichosha Henshubu 04>; fl, FF(Gendai Shichosha Editorial Department) (ed.), Sokosha to seishun: Zengakuren gakusei no shuki C T A ~ + w (Armored cars and youth: notes of Zengakuren students). Tokyo, Gendai Shichosha, 1960, 220pp. A collection of poems and notes written by student movement members, especially of those who participated in the Japan-U.S. Security Pact "struggle" of May and June 1960.

Page  213 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 213 20.078. Inaoka Susumu i4 W i - and Itoya Hisao X 1, Nihon no gakusei undo 4 A 0 '9, 1(Japan's student movement). Tokyo, Aoki Shoten, 1961, 269pp. A history of the student movement between the First and Second World Wars written by participants with the intent of recording detailed accounts of their own experiences. 20.079. Kikukawa Takao j )^ A' ), Gakusei shakai undoshi _ /.^ _ _t(A history of student social movements). Tokyo, Umiguchi Shoten, 1947, 475 + 9pp. Deals with an important part of Japanese social movements in the early 1920's. Students were active in the Taisho Democratization movement but their groups were suppressed and forced to disband or were outlawed by the militarists. The author utilizes many sources and offers a clear presentation. A detailed chronological chart covering the years 1918 to 1931 is appended. 20.080. "Konnichi no gakusei undo m - 9 _t #I j4 (Today's student movement)." Shiso no kagaku AE )JS. <r)j )'A (Science of thought), n.s., no.28 (whole no.64), special issue, July, 1964. Follows the first special number on the student movement (May, 1964). Includes a discussion by Hidaka Rokuro and Ozawa Shinichiro on the place of the student movement in the history of Japanese thought, other articles and items, and a chronological chart of the history of the movement from the early Meiji period. 20.081. Takakuwa Suehide f j t, Nihon gakusei shakai undoshi J 7/- J J J f X- _4Lt History of Japanese student social movements. Tokyo, Aoki Shoten, 1955, 314pp. Identifies the first Japanese student movements in the democratic movements of the early Meiji era and traces their history to 1954. This, the revision of a work published under the same title in 1953, gives detailed attention to the movement in Kyoto. Includes a bibliography and a chronological table of student social movements. 20.082. Todai Gakusei Undo Kenkyukai,j )t ) X 3'I j_ J (Tokyo University Student Movement Research Association), Nihon no gakusei undo: sono riron to rekishi ' <At 9 B f 9 4 u TX (The Japanese student movement: its ideology and history). Tokyo, Shinko Shuppansha, 1956, 340pp. At the time of the student movement's "reconstruction period" in 1956, this was written to continue the theoretical legacy of the movement as of about 1950. Part I contains the theory; part II a postwar history. 20.083. Yamanaka Akira tL4, Sengo gakusei undoshi k ' a - 4V 'j~ (History of postwar student movements). Tokyo, Aoki Shoten, 196i, 284pp. A history of postwar student movements in Japan written from the standpoint of a Marxist minority group. Most student movement histories focus on the large national universities; this one is by a graduate of Chuo, a private school which has not been in the forefront of the Tokyo student movement.

Social Policy and Social Welfare

pp. 214-216

Page  214 CHAPTER XXI SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL WELFARE Social policy is closely linked with govern- agencies for welfare and, also, of non-governmental capacity. In the early modern period, mental organization for social work. However, Japan's government had few resources. Its policy the preponderance of sociological research on then was to strengthen and maintain the household welfare policies and mechanisms through the several (ie) as the fundamental mechanism to provide per- periods of modernization deals with the traditional sonal security against misfortune, disaster, or the and informal local institutions: rural households expectable problems of old age, unemployment, and hamlets (buraku), various sorts of neighboretc. The burden of social welfare, thus, was hood associations in cities -- all of which still borne by the populace without direct government bear a considerable burden of care for the large intervention. Subsequently, mainly after World numbers of people who are not reached through War II, an array of official agencies for social governmental agencies or whose needs outstrip the welfare has developed. The works assembled here capacity of these public agencies. provide an overview of administrative policies and 21.001. Ariga Kizaemon X y $XA, "Ie seido to shakai fukushi ' k'j J 7-/ r3t — (The ie system and social welfare)." Shakai jigyo 4rty> F (Social work), vol.38, no.9, October, 1955, pp. 3-10. Points out the function of the ie and associations of ie in demanding subordination and service from members while at the same time giving them security, and proposes that this has been a kind of social welfare system in default of public welfare efforts in Japan's past. Outlines the history of the ie in modern times and touches on changes since World War II. 21.002. "Hokenjo Ij it~ [ (Eng. title: Health center)." Toshi mondai )t 1 4 (Urban problems), vol.54, no.11, special issue, November, 1963, pp.3-40. Five articles on health centers: their functions (Katsunuma Haruo); relations with local government and local residents (Kozaki Nobuo); health centers of the future (Owatari Sunji); and two treatments of health centers and local residents (by Koguchi Yasuaki and Kubo Masao, respectively). 21.003. Kawakami Takeshi )\ J__ f-j, Nihon no isha: gendai iryo kozo no bunseki V: 0) tf,' V jet g HsLo)t4-8 (Doctors of Japan: the structure of modern medicine)." Tokyo, Keis5 Shobo, 1961, 11 + 365 + llpp. The author, a practicing physician of internal medicine who doubles as a historian of medicine, here comprehensively surveys the physicians, medical care facilities, and medical training facilities of presentday Japan. A rare study of medicine in relation to Japanese society. Appendices include a chronology of medical insurance and a reference bibliography. 21.004. Kazahaya Yasoji )~ ~ J-t -, Nihon shakai seisakushi J frA J/ AtK(A history of social policy in Japan). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1949, 510pp. Discusses, from the Marxist point of view, influences on the living conditions of the working class exerted by policies accompanying the development of capitalism between 1868 and World War I. 21.005. Kenko Hoken Kumiai Rengokai, -4, [ / ^ ~i/s(National Federation of Health Insurance Societies) (ed.), Shakai hosho nenkan, Erh (Yearbook of social security). Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1950 —, annual. A specialized yearbook in the field of social work. Successor to the pre-war Shakai jigyo nenkan (Yearbook of social work), in its content. The 1966 yearbook covers July, 1964 to June, 1965, and has sections on the social security system, social insurance, public assistance and social welfare, world developments, relevant legislation, events, publications, public offices and organizations, and basic statistics. Kuroda Toshio, "Konenka gensho no jinko gakuteki kenkyuU (Demographic investigation on the problems of aging population). See Entry 6.023. 21.006. Kyoto fu Gakumubu Shakaika Vgj ~~, z d S(Kyoto Prefecture Bureau of Education Social Science Section) (ed.), Kyoto fu homen iin seido nijunenshi f X4 ~- 2y 4 _ 12 - 1 $t _ (Twenty year history of local [social welfare] committee system in Kyoto). Kyoto, Kyoto fu Gakumubu Shakaika, 1941, 479pp. History of the twenty years in which Kyoto used the social welfare committee (called kodo iin from 1920 to 1924) system for administrative liaison and social welfare at the neighborhood level. One officer was appointed for each primary school district. Their work and activities are presented in the context of contemporary social conditions. For analysis of school districts as such, see Chiba Masashi 214

Page  215 SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL WELFARE 215 Gakku seido no kenkyu it 'lb ~J, ~ ) (Study of the school district system), Tokyo, Keiso Shobo, 1962. 21.007. Nihon Shakai Jigyo Daigaku Kyuhin Seido Kenkyukai 'Jf/. } T '~,J J 9, (Japan Social Work University, Institute for Relief of the Poor) (ed.), Nihon no kyuhin seido V A ) kl* *tJ X (Poor relief system in Japan). Tokyo, Keiso Shobo, 1960, 8 + 398pp. This is the result of joint research by the faculty members of Nihon Shakai Jigyo Daigaku which was initiated in 1955. Members of the research group are scholars of law, sociology, history, and social welfare, and each member shared the part of the period from Meiji to the present. It is composed of eight articles and is a rare work that gives overview of poor relief system in modern Japan. Also appendix includes numerous statistical charts. 21.008. Ogawa Masaaki 4\\ I] jo A,o "Jukkyu kisoku no seiritsu: Meiji zettai shugi kyuhinho no seiritsu katei JL 4 Cj 14 ) he i f t e ^-. i b aS (Development of legislation for relief of the poor: the Poor Law established under Meiji absolutism)." in Fukushima Masao. jf~t (ed.), Koseki seido to ie seido fP * ''Il, X #'J $L (The registry system and household system). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959, pp.259-319. The author traces and analyzes the establishment and execution of a system for poor relief in the Meiji period, with emphasis on the Charity Regulation of 1874-1929. 21.009. Oikawa Shin, 7)'J 21t, "Tohoku sanson ni okeru shinzoku fuyo no jittai: Miyagi ken Katta gun Shichigajuku son Yokokawa buraku no baai jI C U- Z J4 1; vY<F f J j t 5 r E e Ad At 74 i]:)JJ h V X1 4 (Eng. title: Field study of maintenance between relations in mountain villages in T5hoku district: research report on Yokokawa village, Miyagi prefecture)." HSKG, no.10, 1957, pp.175-197. Based on a field study, analyzes village structure and conditions of dependents. Concludes that attitudes are shifting from a sense of being dependent on the household on the basis of local and genealogical ties to a sense of being dependent on the national state. Okochi Kazuo, Sengo shakai no jittai bunseki (A field analysis of postwar Japanese society). See Entry 15.010. 21.010. Saito Masao, "Toshi no rojin mondai: kazoku to rojin no mondai o chushin to shite XM i fj) A) t} g1 X 4 '^g; <,^S A -A - L (The problem of the urban aged: with special emphasis on problems of the family and the aged) [Eng. title: Older people in urban community]." Toshi mondai A 1 #1 (Urban problems), vol.L9, no.3, 1958, pp.6L-71. Based on the 1950 census and the author's survey of a sample of 138 individuals over sixty in Shinagawa ku, Tokyo, in 1955. Describes percentage of city residents over sixty, their occupations, standard of living, and place in the family economy. 21.011. Sato Masao M J ff and Sato Mamoru Tj i f f -o, "Tohoku noson mibojin kazoku no jittai: Miyagi ken Kuribara gun Monji mura no baai 4, 14 j 1t t( i J 9 it,r- );t < J A% T4t9t' i f (Conditions in widows' households in rural T5hoku: Monji, Miyagi prefecture)." Shakaigaku kenkyu,^ t S' 9i (Studies in sociology), no.7, 1953, pp. l-55. Study of the role of the widow when the integrated power of the ie head in the traditional ie is lost or weakened through death. Fifteen widows' households were studied in one village. Loss of labor is the principal economic problem. Where the dozoku is weak, protection is offered through genealogical relatives or in-laws. 21.012. Seki Kiyohide I e 1j, "Kazoku hokai to hinkon no ruikei: seikatsu suijun sokutei ni kansuru shakaigakuteki kenkyu t eK j i A Z N t igj 7 <f (Family disorganization and typology of poverty: a sociological study measuring standard of living)." SKGHR, no.20, April, 1955, pp.10-32. A successful attempt to classify broken homes in order to work out a typology of poverty, which is taken to be closely related to family disorganization; applies the resulting typology to-poverty-stricken households in Obihiro shi, Hokkaido, reveals distribution by each type, and considers how to cope with poverty. Shakai Jigyo Kenkyusho (ed.), Nihon shakai jigyo dainempyo (Chronology of Japanese social work). See Entry 8.049. Shakai jigyo nenkan (Yearbook of social work). Chuo Shakai Jigyo Kyokai (ed.). See Entry 2.007. Ueda Kozo, "Wagakuni ronen jinko no shugyo kozo ni okeru shotokucho" (Features in employment structure of the aged in Japan). See Entry 6.068. 21.013. Yamamoto Kikue ~ 43 -,, "Wagakuni sat6'oya seido no seikaku 4 /7' "1 '3J 0 3-~' (Eng. title: Characteristics of foster family care system in Japan)." Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Kaseigakubu Shakai Fukushigaku Kenkyukai j\ X i JP.? f * f j ~ f "4 tj A A G (Osaka Municipal

Page  216 216 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY University Home Economics Faculty Association for Studies in Social Welfare) (ed.), Shakai fukushi ronshu T/yf, Sir jt- Aft %f (Monograph series on social welfare), no.4, 1956, pp.32-52. Analyzes 1950 national statistical materials to obtain data on the numbers of foster parents and foster children, their respective age-ranges, the foster parent's residences and occupations, etc. 21.014. Zenkoku Shakai Fukushi Kyogikai Xp ^;:L jf* (National Council of Social Welfare) (ed.), Nihon shakai fukushi nenkan: Showa 35 nendo han -,D - S 35 ~ A (Japan yearbook of social welfare: 1960 edition). Tokyo, Zenkoku Shakai Fukushi Kyogikai, 350pp. A continuation of the Japan Social Work Yearbook first published in 1947, with a new format patterned after the American Social Work Yearbook.

Religion and Folklore

pp. 217-229

Page  217 CHAPTER XXII RELIGION AND FOLKLORE For the purposes of this Guide, only portions of the abundant literature on religion and folklore are pertinent, and we offer only a selective sample from these portions. We offer none of the long list of purely descriptive reports on the countless ceremonies, festivals, and beliefs that characterize different localities in Japan. Instead, we have sought works that explicitly relate religious functions and concepts to the social whole. Sociologists, social anthropologists, and folklorists in Japan have long been acutely aware of the social functions of religion, pointing out that each village's set of "annual functions (nenju gyoji)" furnishes symbolic identity for the local community, establishes its membership and boundaries, and regulates the direction and pace of community activity. Most such functions are associated with Shinto shrines and ceremonies. In like fashion, ceremonies and parish organizations associated with Buddhist temples integrate and regulate households and lineages and reinforce their continuity from one generation to the next. Works that describe and analyze these vital relationships between religion and the social system are presented in this chapter. A. GENERAL Traditional Japanese religions, at least at the level of popular practice, rest on premises quite unlike the Christian premise of personal, individual commitment and conscience as the keystone of religion. Users of this Guide will find perceptive discussion of these premises, as well as of their relation to kin networks, work groups, and other social institutions by Yanagida Kunio, founder and leader of folklore in Japan (Items 22.025 - 22.027). Historically oriented works listed here treat the problem of how the traditions of Shinto and of Buddhism have merged or, on the contrary, resisted syncretism over the centuries; although much literature treats this problem in terms of doctrine and belief as expounded by religious philosophers and leaders, our selection favors studies that examine, instead, the way religious concepts are expressed in social behavior and organizations. A majority of the studies listed here treat the social patterns of laymen (e.g., analyzing tendencies toward endogamy among parishioners of a given Buddhist sect), but some study social patterns within the priesthood (e.g., inheritance and adoption patterns of priests of the Shin and Honganji sects). We include works on minority religious groups, ranging from studies in localities where such groups are segretaged by virtue of being subject to possession by fox spirits or other demon spirits through studies of Hidden Christians (Kakure Kirishitan) whose segregated ways date from the sixteenth century, to studies of adherents of the so-called New Religions. Morioka Kiyomi, in particular, has contributed research on another sort of minority, studying social problems associated with the adoption of Christianity in certain rural areas in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Ando Keiichiro, "Dozoku ketsugo no bunkai to yashikigami saishi: Sanshu iagura no baai" (On the extinction of dozoku union and yashikigami rite: the case of Nagura in Mikawa [Aichi prefecture]). See Entry 11.016. Ariga Kizaemon, "Nihon ni okeru senzo no kannen: ie no keifu to ie no honmatsu no keifu to" (The concept of ancestors in Japan: genealogy of the ie and genealogy of honke and bunke). See Entry 11.023. Ariga Kizaemon, et al., "Sonraku ni okeru ujigami saishi soshiki to seiji, keizai kozo to no kanren: Nagano ken Suwa shi Konan Minami Majino: chukan hokoku" (Local shrine organization and political economic structure of Minami Majino, Suwa shi, Nagano prefecture -- an interim report). See Entry 12.008. Fukuba Hoshu, "Shukyo to hanzai to no kankei ni tsuite" (On the relation between religion and crime). See Entry 26.001. 22.001. Harada Toshiaki ) W A f, "Buraku saishi ni okeru shamanizumu no keiko 1 p $ / I\- f 1i X -- zs '9rJlfX1I (Shamanistic tendencies in Japanese village rites)." MZGKK, vol.14, no.l, September, 1949, pp.7-13. A- survey of shamanistic elements in festivals centering at a local shrine. Alleges that shamanistic tendencies become intensified with the inroad of market economy and the progress of urbanization. This article appeared in a special issue of this journal, on shamanism. Harada Toshiaki, Nihon kodai shukyo (The ancient religion of Japan). See Entry 7.004. 22.002. Hayakawa Kotaro $ )']3 t f, Hanamatsuri T. A (Flower festival). Tokyo, Oka Shoin, 1930, 719pp. 217

Page  218 218 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY A study of the Flower Festival celebrated in Kitashira gun, Aichi prefecture, and neighboring districts along the Tenryu river, an area cut off from the plains areas and retaining much of the old culture. Based on the author's minute observation and voluminous data; clarifies the forms of the Flower Festival, its social function and meaning, and the relationship between the festival and its dances and the way of life of the people. 22.003. Hori Ichiro }f, Nihon shukyo no shakaiteki yakuwari: Nihon shukyoshi kenkyu I ^t U) ^[fi ~t X ] ~ 1 3~ [ p t I~j (The social role of Japanese religion: research Ln the history of Japanese religion I). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1962, 326pp. This volume, the first of two, assembles the author's recent papers on religious history, grouped under: the religious life of the Japanese, the Japanese concept of soul, and Japanese religious manners and customs. 22.004. Hori Ichiro ' -, Shukyo shuzoku no seikatsu kesei: Nihon shukyoshi kenkyu II, <r), y_4 $, X17 ] d-g4-' p j$fy. (Life control by religion and custom: studies in Japanet religious history II). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1963, 362pp. Ten of the author's essays (nine reprinted) on religious history constitute this sequel to his Nihon shukyo no shakaiteki yakuwari: Nihon shuky kenkyu I (The social function of Japanese religion: studies in Japanese religious history I), listed above. He analyzes Japanese literary classics and the literature of syncretist Shinto-Buddhism, and discusses the training of monks. The last essay derives from fieldwork (1954) on migrant adherents of the Shin sect into the S5ma domain in present-day Fukushima prefecture. 22.005. Hori Ichiro; - ~, "Sonraku ni okeru shukyoteki kincho 4t 4 1- t 4 ~ ~ ~ jA p S (Religious tension in village society)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai J o K~ f,;4-; (Japan Humanistic and Social Sciences Society) (ed.), Shakaiteki kincho no kenky~u r/z b. y %i,(Studies of social tension). Tokyo, YThikaku, 1953, pp.195-208. y A useful survey of social tension of religious origin, and an interesting case study of tension centering on fox possession in Shimane prefecture. A distribution map shows types of possession all over Japan. 22.00. Ishizuka Takatoshi j~ ~, Nihon no tsukimono: zokushin wa ima mo ikite iru <,.: t 4 i0 ' I-,H |^ Ad k(Demon possession in Japan: folk beliefs live on). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1959, 297pp. + photographs. Analyzes material on "demon possession" using social survey methods. Considers their significance from the viewpoints of psychotherapy, experimental psychology, animal ecology, folklore, and socioeconomic history. Plots distribution of cases of possession by districts on number of households, and correlates with data on the number of households and marriages involved, examining also the marriage areas and the periodicity of incidents. 22.007. Kishimoto Hideo % y41.J (ed.), Meiji bunkashi 6: shukyo hen ^Ak Gj ( Cultural history of the Meiji period vol.6: religion), in series edited by Zaidan H5jin Kaikoku Hyakunen Kinen Bunka Jigyokai /i I 'LfW V po X 15 Wi (Centenary Cultural Council). Tokyo, Yoyosha, 1954, 10 + 577pp. Describes changes in religious behavior and organization in the Meiji period, giving examples from Shintoism, Buddhismand Christianity. Deals also with the influence of social conditions upon those religions. This volume, and the series as a whole, is published also in English translation. 22.008. Koguchi Iichi )J' L7 4T -, "Noro to yuta: seifu katei ni tsuite no jakkan no shiryo 7 Lu 'c = I ' y _ 1- J 't O,. f ) f 9 8 (Noro and yuta: some materials on the process by which they become mediums)." Kyugakkai Rengo }T,At v- (Federation of Nine Learned Societies (ed.), 1958 nendo Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: Jinrui kagaku?y.s ' _ Jl ) V K '. / u n etJ (Federation of Nine Learned Societies 1958 annual: anthropological science), no.11. Tokyo, Shinseisha, 1959, pp.120-124. An account of the noro (priestess) and yuta (magician), two types of religious leaders peculiar to the Amami Islands, and the means by which they become possessed. Author's name is also read Oguchi. Kon'no Ensuke, "Shokugyo shudan" (Occupational groups). See Entry 11.097. 22.009, Miyachi Naokazu 4- 3_ }i -, "Jinja to kyodo t ft r 4 - - (Shinto shrine and rural community). Kyodoshi kenkyu koza ~ — A Lf ~ (Series on local history studies), vol.5. Tokyo, Yusankaku, 1932, 128pp. The author, once a central government official concerned with shrine affairs, discusses relationships between shrine and community. His figures on classes, numbers, and distribution of shrines, not easily available elsewhere, make this work valuable. Morioka Kiyomi, "Chusei makki Honganji kyodan ni okeru ikkeshu" (The kinship group [ikkeshu] of the Honganji temple [Shinshu sect] at the end of the medieval period). See Entry 11.044. 22.010. Morioka Kiyomi ~t *P AJ, 'Machino machi Kawanishi ni okeru Shinshu monto no kyodan naikon

Page  219 RELIGION AND FOLKLORE 219 wTff v-$ v) j It Ij', I A _-;T I t )4 J- (Sect endogamy of Shinshu adherents in Kawanishi, Machino town)." Kyugakkai Rengo AL Gf 1 j- (Federation of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Jinrui kagaku VI AJ *A +; T Y (Anthropological science VI). Tokyo, Nakayama Shoten, 1954, pp.219-232. The author sees the sect endogamy in this village in Ishikawa prefecture as a condition brought about by such factors as sect doctrine, the organization of adherents into groups called ko, and the social stratification of adherents. 22.011. Morioka Kiyomi > ) \1 it, "Nihon noson ni okeru Kirisutokyo no juyo' - 1J -S: 4 J,- e6) 1^^?i (Acceptance of Christianity in a rural community in Japan)." MZGKK, vol.17, no.2, March, 1953, pp.l-14. A pioneering study of acculturation, utilizing the culture contact of a traditional rural community with newly introduced Protestantism, in the 1870's and after. Based on field study of a rural Christian church and its local community in Gumma prefecture (1950-1952), it examines the introduction of Christianity into this community; the phases of accommodation by converts and nonconverts: impact, resistance, gradual acceptance, and disillusion; and adjustments made in practice of the religion itself. Morioka Kiyomi, "Shinshu kyodan ni okeru tera rengo no shoruikei" (Types of temple federations in the Shinshu sect). See Entry 11.046. 22.012. Morioka Kiyomi ~ T f, Shinshu kyodan to ie seido., C2l1i L l t (The Shin sect and the ie system). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1962, 662 + 29pp. The Shin sect was the only Buddhist sect to officially allow marriage of the chief priest, as well as hereditary succession to that post, before the Meiji period. The author studies here the pyramid of hereditary relations consisting of master-disciple ties between the chief priests of the main temple and the secondary temples, and of similar ties between the latter and priests of the lower level temples. He has utilized materials from both the Higashi and Nishi Honganji halves of the sect as well as his own local fieldwork. 22.013. Nakayama Taro Y2 J ). F, Nihon fujoshi $ 3; ~ (History of female spirit-mediums in Japan). Tokyo, Okayama Shoten, 1930, 40o + 743pp. Describes the decline in status of the medium, usually female, who was the central figure of primitive Shintoism. Shows the functions and daily life of the medium in each historical period. This study is one of the most detailed, and perhaps the best, done by this non-conformist author. Naito Kanji, "Shukyo to keizai rinri: Jodo shinshu to Omi shonin" (Religion and economic ethics: the Hodopshin sect and the Omi merchants). See Entry 25.013. 22.014. Oguchi Iichi )d\ i /l -, "Nihon shukyo no hokensei ~ A,x " ) ' 4L4 (The feudal character of Japanese religion)." Shakaigaku kenkyu It, + A (Studies in sociology), vol.1, part 2, 1947, pp.97-103. An examination of the "feudalistic" character of Japanese religion, analyzing both private household religion and public organized religion, the latter as developed from the religion of government leaders and the bureaucracy. See also Item 22.008 by same author. Omachi Tokuzo, et al. (ed.), Amami Okinawa no minzoku: hikaku minzokugakuteki shomondai (Amami and Okinawa folklore: problems in comparative ethnology). See Entry 4.030. 22.015. Sakurai Tokutaro 4f t ),iT, "Koyu shinko to Shinshu shinko to no sesshoku: shuzoku yori mita Machinotani no tokusei -Ma { t41 1 f 's - d ) I GF') A t 4 f a < (The contact between traditional religion and the Shin sect: traditional characteristics of Machinotani). in Kyugakkai Rengo,< z 3 (Council of Nine Learned Societies) (ed.), Jinrui kagaku J * At (Anthropological sciences), no.6. Tokyo, Nakayama Shoten, 1954, pp.195-219. How the dogma and litergy of the Shin sect adjusted during propagation of Shin in areas of strong local belief systems; takes Yanagida village and its administrative town, Machino, in Ishikawa prefecture, as an example, and spends most space in an account of the local traditional beliefs. Shibusawa Keizo, "Shio" (Salt). See Entry 9.033. 22.016. Suzuki Soken yt s B it, "Kyodan ni okeru daigisei no jittai: kyodan soshiki to taishu no kadai I-1- 1 5,;JhA\ +'/O pi t k ~ ~. 0t ~j]~. K' tA j~ 9 ~M- (The system of representation in a religious sect: sect organization and the public)." Shiso )< -. (Thought), no.430, 1960, pp.69-79. The writer, a priest of a small temple of the Hompa-Honganji sect, considers his sect to have an unparalleled absolutist structure. He analyzes the sect's representatives, the channel by which it is related to the public. 22.017. Suzuki Soken t At "Kyodan ni okeru eriito no dotai: rekishi no naka no Honganji sono ichi hokensei Honganji kyodan I I 1 * f - [ I X jt j - tf vi' o -' i > 9 - ^_AfL 'J^/yX W^ (Elite mobility in a religious body: the Honganji sect in history, I, feudal Honganji) [Eng. title: The problem of the charisma in the ecclesiastical system: a report of the

Page  220 220 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY leadership in Honganji temple]." Soshioroji >, 1_T7 L /" (Sociology), vol.7, no.3, 1960, pp.83-109. An attempt to analyze the elite in the structure of the Jodo Shinshu Honganji sect. Deals with the working of modernization and social change on the standards of religious authority in choosing leadership and on the status of the sect leadership. 22.018. Tagita Koya ]~ St b, "Nihon no ichi noson ni okeru kirisutokyo no henyo 4 ) _ ~ I AC U ' ]/ - h / \- A) % L )~ (Transformation of Christianity in a rural community in Japan)." MZGKK, vol.18, no.3, June, 1954, pp.1-32. A descriptive study of Hidden Christians in Ikitsuki Island, from the viewpoint of acculturation. A detailed examination of annual ceremonies of the Hidden Christians forms the main part of the article, though due attention is paid to socio-religious organization as well. Presents very interesting materials but has little theoretical orientation. 22.019. Takagi Hiroo t ^^ J, Nihon no shink5 shukyo: taishu shiso undo no rekishi to ronri A| s,~ 0e $ 1} ^X A^ ' \ vX Ae W A fL Ajf (Japan's new religions: the history of and the logic behind mass ideological movements). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1959, 209pp. An analysis of new religions (shinko shukyo) by a religious sociologist who sees them as "mass ideological movements". Gives a brief history of new religions since the mid-nineteenth century and discusses the major post-war movements. 22.020. Takagi Hiroo YA7 X J t_, "Shukyo kyodan no seiritsu katei: Tenrikyo no baai i t 9 A' ji-Jj4 - < Ja Kf 6 ) pyX M( T(Formation of a religious body: the case of the Tenri sect)." Tokyo Daigaku Toyo Bunka Kenkyusho kiyo /7T \ f k; A to EL t h t (Tokyo University, Oriental Institute bulletin), no.6, November, 1954, pp.265-338. An analytical study of the founder, teachings, and followers of the Tenri sect revealing the conditions which facilitated its establishment in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Concludes that many of the lower classes, increasingly frustrated when their familiar collectivities tend to disintegrate, are readily magnetized by such a new religion. 22.021. Takenaka Shinjo /h1 V 4 ~, "Minkan bukkyo 1A ftA ( (Folk Buddhism)." in Kyodo kenkyu koza, vol.6: Bunka [ _ / X t_,j(Collected local studies, Culture). Tokyo, Kadokawa Shoten, 1958, pp.311-327. A useful survey of the dissemination of Buddhism among hoi polloi; also lists annual ceremonies and folk beliefs of Buddhist origin or influence. 22.022. Toda Teizo "f 3 3, Katorikku kyoto to kazoku seikatsu 11 F ') - 7, E m -t A \ W (Catholics and family life)." in Toda Teizo, 9 A _ Kazoku to kon'in r 7'^4Q (Family and marriage). Tokyo, Chubunkan Shoten, 1934, pp.75-84. Even among Catholics, to whom divorce is prohibited, the divorce rate. varies by countries and communities. This study demonstrates that local customs affect religious group controls. 22.023. Togawa Ansho, J| X ", "Haguro yamabushi no shudan soshiki 2 iLA j z AJ 5 \ 1 ~ I1 S (Group organization of wandering monks at Mt. Haguro)." in Origuchi Shinobu 4f *j A ~) (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku no tame ni _ Tf t )t ~ )^ 1 V (In behalf of Japanese folklore studies), vol.8. Tokyo Minkan Densho no Kai, 1948, pp.87-108. Describes the group structure of the wandering monks at Mt. Haguro, Yamagata prefecture. 22.024. Toya Toshiyuki ) X /K Z_, Kirishitan nSmin no keizai seikatsu pj jA N 6 A 0; ~ (Economic life of Catholic farmers). Tokyo, Ito Shoten, 1943, 4 + 256pp. Gives evidence for the proposition that Christianity enforces a distinctive pattern of economic life; consists of a description of the economic life of old-Catholic (Kirishitan )farmers in Yamazato buraku, Urakami mura, Sonoki gun, Nagasaki prefecture. Uno Enku, "Nihon genshi shukyo" (The primitive religion of Japan). See Entry 7.018. 22.025. Yanagida Kunio B ~ 1| $, "Senzo no hanashi CWp 5 A (Stories of the ancestors)." in Yanagida Kunio zenshu OAF d gWif (Complete works of Yanagida Kunio), vol.10. Tokyo, Chikuma Shobo, 1962, pp.1-152. Concrete analysis of the Japanese concept of ancestors, life and death, and religion using religious customs, legends, and superstitions. For further development of this analysis, see Ariga Kizaemon, Nihon ni okeru senzo no kannen (The concept of ancestors in Japan) (1959), listed in this bibliography under "Kin and Non-kin Groups." 22.026. Yanagida Kunio f ]I lS ', Shinto to minzokugaku 4 X f / ~7 (Shinto and folklore). Tokyo, Meiseido, 1943, 146pp. A compendious descriptive miscellany of shrine services and shrine beliefs from the standpoint of folklore.

Page  221 RELIGION AND FOLKLORE 221 22.027. Yanagida Kunio IN if 11 ~, Mori Hideto t / -, Shimane Kiyoshi Ita L L, and Tsurumi Shunsuke ~ A ~ w, Shakubuku: Soka Gakkai no shiso to kodo _fT /) Lf < -3 < A/- d 9s ~ -i-fiq~t (Shakubuku: theory and practice in the Soka Gakkai). Tokyo, Sampo, 1963, 270pp. Comprises an essay by each author. Yanagida offers a report in conversational form which catches the point of view and actual life of Soka Gakkai members. Mori's critique sees the Soka Gakkai as a type of criticism of modern rationality. Shimane uses the sect's newspaper for materials to analyze Soka Gakkai management and leadership and to present a critique of the sect's central concept of religious benefit. Tsurumi explores antecedents of the Soka Gakkai in the history of Japanese thought. B. COMMUNITY-CENTERED ORGANIZATION Although basic patterns of religious expression In a great many long established, traditional are common throughout Japan, endless variation in villages an assembly or council formed to manage detail overlies these patterns. The works in this shrine affairs (ujiko, miyaza, etc.) was either section, dealing chiefly with behavior and organiza- the predominant or the only public body to deal tion, explain much of this variation through analy- with social, political, and economic problems of the sis of the social organization that supports it. community; households lacking membership might have Thus, annual festivities analyzed as the ritual no acknowledged right to a voice in public affairs expression of household and community organization up until recent times. Our list includes numerous (e.g., by Nakano Takashi, Items 22.040 - 22.043) works on these organizations. are shown to be adapted to the particular circumstances of the local situation. Another way of In this section as well as in the previous approaching the same matter is the study of how section we list certain studies of Hidden Chrispeople coming from different localities to a tians (Kakure Kirishitan). newly founded community work out common ceremonial patterns. 22.028. Abe Masataro J: "J, 'Sosen suhai to sono shakaiteki kitei y x t V 4U,1s /6 t X (Ancestor worship and its social foundation)." Nempo shakaigaku kenkyu t-. DID ' A (Sociological studies annual), vol.1, 1944, pp.l34-161. The author regards ancestor worship as a religious custom closely related with an agrarian (especially irrigated-field farming) society which is based on closed, sedentary, blood-relationship patterns of life. 22.029. Furuno Kiyoto )r A j, "Kirishitan kazoku ni okeru gireitekishinzoku kankei: padrinazgo no hikaku kenkyu ) 9 j z is 7, ', \,,,' ':" Li-Z3o )~tU-J Xj (Ritual kinship in Kirishitan families: a comparative study with padrinazgo)." MZGKK, vol.21, no.4, December, 1957, pp. 79-88. English summary appended. An excellent comparative study of ritual kinship (relationship between godparent and godchild) of Japanese Kirishitan with that of Indian Catholics in the New World. Both groups were influenced by Catholic missions three or four centuries ago. The ritual kinship of the former is limited to the two persons concerned and is not as extended as compadrazgo (co-godparentship) of the latter group. 22.030. Goda Hirobumi S k[ I,~ "5NenJugyoji no shakaisei to chiikisei ~- ~? 4- ~ PA A ~ A+'3 4 (Social and local character of annual celebrations)." Nihon minzokugaku taikei 1 JA N\ 4 )' 4ls t (Outline of Japanese folklore), vol.7: Seikatsu to minzoku t ~ ~ (Life and folklore), vol.2. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, pp.167-238. A comparative study of annual festivals to show how they define specific social groups and localities. This report examines the content and characters of every festive occasion through the year, showing its functions and the organization for each function. 22.031. Hagiwara Tatsuo r X, "Ie no matsuri to mura no matsuri ^ 6 t e (The household festival and village festival)." in Minzokugaku Kenkyusho j /w f % ji (ed.), Minzokugaku kenkyu f4 A atyf 9t (Folklore study), no.2, Tokyo, Minzokugaku Kenkyusho, 1951, pp.35-62. A historical and folkloristic study of the household and hamlet society with special reference to their religious expression. Household festivals are represented by the Buddhist altar and the domestic Shinto shrine, and by ceremonies for the fireplace, for Ebisu and Daikoku (gods of wealth), and for house-site guardian deities. Presents a useful summary of previous achievements in this field. Hidemura Senzo, "Tokugawaki ni okeru noka no nenju gyoji kiroku: Chikuzen Sujaku ke to Chikugo Kawakita ke" (Record of annual events among farm households in the Tokugawa period: the Sujaku house in Chikuzen and the Kawakita house in Chikugo). See Entry 11.030. 22.032. Higo Kazuo 1 t V %, Miyaza no kenkyCu a ~ t CA study of miyaza [shrine members' organization]). Tokyo, Kobundo Shob5, 1941, 5 + 583pp.

Page  222 222 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY A study of shrines in their social functions. The author analyzes the "old-timers'" organizations for shrine upkeep (the approximate social counterpart of the Buddhist ko groups) in order to understand the relation between shrine and village. He studies the miyaza organization in the Kinki district as the most typical form of such groups. This historical description and field study of shrine organization is a pathfinding work on this subject. 22.033. Higo Kazuo t Y:, "Ujiko soshiki ff V A (Believers' organizations [of the Shinto shrine]." MZGKK, n.s., vol.3, no.2 (whole no.11), 1946, pp.23-40. A description of the miyaza, or believers' organizations of a Shinto shrine, and the system of grouping by age within it. 22.034. Iwasaki Toshio 4 At A, "Uji to ujigami As L \ ft (The clan [uji] and the guardian divinity [of a community])." in Origuchi Shinobu J S 4H K (ed. ), Nibon minzokugaku no tame ni g ft, A4 < Tz ) \c (In behalf of Japanese folklore), vol.4. Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1947, pp.37-94. Discusses the relation of the guardian divinity of the community to the family divinity, the guardian deity of a locality, and the guardian divinity of a common-kin group (dozoku). 22.035. Kurosaki Yasujiro 3 >~t}'7l'lJl, "Oyago to endago: tokuni Suwa Taisha no onto hoshi o chushin ni I 4<g ~,~;8 be j^ jf ar h f -th j ~t) (A stem hamlet and its branch hamlets: relationships viewed through the service pattern of the Suwa Grand Shrine)." SKGHR, vol.9, no.2 (whole no.34), December, 1958, pp.85-96. A descriptive historico-sociological study of the relationships of a parent or stem hamlet and its branch hamlets in the southern part of Nagano prefecture, in the Edo Period, through the pattern of participation in ceremony. A shrine-priest from each community participates in the Priests' (Onto) Ceremony of the Suwa Grand Shrine, but rotation of the chief priest role and other points are affected by the size and power of the communities they represent. Accordingly, the ceremony reflects essential political and economic relationships among the hamlets. Maeda Takashi, "Nihon sonraku ni okeru sosen suhai to sozoku no jittai" (Influence of ancestor veneration on inheritance in the Japanese village community: some case studies). See Entry 10.145. 22.036. Matsudaira Narimitsu /1F 7 a, Matsuri A (Festival). Tokyo, Nikko Shoin, 1943, 28 + 416pp. A functional study describing village organization for the preparation of festivals, stressing the central role of festivals in determining economic and social organization; data are drawn from various areas and are somewhat romanticized. 22.037. Miyake Jun, et al., "Manomachi Yokkamachi ku no shukyo seikatsu i 01 T 9 op my -^ Ad (The religious life of Yokkamachi ward in Manomachi)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Sado Chosa Iinkai X) Hot iX ft~ yt ~J ~ A^ (Federation of Nine Learned Societies Committee for the Investigation of Sado) (ed.), Sado: shizen, bunka, shakai A^I i_ Af. t 1f-/ (Sado: nature, culture, society). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1964, pp.262-297. An intensive study of religious organization and practice in part of a town on Sado Island in which 94 of 110 households belong to one Buddhist sect. 23.038. Morioka Kiyomi A m i, "Hokkaido Shinozu heison no tenkai to sonraku kozo: saishi soshiki o chujiku to shite - A jL A A L t l T4 (The development and structure of Shinozu, an army village in Hokkaido, as shown in the festival organization)." Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku Bungakubu kiyo XIV: Shakai kagaku ronshu,fJ\kU ) i At )JLV 41t g4;H' >lFt( Memoirs of the Literature Department of Tokyo Education University XIV: Social science papers), no.4, March, 1957, pp.1-97. In the early Meiji period, military farm colonies were established to serve the multiple purposes of national defence, development of isolated areas, and compensation to the warrior class for the loss of their hereditary stipends. This monograph is mainly a study of how the organization of religious activity (i.e., festivals) changed through immigration and the subsequent restructuring of social relations. 22.039. Nakano Takashi, "Ishin zenya no ranshu to ie rengo X or it e e a an i(Ie leagues and ecstatic mobs on the eve of the Restoration)." SKGHR, no.38, March, 1960, pp.114-127. An excellent analysis of the ecstatic mobs associated with the slogan "e ja naika? (Good, ain't it?)" in the closing days of the Tokugawa regime and its sociological implications, particularly with reference to the social structure of commoners. Nakano Takashi, "Ishin zenya no ranshu to ie rengo: Ofuda ori to ee ja nai ka odori" (Ie leagues and public disorder on the eve of the Restoration: the Ofuda ori and the ee ja nai ka dance). See Entry 8.029. 22.040. Nakano Takashi j j, "Meiji shoki ichi choka no Shogatsu gyoji o meguru seikatsu soshiki to sono henka A; - W X 4 6 <g i % A - t t (Organization and changes in organization for New Year's activities in a commercial ie in the early Meiji period)." Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku Bungakubu kiyo: shakai kagaku ronshu Ax Yf ~ 7- - 5C t ) i _ ~ }/ r

Page  223 RELIGION AND FOLKLORE 223 -#,(Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature, Tokyo University of Education: Essays in social science), no.7, 1960, pp.1-42. Analysis of relationships between main house and dozoku and kin in New Year's activities in the early Meiji period, based on materials from the Yamatoya, a Kyoto drug house. It also examines the effects of the retirement of the ie head and of changes in local society resulting from policies of the Meiji government. 22.041. Nakano Takashi 4 X, "Meiji shoki no shoka Shogatsu gyoji o meguru seikatsu soshiki to sono henka X it tit r 9 Xi r) Ad t ~ @ V" '. ~ ~ ~ ".K $f _L~j (Organization and changes in organization for New Year's activities in a commercial ie in the early Meiji period)." in Nakano Takashi V f _, Shoka dozokudan no kenkyu: noren o meguru ie kenkyu j ~ I If V % h '. " 3 -. At^f 1^- (Study of merchant dozoku: study of ie with noren [shop curtains]). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1964, pp.600-641. Ceremonies become occasions for display and reaffirmation of the hierarchical management structure of the ie. Revision of an article in the Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature, Tokyo University of Education: Essays in Social Science, no.7, 1960, pp.l-42. 22.042. Nakano Takashi Z it, "Soso to ie rengo A t t t Ali (Ie federations and attendance at funerals)." in Nakano Takashi Vl f 4, Sh3ka dozokudan no kenkyu: noren o meguru ie kenkyu H N )I V @A ~)-. -I 3-^ | e tf;5. M j (Study of merchant dozoku: study of ie with noren [shop curtains]). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1964, pp.544-562. Based on materials from Yamatoya, Kyoto drug merchants, this study describes activities at the time of attendance at funerals. It examines the roles played by the dozoku, relatives, neighborhood association, and fellow merchants in funeral attendance in late Tokugawa and early Meiji times. 22.043. Nakano Takashi, "Tsukinami g yo ji ni okeru ie to ie rengo. At In /-S t 4 T p J Aft S^ it 1<;A ' v(The ie and ie federations in monthly and annual activities." in Nakano Takashi 4 t, Shoka dozokudan no kenkyu: noren o meguru ie kenkyu ji% mes og a n i goj|. f) if & r (Study of merchant d5zoku: study of ie with noren [shop curtains]). Tokyo, Miraisha, 1964, pp.562-600. A study of opportunities for intercourse between dozoku and kin in monthly and annual festive activities at the end of the Tokugawa and beginning of the Meiji periods, based on materials from the Yamatoya, a drug house in Kyoto. 22.044. Nakayama Taro T A, "Miyaza no kenkyu. A- 9 M f (A study of shrine members' organizations [miyaza])." SKGZ, no.6, 1924, pp.1-32. A report on certain case studies of shrine believers' associations. 22.045. Oikawa Hiroshi ~ )'] |, "Iwayuru 'mairi no hotoke' no zokushin ni tsuite: kyu Sendai-ryo Masuzawa mura kanko chosa hokoku 3 r )) v} ~ "I }}3 14 lA a 1 X w 4i4 4NO ~3 (Mairi-no-)iotoke, a folk belief: a survey of customs in Masuzawa mura, formerly under Sendai administration 3), Minzokugaku nempCo 4 T - * $ (Anthropology annual), vol.3, 1941, pp.141-159. Connects the custom of worship of a special picture, prevalent among the people in Masuzawa mura, Iwate prefecture, to the Shin sect of Buddhism which was propagated there in olden times and has since declined. Omachi Tokuzo, "Kon'in" (Marriage). See Entry 10.116. 22.046. Shimpo Mitsuru f rI, ~, "5mi ni okeru Shinshu kyodan to Kirisuto ky5dan to no taiketsu: Omi Kyodaishu ch5sa hokoku, L 1 ~p' a ~ X W ~ SH W A i Y A '-~ t W -+ 49f. t (Eng. title: Confrontation of the Shin sect of Buddhism and the Christian church in Omi [Shiga prefecture])." Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku gakuho 1i A X ^J T ^ (Bulletin of International Christian University) II-B: Shakai kagaku janaru -tf- e, 2-]L/-(Social science journal), no.3, 1962, pp.203-227, English summary p.,228. Based on research on the C5mi Brotherhood, a Christian laymen's group which seeks to provide its own funds for evangelism, analyzes disputes between Protestant evangelism and the Shin sect which tried to stop it in the 1880's. 22.047. Sugiura Ken'ichi JJ Wtit-, "Chien shudan no kami to ketsuen shudan no kami AItj ^j^IS 9 My h A TS ir 1 (Guardian deities of the local group and the consanguine group)." MZGKK, vol.1, no.2, 1935, pp.122-132. Describes guardian deities of neighborhood or community and those of family and common-kin in Japan. 22.048. Suzuki Eitaro 7- fo j-7_~, "Ujiko shudan no kenkyu K a 1 '9/ ff (Research on ujiko groups)." in Nihon Shakal Gakkai nempo shakaigaku I y '+ jt j ~ At - t At (Japan Sociological Society sociology annual), no.5, autumn: Shakai kihan ';$,L-_ (Social norms). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1938, pp.251-258. Maintains that ujiko group territorial boundaries are the criteria by which village (mura) boundaries are determined. An examination of the relationship between ujiko groups and the village (mura).

Page  224 224 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Suzuki Eitaro, "Yashikigami ko" (On the household deity). See Entry 10.062. Takagi Hiroo, "Gosha teisoku to kosekiho" (District shrine ordinance and the family registry law). See Entry 19.047. Takeuchi Toshimi, "Inkyo to yoshi" (Retirement and adoption). See Entry 10.151. 22.049. Takeuchi Toshimi A7f { V\ ', "Ujiko soshiki to sono hensen ^ 5:g3 j (The believers' organization [of the Shinto shrine] and its changes)." MZGKK, vol.7, no.l, 1941, pp.39-79. Analyzes the relation of the believers' organization of a Shinto shrine to common-kin and locality groups in Kawashima mura, Kamiina gun, Nagano prefecture, studying historical changes in the believers' organization. 22.050. Wakamori Taro Tokuzo r\~ 3 -% p3.259-28. pp.259-288. 1l7 j-, A-)-, "Shinko shudan I/5 FW[ (Believers' groups)." in Omachi,et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei 3: shakai to minzoku A3; ' 4 I NV. (Outline of Japanese folklore 3: society and folklore). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, Defines and categorizes local religious groups including ujiko shudan (member-group of a community shrine), miyaza (a type of shrine organization identified with community membership), ko (association between equals for religious and other purposes), and danto shudan (Buddhist parish groups). Also describes secret Buddhist and Christian groups. 22.051. Yanagida Kunio Gp 7] j, "Jinja no koto j ~ ~ ~ L (On the Shinto shrine)." MZGKK, no.1, 1950, pp.179-196. A lucid description of changes in attitudes and activities centering at a community shrine, discovered through folkloristic comparative study of local festivals. Summarizes extensive and varied studies in a skillfully condensed form. C. RITUAL, BELIEF, ORAL LITERATURE Using sometimes almost arbitrary categorization, we have assembled in this section works that stress the symbolic and intellectual aspects of religion as distinguished from the behavioral focus of works in the preceding section. These works are sociological rather than philosophical inasmuch as they show how beliefs and ritualized attitudes function as mechanisms to integrate and maintain the identity of the social group that shares them. These are expressive functions; but important instrumental functions are revealed, also, in studies dealing with ritually regulated agricultural activities, with beliefs that mobilize community action in the face of illness, drought, and other stresses, or with taboos that place sanctions on disintegrative and disruptive behavior. Works on oral literature that carry out the classic folkloristic aim of classifying and tracing the history of oral traditions are also listed in this section. Though no fully comprehensive typological index or anthology of Japanese folklore had been completed by the cut-off date of this Guide, attention is called to extensive classificatory studies undertaken by 7machi Tokuzo and Seki Keigo (Items 22.066 and 22.074, respectively), both of whom are prominent among the followers of Yanagida Kunio. A brief compendium of types of belief is presented by Oto Tokihiko (Item 22.070). 22.052. Arai Tsuneyasu Si X '[e, Nihon no matsuri to geino yf 4o ~, ) a L (Festivals and folk arts in Japan). Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1956, 15 + 330pp. An attempt to derive the various types of folk dance-drama from worshipful performances in festivals. The work represents a systematic application of the idea originated by Yanagida Kunio and Origuchi Shinobu. Contains an index. 22.053. Furuno Kiyoto i ~ ~Al, "Shimotsuke no shishimai: hompo noko girei no ichi kenkyu 1 _ 4x J^ ~ A'. a- d - a f (The shishimai [lion-mask dance) in Shimotsuke province [Tochigi prefecture: a study of Japanese agrarian rites)." Minzokugaku nempo ~ ~ Vt ^j(Folklore annual), vol.3, 1941, pp.l-140. The author treats the local mask-dances of Tochigi prefecture as agrarian rites and describes them in detail. 22.054. Harada Toshiaki, W N Pj ij, "Shinano Sarashina gun Takemizuwake Hachiman no nogyo shinji -4 A ~ ^,;^ f ~i, V- a) A9, d ~ (Agricultural rites observed at Takemizuwake Hachiman Shrine in Sarashina gun, Shinano province [Nagano prefecture])." MZGKK, vol.3, no.4, 1937, pp.43-58. Describes the planting and harvest festival observed at Takemizuwake Shrine. 22.055. Hashiura Yasuo y'j j-, Matsuri to gyoji X - ) - A ~ (Festivals and annual functions). Tokyo, Mainichi Shinbunsha, 1949, 12 + 274pp.

Page  225 RELIGION AND FOLKLORE 225 A description of the annual functions, especially the festivals, that are observed in various places of Japan. A source-book giving semi-popular descriptions of selected festivals. 22.056. Higo Kazuo t i~ U +, Nihon shinwa kenkyu ~ 4 M S %b ) (A study of Japanese myths). Tokyo, Kawade Shob5, 1938, 16 + 452pp. The author regards Japanese myths as the collective consciousness of the ancient Japanese people and uses myths to analyze their life. As a historical folklorist, he deals with the relationship between the myths and existing rites of Japanese people. Emphasis is on myths and legends about Susano-no-mikoto, Omononushino-kami, Tateminakata-no-kami, the Kamo Shrine)and the Inari legends. 22.057. Higo Kazuo "A At J, "Shizen to kami i, j' (Nature and divinity)." in Origuchi Shinbbu eft A ) s (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku no tame ni "v x - 4) r~ 6 ) (In behalf of Japanese folklore), vol.6. Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1947, pp.l-48. The author describes how the belief of the Japanese people that nature itself is divinity has been expressed in shrine worship. 22.058. Hirayama Toshijiro -T ifa and Takeda Choshu VT f 1,- iJ'J'l, "Nenju gy5ji $ ~ 'T 4- (Annual celebrations)." in Kyodo kenkyu koza ( S~f /1& (Series on local studies), vol.5: Shakai seikatsu,//?~ Jz (Social life). Tokyo, Kadokawa Shoten, 1958, pp.211-311. An interesting folkloristic study of the year's celebrations with special attention to their basic meaning and functions. The authors attempt especially to demonstrate relation between the festive calendar and farming. 22.059. Inoguchi Shoji 4[ZL A, "Noko nenju gyoji, 4^ 4 v 4T (Annual agricultural events)." in Nihon minzokugaku taikei f Ad f/@ )t ) A (Outline of Japanese folklore), vol.7: Seikatsu to minzoku II /;: 2p S:4~ J (Life and folklore). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, pp.117-166. An empirical study of annual and periodic celebrations, relevant beliefs, and their close relation to farming. 22.060. Katsurai Kazuo )Jq 41 1 t, "Kinki to jujutsu no naka ni arawaretaru hitotsu no mondai ni tsuite At Yf E W ft) I l t6 [ -- ~ ~ 1 Ad. ) t (On a problem found in taboo and magic)." in Origuchi Shinobu ~[y, A 9K (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku no tame ni J 5 ~ 9 ~ vz 0 I' (In behalf of Japanese folklore), vol.5. Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1947, pp.57-85. Discusses the mental state involved in taboo (negative, or passive) and that involved in magic (active) as they are related to each other in Japanese taboos and magic about hunting and fishing. 22.061. Kokubu Naoichi ' -, "Nihon oyobi waga nanto ni okeru soseijo no shomondai LT2:' d ffliH': i, bIs 1J A <V, 1X (Eng. title: Some peculiar aspects of burial in Japan and Okinawa)." MZGKK, vol.27, no.2, 1963, pp.1-12. English summary appended. Compares folkloristic tradition about Japanese burial practices against facts from archaeological work. Detailed discussion of the double graveyard system (two graves or marker stones for a single person in separate sites); and the secondary burial system, with a reconstruction of their origin. 22.062. Minzokugaku Kenkyusho P4 f 7y f L PT (Folklore Institute) (ed.), Nenju gyoji zusetsu 4 4' g iSt i (Pictorial records of annual functions). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1953, 6 + 286pp. Shows the annual festivals, etc., in various parts of Japan by pictures or drawings and short commentaries describing the localities of observance, with instructive historical background or other pertinent data. 22.063. Nihon Hoso Kyokai r i' At,_ -1/ (The Broadcasting Corporation of Japan) (ed.), Nihon densetsu meii!g h r X, (Dictionary of Japanese legends). Tokyo, Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai, 1950, 19 + 468pp. Classifies nation-wide legends and beliefs by objects: tree, stone, rock, water, mound, slope, mountain pass, temple, etc. 22.064. Nishitsunoi Masayoshi 1 f 4 j I-, "Ujigami shinko to sairei ~ f f ~ a tt f (Guardian spirit beliefs and festivals)." Kyodo kenkyu koza ' T~ ~ ~, (Collected local studies), vol.6: Bunka j_ ftL (Culture). Tokyo, Kadokawa Shoten, 1958, pp.269-290. A useful survey of historical changes in the meanings of communal guardian spirits and various aspects of festivals. Good as an introduction and a guide to Shinto. 22.065. Numazawa Kiichi Hi \3Z x- A, "Tagata jinja no honensai J -; - ~t A (A fertility ceremony at Tagata Shrine)." MZGKK, vol.21, no.1-2, May, 1957, pp.24-32. An annotated study of a fertility ceremony of Tagata Shrine, Aichi prefecture, famous for its phallic ceremonies. The author holds that the phallicism in fertility ceremonies of Japan is not necessarily magical practice but, rather, religious ceremony based upon myths.

Page  226 226 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 22.066. Omachi Tokuzo A\ t YU, et al.(eds.), Kosho bungeiQ Id A (Arts of oral communication). in Nihon minzokugaku taikei,f sT. Lf4 at j < (Outline of Japanese folklore), vol.10. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, 304pp. Tales, sagas, songs, riddles, proverbs, secret speech, and dialects are treated. 22.067. Omachi Tokuzo I W ~ L >,et al. (eds.), Shinko to minzoku ~ / L~ -~ (Beliefs and folklore). Nihon minzokugaku taikei A j A ~ (Outline of Japanese folklore studies), vol.8. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, 419pp. Essays ranging widely among religions and beliefs, including ones on spirits and gods, festivals, possession and divination, and religions which have entered Japan from abroad. 22.068. Origuchi Shinobu ~f TU sj, "Nenju gyoji: minkan gyoji densho no kenkyu $ I fT ~ a ~A t At < K) Jp,^u (Annual functions: some remarks on the traditions of popular functions)." Minzokugaku jf 14 (Folklore), vol.2, no.8, 1930, pp.1-8; vol.2, no.10, 1930, pp.1-14; vol.4, no.6, 1932, pp.1-9; vol.4, no.7, 1932, pp.1-10; vol.4, no.8, 1932, pp.l-8; vol.4, no.9, 1932, pp.1-12. Methodological discussions adapting the folkloristic approach, with the author's own innovations, to the study of Japanese folk ceremony. 22.069. Origuchi Shinobu nor I1 -t I, "Tokoyo oyobi 'marebito' - Lt A' rR$- (a o t (Land of the dead and 'guests' [marebito])." Minzoku R 4/ (Folklore), vol.4, no.2, 1929, pp.1-62. The word marebito ("guest") in ancient times referred to deities who came to this world from the land of the dead (eternity) at a definite time of the year. This paper discusses associated beliefs and practices to furnish background and insight for today's Bon festival. 22.070. 5to Tokihiko, I 4A, "Minkan shinko f' I (Folk beliefs)." KKK 6: Bunka a Q (Culture), 1958, pp.291-310. Surveys folk beliefs and practices, discussing various spirits governing mountains, fields, water and earth, omens, divination, taboos, charms, bugbears, and possessions. 22.071. Sakurada Katsunori - E'T 1 6 it, "Gyomin to shinko He- ~ L f (Fishermen and the coming of deities)." in Origuchi Shinobu [fr I7f ' (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku no tame ni E 4 i ~ f r ) ] - (In behalf of Japanese folklore), vol.5. Tokyo, Minkan Densh5 no Kai, 1947, pp.27-56. Describes fishermen's belief in the coming of deities from the sea, or their drifting ashore, and fishermen's functions in this connection. 22.072. Segawa Kiyoko At )1l jt, "Ubuya ni tsuite S a 1 " (On houses for childbirth)." in Origuchi Shinobu vt J A (ed.), Nihon minzokugaku no tame ni ff 4' AD d) ') 1 (In behalf of Japanese folklore), vol.9. Tokyo, Minkan Densh5 no Kai, 1948, pp. 51-78. A study of changes in customs relating to the separate house or temporary space for childbirth, selecting illustrative folkways from various parts of Japan. 22.073. Seki Keigo g 4,%:, "Kami fuzai to rusugami no mondai It 21i-~ A ~ X T ra ~I Deities in absence and care-taker deities)." MZGKK, n.s., vol.3, no.1, 1946, pp.56-80. Describes folk beliefs of various parts of Japan regarding the journey of deities to Izumo Taisha (shrine) [Shimane prefecture] and existence of care-taker deities. 22.074. Seki Keigo M;g %, Nihon mukashibanashi shusei 4' i K (Anthology of old Japanese tales), 3 parts, 6 vols. Tokyo, Kadogawa Shoten, Part I, 1953, 356pp.; Part II, no.1, 1953, 484pp., no. 3, 1955, 403pp.; Part III, no.1, 1957, 406pp., no.2, 1958, 524pp. The first comprehensive catalog of Japanese folktales. Fifteen thousand tales were prepared for this study of which 723 are included in these volumes. The author draws comparisons with the Aarne-Thompson motif index of world oral literature. The three parts cover, respectively, animal tales; standard tales, including such subjects as marriage, birth, attainment of wealth, step-children, and people and foxes; and humorous tales. 22.075. Seki Keigo g t 1, "Wagakuni mukashibanashi no jakkan no kata -^ [ cF) X 2 L (Some types of Japanese folktales )." Nihon Shakai Gakkai 4?/ dz (Japan Sociological Society) (ed.), Nempo shakaigaku 4 At ^z' (Sociology annual), vol.6, 1938, pp.59-95. Classifies 66 types of Japanese folktales, an estimated one-fifth of all types known for the world. 22.076. Shimoide Hayakichi " 1 1 ~, "Mizu iwai k0o ) ( 7 (Water anointment [of the bridegroom]). SKGZ, no. 40, 1927, pp.22-52. A sociological study of the custom whereby friends and fellow villagers pour water over the bridegroom before or after the wedding. The custom occurs in several parts of Japan.

Page  227 RELIGION AND FOLKLORE 227 22.077. Shiratori Kurakichi o ~ A ~, "Hompo no takasho kigen densetsu ni tsuite i_ ~1F yo &tZ 7vc - '- "( ( (On the origin and traditions of hawking in Japan)." Minzoku F' -Y (Folklore), vol.1, no.3, 1926, pp.79-100. Discusses hawking in Japan in connection with a theory which regards Middle Asia as the original place of hawking. 22.078. Sugiyama Koichi 7 I/ J -, "Nihon no inasaku girei no kenkyu: Nihon no inasaku no keito mondai ni yosete /) t4~t5f L 9t,;:f () 9 3) $ V,_S3 1- _ ' T E tl (Eng. title: A contribution to the study on the origin of rice cultivation in Japan: through the analysis of myth and ritual (Summary of dissertation for M.A.)." MZGKK, vol.26, no.3, 1962, pp.65-77. Introduces three major theories of the origin of Japanese rice culture, and chooses a derivation from Southeast Asia via South China. Compares Japan with Malaya in terms of such diagnostic traits as transplanting and harvesting ritual, legends of cereal origins, and feminine associations with rice-spirits and rice ceremony. Takaya Shigeo, "Izumi no ushigami to kokomogumi" (The guardian deity of cows and the children's group in Izumi province [Osaka prefecture]). See Entry 11.011. 22.079. Yanagida Kunio )4 \Q i jl, Densetsu 4 1, (Legend). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1940, 6 + 180pp. Analyzes the structure and characteristics of the Japanese legend form, citing many examples. 22.080. Yanagida Kunio jIj 1N J I?, Fui ko shiryo ) ( a (Materials for the study of wind direction). Tokyo, Meiseido, 1942 (enlarged edition), 9 + 402pp. A study of folk perception of winds, providing an extensive vocabulary of local names for winds and their characteristics. Also included is a meteorological study of winds by Sekiguchi Takeshi. Yanagida Kunio, Hi no mukashi (Fire in the past). See Entry 8.054. 22.081. Yanagida Kunio X4 BWJf, Mukashi banashi oboegaki -f t ) Tokyo, Sanseido, 1943, 9 + 290pp. (A note on legends). Analyzes the structure and types of the Japanese legends; outlines methods for collecting legends, mentions examples, and compares them with similar foreign legends. 22.082. Yanagida Kunio j }I I ~, Nihon no matsuri g it 9 (Japanese festivals). Tokyo, Kobundo, 1942, 5 + 280pp. Describes various aspects of Japanese festivals: festivals and student life, development of rituals into systematic festivals; symbols of cult localities; taboo and self-purification; the arrival of the deity and its features; the priest's relation to offerings; and the worship of deities, both unknown and intimately known. D. FOLKLORISTIC AND HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION In the classic anthropological tradition, scholars have assembled evidence showing how, over the centuries and especially in modern times, ceremony and belief have altered their forms, functions, and meanings; and, moving beyond the reach of the available fragments of documentation, they have undertaken more or less speculative reconstruction of antecedents and of the course of change suggested by these fragments. This task, undertaken especially by folklorists in Japan, has been second only to the effort to record and classify recently existing forms of ritual and belief. Omachi Tokuzo provides a review of accumulated folkloristic findings up to recent date in Items 22.087 and 22.090. Other studies listed here are more specialized; they focus on various rituals of the annual cycle or of the individual life cycle recorded, for the most part, in rural areas. Among their studies are some that trace the gradual draining, in modern times, of ritual content from former observances that now persist as games or entertainment for children or adults. We include among these studies of folkloristic nature a few, written as often by anthropologists as by folklorists, that examine regionalism and diffusion in Japan as exemplified by belief and ritual and by non-ceremonial customs as well. 22.083. Hayakawa Kotaro $ J1 ] A f> [, No to matsuri 3 r A (Farming and festival). Tokyo, Guroria Sosaete, 1942, 296pp. Contains twelve of the author's articles, 1937-1941, describing and analyzing folk legends and rural customs. Korea is considered as well as Japan. 22.084. Inoguchi Shoji X1 ^ U ja, et al. "Shakai to kojin Afro: - Yj\ (Society and the individual)." in Omachi Tokuzo \ V ci-, et al.(eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei 13 If A

Page  228 228 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY (Outline of Japanese folklore studies), vol.4: Shakai to minzoku II j ~ - - A I (Society and folklore II). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, pp.189-367. Research on traditional ritual associated with growth. Four ethnologists write on birth, child care, ceremonies related to becoming an adult, marriage, the critical age, funeral, ceremonies after death and the burial system. 22.085. Kubo Kiyoshi J Aja i and Hashiura Yasuo ij J,,A, Goto minzoku zushi, /; Th- T ^ k (Illustrated record of folk customs of the Goto Islands). Tokyo, Isseisha, 1936, 31 + 548pp. A description of folkways of the various communities of Goto Islands, Minami-matsura gun, Nagasaki prefecture, with many illustrations. Oikawa Hiroshi, "Dozoku soshiki to kon'in oyobi soso no girei" (Ie federations and nuptial and mourning ceremonies). See Entry 11.065. Omachi Tokuzo, et al. (eds.), Chihobetsu chosa kenkyu (Surveys by regions). See Entry 4.031. 22.086. Omachi Tokuzo NJ Ad u -, et al. (eds.), Geino to goraku k - (Arts and amusements). Nihon minzokugaku taikei T p p~ t a (Outline of Japanese folklore), vol.9. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958, 334pp. Essays deal with a wide range of activities, from the kagura and dengaku that have strong religious connotation to children's games and other folk amusements. Omachi lokuzo, "Kazoku" (Family). See Entry 10.057. 5machi Tokuzo, et al. (eds.), Minzokugaku no seiritsu to tenkai (The origin and development of folklore). See Entry 4.032. Omachi Tokuzo, et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku no chosa hoho bunken mokuroku sosakuin (Survey methods in Japanese folklore studies: bibliography and index). See Entry 4.033. Omachi Tokuzo, et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku no rekishi to kadai (The history and themes of Japanese folklore studies). See Entry 4.034. 22.087. Omachi Tokuzo }A1, FE, et al. (eds.), Nihon minzokugaku taikei |J 4- 3, A ~ (Outline of Japanese folklore studies', 13 vols. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1958-1960. Systematic and comprehensive coverage of the field. The essays of these volumes are grouped by subject: review of folklore studies (vols.1-2); social organization (vols.3-4); occupations (vol.5); daily life (vols.6-7); beliefs (vol.8); arts and entertainment (vol.9); and oral literature (vol.10). Vol.11 defines and outlines regions; vol.12 covers Amami Oshima and Okinawa, and introduces problems of comparison; vol.13, on methods, provides bibliography and a series index. 22.088. Omachi Tokuzo j\K l1 -, et al. (eds.), Seigyo to minzoku ~ ~ A - (Occupations and folklore). Nihon minzokugaku taikei I ~ ~ A T A\ + (Outline of Japanese folklore), vol.5. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, 399pp. Description and empirical analysis of a wide range of peasant occupations from cultivation of wet and dry fields, fishing, and lumbering to animal husbandry, silk raising, woodworking, lacquer, boatman transport, and trading. 22.089. Omachi Tokuzo )K U t. X3., et al. (eds.), Seikatsu to minzoku, ~ y ), ~ (Life and folklore). Nihon minzokugaku taikei 2, t 4,j <^ [(Outline of Japanese folklore), vol.1 and vol.2. Tokyo, Heibonsha, vol.1, 1958, 390pp.; vol.2, 1959, 326pp. Volume 1, using many examples, treats material culture and its utilization. Volume 2 deals with annual functions, their connection with the zodiacal almanac, other beliefs, and farming, their local variation and relation to social structure. A list of functions and their local nomenclature, and a discussion of folk-belief and folk medicine are given. 22.090. Omachi Tokuzo jK 1 )1 W, et al. (eds.), Shakai to minzoku II. ~ r L 3X (Society and folklore II). Nihon minzokugaku taikei s > t r ~x A (Outline of Japanese folklore), vol.4. Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1959, 372pp. Essays that examine social class, social structure, society and the individual, and a variety of folkways. Chief articles are separately listed in this bibliography. 22.091. Origuchi Shinobu { 4 TV ' (ed.), Yanagida Kunio sensei koki kinen bunshu: Nihon minzokugaku no tame ni F1 \ /t A Ad *%? - 4- f< A t y) I[ 4(Essays commemorating the seventieth birthday of Professor Yanagida Kunio: in behalf of Japanese folklore), 6 vols. Tokyo, Minkan Densho no Kai, 1947-1951. Essays by folklorists and scholars from related disciplines. The last volume contains a complete index. Many contributions are listed individually in this bibliography.

Page  229 RELIGION AND FOLKLORE 229 Segawa Kiyoko, Ama ki (Women divers). See Entry 16.008. Segawa Kiyoko, Hanjo (Women venders). See Entry 16.009. 22.092. Segawa Kiyoko )1i ] a, "Hito no issho: Okinoerabu shima k) L ~ a &J < (A person's lifetime: Okinoerabu Island)." in Kyugakkai Rengo Amami Oshima Kyodo Chosa Iinkai,_ t tat}, YAs )6jI. I5! | nIz (Council of Nine Learned Societies Joint Survey Committee Amami Oshima) (ed.), Amami: shizen to bunka JJ^ S-: tbAC-fJ (Amami: nature and culture). Tokyo, Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai, 1959, pp.128-138. A study of the folklore and customs prevailing in one of the Amami Islands. Investigates birth and childrearing, rites of passage, weddings, ceremonies at special auspicious ages, and funerals. 22.093. Suda Akiyoshi \_/ )Tg - (ed.), Nihon no chiikisei 0 *a f), *-i4 (Regionalism in Japan). Jinrui kagaku J $i4tj-.f (Anthropological science), Part 1, no.15, 1962; part 2, no.16, 1963. A collection of essays planned to make a comprehensive and definitive test of the importance of viewing Japanese culture as cut into regional divisions. To this end, authors from the several Nine Learned Societies look for regional coloration in their respective data; most recognize a boundary of sorts across central Honshu. Specialities include personality, religion, somatology, language, archeology, folklore, sociology, cultural geography, and cultural anthropology. Several essays offer general evaluations of regionalism, in objective traits or in attitudes. Takeda Akira, Minzoku kanko to shite no inkyo no kenkyu (Research on retirement as a folk custom). See Entry 10.063. Takeuchi Toshimi, "Shokugy5 shudan I" (Occupational groups). See Entry 5.026. 22.094. Wakamori Taro A lV t\- P (ed.), Kunisaki: Nishi Nihon minzoku, bunka ni okeru chii 4 1? ~;,3 _ t- _ l ' i 1; Sa'- (Kunisaki: its status in the folklore and culture of Western Japan). Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1960, 8 + 397pp. An excellent report of the collective survey (1958-1959) of folklore in Kunisaki Peninsula in Kyushu, a locality of special interest to folklorists because of the early introduction of Buddhist culture there. Covers industries and technology, locality groups and kin groups, rites of passage, annual ceremonies, rituals and festivals, folk arts, etc. Includes a useful bibliography of folkloristic studies of this area and a complete index of technical terms and their dialect variants. 22.095. Yanagida Kunio tMV WI i t and Seki Keigo ^S J, Nihon minzokugaku nyumon + jy^'Ff (Introduction to Japanese folklore). Tokyo, Toyodo, 1942 (1st ed.), 1948 2nd ed.), 2 vols. An exposition of the questionnaire method used by the Yanagida school of folklore, providing full explanation of the questionnaire, which covers: housing, clothing, food, fishing, forestry, hunting, agriculture, communication, trade, gift-exchange; society, annual functions, shrine festivals; dancing, games, play; children's language, naming, language, proverbs, riddles, folk songs, tales, legends; traditions, ghosts, omens, divination, taboos, and medicine.

Communication

pp. 230-235

Page  230 CHAPTER XXIII COMMUNICATION Sociologically oriented research in this area has gained momentum since the founding, in 1949, of the Journalism Institute at Tokyo University. This institute attracted graduate students interested in social psychology and sociologically oriented students who were not in the admission quota elsewhere; the Institute's students have gone on to initiate journalism courses, often distinctly sociological in nature, in various private colleges. Thus, a widening area of sociological work is being cultivated in the young field of communications research. Much research centers on the mass media, especially newspapers and magazines. In this field, we list histories of the major newspapers, analyses of pre-war and postwar management of news, and survey research studies of the impact of particularly eye-catching events on various segments of the public. Somwehat more numerous than these historically useful studies are works that, for instance, categorize magazines in terms of the social class or other social characteristics of their readers or compare audience impact of television against that of newspapers. Drawing material not only from these mass media but also from novels, popular songs, and movies, a group of scholars interested in content analysis methods has formed the Shiso no Kagaku Kenkyukai (Society for the Science of Ideas) to present their findings. Work is being done also on other forms of communication. Among the subjects dealt with are inquiry into how social roles affect interpersonal communication (e.g., among the several members of a household treated as a dyadic network), and into how communication affects self-image, political attitudes, or class consciousness. One study examines the dissemination of rumor; another, the effect of dialect on social identity; another analyzes students as to the social psychological import of their various rates of reading speed. Thus, communication research is expanding in various directions. 23.001. Arase Yutaka, "Shimbun eigyonin jr'f y siajxj (Newspaper publishers)." in Kido Mataichi Zj 5(.i (ed.), Masu komyunikeshon koza dai 3 kai: shimbun, zasshi, shuppan K l jr- 3 >: Xi- ^ 3/-t -^1'^? gLX. (Symposium on mass communications, vol.3: newspapers, magazines, and publishing). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1954, pp.157-165. Analysis of publishers of three large newspapers pointing out the role of papers with over a million circulation as popular papers and as authoritative news media, and the schemes by which publishers have skillfully exploited Japan's belated modernization. 23.002. Hidaka Rokuro V iJv j- -T, "Noson ni okeru shimbun no yomarekata,| c c y 7 V 9 p+1~J (Types of newspaper reading in the agricultural village)." Shimbun gaku uron AfT (Essays by the faculty of journalism), no.1, 1952, pp.130-139. Report of a survey by the Institute of Journalism, Tokyo University, undertaken in Kanagawa prefecture, September 1951. Conclusions showed that social consciousness, especially of women, was very low, and that among those with interests outside the village, there was a tendency to be critical of village society. 23.003. Hidaka Rokuro g D7T An f, "Rodosha to masu komyunikeshon no musubitsuki (T ho u g 7 2r- 7t- _3 / nt 24-1X (Links between workers and mass communications)." Shiso (Thought), April, 1955, pp.28-39. Introducing materials from a survey made in April 1954, among workers in a steel plant in the Tokyo-Yokohama industrial belt, the author outlines a theory of the influence of mass communications on political attitudes of the people. Although usual theories have stressed knowledge and education as important factors in resistance to mass communications,this article stresses the importance of the laborers' position in society. 23.004. Ikeuchi Hajime J )t - -, "Aru noson ni okeru masu komyunikeshon no jittai: Kanagawa ken Naka gun Kaneda son ni okeru chosa no hokoku ~ 3 f 1- ] V % 3 ~ - ' -s j 7 T ~~ 4)l], ~ h+ lb'~ X S^ ~~1l9 ~-t4(Mass communications in a rural community: report on a survey in Kaneda village, Kanagawa prefecture)." Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun Kenkyusho kiyo\ J f ~ f %.Z f (Bulletin of the Institute of Journalism, University of Tokyo), no.2, 1953, pp.104-153. Report and analysis of a survey on mass communications made in Kaneda village, Kanagawa prefecture, in August and September 1952. A questionnaire was administered directly to a sample of 317 chosen from a population of 950. 23,.~005. Ikeuchi Hajime j 1; -5, "Taiheiyo sensochu no senji ryugen ) 9.0f<,(Rumors circulating in Japan during World War II)." SKGHR, no.6, 1951, pp.30-42. Analyzes trends and changes of rumors during the war. Ikeuchi Hajime, et al., "Tokyo tomin no seikatsu jikan to seikatsu ishiki" (Metropolitan inhabitants: their everyday lives, leisure-time activities, and attitudes toward the metropolitan life). See Entry 14.005. 230

Page  231 COMMUNICATION 231 23.006. Ikeuchi Hajime atJ VN, "Yomu hayasa to rikaido to no kankei ni tsuite: shimbun mokudoku sagyo no jikkenteki kenkyu G ' X - Al i K[ c$ <_) I.Ty*T ` (Eng. title: Speed and comprehension in reading process: an experimental study in newspaper reading." Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun KenkyUsho kiyo \ T, Ad -V f en (Bulletin of the Institute of Journalism, Tokyo University), part I, no.1, 1952, pp.59-8b; part II, no.3, 1954, pp.67-69. Report of an experiment carried out in May and June 1950, with a random sample of eighty individuals selected from the liberal arts faculty of Tokyo University. These persons were divided into four groups reading at various speeds and with various degrees of comprehension, and an attempt was made to analyze the relationship between speed and comprehension. Part II is a report of a similar experiment with sixty students of Hibiya Commercial High School in May 1951. 23.007. Ikeuchi Hajime O, -E, Okazaki Keiko J t O> and Kubo Haoko S t, "Senryo kikan ni okeru Nihon shimbun no suko 1 f fl S 1i? IX i At E PT IA 0), 17 (Eng. title Opinion trends of the Japanese press under the Occupation)." in Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun Kenkyusho kiyo JL}K' it r~f f, (Tokyo University, bulletin of the Institute of Journalism), no.5, 1956, pp. 109-131; no.6, 1957, pp.83-116; no.8, 1959, pp.37-52. Using material from the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun for the Occupation period (August 15, 1945 - April 28, 1952) and the period immediately after independence (April 28, 1952 - December 31, 1953) this bulletin analyzes trends in the press from its treatment of the Imperial Household and the Communist Party. Parts II and III include comparisons with stories from the Yomiuri Shimbun and outlines changes in stories dealing with the Communist Party. Part I was written by Ikeuchi and Okazaki only. 23.008. Inoue Taizo f J- $, "Rajio choshusha no shikogata settei oyobi hantei no ichi hoho 7 7 Contsider < o mm ui a iX - i (A method for determining and fixing preference types among radio listerners)." Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun Kenkyusho kiyo Tj h sfbt o t J ) % f te s1t (Bulletin of the Institute of Journalism, Tokyo University), no,2, 1953, pp.154-169. Explains methods used in setting up listener preference types through work done in Kaneda village, Kanagawa prefecture in September 1951. 23.009. Kato Hidetoshi 27 ffi ~ "S "Aru kazoku no komyunikeishon seikatsu 1,> ^ Af ^ (Communication in family life)." Shiso ___ (Thought), no.392, 1957, pp.92-108. Considers communication at intrapersonal, interpersonal, group,and cultural levels. Taking the family as the starting point, records and analyzes various communication relationships. The subject of the study was a farm household in a rural community in Tenri city, Nara prefecture. The group consisted of eight household members, two daughters who had gone out as brides in neighboring households, and the husband of one of them. 23.010. Kato Hidetoshi 721,j+ i, "Shimbun to imniron: sengo Nihon ni okeru kii shimboru no henka Or 4 AJL t f yA- -;,K/ J1 tbLH<^^7 ^ '9/ b t I (Newspapers and theories of meaning: changes in key symbols in postwar Japan)." Shiso If -% (Thought), May, 1956, pp.77-97. Using Lasswell's concept of the key symbol, analyzes the use of two postwar key symbols -- democracy and liberalism -- in the Asahi Shimbun in 1947 and 1952, noting frequency of appearance, usage, and interpretation. 23.011. Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyujo T jZ- tT fr (National Language Institue), and Nihon Shimbun Kyokai 4f )S fT M 1of (Japan Newspaper Association) (eds.), Kok5sei to shimbun A -4 + - (High school students and newspapers). Tokyo, Shuei Shuppan, 1956, 252pp. Report of a 1954-1956 survey of high school students in Tokyo and Akita. Studies the contact between students and newspapers, correlated with level of understanding, especially of international affairs, and looks also into matters received through the school newspaper and other mass medLa. See follow-up survey, Seinen to masu komyunikeshon (Youth and mass communication), by the same editors, this section. 23.012. Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyujo \ jj i AjT JfTf (National Language Institute), and Nihon Shimbun Ky5kai #^;1 (T A3 4 (Japan Newspaper Association) (eds.), Seinen to masu komyunikeshon - ~ Z X- ~ \1 % y (Youth and mass communication). Tokyo, Kanazawa Shoten, 1956, 280pp. Report of a survey carried out from October 1955 to January 1956 on night school students and employed young people in Tokyo and Mie prefectures, as the continuation of a survey made in the previous year on daytime high school students. See Ko5ksei to shimbun (High school students and newspapers), by the same editors, this section. Compares urban and rural areas, analyzing the approach of youth to newspapers, radio, television, movies, and publications, and analyzes the way in which young people read newspapers. 23.013. Kosaka Masaaki J A 3 _ and Ono Hideo )} '4-, i (eds.), Meiji bunkashi 4: shiso genron hen U4 y 4 Jug > (Cultural history of the Meiji period vol.4: Thought and public opinion). [In series edied by Zaian Hojin Kaikoku Hyakunen Kinen Bunka Jigyokai Al ^ ys V 4 Af,<z At +t- (Centenary Cultural Council).] Tokyo, Yoyosha, 1955, 13 + 737pp. Deals with the development of thought and press as an expression of the confrontation of the Japanese character by Western ways. Marked by originality of approach. This volume, and the series as a whole, is published also in English translation.

Page  232 232 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 23.014. Koza gendai masu komyunikeshon % {\ (Symposium on contemporary mass communications), 3 vols. Tokyo, Kawade Shob5 Shinsha, 1960-1961. Vol.1, Shimizu Ikutaro vA Af (ed.), Masu komyunikeshon soron v A ~- jr (Introduction to mass communications), 1961, 258pp. Vol.2, Minami Hiroshi iX1 tT (ed.), Terebi jidai = ' - AfA (The television era), 1960, 302pp. Vol.3, Kido Mataichi 3j^ and Hidaka Rokuro - j 3 - (eds.), Janarizumu n.2 -(o 1) n' A )(Journalism), 1960, 67pp. A symposium on mass communications covering the spread of television, the role of newspapers in the dispute over revision of the U.S.-Japan mutual security pact, etc. Vol.l is mainly theoretical, vols.2 and 3 contain empirical analyses of contemporary conditions. 23.015. Masu komyunikeishon < 3 - 3 i7 (Mass communication). SKGHR, special issue, vol.2, no.2 (whole no.6), 1951, pp.2-29. Among the earliest postwar studies to appear on the subject are four articles in this issue by Shimizu Ikutaro, Hidaka Rokuro, Minami Hiroshi, and Nitta Uchiro, on the new masses, a local newspaper's power, mass amusements, and the economic structure of mass communications. 23.016. "Masu medeia to shite no terebijon v / -' d " ' L X 1) 5 L t'" `>" i - (Television as mass communication medium)." Shiso JI ~ (Thought), special issue, no.413, 1958. A general summary of non-technical aspects of television. Over twenty essays including essays by sociologists Shimizu, Hidaka and Takahashi. 23.017. Minkan Hoso Junenshi Henshu linkai lf- ^ I-^ i (Private Broadcasting Ten-Year History Editorial Committee) (ed.), Minkan hose junenshi rI By i t l- (A ten year history of private broadcasting). Tokyo, Nihon Minkan H5s5 Renmmei, 1961, 782pp. A useful history of commercial broadcasting in Japan from its beginnings in 1951. Part 1 offers an overall history of programs, broadcast engineering, management, etc.; Part 2, a brief history of each of the 55 private radio and TV companies; Part 3, a chronological table; and Part 4, many statistics and other materials. 23.018. Misaki Atsushi, "Shimbun etsudoku kanshin ni tsuite: furitsu itchu ni okeru chosa o chushin to shite F l S, c J -' g > t (Interests in newspaper reading: a field study at Tokyo Prefectural First Middle School)." Nihon Shakaigakkai nempo shakaigaku kenkyu Zk t4 )'^ 4 Art 3%fTO (Japan Sociological Society, Sociology annual), no.1, 1944, pp.246-272. Presents findings of a 1941 survey on student interest in reading newspapers. 23.019. Misaki Atsushi _.t O, "Shimbunshi ni okeru dokusha kanshin no ichi kosatsu at. Nfh h s ~'7 4 ~SS 1Ji- -, j (A study of readers' interest in newspaper reading)." Nihon Shakai Gakkai H v4 -7\^ t' 4z (Japan Sociological Society) (ed.), Nempo shakaigaku 4: toshi to noson X ~ f Ckoe th prio, 12-1 9 - (Sociology annual 4: city and village). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1936, pp.251-253. A survey of concerns of newspaper readers (twenty-year-old draftees reporting for examination) undertaken by the Institute of Journalism, Faculty of Literature, Tokyo Imperial University, in 1933. 23.020. Nihon Hoso Kyokai J 4 4 1X j $. jS (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) (ed.), Nihon hose shi gf 4\4 *, ](History of Japanese broadcasting). Tokyo, Nihon Hoso Kyokai, 1951, 1295pp. Covers the period 1925-1950 with sections on activities, editing, and technology. Since the Japan Broadcasting Corporation had a monopoly on broadcasting until 1950, this is virtually a history of the corporation. The greatest emphasis is placed on changes in programming during the period. 23.021. Nihon Shimbun Kyokai ET N 1 D Li (Japan Newspaper Association) (ed.), Chiho betsu Nihon shimbun shi _t 7jiJ H_ o fr M (A regional history of Japanese newspapers). Tokyo, Nihon Shimbun Kyokai, 1956, 538pp. Gives brief histories of newspapers by prefecture. The brevity of the pieces severely limits the inclusion of detail and there is a lack of consistency in style and quality in the contributions by editorial writers from various influential provincial newspapers. However, since almost all other histories of newspapers deal only with large newspapers with head offices in Tokyo or Osaka, this work is quite useful. 23.022. Ono Hideo )A\ \ f f [, Nihon shimbun shi g ^S j4 L (A history of Japanese newspapers). Tokyo, Chosho Fukyukai, 194', 396pp. An expanded edition of the author's Nihon shimbun hattatsu shi (A history of the development of Japanese newspapers) (Tokyo, Nichi-nichi Shimbunsha, 1922). Covers the period between the last years of the Tokugawa period and the first years of the Pacific War, covering problems of the press, defined broadly. Rodo Undoshi Kenkyukai (ed.), Meiji shakai shugi shiryoshu (Historical materials on Meiji socialism). See Entry 20.050.

Page  233 233 23.023. Sakamoto Hideo $J ~ s _ (ed.), Kokoku gojunen shi J - i t (Fifty-year history of advertising). Tokyo, Nihon Denpo Tsushinsha, 1951, 482 + 38 + 33pp. Although this is titled a "fifty-year history," it is a collection of essays which cover advertising back to the early days of Meiji. Taking a broad view, this collection treats advertising against the background of economic fluctuations, rise and fall of business enterprises, other events (Kanto earthquake, wars), development of technology related to advertising, etc. Includes brief biographies of pioneers in the field and a chronological table. 23.024. Shakai Shinri Kenkyujo fJl:,u S t t,; (Social Psychology Research Institute), "Kokumin no seikatsu ishiki to kempo - ) ) t 4 t (The people's attitudes towards life and the constitution)." Kokumin bunka g 'tviU (National culture), June 30, 1959, pp.2-6. The final report of interviews of 530 men and women over 15 years of age in Tokyo and Saitama prefecture in April 1954. This survey furnished such conclusions as: knowledge of the constitution is greatest among those in their twenties; the older generation retains a "subject" rather than a "citizen" attitude towards the state; and the dividing line between progressive and conservative reactions lies about age forty, as of the survey date. 23.025. Shakai Shinri Kenkyujo -jL, i J fW J4 1 f[(Social Psychology Research Institute), "Wakai sedai no koshitsukan 3; ~ X \) ~ L ~ A (The younger generation's view of the Imperial Family)." Kokumin bunka g f r _ j-/t, (National Culture), February 15, 1959, pp.10-12. The writer finds that a majority of the younger generation do not possess a clear image of the emperor system as a political institution. He finds that on the one hand they are against the revival of kigensetsu (celebration of the supposed foundation of Japan in 660 B.C.), and on the other hand take an interest in the Crown Prince's betrothal to Miss Michiko Shoda, as a matter of human interest. 23.026. Shibata Takeshi jX 1\ r, Nihon no hogen ~ 4 69 S (Japanese dialects). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1958, 191pp. An explanation of dialect origins with many illustrations. Advocates the abandonment of the individual's dialect "complex" and a movement toward a common language. Examines the distinctions between "common" and "standard" speech, conceding the latter to be an ideal, not a realistic goal. A good introduction to the dialect problem in Japan. 23.027. Shiso no Kagaku Kenkyukai _ i 9 t ~ (Society for the Science of Thought) (ed.), Yume to omokage *. ~,-<' (Dreams and remembrances). Tokyo, Chuo Koronsha, 1950, 345pp. Exemplifies research undertaken by this society organized shortly after World War II, comprising persons of diverse scholarly background but sharing the belief that the outlook of the Japanese as a people should be discovered empirically, not treated in terms of academic categories based on European philosophy. Their area of research is ordinary and popular literature and verbal or dramatic arts. Some ten contributors to this volume deal with the aralysis of popular novels to discover ideals of personal character (Tsurumi Shunsuke); content analysis of popular songs (Minami Hiroshi); singing styles (Inui Takashi); lyricwriting techniques (Sonobe Saburo); viewers' evaluations of popular movies (Minami); and a historical comparison of present-day popular drama with such forms as the yose, a medley of drama, song, and patter that took shape in the eighteenth century but succumbed to movies by the postwar period (Miura Tsutomu). 23.028. Taga Yasushi Pi c t, Suzuki Yukio m ng n and Oishi Kiyoshi a7k wo, "Rodo kumiai ni okeru komyunikeshon no katei ni tsuite v Xrt r #gj- 1 -T7 lad/V7. 9 a \ Z (Eng. title: On the process of communication in the trade union).' Tokei Suri Kenkyujo iho,jy /;O vru J (Proceedings of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics), vol.6, no.l (whole no.11), 1958, pp.41-72. English summary appended. A Tokyo University group asked workers in chemical plants in Tokyo to fill in questionnaires in this study of mass communications and the communications activities of management and labor. They asked workers about the newspapers they and their wives read and their views on wage policy, surveyed the effect of a film and talks on automation,and compared the differences in response between rank-and-file unionists and union officials. 23.029. "Taishu zasshi: naiyo bunseki JK t 1)ip 9;4^[F(Mass circulation magazines: a content analysis)." in Shakai Shinri Kenkyujo,ffZ g Atff 1f{r(Social Psychology Research Center) (ed.), Masu komyunikeshon koza III: shimbun, zasshi, shuppan ', ci =?- a — -; 5-4 9 Ty f, l t 9,ii t (Symposium on mass communications, III: newspapers, magazines, publications). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1954, pp.294-306. Discusses characteristics of Japanese mass circulation magazines, taking as an example Heibon (Commonplace) between October 1953 and September 1954. This magazine's photos and stories usually concentrate on young male office workers and have romantic or gossipy themes. The report deals also with circulation and readership. 23.030. Takagi Kyoten j J X - and Fukuda Yoshizo A W f-E,"Nihon fashizumu keiseiki no masu medeia tosei: masu medeia soshikika no jittai to masu medeia - 7y/ 7 '- A:f)7 2 v 0 vtX6 yA4 '; -'.f '*]~ 'ate) ~l — Z " 3/ 7 >-d Y7 (Control of mass media during the emergence of Japanese fascism: mass media and their mobilization)." Shiso J_~, (Thought), no.449, November 1961, pp.80-97.

Page  234 234 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Examines the intrusion of controls over each of the mass communications media in the interval between 1931 and 1941 (the time between the Manchurian Incident and the establishment of the first Konoe Cabinet), defining this period as the time fascism crystallized in Japan; particularly treats the control of news publishing firms through the regulation of their corporate activity. See also article of similar title by Uchikawa and Kanai, this section. Takahashi Akira, "Howaito kara no seiji ishiki" (Political consciousness among white collar workers). 3pe Entry 25.054. 23.031. Takahashi Akira " Ke and Arase Yutaka J. ~, "Kemp5 mondai to masu medeia no taido t <4 9 3t.. (The constitution problem and the posture of the mass media)." Shiso '~. ^ (Thought), no.38h, June 1956, pp.127-141; no.387, September 1956, pp.125-136; no.389, November 195b, pp.96-108. Looking at mass media as the "link" between the people and political groups, this essay analyzes the role of mass media during the first ten years of the postwar period on the issue of the constitution, the biggest political question of the period. 23.032. Takahashi Akira ll,7 ~, et al., "Terebi to 'kodoku na gunshu': Kotaishi kekkon hodo ni tsuite no Todai Shimbun Ken chosa hokoku D 1 t), Aj^\\ ja -, o, ~. ~. A 1 "ZV ~~ Hr I[ _{~ u *$ (Television and the 'lonely crowd': the Tokyo University Institute of Journalism report on coverage of the Crown Prince's wedding)." CBC T C k4~-F (CBC report), vol.3, no.6, 1959, pp.3-13. Nagoya, Chubu Nihon Hoso KK. An analysis of viewers' attitudes to mass-communications coverage of the Crown Prince's wedding in April 1959. Interviews were conducted with people who lived along the parade route but had preferred to watch it on television. Analysis is made of coverage techniques; researchers also engaged in participant observation. 23.033. Takahashi Akira -~7 4, et al., "Toshi kinro shiminso no seiji ishiki to komyunikeshon kodo: chosa hokoku ] ~ 7 A -,4 ) arm j 2, = - - - 7 1 t- t_ (Eng. title: A study of political consciousness an communication behavior in the case of urban dwellers)." Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun Kenkyusho kiy5 -LI q fP 'T t fOA (Bulletin of the Institute of Journalism University of Tokyo), no.7, 1958, pp.83-182. Report on a survey of 308 males registered voters in Itabashi ku, Tokyo, in October 1957. The aim was to see the effect of mass media on political consciousness. The participants were examined for social-psychological factors and educational level, economic class, age, and political affiliation. A detailed account of social and economic factors in the area is included. Toyama Shigeki, et al., "Nihon no shiso zasshi" (Japan's intellectual magazines). See Entry 25.004. 23.034. Uchikawa Yoshimi 1] )I ] _, "1919, '20 nen no shimbun sogi / /, ~) ~ ~ A (Tokyo press disputes in 1919 and 1920)." Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun Kenkyusho kiyo, ' ~. _~ a t i_ (Bulletin of the Instituteof Journalism, Tokyo University), Part I: no.8, 1959, pp.15-33; part II, no.9, 1960, pp.17-54. Analysis of causes and processes involved In a strike in 1919 by the Kakushinkai, a union of 800 printers employed by Tokyo newspapers. 23.035. Uchikawa Yoshimi 1 )'|I G, "Shimbunshiho no seitei katei to sono tokushitsu: Meiji koki ni okeru genron jiyu henshitsu no ichi sokumen t[ g u y 0 ~'J as L ' o - % ~, ' x l{ 0'~- 71 f:@ "1 '-'2,- ' (The enactment and special characteristics of the Press Law: one aspect of deterioration in freedom of the press in the late Meiji period)." Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun Kenkyusho kiyo,^ T~ + ~ - ' t fC/e (The bulletin of the Institute of Journalism, University of Tokyo), no.5, 1956, pp.59-95. Research into the processes involved in the enactment of the Press Law of 190Q which served until 1945 as the principal implement for control of the press. The author maintains that after 1907 the principal target for press control was socialist thought and activity and freedom of the press was limited to declarations by the opposition within the system. 23.036. Uchikawa Yoshimi ]9 )i],1, and Kanai Saburo ot s - o d, "Nihon fashizumu keiseki no masu medeia tosei: masu medeia soshikika no seisaku oyobi kiko to sono henyo 4 4X7) Z. 2A G~ h ' <r _/. "' X4 X f e o ys] ~ r' " f ~,4'iL /2 An et-r' ' A: m{ s (Control of mass media in the formative period of Japanese fascism: policy of mobilizing the mass me ia machinery and its alteration).' Shiso }.,J (Thought), no.445, 1961, pp.23-0o. Analysis of the establishment of government by conformity in the period between the Manchurian lncident and the first Konoe Cabinet. Reports in detail on policy and machinery for control of mass media from July 1936 to December 1940. See also article of similar title by Takagi and Fukuda, this section. 23.037. Uchikawa Yoshimi \J ) lJ t, et al., "Nihon fashizumu no genron tosei katei ni kansuru kenkyu (1) Y; A7,/,< ~ S w X^tV' Pi4~ A _ 1- v;(Study on the process of control of expression

Page  235 COMMUNICATION 235 in Japanese fascism) (1)." Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun Kenkyusho kiyo j~ 3 At prt (Bulletin of the Institute of Journalism, Tokyo University), no.8, 1959, pp.129-81. Deals with politics, dealing with problems relating to revision of the press control law; media, the newspaper industry in the Showa panic; and ideology, which covers the handling of ideological problems under the emperor system, and organization of youth groups. 23.038. Yamamoto Toru AL $ F., "Eiga no hyoka: sono tokushitsu to genkyo ni tsuite \ 4rti; ft_, -j 4 1 7\' cC (Eng. title: A study on the appreciation of motion pictures). Tokyo Daigaku Shimbun Kenkyusho kiyo _Tl rM A ' f L -t(Bulletin of the Institute of Journalism, Tokyo University), no.7, 1958, pp.59-81. Introduces the ten best Japanese films produced since the war as chosen by various film evaluating groups and points out the difficulty of judging films considering the tensions between art and business and between art and entertainment. 23.039. Yamamura Yoshiaki J ) A4';, "Terebi dorama no naka no haha L t - ' Z 9) J 4 Q sl ('Mother' in television drama)." and "Terebi ni miru haha no kyozo to jitsuzo; Lr 1 Z > i 4 - t li (Real and false images of mother on television)." Ningen no kagaku W JT; (Human science), vol.2, no.5, 1964, pp.86-93; and vol.2, no.8, 1964, pp.71-79. Analysis of the image of motherhood presented in 228 scripts for the weekly television show "Mother" (Tokyo Broadcasting System) between 1959 and 1963, and analysis of responses from 287 monitors on 66 of the scripts (555 responses). Both investigations are treated statistically. 23.040. Yomikaki Noryoku Chosa Iinkai: 4 % 4 Ait4 I 4 jz- AD (Literacy Survey Committee) (ed.), Nihonjin no yomikaki noryoku y. ^ / (Japanese literacy). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppanbu, 1951, 15 + 916pp. Report of the world's first thorough, nationwide literacy survey (August 1948). A stratified sample of 21,000 persons were taken from 280 wards, towns, and villages for inquiry as to their vocabulary control for mass communication media. The results are reported in detail, with analysis of the effects on literacy of linguistic, educational, and cultural factors (area, sex, age, industry, occupation, and newspaper subscription).

Education

pp. 236-240

Page  236 CHAPTER XXIV EDUCATION Eight items listed here point to the huge or status relations among universities, and analyzing mass of reference and research materials available patterns of student life before and since World in publications of the Ministry of Education (Items War II. Others deal with the national education 24.022 - 027; 24.029). Apart from these sources, system: school districts as integrative mechanisms we attempt here to provide a sampling of the quite for neighborhoods; government use of the school varied work of sociologists involving education, system to implement its political and economic Some works focus on educators or students, examining policies; the school's function as a model of the status of school teaching as a profession, modern attitudes. An analysis of pre-war and describing cliques within the professorial world postwar textbooks is listed. 24.001. Baba Shiro %j - I, Gendai kyoiku to chiiki shakai 3flO 19v -T(t Y Dt (Contemporary education and local society). Tokyo, Seibundo Shinkosha, 1961, 257pp. Reports on surveys made in both rural and urban areas. Also includes essays such as "Personality formation among the Ainu." 24.002. Baba Shiro, - Y ~ ~, "Nihon shi kyokasho ni okeru nashonarizumu no kozo to tenkai ~ 4 _ /~, I~L ~' l, T )> e,_? A "r 9 C ' A ff^ (Structure and development of nationalism in Japanese history text books)." Kyoikugaku kenkyu,,f- (Research in education), vol.30, no.3, 1963, pp.18-30. Studies forty-four textbooks used since 1872 in elementary and lower secondary schools. Shows a change in emphasis from national tradition to national advantage. 24.003. Chiba Masashi ky - J E, Gakku seido no kenkyu: kokka kenryoku to sonraku kyodotai - g p] ad Af t, W j; ~i7 i,s)~ '/'fi )[ 'T~(Research on the system of school districts: national authority and village collective groups). Tokyo, Keis5 Shobo, 1962, 12 + 489pp. A legal sociological analysis of the elementary school district as the district from which pupils come, which had legal responsibility for the establishment and support of the school after the elementary education system was set up in 1872. The school district was established separately from other orgarO of local administration. Contains a detailed analysis of the relationship between the school district and village collective groups. Includes a useful bibliography. Fukaya Masashi, Ryosai kembo shugi no kyoiku (Education for making good wives and wise mothers). See Entry 25.023. 24.004. Fuse Tetsuji Ir j*-, "Chiiki kaihatsu to gakusotsu rodoryoku ido: Hokkaido ni okeru chuko, daigaku sotsugyosha no rodo shijoken no kenkyu 3 C e 1 C- a__ ~' 4 It he f ai, l ~- l 4 it, -1T~j < ) ' ~ gf A 4ff) ~ (Area development and labor mobility after graduation: a study of the labor market for graduates of junior and senior high schools and universities in Hokkaido)." Hokkaido Daigaku Kyoikugakubu, Sangyo Kyoiku Keikaku Kenkyu Shisetsu kenkyu hokokusho JL" 'i. i At 1 T X / I l ~^ A _ } ~ ~^i ~ (Hokkaid3 University Faculty of Education, Research Facilities for Industrial Education Planning research report), no.5, November 1964, 120pp. Uses data on job locations in the late 1950's in Hokkaido for students upon finishing secondary, technical, and higher education courses, in order to analyze their mobility and the labor market. Finds that patterns differ by level and nature of their schooling. 24.005. Hosoya Tsuneo, _ff- iy (ed.), Kyoshi no sihakaiteki chii, 9 / ~. ti,- (Social status of the teacher). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, 5 + 421pp. Joint research by ten scholars from Tohoku University. In four parts: {1) teachers' status in the legal system; (2) status in society, including results of a questionnaire on attitudes toward teachers administered in Miyagi prefecture; (3) student views of their teachers, based on a Miyagi prefecture study on attitudes toward teachers and the image of the ideal teacher; and (4) teaching as an occupation. 24.006. Ishidoya Tetsuo J~ y A,_)' Nihon k oinshi kenkyu 3 4 At ~; 2, (Historical research on Japanese teachers). Tokyo, Kodansha, 1958, 482pp. A social history of the teaching profession. Studies the social and economic position of teachers, policies of the government with regard to teachers,and teachers' social movements from the Meiji period to the beginning of the Pacific War. Depends primarily on newspapers and magazines of the time. 24.007. Ishikawa Ken X sJ,., Kinsei Nihon shakai kyoikushi no kenkyu 4 kL 2 -/~ /,& y a, 'i(A history of social education during the Tokugawa period). Tokyo, Toyo Tosho, 1938 (first ed., 1934), 23 + 775PP. 236

Page  237 EDUCATION 237 A discussion of local neighborhood associations and of schools founded in daimyo domains. 24.008. Ishikawa Ken, )'L1_, Nihon gakkoshi no kenkyu <_, ff (Studies in Japanese school history). Tokyo, Shogakkan, 1960, 555pp. Study of formal organs of education from ancient times to the end of the Edo period. Rich source of materials on school structure, changes in the conception of schools, school administration, and teaching methods. 24.009. Ishikawa Ken iJ _I Af, Nihon shomin kyoikushi f 4. p ~;ff (A history of popular education in Japan). Tokyo, Toko Shoin, 1929, 481pp. Historical study of the development of popular attitudes towards education in the later Tokugawa period, using abundant historical and statistical materials. Treats the spread of commoners' temple schools (terakoya) and their influence on socio-economic development of the common people. Contains a chapter on how class consciousness grew among urban merchants as popular education spread. Jido shinrigaku no shimpo (Annual review of Japanese Child Psychology). Nihon Jido Kenkyujo, ed. See Entry 3.004. 24.010. Kaigo Tokiomi A L ' ~ (ed.), Rinji kyoiku kaigi no kenkyu g^ % /J - -A At; 3 (Study of the Extraordinary Conference on Education). Tokyo, Tokyo Ddigaku Shuppankai, 1960, 1037pp. Study of the Extraordinary Conference on Education held 1917 to 1919 by ten scholars in the field of education from Tokyo University. The conference was convened by the prime minister September 1917, in recognition of rapidly changing social conditions. It considered the school system, educators, the fostering of teachers, women's education and the degree system, and formulated plans which were carried out in the twenties and early thirties. This study -reproduces most of the original records of the conference, and as appendices gives the relevant laws, a table of events, and a brief biography of each participant. 24.011. Kaigo Tokiomi ~ > 6 and Yoshida Noboru W f, Gakusei seikatsu chosa T i ^,) 't- (A study of living conditions of students). Tokyo, Nihon Hyoronsha, 1943, 312pp. A field study of college students' conditions of life during World War II. The questionnaire method was used to examine various aspects of student life in college and out, such as sports, interests, home life, and friends. The survey covered 2048 students, male and female. 24.012. Kaigo Tokiomi A ', et al., Nihon kyoikushi g X 3t- X (A history of the education of the Japanese [common people]). Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1938, 6 + 336pp. An analytical survey of education through the ages in Japan. Treatment is by periods. Within each period the work describes the educational system in its entirety, the spirit of education, the content of instruction, and the method of teaching. 24.013. Karasawa Tomitar5o ~ At S A K, Gakusei no rekishi: gakusei seikatsu no shakaishiteki kosatsu )fg ~, < _. /~ j }) i_./.~,, j (History of students: a social historical consideration of student life). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1955, 394pp. A social history treating the student as a symbol of an age, which shows how this symbol has changed from the end of the Tokugawa period into the postwar period. 24.014. Karasawa Tomitaro y!7 X ser, Kyokasho no rekishi: kyokasho to Nihonjin no keisei 4 ~ v J t 3 ^ F X g 4j X, s) (History of textbooks: textbooks and the formation of a Japanese). Tokyo, S5bunsha, 1956, 883pp. Comprehensive study of textbooks from the Tokugawa period into the postwar period. Concentrates primarily on ethics and Japanese language texts, analyzing the image of the ideal person revealed in them and studying the relationship of this image to the policies of the state. 24.015. Karasawa Tomitaro X _ }X ), Ky5shi no rekishi: kyoshi no seikatsu to rinri X 9a jg I f At it -r if; A (History of teachers: the teacher's life and ethic). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1965, 354pp. Traces the image of the teacher from a master wizard to the postwar educational laborer. Places major emphasis on the framework for training teachers. 24.016. Kikuchi Toyosaburo f ct J _ A, "Wagakuni no noson kyoiku no genjo 5' f 9 __ zt~-, 4;K (The present state of rural education in Japan)." Ky5iku X t (Education), vol.1, no..7, 1933, pp.1-27. A study of the present state of education in agricultural villages. 24.017. Kurasawa Takashi J ] AfIJ, Shiogakko no rekishi I: gakusei shogakko seisaku no hatten katei )V. 9,JI 'Iffj, o p _ -- I as y ~ (History of the elementary school I: development of elementary school policies in the educationalsystem). Tokyo, Japan RaiburarT Byurosha, 1963, 12 + 1103 + 3pp.

Page  238 238 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY The first volume of a projected three volumes on Meiji education. Takes up the plans leading to the establishment of the educational system and the Ministry of Education, the problem of funds to establish the system, the training of teachers to run the schools, and preparation of materials. 24.018. Kurasawa Takashi ~ j / dJ, Shogakko no rekishi II: shogakko seisaku no mosaku katei to kakuritsu katei )\ |f 0)/J3L )J\ e. X- _t _ l; (History of the elementary school II: groping for and crystallizing elementary school policy). Tokyo, Japan RaiburarT Byurosha, 1965, 10 + 1098 + 3pp. Volume II of a projected three volume history of Meiji education. Takes up the trimming and expansion of school policy in response to successive versions of the rescript on education prior to and after its promulgation, policy changes and strengthening of schools under Inoue, provisions for equipment, teacher training, textbooks, and the development of a policy of moral education. 24.019. Kyoto fu Rodo Keizai Kenkyusho 5I A Tf 4 t # f )t T(Institute of Labor and Economics of Kyoto) (ed.), Kyoto fu kyoin no shakaiteki kiban; A,, (The social standing of teachers in Kyoto). Kyoto, Ky5to fu Rod5 Keizai Kenkyusho, 1952, 185pp. A field report on teachers' working conditions in Kyoto in October 1950. 24.020. Ky5to Shiyakusho At i r f (Kyoto City Office), Kyoto shogaku gojunenshi T ) y L f t t pt^ (Record of fifty years of elementary education in Kyoto). Kyoto, Ky5to Shiyakusho, 1918, 533pp. A history of elementary schools in Kyoto from the Meiji Restoration to 1918 (pp.1-330); followed by essays by leaders in education in Kyoto at the time of publication (pp.331-533). 24.021. Matsushita Takeo A X <F, Kindai Nihon kyoikushi _/\f\ H,4 % j(History of Japanese education in modern times). Tokyo, Meiji Tosho Shuppansha, 1949, 379pp. A detailed description of education in Japan from 1868 to 1948. Chapters deal with Meiji educational philosophy, early eduational systems, the influence of the West, the Imperial Rescript on Education, education and the development of the Japanese state, education and the Pacific War, and postwar developments. A selected reading list is appended. 24.022. Mombusho X (Ministry of Education)(ed.), Gakusei hachiju nenshi J '\ v X A (Eighty-year history of the educational system). Tokyo, Mombush5, 1954, 57 + 1182pp. Describes the development of the Japanese educational system since its establishment by law in 1872. The materials on education during the war and on the educational reform after the war are particularly valuable. The work is divided into text and source materials. Similar fifty-year and seventy-year histories were previously published. 24.023. Mombusho ). jf (Ministry of Education) (ed.), Gakusei kyujunen shi ",1 ~fu._ (Ninetyyear history of the school system). Tokyo, Mombusho, 1964, 691pp. Covers the school system from 1872 to 1962. Includes an appendix of basic materials. Places major emphasis on the ten years 1952-1962 not covered in the Ministry's eighty-year history published in 1953. 24.024. Mombush5 _pf- (Ministry of Education) (ed.), Meiji iko koiku seido hattatsushi fJ f b;( t ';', ^SA_ (A history of the development of the educational system since 1868). Tokyo, Ryuginsha, 1938-1939, 12 vols. Edited by the Committee on the Development of Education in the Ministry of Education. Describes the development of the educational system from 1872 to 1932 based on the texts of laws and regulations relating to education. Adds a description of education in the Tokugawa period. Contains useful materials for sociological study of education. 24.025. Mombusho -j0 (Ministry of Education) (ed.), Nihon kyoikushi shiryo 6 yu f (Materials on the history of Japanese education). Tokyo, Mombusho, 1903-1904, 9 vols., reprinted from 1890-1892 edition. Illustrated. Assembles materials on the pre-Meiji schools of each region (vols.1-4); on teachers, texts, school records, ceremonies subsidies (vols.4-6); on operation of the various systems (regulations, testing, lectures, announcements, ceremonies, vacations, extracurricular activities, and various specialized schools) (vol. 7); on private schools (terakoya) (vol.8); and on the tradition of combining learning and martial arts, Pictures of various domain schools are included. 24.026. Mombusho 3L q X (Ministry of Education) (ed.), Nihon no seicho to kyoiku: kyoiku no tenkai to keizai no hattatsu ( 5- ~ ~ ( The maturation of Japan and education: the development of education and economic progress). Tokyo, Teikoku Chiho Gyoseikai, 1962, 261pp. Calculates the proportional contribution of education to Japan's economic development at twenty-five per cent; considers the allocation of educational investment and the long-term comprehensive educational plan; and makes statistical comparisons with the major countries of the world.

Page  239 EDUCATION 239 24.027. Mombusho Jitsugyo Gakumu Kyoku J~ pt A (Office of Vocational Education, Ministry of Education) (ed.), Jitsugyo kyoiku gojunen shi f _Ait -_t jFifty-year history of vocational education). Tokyo, Mombusho Jitsugyo Gakumu Kyok'unai Gojushunen Kinenkai, 1934, 522pp. Beginning with the "Provisions for Agricultural Schools" in 1883, outlines vocational education in Japan, listing laws, systems, rules, management, and the content of the education. Useful as a source of basic materials. 24.028. Nagai Michio j< f Xf, '"Chishikijin no seisan ruto 11 j A -) jg-j - (Production route for intellectuals)." in Kindai Nihon shisoshi koza ]d\ tJ, ~ A~ (Series on the history of modern Japanese thought), vol.4. Tokyo, Chikuma Shobo, 1959, pp.198-233. Discusses the organization of universities in the 1870's and 1880's and the changes which they underwent into the early 20th century. Shows how private universities followed the government university model; comments on the character of Japanese intellectuals and on ideas of the early leaders of private schools. Naka Arata, Meiji shoki no kyoiku seisaku to chiho e no teichaku (Early Meiji educational policy and its establishment in outlying areas). See Entry 19.046. Nihon Jido Kenkyujo monogurafu (Japanese Institute of Child Research monographs). See Entry 27.015. 24.029. Nihon kyoiku nenkan 4 3 S 4 f $ (Japan yearbook of education). Tokyo, Nihon Kyoiku Shimbunsha, annually since 1960. Includes sections on names of people, events, and materials. The 1966 volume has a special section on the twenty years since the end of the war. 24.030. Nihon Kyoshokuin Kumiai 4$ C~ _ ^&. (The Teachers' Union of Japan) (ed.), Nihon no kyoiku: dainikai zenkoku kyoiku kenkyu taikai hokoku 6 df f); ~ - 1r /4. I f/ t ~ ^ (Education in Japan: a report of the second annual meeting of educational research). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1953, 3 + 501pp. Report of discussions of the second annual (1952) meeting of educational research, sponsored by the Teachers' Union of Japan. Covered are the educational system, working conditions of teachers, Torking youth, handicapped children, basic student achievement, education for peace, and education for production. Nihon Kyoshokuin Kumiai, Nikkyoso junenshi (Ten-year history of the Japan Teachers' Union). See Entry 20.044. 24.031. Ogata Hiroyasu F i g j, Seiyo kyoiku inyu no hoto IV < t.9 ( \(The way in which Western education was introduced). Tokyo, K5dansha, 1961, 242pp. A study of the place of the introduction of Western education in the modernization of Japanese education from 1867 to 1890. Covers the westernization of thought, students studying abroad, the sending of observers to foreign countries, the introduction of foreign teachers, books on education and social science, translation of newspapers and magazines. 24.032. Okubo Toshiaki L \\p.$7 Nihon no daigaku 3 $ 9) '9 ' (Japanese universities). Tokyo, Tokyo Sogensha, 1938, 394pp. A chronological survey of the development of centers of higher education in Japan from the eighth century to the present. A list of references concludes each chapter. Oshio Shunsuke, "Kyoikuteki kino no hokai kara mita kaitai kazoku no jirei" (Collapse of the educational function in disorganized families). See Entry 26.013. 24.033. Ototake Iwazo - /i' c j, Nihon shomin kyoikushi / __ ~,) (A history of popular education in Japan). Tokyo, Meguro Shoten, 1929, 3 vols. Describes Japanese popular education, especially in the Tokugawa period in various parts of the country, in terms of educational leaders and educational ideas. 24.034. Oyabu Ju i ts -, "Shiko kyosei ni okeru yudo no koka: Nara shonen keimusho ni okeru jikkenteki kenkyu T 4 j. 1 A; X ^ X < ^ A; t FJ, r I At 1% @3 ^ h f t (The effect of induction [guidance] on the reformation of thinking: an experimental study at Nara Juvenile Prison)." Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Bungakkai jimbun kenkyu \1 L A J — 7 > (Osaka Municipal University Literary Society, humanistic studies), vol.6, no.10, 1955, pp.78-96. Research on methods and techniques for reformation of thought involving experimental use of group sociometrics and the index of a leader's popularity on inmates of a juvenile prison. 24.035. Sasaki Tetsuro j - ^^ Saito Yoshio t t,and Hosoya Tsuneo A Y, "Sengo Nihon shakai no bunseki: kyoiku 4T Vj y;_ A> (Analysis of postwar Japanese society: education)." SKGHR, vol.7, no.29, November, 1957, pp.83-113. A study of the postwar educational system analyzing the implication of reforms in terms of teachers, education and the community, and education and public opinion.

Page  240 240 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 24. 036. Shim'bori Michiya X Jr, -i t, Nihon no daigaku kyoju ichiba: gakubatsu no kenkyu 3 4 j j I UT. 7 t BitQ ) fI1 1 9 (The professorial market in Japan: research on cliques in education). Tokyo, Koyokan, 1965, 255pp. Uses various yearbooks, who's whos,and statistical materials to analyze cliques in professorial personnel problems in universities. Takes up the relationship between the university where the professor took his degree and the university where he teaches, research accomplishments and rank and achievement, and compares these with foreign examples. 24.037. Shinano Kyoikukai, [ 4 (Shinano Education Association) (ed.), Shinano Kyoikukai gojunen shi t A (Fifty-year history of the Shinano Education Association). Nagano, Shinano Mainichi Shimbunsha, 1935, 773pp. History of the Shinano Education Association founded in Nagano prefecture in 1886 by primary school teachers. Tells the story of the operation and activities of this organization which helped make Nagano known as the "education prefecture." Chronology and organizational charts are included as well as an outline of its branch chapters. Tamura Takeo, "Kyoshi no jinji haichi ni nirareru gakubatsu no sonzai keitai" (Patterns of academic cliques as seen in the placement of teachers). See Entry 17.080. Tsuchiya Tadao, Meiji zenki kyoiku seisakushi no kenkyu (A study of the history of educational policy in the early Meiji period). See Entry 19.051. Yomikaki Noryoku Chosa Iinkai, Nihonjin no yomikaki noryoku (Japanese literacy). See Entry 23.040. Yoshida Teigo, "Dotoku kyoiku no sogoteki hikaku kenkyu: Yawata shi ni okeru dotoku kyoiku no shakai bunkateki haikei" (A comprehensive comparative study of moral education: the social and cultural background of moral education in Yawata). See Entry 25.061.

Values and Attitudes

pp. 241-250

Page  241 CHAPTER XXV VALUES AND ATTITUDES Japanese sociologists and anthropologists began systematic research on values and attitudes, for the first time, in the postwar years under the combined stimulus of newly-introduced American research methods -- survey research and attitude scaling -- and newly won freedom to examine social mobility and the nature of democratization and rationalism in various sectors of society. In the atmosphere of early postwar years, most opinion sampling was directed at elucidating political attitudes of various social groups; it has since broadened its scope considerably. Values tended to come under serious study only in the 1960's, near the cut-off date of materials assembled for this Guide. Even though the early survey research results suffer from inexpert handling or from narrowness of focus, their contents offer a considerable amount of material that can be turned to varied uses. Value and attitude studies, however, are by no means limited to survey research data and a broader definition of such studies shows them to have a somewhat longer history. Thus, we list works that examine in various ways the Japanese concern with status and hierarchy, that analyze in-group or reference-group sentiments, or that define attitudes toward achievement and social mobility. Village research or historical documents often provide the data for these studies. A. IDEOLOGY Attitudes related to explicit doctrines or world views are the main subject of works grouped in this section. As a rule, sociologists have dealt with this subject matter less extensively than intellectual and political historians or political scientists. Yet sociological inquiry has provided some approaches and findings of distinctive character on militarism, on the role of intellectuals, and on other matters. 25.001. Arase Yutaka A -t W (ed.), "Sengo shiso ni okeru 'nashonaru no mono' t< By s It ry s 3 rV c 9 J (National issues in postwar thought)." Shiso 3.f e (Thought), Part I, no.444, 1961, pp.126-134; Part II, no.446, 1961, pp.104-112. Summarizes and introduces representative opinions on issues which evoked national interest between 1949 and 1960, such as the peace treaty, postwar democracy, atomic power, and revision of the U.S.-Japan security pact. 25.002. Fukuchi Shigetaka f -t #, Gunkoku Nihon no keisei: shizoku ishiki no tenkai to sono shumatsu ~ sg H~ A f 9o' pt % 9^ tt fEf4 (l 9/. J', (Formation of Japan as a militant nation: development and downfall of the warrior image). Tokyo, Shunjusha, 1959, 15 + 318pp. A historical descriptive study of Japanese militarism since the Meiji era, covering the socio-political aspects (emperor, professional soldiers, veterans, women), its religio-cultural aspects (military songs, officer education, teacher education, war-gods), and its international aspects (peace, reduction of armaments, population, and colonization). The author pays special attention to the role of the class of former warriors and their philosophy in the growth of militarism. The first noteworthy product in this field. Kato Hidetoshi, "Shimbun to imiron: sengo Nihon ni okeru kii shimboru no henka" (Newspapers and theories of meaning: changes in key symbols in postwar Japan). See Entry 23.010. Kosaka Masaaki and Ono Hideo, Meiji bunkashi 4: shiso genron hen (Cultural history of the Meiji period in vol.4: thought and public opinion). See Entry 23.013. Nihon Jido Kenkyujo (ed.), Nihon Jido Kenkyujo monogurafu no.5: Jidai no suii ni tomonau kodomo no kachikan no henka: "gendai no ko" no jinsei to mokuhyo (Changes in the child's sense of values with the changing times: the goals of the modern child). See Entry 27.016. 25.003. Sakayori Toshio ` ~ /, "Chusho kigyo rodosha no kachi henkaku { /-1. J Af ' ) ~] f ~ (Changes in the values of laborers in small and medium enterprises)." Shiso jt:. L (Thought), no.429, 1960, pp.74-83. An analysis of the relationship between changes in employees' values and mobility, employee discharges, pay, and the formation of labor unions. Sakuta Keiichi, "Sengo Nihon ni okeru Amerikanizeishon" (Americanization in postwar Japan). See Entry 18.015. Shiso no Kagaku Kenkyukai (ed.), Tenko (Conversion). See Entry 20.022. 241

Page  242 242 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Takahashi Akira and Fujitake Akira, "Ideorogii kenkei bunken mokuroku (2) Nihon hen" (Bibliography on ideology (2) Japan)." See Entry 1.o44. 25.004. T5yama Shigeki A lJ) A, et al., "Nihon no shiso zasshi V d 19 iv z t tjJapan' s intellectual magazines)." a feature series from Shiso -) O (Thought), no.447, September 1961, to no.480, June 1964, (intermittent). The nineteen articles of this series,appearing intermittently over a span of three years, deal with periodicals from the 1870's through World War II which had wide influence on intellectual trends and social movements. Twenty-one authors including social scientists contributed to this series, each discussing his quota of magazines from his own view point and with his own methods. Journals under discussion are: Meiroku zasshi; Aikoku shirin and Aikoku shinshi; Taiyo; odo sekai; Kokumin no tomo and Nihonjin; Bungakkai; Seito and Shinfujin ky5kai; Shimbukky5, Seishinkai, and Muga no ai; Kindai shiso and Shinshakai; Heimin shimbun and its successors; Rikugo zasshi; Demokrashii and Musan nomin; Shinko kagaku no hata and Yuibutsuron kenkyu; Shakai shugi kenkyu, Zen'ei, the Fabian Shakai shugi kenkyu, and Seiji kenkyu; Kyoiku no seiki and Shink5 kyoiku; Bi, Hihyo, and Sekai bunka; Chuo koron; magazines of World War II, and Chugai. Tsuda Michio, Gendai no Torotsukizumu (Contemporary Trotskyism). See Entry 20.041. B. SOCIOCULTURAL VALUE FOCI In this section are studies drawn from subject between husband and wife, and values attached matter particularly within the domain of sociology to relations derived from obligations (on and and social anthropology: interpersonal relations, giri relations). In reference to in-group attifamily and community relations, class and status tudes, we list studies of household (ie) loyalty relations. Recurrent themes emerging from these and solidarity, of values that support communalism papers concern status and hierarchy, on the one in traditional hamlets, and of identity charachand, and the nature of attitudes toward an in- teristics of townspeople in the Tokugawa Era. group or reference group, on the other hand. With Finally, there is research on the shift of values reference to status and hierarchy, we list research in these areas: e.g., on the accommodation of on such matters as values of the pre-modern elite positive attitudes toward ambition and achievement class, attitudes among parents and children or to the social setting in which the achieving person lives. 25.005. Ariga Kizaemon,LT, "Giri to ninjo: ko to shi ^ f 44; (Obligation and sentiment: public and private)." in Yoshikawa Tetsuya 'c I t -1 (ed.), Gendai dotoku koza A, 4 the>; t1 (Symposium on contemporary ethics), vol.3: Nihonjin no dotokuteki shinsei ^ P; A7x, 4- - (The Japanese ethical nature). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1955, pp.104-131. Takes up the Japanese view of the contrast between personal affection and observance of obligations to others or to public standards. Points out sharply that Japanese society is governed by a relativism with regard to this concept of "private things" and "public things" which is a peculiar characteristic of Japanese social structure. One of the best essays dealing with social norms and social structure in Japanese society. Ariga Kizaemon, "Konoike-ke no kaken" (House rules of the Konoike). See Entry 11.020. 25.060. Fukuba Hoshu,h ) ' ]']', "Giri ni tsuite no ichi ni no kosatsu 4- t Ii,t "! - 9 9 r - (Some considerations on giri)." SKGZ, no.37, 1927, pp.33-50. A sociological analysis of the contemporary view toward giri and of its control over the behavior of people in society. 25.007. Fukutake Tadashi AX A, "Buraku no 'heiwa' to kaikyuteki kincho: ichi gyosei son ni okeru nomin undo no sui'i i) -~ Li r" 6 ~ _ ~ % Ai ~- t \4$ 1 " I, As A,, / (Buraku 'peace' and class tension: the changing agrarian movement in an administrative village)." SSK Annual, no.2: Nochi kaikaku to nrmin undo } j A ~ ~ t. ( r~_v(Land reform and farmers' movements), 1955, pp.28-65. A study of social tension in Shiota village, Ogata gun, Nagano prefecture, touching on pre-war tenancy disputes but dealing mainly with tensions in the agricultural land committee and agricultural cooperative after land reform. This survey was an eleven-man team project led by Ariga Kizaemon, under sponsorship of the Japan Humanistic Sciences Association, as part of a wider study of social tensions. 25.008. Fukutake Tadashi 4 '\ ~ and Tsukamoto Tetsundo 3:j A- J jn, Nihon nomin no shakaiteki seikaku 4J A' 2, r + <~ r i j~ v (The social characteristics of Japanese farmers). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1954, 2 + 3 + 282 + 31pp. An intensive comparative survey (1953) of Ukuda village in Okayama prefecture, and Shimokoani village in Akita prefecture, by researchers from Tokyo University. The report first describes village social structure, then presents opinion responses to questions on such matters as family, kin, and local and national

Page  243 VALUES AND ATTITUDES 243 social problems. A social typology is offered, on the basis of these responses. The interview schedule is reproduced in an appendix. 25.009. hashikawa Bunzo A )J. _, et al., "Gendai no kachikan At 4j\ 9 04~ %,(Contemporary values)." Shiso; 2 (Thought), special issue, no.425, November 1959. This special number on contemporary values consists of fifteen articles, four of which deal mainly with Japanese values. They are by Hashikawa Bunzo, Takagi Hiroo, Takabatake Akihisa,and Ienaga Saburo, and deal respectively with the structure of values among Japanese, changing values among the masses, changing values in government and enterprises, and the co-existence of diverse values in Japanese thinking. 25.010. Himeoka Tsutomu -g ], "Giri no kannen to sono shakaiteki kiso: g 03_ t - 9,i - / (;t (The concept of girl and its social foundation)." Nempo shakaigaku kenkyu L;j,/ / ', (Sociological research annual), no.l, 1944, pp.162-223. Sociological analysis of the concept of giri (obligation) as the morality of the Tokugawa period. 25.011. Himeoka Tsutomu 3 ]J 4, "Hoken dotoku ni arawareta fufu no joge kankei _ ' I K, 4 F a, N- - (The vertical relationship between husband and wife as expressed in feudal morals)." SKGHR, vol.4, no.3 (whole no.15), 1954, pp.2-13. The author shows how Tokugawa period books on ethics stressed the superiority of husbands over their wives. 25.012. Himeoka Tsutomu At 11 A|1, "Hoken dotoku ni arawareta waga kuni kinsei no oyako kankei ifo_ /l1c; (h At_ f' h41id) ^ ' i (The parent-child relationship in the feudal morals of the Tokugawa period)." SKGHR, vol.2, no.3 (whole no.7), 1952, pp.121-142. Describes the parent-child relationship as defined by feudal morals in the Tokugawa period. Kawashima Takeyoshi, et al., "Tokushu: Rusu Benedikuto 'Kiku to katana' no ataeru mono" (The problems raised by The Chrysanthemum and the Sword). See Entry 4.016. Kuki Shuzo, Iki no kozo (The structure of iki). See Entry 27.007. Matsuda Michio, Nihonshiki ikujiho (Japanese style child care). See Entry 27.008. Matsushima Eiichi, "Nihon shakai no zenkindaisei to iu koto; aruiwa sekaishi ni okeru Nihon no ichi ni tsuite no shiron" (The so-called pre-modern character of Japanese society: or a preliminary essay on the place of Japan in world history). See Entry 8.003. 25.013. Naito Kanji i\ L-, "Shukyo to keizai rinri: Jodo shinshu to Omi shonin Ad 3 3f] fX A? a~4 f' c ~ _ - /j. (Religion and economic ethics: the Jodo shin sect and the Omi merchants)." Nempo shakaigaku d L/ (Sociology annual), vol.8, 1941, pp.243-286. Deals with the stance taken by the Jado shin sect (Buddhist) toward the economic ethics of merchants from mihi province (Shiga prefecture), who were famous for their country-wide peddling in the middle Tokugawa period, and who expanded from 5mi to establish stores in Kyoto, Osaka, and Edo. Nakamura Hajime, "Toyojin no shii hoho dainibu: Nihonjin Chibettojin no shii hoho" (Ways of thinking of Eastern peoples; part two: ways of thinking of Japanese and Tibetans). See Entry 27.014. 25.014. Nakano Takashi ~:., "Ie no ideorogii i <r n J," 2 "- (Eng. title: Ideologies of ie, the Japanese family system)." in Koza gendai shakai shinrigaku pF, - /L-1j r (Symposium on contemporary social psychology), vol.8. Tokyo, Nakayama Shoten, 1959, pp.100-118. Finds the main point of ie ideology in the requirement that its members make the continuation and prosperity of the ie their highest aim. Maintains that the ie is not in the strict sense a patrilineage and the ie-head is not a patriarch. Urges empirical scientific analysis of the hypothesis presented. The latter half of the essay shows that in the Tokugawa period large commercial ie were already beginning to separate management of the enterprise and the ie, and that ie norms as expressed in the Meiji civil code and in education amounted to an acceleration of earlier changes in ie ideology. Nakano Takashi, "Ie no kozo to ishiki oyobi sono henyo" (The structure and consciousness of ie and its change). See Entry 10.047. Ohara Kenshiro, "Nihon no jisatsu" (Japanese suicide). See Entry 27.019. 25.015. Sakurai Shotaro; f ) f, A, "Chusei hoken shakai ni okeru bushi kaikyu dotoku ishiki no ichi kosatsu: hosei, kakun, kyokunsho o shiryo to shite 1z r ) i'1/,6 ]- e 1 \ - ~ A n L -: X', "?M. ". 4', 6) 7A1' ~ i 't' X_ L (A study of the morality of the samurai class in the medieval feudal society: using laws, house rule books, and school rule books)." Nempo shakaigaku - T ~/~ tP (Sociology annual), vol.5, 1938, pp.76-96. Discusses samurai moral precepts from the Kamakura period to the time of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, dealing with loyalty and service as the expressions of a morality based on the lord-vassal relationship, and with piety and fidelity as the expressions of a morality based on the family relationship.

Page  244 244 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 25.016. Sakurai Shotaro 2 J J' <u J, "Furyu ishiki no kosatsu )S t~_ 9' i (Study of the sense of refinement)." Nihon Shakai Gakkai nempo shakaigaku 4: Toshi to noson M2K2/Z 'I o y f /l A [4 A T CX t. (Japan Sociological Society, sociology annual, no.4: City and village). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1936, pp.254-256. A study of the sense of refinement in samurai in feudal society. As symbols, the author suggests (1) luxury and splendor, (2) appreciation of natural beauty, and (3) the concepts of wabi and suki (quiet artistic taste). 25.017. Sakurai Shotaro 7 y-. JE, Nihon hoken shakai ishikiron g 4. ' (A study of Japanese feudal mentality). Tokyo, Nikko Shoin, 1949, 244pp. An objective analysis of the feudal mind. The author deals with such problems as feudal contract, name, honor, face, feudal morals. He documents his study by frequent reference to the literature of the Tokugawa period. 25.018. Sakurai Shotaro X t. ", "On narabini giri no shakai ishiki ni tsuite W.. C- 1 rt....- v T (Social concept of on and giri)." Nihon Shakai Gakkai nempo shakaigaku 2: Minzoku to kokka 4,X t K - ~ LU t 2~, \,_ _ (Japan Sociological Society, sociology annual, no.2: People and state). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1934, pp.338-340. Compares on and giri, as Japanese social concepts, to the potlatch in primitive society, maintaining that on and giri have a potlatch-like contractual social image. 25.019. Takatsu Hitoshi I, "Kinsei Osaka no chonin konjo _ _ } A 9,4(Engtitle: Chonin konjo of Osaka townsmen in the Tokugawa era)." SKGHR, vo] 11, no.3-4 (whole no.43-44), 1961, pp.22-38. Townsman esprit (chonin konjo) is the conservative, irrational, petty meanness which is said generally to have governed the actions of the old townsman class around the time of the Meiji Restoration, and this article traces its history back into the Tokugawa period. The analysis was prompted by a quest for the answer to why members of old warrior families rather than old townsmen families led in Japan's industrialization. 25.020. Takaya Michio W ~ _ ~, "Meiji ishin to purotesutanchizumu ~ ~ { t ' 7~ ~ 7 Ad y -~ 7XX s (The Meij'i Restoration and Protestantism)." Nihon Shakai Gakkai nempo shakaigaku 4: Toshi to noson Z t k ~ / A t ~ A / r', ~ (Japan Sociological Society, sociology annual, noo.4: City and village). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1936, pp.231-234. An examination of the relationship between Christian evangelism and the Meiji Restoration, particularly in the area of thought. Tsuchiya Takao, "'Edokko' kishitsu ni kansuru shiteki kosatsu: sono ichi shiron" (An attempt at a historical study of the 'Edokko' temperament). See Entry 14.084. 25.021. Wakamori Taro Ad Ail >J 2 1, "Mura no denshoteki shakai rinri: 0'hoken sei' no mondai ni kanren shite A 9 A T t, i/z / - J^\ I A j T (Villagers' traditional social ethics: in connection with 'feudal residues')." MZGKK, no.1, 1950, pp.65-96. A folkloristic study of traditional social ethics maintained by elders in rural society. Pays special attention to social status and standing of households, oyabun-kobun (patron-client) relations, exchange of presents, communal regimentation, provincial ethnocentrism, etc., and attempts to elucidate this aspect of "feudal residue." C. SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS: WAYS OF THINKING Studies based on survey research and attitude indices. Many of these polls aimed at discerning scaling are grouped, for the most part, in this class consciousness, politicization, or other section. There are opinion polls taken among social psychological features of the group in farmers, workers in small and large enterprises, question; though their success often was insubstanwhite collar groups such as teachers, lawyers, tial, they nonetheless provide useful quantitative and college students; and polls from population data for other uses. samples analyzed by income or other economic Akiyama Takanori, "Kemminsei ni tsuite" (Prefectural personality characteristics). See Entry 27.001.Baba Shiro, "Nihonshi kyokasho ni okeru nashonarizumu no kozo to tenkai" (Structure and development of nationalism in Japanese history text books). See Entry 24.002. 25.022. Fujiwara Hirotatsu ~~, ~Ai_, Gendai Nihon no seiji ishiki ~& ' -4 F P9 i X p'(Contemporary Japanese political attitudes). Tokyo, Sobunsha, 1958, 4 + 3 + 389pp.

Page  245 VALUES AND ATTITUDES 245 An analysis of the political attitudes of various social groups and strata in contemporary Japanese society. The groups happen to include several organizations (among them a rightist group: Nihon Kakumei Kikuhata Doshikai) and samples from scattered localities of: the population at large, middle class and leadership strata, youth, laborers, etc. The appendixes include survey forms, questionnaires, and tabulated results. 25.023. Fukaya Masashi Ry~ A, Ryosai kembo shugi no kyoiku _: z_: F t (Education for making good wives and wise mothers). Nagoya, Reimei Shobo, 1966, 270pp. Examines prewar women's education, the formation of "good wives and wise mothers" into an ideology and its permeation of the educational system. Rich in basic materials. Fukutake Tadashi (ed.), Nihonjin no shakai ishiki (The social consciousness of the Japanese). See Entry 5.006. 25.024. Fukutake Tadashi A ' i, "Sengo ni okeru nomin ishiki no hen'yo i 4t1X -b-61J p; 9 ' t (Changes in agrarian consciousness in the postwar period)" Shiso (Thought), no.417, 1959, pp.1-13. Maintains that in order to grasp the farmers' frame of mind, one must not only make direct analysis of survey results but also, indirectly, explore attitudes in the context of farmers' productive relations and living conditions; moreover, one must take account of the results obtained by practical persons and those fostering cultural improvements who are in day-to-day contact with farmers. Proposes tentative hypotheses on this basis. 25.025. Goto Kazuo ^ 4T At,, Ichii Saburo 1f - 1", and Yamada Hideo jL l~7 A -&t, "Gakugei daigakusei no ishiki A A\, (Attitudes of students at Gakugei University)." Shiso f 0j(Thought), no.436, October 1960, pp.79-93. A 1958 survey of the students of Aichi Gakugei University, a teacher's college, with the object of determining whether or not their characters were appropriate to their future roles as teachers and promoters of democracy through education. Attitudes were analyzed of all the students together, in units of clubs as small groups, and in individual case studies. 25.026. Hagiwara Kazuyoshi e -, "Rodosha no ishiki, sono ni: chusho kigyo rodosha no ishiki,1 9 % S < -5 Wy1 < J, A (The consciousness of laborers, 2: the consciousness of workers in smaller enterprises)." in Fukutake Tadashi -4 \ (ed.), Nihonjin no shakai ishiki 3 )J J\ j ) 4 Az9.t pit (The social consciousness of Japanese). Tokyo, Sanichi Shob5, 1960, pp.119-149. Asserts a special set of attitudes among workers in smaller enterprises, which grows out of the historical and social conditions distintiive to these enterprises. Illustrates this this thesis with a close look a close look at smallish businesses that manufacture high quality furniture. 25.027. Hazama Hiroshi Af, "Rodosha no ishiki: I W^ A9 L(The consciousness of laborers: I)." in Fukutake Tadashi -j t (ed.), Nihonjin no shakai ishiki BAJA-j) 0 3- Li tf (Social consciousness of the Japanese). Tokyo, Saneichi Shob5, 1960, pp.85-118. Examines the social perceptions of organized laborers concentrating on their livelihood (including the places both of production and materials and discusses such matters as forms of labor organizations, class character of workers in giant enterprises, attitudes toward life of laborers' families, unique attitudes among Japanese labor management and enterprises, enterprise unions and union consciousness. Emphasizes that, generally speaking, laborers' social attitudes and political consciousness are stagnant. 25.028. Hidaka Rokuro -i/^ ^_, Takahashi Akira -A 4, Kido Kotaro x f /. t, and Watanuki Joji t _ A, "Rodosha no seiji ishiki ' 4 % t '( Political attitudes of laborers). ' Shiso ) j. (Thought), July 1955, pp.37-56. Proposes an analytic model for getting at workers' attitudes, especially in the field of politics, which recognizes the three parameters of traditional value attitudes, political orientation:, and class consciousness, measures each by objective means, and considers their mutual influence on each other. Suggests procedures for quantifying and merging these separate scales. 25.029. Inaba Michio - * "K5taishi hi kettei to kokumin no hann5 @ Mu - y S a? J /,k (The choice of a consort for the people)." Shis5, * (Thought), no.418, 1959, pp.129-136. An analysis based on newspaper opinion polls, the problem of self control in the press, and reports of social-psychological studies. 25.030. Ishikawa Atsushi AT 7'J 't o, "Rodosha no ishiki, sono ni: shitsugyosha hiyatoi rodosha no shakai ishiki ftjj < A - X- -t f 3), 9 5, (The consciousness of laborers, II: the social consciousness of unemployed workers and day labourers)." in Fukutake Tadashi j \7 At iS (ed.), Nihonjin no shakai ishiki 3 < * t (The social consciousness of Japanese). Tokyo, San'ichi Shobo, 1960, pp.150-167. Based on case histories of unemployed workers and day laborers registered with an employment office in Tokyo, the study describes the descent into poverty and the depressed life of these people.

Page  246 246 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 25.031. Izumiya Hajime > ', "Howaito karaa no ishiki ' '7 1- 7- 4 ) - ' (White collar consciousness)." in Fukutake Tadashi ~ -j l (ed.), Nihonjin no shakai ishiki 4N J ) 4 t-j jT (The social consciousness of Japanese). Tokyo, San'ichi Shobo, 1960, pp.201-227. Utilizes results of surveys of white-collar employees conducted in 1957-1958 by the Japan Sociological Society, the University of Tokyo Journalism Institlute, the National Federation of Local Bank Unions, etc.; discusses such topics as union consciousness, enterprise consciousness, political consciousness, and middle-class consciousness. Karasawa Tomitaro, Kyokasho no rekishi: kyokasho to Nihonjin no keisei (History of textbooks: textbooks and the formation of a Japanese). See Entry 24.014. Karasawa Tomitaro, Kyoshi no rekishi: kyoshi no seikatsu to rinri (History of teachers: the teacher's life and ethic). See Entry 24.015. 25.032. Kawagoe Junji )'] y _-, "Nomin no kachi kan e d)iy, J 4 J (The values of farmers)." SSK Annual V, Sengo noson no hembo 4 S ~ t $ Transformation of the postwar village), 1958, pp.170-187. Analysis of results of individual interviews with 135 men and women between the ages of 20 and 80, made in Gyoninbara, Kamitsugu village, Aichi prefecture in 1955. Interviews, within the framework of V- and F-scale tests, confirmed the submergence of individuality and dependence on external norms in the traditional rural values system. okeru shakaiteki seiso to shakai ishiki no chosa kenkyu CIII) A> - ) J s T 1t 1- i A$Ssr- tS kt t 91^ |fT+A ^(S)(Eng. title: Report of research on social stratification and mobility in Tokyo (III): the structure of social consciousness)." SKGHR, no.13 -14, 1954, pp.74-100. Survey of a random sampling of 700 Tokyo males between the ages of 20 and 69. The structure of social attitudes was measured on a scale between a completely traditional value system and a socialist ideology. Parts I-II appeared in SKGHR 12 and 13-14 without series identification (by Yasuda Saburo and Hibi Koichi). A study of postwar youth as intellectuals. Asserts that an aimless search for a better life has replaced the pre-war striving for success in terms of power; but postwar youth is also more rational and objective in judgment. Kitagawa Takayoshi, et al., Fuji Firumu rodo kumiaiin no ishiki to jittai (Attitudes and true conditions of members of the Fuji Film labor union). See Entry 17.093. 25.035. Kitagawa Takayoshi gU 1'J ~, "Rodosha no shis5 kenkaku no mondai to seisansei kojo undo n <f +7 (Changes in thinking among workers and the movement to raise productivity)." in idaka Rokuro th (ed.), Shakaigaku ronsaku stuyh mi 1 e (Essays in sociology). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1959, pp.208-218; also in Shiso 7 (Thought), no. 4o6, April 1958. An analysis of the influence on workers of the development and spread of the techniques of general control and administration which form an important aspect of the movement to raise productivity. Discusses problems and methods of changing the thinking among workers in the midst of this situation. 25.036. Kitsuse, John I. Af t^-;,3. I and Yamamura Yoshiaki L A> s Y, "Gendai Nihon ni okeru kojinteki sekinin no ishiki Fi ru m c r 'dJoua 1 i1 rShi 0) jt (At (The consciousness of individual responsibility in contemporary Japan).' SKGHR, vol.14, no.1, 193, pp.79-90. Analyzes the concept of personal responsibility as it has been built into the reeducation methods used in one reformatory, and the ways in which this concept is communicated to the boys. Based on a survey made from January to April 1963. Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyujo and Nihon Shimbun Kyokai, Kokosei to shimbun (High school students and the newspaper). See Entry 23.011. 25.037. Matsui Yasuihiro fom, et al., "Bengoshi no seikatsu to ishiki pro ut iy Ds s prblt (Life and consciousness among lawyers)." in Horitsu jiho te Pmit o (Legal review), vol.32, no.5, 1960, pp.24-55. Results and analysis of a survey mailed to a selected sample (1000) of the 6300 lawyers in Japan (February 1960) to which 296 responded. A supplementary survey was conducted by prefectures and years, according to the proportion of lawyers in the population, to study lawyers' previous occupation and school graduated from. Items in the questionnaire were on business conditions, political consciousness, and legal decisions.

Page  247 VALUES AND ATTITUDES 247 Minami Hiroshi, Nihonjin no shinri (Psychology of the Japanese). See Entry 27.010. Nagai Michio, 'Thishikijin no seisan ruto" (Production route for intellectuals). See Entry 24.028. 25.038. Nakamoto Hiromichi ~P 34s- )J ~, "Enden rodosha no rodosha ishiki: Kagawa ken san enden no baai 3; 1, e <f; ' B - '1 7, - - A A A d (Labor consciousness in the salt fields: three fields in Kagawa prefecture). SKGHR, Part I, vol.6, no.2, 1955, pp.100-115; Part 2, vol. 6, no.3, 1956, pp.60-92. Part one outlines the history of research on workers' attitudes. Part two is a report of work on labor attitudes in this one old industry in Kagawa prefecture, outlining feelings about their work; attitudes toward employers; group consciousness and in-group feelings; and attitude toward labor unions. 25.039. Nakano Yoshihiko D ~ 3, "Sanson ni okeru kazoku shugi dotoku ij; V. -.i 7,t-T _$;(Familistic morality in the mountain village)." in Watsuji Tetsuo u L r and Furukawa Tetsushi )II l f, et al.(eds.), Gendai dotoku koza 4: Gendai dotoku no jittai sono ichi, Nihon shakai no dotoku shindan A Aft 4- Af 4 4, ft 0 I A;.'- j / ) 0 )t;4 (Series on contemporary morality, vol.4: The state of contemporary morality, 1, moral diagnosis of Japanese society). Tokyo, Kawade Shobo, 1955, pp.62-101. Report of a study on moral attitudes made in 1952 in Omatsukura, Higashi Takezawa village, Niigata prefecture. This is a small mountain hamlet, buried in snow for five months of the year, where residents depend on small fields and sericulture. The survey is based on interviews and results are correlated with ie rank and ie production. Results are compared with a similar field study by the author in Nozumi, also in Niigata prefecture. 25.040. Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai I3J '-dJ e" // (Japanese Humanistic Sciences Society) (ed.), Shakaiteki kincho no kenkyu ) i fi. <,;~ ~(Studies on social tension). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1953, 7 + 478pp. Reports of field surveys on social tension in Japan by fifty-eight social scientists, sponsored by the Japanese Humanistic Sciences Society as a divisional project of the UNESCO joint research on social tension. Contents are: (1) the general meaning of social tension, (2) tension in family life, (3) cliques and clique consciousness, (4) tension in the community, (5) tension in religious life, (6) tension in economic life, (7) ideological tension, (8) youth problems, (9) minority problems, (10) racial problems. Nihon Jitaku Kodan, Apato danchi kyojusha no shakai shinrigakuteki kenkyu (A social-psychological study of apartment residents in project housing). See Entry 14.064. 25.041. Nishihira Shigeki 1~ V F, Nihonjin no iken A / 9 A- J (Japanese opinions). Tokyo, Seishin Shobo, 1963, 336pp. Full report of surveys by the Institute of Statistical Mathematics of the Ministry of Education. Attempts to study Japanese national character through asking about support of prime ministers, trends in attitudes toward the constitution and the security treaty, voting behavior, election phenomena, and social class consciousness. Attempts a scientific profile of public opinion based on statistical fact. Recognizes the limits of statistical studies and discusses factors which cannot be expressed in statistics. 25.042. Nishihira Shigeki A J f, "Nihonjin no kangaekata 1{ 4xJ V; (Ways of thinking of the Japanese)." Keizai hyoron - -- - (Economic review), special issue, August 1959, pp.135 -Summary report of randomized nation-wide attitude surveys made in 1953 and 1958 by the Institute of Statistical Mathematics. These are the first two of a planned repeat survey every five years. Finds that, in general, thinking has become progressive and rational regardless of generation, but there has been little change in five years. The need for religion is recognized, but its political use is rejected. In race, there is some feeling of inferiority to the white race. Occupation and degree of education are most important in determining attitudes, followed by age, sex, and region. See also Item 25.053, Suzuki Tatsuzo. 25'.043. M 1oguchi VY.Ichiro e I j^ and Inaba Michio - f, "Taishu goraku to goraku sangyo *oi1, 4p l (Mass entertainment and the amusement industry)." Shiso > (Thought), no.431, 1960, pp.81-89. Analysis of Japan's five big amusement industries (pinball, bicycle racing, horse racing, boat racingand motion pictures), including management and labor conditions. Uses data for the latter half of the 1950's. 25.044. Nojiri Shigeo 4, 7 (ed.), Nomin: sono seikaku to miraizo X rN t '4 — tAK (Farmers: their character and image of the future). Tokyo, Meibundo, 1959, 276pp. A group of essays written from the point of view that, in addition to analyzing society and economics, research on the agricultural village must also investigate the personal characteristics of the agriculturist. Includes essays on new trends in research, on the formation of the agrarian class, direction in education, morals and patience, mass communications, position and role of women, part-time farmers, and prospects for the future.

Page  248 248 JAPANESE SOCIETY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 25.045. Odaka Kunio J^ Aft, "Kumiai ishiki to kigyo ishiki: rodosha ishiki no kozo bunseki ^S-^cff tj- t at$ t_ At XgN 4 g (Union and business image: structural analysis of workers' att itudes). Nihon Rodo Kyokai zasshi ]n J4a, *z_ * >J '(Japan Labor Association magazine), no.18, 1960, pp.1l8-35. Based on data obtained in a study of alienation among workers in the past, this is a social-psychological analysis of the sense of alienation among workers and the image possessed by management. Findings show that workers in big enterprise are neither whole-heartedly company nor union men, but feel loyalty to both. Maintains that this balanced or "dual reference" must be controlled if business is to maintain stability. 25.046. Ohashi Miyuki \, "Kyoinso no ishiki kozo f I9 I Af jr (Structure of class consciousness among teachers)." Shiso )O 4 (Thought), no.442, 1961, pp.50-63. Summary of the results of a mail survey made to categorize attitudes of teachers in supervisory positions as against those of other teachers, to identify positive elements in the attitude structure within the teachers' union, and to note predictable changes in the attitudes and emergent behavior o1 teachers. The questionnaire of thirty-seven items was sent to 200 teachers in Tokyo and 200 in Niigata of whom 65 percent responded. 25.047. Okui Fukutaro 1 f A At f, et al., "Shimin Ishiki if I% it (Eng. title: Citizen's consciousness)." a special issue of Toshi mondai,;gf j 1 (Urban problems), vol.54, no.7, July 1963, pp.3-4o. Four articles on the bases of urban residents' self-image (Okui Fukutaro); a sociological consideration of that topic (Shimmei Masamichi); methods and problems in survey research on the urbanite self-image (cmi Tetsuo); and notes on such a survey in Tokyo (Isomura Eiichi and Okuda Michihiro). 25.008. Sasaki Teru /?j A f 7, "Howaito kara no ishiki kozo: gendai Nihon no baai ni furetsutsu vxP17 a Y/ X so- 0) 3 5 Ic. ot 4C \-r -;' ~) I g 1 Ao (The structure of social consciousness of white collar workers: witEomments on contemporary Japan)." SKGHR, vol.12, no.1, 1961, pp.67-82. Discusses, as the two axes of social consciousness of white collar workers, their traditional orientation and the changes which their present condition has produced. Includes discussion of sense of discrimination, business sense, sense of class identity, sense of participation in the class struggle, and organizational consciousness. Seki Keigo, Nihon mukashibanashi shusei (Anthology of old Japanese tales). See Entry 22.074. Shakai Shinri Kenkyujo, "Kokumin no seikatsu ishiki to kempo" (The people's attitudes to life and the constitution). See Entry 23.024. Shakai Shinri Kenkyujo, "Wakai sedai no koshitsukan" (The younger generation's view of the Imperial Family). See Entry 23.025. 25.049. Shimazaki Minoru o m ~, "Nomin no ishiki, a ~) 9t ~ (The consciousness of farmers)." in Fukutake Tadashi j~ s X (ed. ), Nihonj in no shakai ishiki ) p/f,,a -/. A'd (The social consciousness of Japanese). Tokyo, San'ichi Shobo, 1960, pp.169-199. A Marxist view of the proper research methods to be used in the study of the class consciousness of farmers, stressing the contrast between actual class conditions and the farmers' image of class. 25.050. Shioiri Tsutomu +- 2\ j, Tominaga Ken'ichi;,_ -, and Uzu Eisuke I it A 'f "Shokuba ni okeru howaito kara no taido chosa B J ) h A} > 7 \ 1- 79 At 1 A 4 (Attitude survey of white collar workers at work)." SKGHR, vol.8, no.2 (whole no.30), 1958, pp.34-60. A July 1958 survey of male office workers in an oil firm and a machinery company probing their degree of job satisfaction, compliance with office norms, political and economic ideas, and the correlations of these factors. This small-scale survey is rare by comparison with the macroscopic studies of white collar groups. 25.051. Sonoda Kyfichi - -, et al., "Nomin no shakai ishiki g 6) 9,t3 N (Eng. title: Social consciousness of Japanese peasantry)." SKGHR, special double no., nos.43-44, 1961, pp.100-143. Four papers, revised from presentation in a symposium, are grouped together here. One reports a pair of surveys (1960) testing the relationship between recent commercial farming trends and political awareness (by Sonoda); a second questions whether farmer attitudes can be considered an ideology (by Hosoya). Two are critiques of research in this field (by Shimazaki and Matsubara). 25.052. Sugi Masataka fy jf A, "Chiiki shakai to kojo A / - NL D (Local society and the factory)." in Odaka Kunio j ]d A ~ (ed.), Imono no machi WI f Id) f (Foundry town). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.33-62. After outlining the geography, occupational organization,and class structure of Kawaguchi, Saitama prefecture, a "foundry town," the author examines the social characteristics of the residents, especially the values of foundry proprietors and their social attitudes, under two chapters: "The Kawaguchi esprit" and "Actitudes toward persons of prominence."

Page  249 VALUES AND ATTITUDES 249 25.053. Suzuki Tatsuzo I -, "Kokuminsei no kenkyu: daisanji zenkoku chosa ni tsuite ~ ~ J Ott i j], 4iZ IB l- i _' "4 (Eng. title: A study of Japanese national character: the third national survey)." Tokei Suri Kenkyujo iho., aft yff, Xi $ ^_(Proceedings of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics), vol.11, no.2 (whole no.21), 1964, pp.105-176. The third quinquennial national survey, conducted in 1963, included about half the sample included in the 1953 survey, and allowed a study of change on many topics. These included personal views, religion, children and family, sex discrimination, social problems, political attitudes, and race. The interview method was utilized with the cooperation of seventeen universities throughout the nation. An English summary is appended. See also Items 25.042 and 27.024. 25.054. Takahashi Akira t ) $, "Howaito kara no seiji ishiki I'7 / 1- - ) - j i By - A ' (Political consciousness among white collar workers)." Gekkan rodo mondai ) f] i l fX (Labor problems monthly), August 1958, pp.44-51. Summary report of a survey made in Itabashi ward, Tokyo, in the autumn of 1957. A sample of 308 males and 128 females were interviewed on newspaper reading, selection of radio programs, attitudes toward rearmament, and political party support. The sample was divided into old-middle-class, new-middle-class, and labor-class; characteristics of the new-middle-class are delineated. A detailed report of this study is found in Takahashi Akira, et al., 1958, under Communication, Item 23.033. Takahashi Akira, et al., "Toshi kinro shiminso no seiji ishiki to komyunikeshon kodo: chosa hokoku" (A study of political consciousness and communication behavior in the case of urban dwellers). See Entry 23.033. 25.055. Ueno Hirohisa _._T1f2, "Gakusei no kempo ishiki keisei y5in 0 ~ A y. A f 4 (Factors that form students' attitudes toward the Constitution)." HSKG, no.l6, 1964, pp.53-80.' Undertakes to demonstrate that university students become constitution-minded, above all, through hearing lectures on constitutional law. His surveys in early 1963 among students at Saga University and Nagasaki Junior College of Shipbuilding give credit both to studies of constitutional law and social science and to activity in the student movement for orienting students toward awareness of the Constitution, which the author equates with having peaceful and democratic attitudes. Wagatsuma Hiroshi, "Kekkon, ren'ai, fujin no yakuwari nado ni kansuru Nihon nomin to gyomin no taido no sai ni tsuite: TAT ni yoru ichi kenkyu" (Value attitudes in two Japanese villages concerning marriage, love, and women's role as seen through the TAT). See Entry 27.026. 25.056. Watanuki Joji t ~ L, "Rodosha ishiki kenkyu no hihan to kadai,. A g, f ~A - 9 i~'j1 L A fX (Critique of and problems for research in consciousness of laborers)." in Fukutake Tadashi At At, j (ed.), Nihon shakaigaku no kadai 1; A A t e JY (Problems in Japanese sociology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1956, pp.247-259. A critique of stereotyped approaches to problems of self-image among workers in Japan. Proposes two areas for study: (1) analysis of factors of wider scope than either the worker or his company, such as general economic conditions and the impact of political movements; and (2) search for internal self-images. of the Tokugawa period such as super patriots and assassinations. 25.058. Yamamoto Noboru nks 4i m, "Sabetsu ishiki to shinriteki kincho: mikaiho burakumin no ishiki ni kansuru kenkyu uh\) ] id ha ti j n 4 C X (Sense of discrimination and psychological tension: research on attitudes among outcast people)." in Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Bungakkai 7>JB A ~~ Q ~/_R ~ (Osaka Municipal University, Literary Society) (ed.), Jimbun kenkyu /st of D, (Humanistic studies), vol.10, no.12, 1959, pp.35-59. Results and analysis of three studies on outcast communities made in Okayama and Kochi prefectures in 1957 -1959. 25.059. Yasuda Saburo 't 1, v t "Danchi jumin no shakai ishiki: taishu shakairon to no kanren ni oite di sciint i <a pshAo.l ' icxal t e n s rsa ~r ch o (Social attitudes amcong residents of a housing project: relationship to the theory of mass society)." Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku akuho af t '_ A ) - iz.T T ^ (International Christian University bulletin), no.2A: Shakai kagaku kenkyo p/,, t j'-i~ f< _ (Studies in social sciences), no.8: Chiiki shakai to toshika 3- 3'2i- r kfte - (Local society and urbanization), 1962, pp.155-192. Using interview data (1960) from a housing development in Hino, Tokyo, this essay analyzes residents' social attitudes, centering on the parameter between conformity and the drive for achievement. The analysis sorts respondents by education, age, place of birth, occupation, position at place of work, etc. However, it makes no effort to determine, from this sample, their special characteristics as "residents of a housing development."

Page  250 250 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 25.060. Yasuda Saburo )'-4 IT 31 _ and Mochida Toshiko J, "Shohisha kodo no shakaigakuteki bunseki: demo koka ni tsuite rl, J e Q,4i t, f'f 7 Iz? 4 7g 1 B } T (A sociological analysis of consumer behavior: the effect of demonstrations). PR ekonomii p _ s 7 __ (Public relations economy), no.5, 1962, pp.40-43. Report on a questionnaire used in interviews in Toshima ward, Tokyo, in October 1961, to study the effect of demonstrations on consumer behavior. 25.061. Yoshida Teigo g if f' i 4, "Dotoku kyoiku no sogoteki hikaku kenkyu: Yawata shi ni okeru dotoku kyoiku no shakai bunkateki haikei L 0 i,i >t } f tK; B ' 7 A, < Qy jL7 At3 - > ta-, (A comprehensive comparative study of moral education: the social and cultural background of moral education in Yawata)." Kyushu Daigaku Hikaku Kyoiku Bunka Kenkyusho kiyo }, 1'l Jt t-} V^ ^t Ji~f t G Kf, 7'T ^f Af r (Bulletins of the Center for Studies in Comparative Education and Culture, Kyushu University), no.5. Fukuoka, Kyushu Daigaku Hikaku Kyoiku Bunka Kenkyusho, 1958, 74pp. Team studies made over several years in educational principles, educational sociology, educational psychology, educational methodology, and history of education. This report is that of the educational sociology group. Reports on such questions as (1) limits which social and cultural conditions place on moral education, and (2) influences of social and cultural conditions on the moral formation of children.

Deviance

pp. 251-253

Page  251 CHAPTER XXVI DEVIANCE Research on social deviance, a field developed magnitude (or been acknowledged as deviancies) in the main since World War II, has been done prin- in recent decades. Among the works listed here, cipally through government agencies. The Ministries however, are a number that come from academic of Social Welfare and of Education are foremost among sociologists: on downward mobility as found sponsors of such research, although useful materials in slum areas, on the social ecology of crime are published also in Family Court reports. and criminals, on patron-protege (oyabun-kobun) These official studies deal with juvenile delin- viewed as pathological phenomena in modern society, quency, prostitution, school drop-outs, and other and on general sources and types of social tenproblems that have themselves achieved a new sion. 26.001. Fukuba Hoshu H 4 lf-l'1, "Shukyo to hanzai to no kankei ni tsuite?. 'tJ - Ia' * j\. 1; ~ <; ~ (On the relation between religion and crime)." SKGZ, no.11, 1925, pp.26-52. The author deals with the religion of criminals and compares the incidences of crimes among non-religious and religious persons. 26.002. Hanzai Mondai Kenkyukai K ' (f~d3 X s (Society for the Study of Problems of Crime) (ed.), "Sengo junen ni okeru hanzai hiko gensho no bunseki ' 0 C 1T e' t J ^ ~ F A d <9 l 'T (An analysis of crime and delinquency in the decade after the last war)." SKGHR, no.26, February 1957, pp.90-127. A comprehensive survey of crime and juvenile delinquency in the first postwar decade. Rapid increase of offenses and conditions responsible for the increase are discussed. One part of "An analysis of postwar Japanese society," prepared by a group of criminal sociologists in the Tokyo area. 26.003. Ishikawa Atsushi j )'J1 y and Ikuda Michihiro f } ' 7, "Bataya shakai ni okeru teitai to chinden: Nihon toshi ni okeru suramu keisei no ichi katei }\" 7 Y z I t-y 17 6 - 1 0 |3 TIt 1 1 7j 1 ';- AFy - -a4; (Stagnation and submergence in rag pickers' society: one process of slum formation in the Japanese city)." Toyo Daigaku Shakaigakubu kiyo t. t\ 1A Z,; t f i (Bulletin of the Faculty of Sociology, T5y5 University), no.2, 1961, pp.79-125. English summary, pp.164 -165. A survey of Tokyo's largest rag pickers' community in Adachi ward and an analysis with special attention to processes of downward mobility. An intensive survey of 90 households with detailed data on rag picking as an occupation, class structure in rag pickers' society, proccesses of degradation, social consciousness, and structure of daily life. The time of the survey is not given, but the report is dated January 1961. 26.004. Isomura Eiichi ha. ~_, Shakai byorigaku t / t (Social pathology). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1954, 358pp. A unique study of pathologic social phenomena after World War II. Though focused on social problems, the description is not systematic, omits many problems of crime, and does not touch, for example, on the existence of outcaste-group communities. A vocabulary of argot is appended. Isomura Eiichi, "Suramu no hassei to sono seikaku" (Origin and character of a slum). See Entry 14.061. 26.005. Iwai Hiroaki, d S ~, Byori shudan no kozo: oyabun-kobun shudan kenkyu, fi 9 k t/,L- ~, 4 _L- F, C(The structure of pathological groups: research in oyabun-kobun groups). Tokyo, Seishin Shobo, 1963, 811 + 18pp. Based on the author's long and varied research between 1948 and 1960, the study describes the history and present state of Japanese patron-client type relations among gamblers and street stall keepers; construction workers, longshoremen, and miners; political lobbyists and right wing politicians; and delves into personality attributes and the nature of these groupings. To the author, the oyabun-kobun pattern is a pathology of groups that is peculiarly Japanese. 26.oo006. Iwai Hiroaki, f - A., "Han-shakaiteki shudan to shakai kincho _ (a a n E f (Anti-social groups and social tensions)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai Q13 jkt t 1 ~ (Japan Social Science Association) (ed.), Shakaiteki kincho no kenkyu )/ i ~ f 9 f (Studies of social tensions). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1953, pp.89-112. An excellent study of anti-social groups in Tokyo and northern Kyushu mining areas. Antagonism and reconciliation among anti-social groups and between them and the rest of society are skillfully discussed. 26.007. Iwai Hiroaki, F A A, "Hanzai shakaigaku no ichi danmen _A, -- - T (Eng. title: An aspect of criminal sociology)." SKGHR, no.10, 1953, pp.89-91. 251

Page  252 252 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Based on work in the mining area of Fukuoka prefecture. Examines the relationship of crime to characteristics of local society and discusses trends in criminal sociology. 26.008. Iwai Hiroaki, 1 3 A;, "Tekiya no jittai i - 9 7J0t (Facts on street stalls)." SKGHR, no.1, 1950, pp.41-60. A study of social relations among keepersof street stalls, conducted by the author through interviews between June and December 1948, which reveals a strong patron-client pattern. Includes the history of the origin and development and the commercial organization of these street stalls. Kuwabata Yukichi, "Toshi rikon no chiikiteki bumpu ni tsuite: shakai byori no seitaiteki hoho no ichi rei" (Zonal distribution of divorce within a city: an example of the ecological method in social pathology). See Entry 10.103. 26.009. Mainichi Shimbun Shakaibu F ( \ A 1-lT (Mainichi News, Society Department) (ed.), Soshiki bpry1oku no jittai fP t ~ l g Jf A (The state of organized crime). Tokyo, Mainichi Shimbunsha, 1965, 142pp. A remarkably informed journalistic review of Japanese gang personnel, organization, and activities. A series of unsigned feature articles (actually by reporter Yamazaki Munetsugu) show close personal acquaintance with the details of gang life, including the training of novices, the patron-client code governing intreagang and inter-gang relations, business activities allied to crime and those engaged as alternatives to crime, police-gang symbiosis, and ultra-nationalist leanings of gang leaders. 26.010. Morita Soichi A Wj -, "Shonen jiken kara mita kazoku no tenshon "/ / 22 5' X TX lK < 9 < ' -' ' / (Family tension as seen in juvenile incidents)." in Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai hi[4 -\/tt,- (e ~ (Japan Social Science Association) (ed.), Shakaiteki kincho no kenkyu j-r?d o fi <, 9 (Research in social tensions). Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1953, pp.27-6l. Types of family tension as seen in a sample of ten cases of juvenile delinquency from each of Japan's 49 family courts. Ohama Hideko, "Kaji jiken kara mita kazoku no tenshon" (Family tension as seen in domestic incidents). See Entry 10.053. 26.011. Ohashi Kaoru 7_ X, "Kamagasaki no seikatsu jittai JMJ~? ~ 9 e t. (Eng. title: The social life of Kamagasaki).'" Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Kasei Gakubu Shakai Fukushigaku Kenkyukai shakai fukushi ronshu Ats I:j A x T z,, X (Osaka Municipal University Household Management Faculty, Social Welfare Association, social welfare monographs), no.8, 1960, pp.53-73. A detailed description of the area around Higashi and Nishi Irifune-cho in Osaka city, an area of rooming houses commonly known as Kamagasaki. Includes a history, description of the area, demographic characteristics, housing conditions, employment, living standards, social characteristics of residents, and social pathology. Osaka Shakaigaku Kenkyukai, "Kamagasaki jittai chosa hokoku" (Kamagasaki field research report). See Entry 14.071. 26.012. Oshio Shunsuke J\ Yj o f, "Kyoikuteki kino no hokai kara mita kaitai kazoku no jirei Z it o' iE e ^ yg S -^ - a^ fs \ aXJ (Collapse of the educational function in disorganized families)." Tokyo Toritsu Daigaku Jimbun gakuho JJ T A 7 / ' (Tokyo Municipal University Humanistic reports), no.29, 1962, pp.23-61. Analysis of 65 families with young children of school age who had never entered school or dropped out. The case studies were done between July and October 1961, in the San'ya slum quarter of Tokyo. Oyabu Juichi, "Shiko kyosei ni okeru yudo no koka: Nara sbonen keimusho ni okeru jikkenteki kenkyu" (The effect of induction (guidance) on the reformation of thinking: an experimental study at Nara Juvenile Prison). See Entry 24.034. 26.013. "Sengo Nihon no hanzai gensho no bunseki e ~BA A ) ~ t )- 5t X 1T (An analysis of crime in postwar Japan)." Special issue of Horitsu jiho #, * t (Law review), vol.27, no.5, 1955, 112pp. This special issue on postwar crime carries the general heading: "Crime in a capitalist society." Because the ordinance on protection of juveniles was moot at this date a large number of essays are on juveniles and crime. Several deal with freedom of the press. 26.014. Takenaka Katsuo /V7] ~ ~ ~ and Sumiya Etsuji 4~, /Z ',,(eds.), Gaisho ~{ X (Street walkers). Kyoto, Yukosha, 1949, 293pp. Case studies of approximately 200 street walkers in and around Kyoto in 1948.

Page  253 DEVIANCE 253 26.015. Tamura Kenji \V T44 - - and Kashikuma Koji 0 )~,.-, "Hiko shonen no shukanteki kankyo: rifaransu gurupu J i O? 4, 5. it 07] 7 1 ~; %" 7-" X- 7-7~ (A study of the subjective environment of delinquents: with relation to their reference groups)." SKGHR, no.21, July 1955, PP. 97-109. A study of subjective environment and personality of delinquents, using case studies. The authors examine the dynamic and functional relation of the needs, values, and subjective environment within personality. An unfinished article. 26.016. Tamura Kenji 14 A_ —,et al., "Hogo kansatsu shonen yogo seiseki ni yoru hikaku kenkyu X^ ^iL2i t1 3 X + A; 1 I e^ BF y iT (Comparative research using juvenile probation records)." Saiko Saibansho Jimu Sokyoku j A A u'tJ.T- x, f (General Secretariat Supreme Court of Japan) (ed.), Katei Saiban geppo #,K ( +J f i; (Monthly bulletin of the Family Court), vol.10, no.11, November 1958, pp.l-34; and vol.10, no.12, December 1958, pp.1-62. Analysis of records of 139 male juveniles placed on probation by the Tokyo Family Court in 1952. Studies (1) changes in living circumstances from sentencing to time of the study, (2) content of direction given by the probation office, and (3) record of success or failure in rehabilitation. The study was made from May to July 1954. 26.017. Toda Teizo l.W - and Doi Masanori *- JE -^f (eds.), Shakai byorigaku 3 T (Social pathology). Tokyo, Asakura Shoten, 1954, 414pp. A comprehensive sur ey of pathological phenomena in contemporary society. Presents data from Japan and discusses measures to deal with crime and misdemeanors. Unemployment, poverty, prostitution, juvenile crime, superstition (new religions), mental illness, problems of women, children, and the elderly, divorce, and marriage are also discussed. 26.018. Tokyo Katei Saibansho A,, _ 3_ 'T (Tokyo Family Court), "Tokyo to (nijusan ku) ni okeru hiko shonen no seitaigakuteki kenkyu: Showa nijuhachi nendo mappingu no bunseki JffJT ( t=- t — ) \I tp' ~ ~~T'y'4 9 )i A, At A 4V: ' -7- A —4 7 -9 _ fT (Eng. title: Ecological study of juvenile delinquents in Tokyo metropolis (23 wards): analysis of mapping for 1953)." Saikc Saibansho Jimu Sokyoku - ] w 7)f c ~ (General Secretariat Supreme Court of Japan) (ed.), Katei Saiban geppo.1 -4 I'J ~T (Monthly bulletin of the Family Court), vol.8, no.3, 1956, pp.103-161. Investigates residence location, place where crime was committed, direction and range of movement for juveniles handled by the court in 1953. Eighty investigators of the youth division of the Tokyo Family Court cooperated in the study. 26.019. Ushikubo Hiroshi., "Hiko shonen no katei kankyo to shitsuke ni mirareru seishinteki tokushusei T ' 9 I t - > (Home environment and training of juvenile delinquents)." SKGHR, no.10, February 1953, pp.60-70. A report on home environment of juvenile delinquents. The following common feature is indicated as strongly affecting formation of their personalities: parents are too concerned with their own desires and needs to give sufficient attention to the needs of the child in his social adjustment. Such children grow up without adequate capacity to adjust in terms of social value standards.

Personality

pp. 254-260

Page  254 CHAPTER XXVII PERSONALITY Social psychology research came into being and grew in Japan after World War II under stimulus from American social psychology. Research in this field is scattered: certain psychologists, sociologists, and educational researchers all make contributions. If there is a numerical center of gravity, it may be in government agencies such as the Child Research Institute of Japan (Nihon Jido Kenkyusho), which mainly does work on problems of socialization. Thus dispersed, this young field is still weak and marginal. In established psychology departments an outspoken anti-Freudian stance on the part of the majority clouds the prospects for research in various aspects of personality, though experimental work on socialization of children is well established and some interesting work on suicide has appeared. Efforts have been made to adapt scoring of the Rcrschach test to Japan, though less clinical instruments have seen little use. Though personality study is not badly regarded outside of pscyhology, it remains the special interest of individual persons without a strong organizational base. Sociologists and anthropologists have looked into questions of tension, anxiety, and psychopathology as affected by household composition, interpersonal relations (as between parents and children), and social role (e.g., the special tensions of students). Some use of projective tests such as a sentence completion test was being made in the latest years covered by this Guide. A few researchers (e.g., Sue Hiroko, Item 27.023) have considered possible influences of certain local customs, especially in connection with child care, on personality. There have been attempts, largely impressionistic, to spell out regional variations in temperament; these underscore the popular conviction that, indeed, sharply marked local character types characterize Japanese of one or another locality. National character has come under study, also. Most delineations have been subjective, impressionistic, and based on uncontrolled research, but we should make note of materials made available from opinion surveys of a random, stratified sample, repeated in almost identical form at five year intervals since 1953, conducted by the Tokei Suri Kenkyusho (Institute of Statistical Mathematics) of the Ministry of Education, Items 27.024 and 25.053. 27.001. Akiyama Takanori Ji Ax. t, "Kenminsei ni tsuite M j ia l AT (Prefectural personality characteristics)." 1963 nendo Kyugakkai Rengo nempo: jinrui kagaku 16; Nihon no chiikisei zoku / 3Z34,}u? AZ-A ~ ~.:K t 'iT 1 _+ -q,31'4, ~ _(Council of Nine Learned Societies 1963 annual: anthropological science 16; regional characteristics in Japan, continued). Tokyo, Kaimeido, 1964, pp.50-61. Partial report of work done by the Psychological Research Center of the Tokyo University of Technology for the 1963 joint research of the eouncil of Nine Learned Societies on regional characteristics in Japan. The report, reacting against the postwar impact of American psychology in Japan, emphasizes biological determinants in personality. It proposes three temperament types based on ecological conditions: schizoid, manic, and epileptic; and then derives from them three types of temperament in the more narrow sense: rigid (kyoki), obsessed (hysteric), and nervous (jakki). A scale yielding a five-grade rating was administered to 100 students at national universities from each prefecture to generate images or stereotypes by prefectures. A detailed report was published by the Center in 1963. 27.002. Doi Takeo j_, "'Jibun' to 'amae' no seishin byori rfi J rl 4 e a3 -(Psychopathology of jibun and amae). Seishin shinkeigaku zasshi tt, )4 ~ _ x. (Journal of psychoneurology), vol.62, no.l, 1960, pp.149-162. A study of consciousness of the self based on the clinical experience of the author, a psychoanalytically oriented clinician. The author notes that during the course of treatment the patient comes to the realization that he had no independent perception of himself (j ibun). The realization comes through the patient's understanding of his amae, the fact that his only desire had been to amaeru (wish to be loved, express dependence, needs). The author relates this to another concept, toraware, which he defines as being possessed by others, i.e., hypersensitivity in relations with others. The author declares that these Japanese words have enabled Japanese to make progress toward the solution of a psychopathological problem of self-perception in Western practice. 27.003. Fujioka Yoshinaru fi,'"Rorushahha hanmoshu: Nihon nosanson dansei seitainushi no baai V _> ^s y\ At7 B'^^ lL';f tN z <4rB4> 4 (Rorschach protocols for male household heads in Japanese agricultural villages). Kyoto Daigaku Jimbun Kagaku Kenkyujo chosa hokoku JW13& A 1 ') e It T _ [ t 1l-> I (Kyoto University Humanistic Institute survey report), no.l8, 1959, 185pp. A partial publication of"Rorushahha tesuto ni yoru Nihonjin pasunaritei no chosa kenkyu" (Japanese personality survey study by Rorschach test) by a group headed by Imanishi Kinji, which attempts to develop protocols specific for Japanese. This report examines 156 responses from male heads of households of age range 30 to 59 (median 45.5) years. Responses were gathered in one village in the Tohoku area, one in southern Kyushu, and four in the Kansai area. Protocol categories are keyed to the two factors, location and content (1-c factors) of response to each card. 254

Page  255 PERSONALITY 255 27.004. Gaikokujin no mita Nihon -l 1 o- (Japan as seen by foreigners), 5 vols. Tokyo, Chikuma Shob5, vol.l: Iwao Seiichi I% t, (ed.), Edo izen cL it-. Ic (Pre-Edo), 1962, 362pp.; vol.2: Okada Akio s h Ifar j (ed.), Bakumatsu, ishin te (Late Tokugawa and the Restoration), 1961, 337pp.; vol.3: Okubo Toshiaki } A J t (ed.),'MeiJi y,^ (Meiji), 1961, 44lpp.; vol.4: Karaki Junzo K "J l _ (ed.), Taisho, Showa Jo f4v (Taish5, Showa), 1961, 393pp.; vol.5: Kato Shuichi l1u j )- (ed.), Sengo A 4 (Postwar), 1961, 358pp. A collection of observations by foreigners who had contact with Japan from the 16th century to the present, touching on Japanese national characteristics, life and culture. Included are observations by merchants, doctors, missionaries, scholars, journalists, soldiers, literati, diplomats, and students of Japan. 27.005. Heibonsha 3 )t,+ (ed.), Warera Nihonjin: sono karada A? # 4 f 4'5, r'(We Japanese: the body). Tokyo, Heibonsha, 1960, illustrated, 180pp. Volume I in the series We Japanese. (Other volumes are: II, Customs; III, Society; IV, Personality; and V, History of the way of life.) This first volume, primarily through photographs, presents Japanese physically and in comparison with European and neighboring peoples. Shows differences due to age, region, sex, occupation, effect of footwear and clothing on way of walking, etc. Writers of explanatory articles include physicians, folklorists, art historians, and physical anthropologists. Iwai Hiroaki, Byori shudan no kozo: oyabun-kobun shudan kenkyu (The structure of pathological groups: research in oyabun-kobun groups). See Entry 26.005. Jido shinrigaku no shimpo (Annual review of Japanese child psychology). Nihon Jido Kenkyujo (ed.). See Entry 3.004. 27.006. Kodama Habuku t1 ) X, "Nihonjin no rorushahha han'no no kijun W " ) D12- >r 'y'o %t7A; )9 I k (Eng. title: A normative study of Japanese responses in the Rorschach)." in Togawa Yukio P1 )'1 t ff (ed.), Rorushahha tesuto: shinri shindanho sosho U-I A- >a > Z h i * [ k f U (f -(Psychological diagnosis series: Rorschach test). Tokyo, Nakayama Shoten, 1958, pp.223-270. The first half discusses the history of the development of the Rorschach Test in Europe, America, and Japan and an analysis of theory and techniques for administering the test and interpreting the results. The latter half discusses standards for use in Japan, wherein the author advocates a blend of Klopler and Beck protocols with certain modifications, designating this the "Japan Women's College Style." 27.007. Kuki Shuzo jt b ai_., Iki no kozo \\ ) f _ (The structure of iki). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1930, 153pp. A continuation of articles which appeared in the January and February 1930, issues of Shiso (Thought). The author defines iki as a way of life peculiar to the Japanese in which reality is grasped in its essence and an effort is made to express logically experience which the individual has tasted thoroughly. The author examines Japanese expressions for nature and art and attempts to analyze Japanese national character and culture through language. 27.008. Matsuda Michio -1,4 X, Nihonshiki ikujiho 5 4., (Japanese style child care). Tokyo, Kodansha, 1964, 224pp. The author is a pediatrician who for years has counseled parents troubled about child care. He discovered that the norm of being instructed in child care by the grandmother is often impossible in postwar Japan, with a sharp rise in young couples living in independent households. Television and radio efforts are unable to allay parental anxiety because much of what they teach is a Western method of child care without adaptation to Japan. In this volume the author reevaluates the traditional Japanese methods of child rearing and care and clarifies traditional Japanese attitudes toward the young child. 27.009. Minami Hiroshi VJ W, Fuan no me: judai no motomeru mono f- ) ~ j -1 \' A fd ' a) f ') (Germs of uneasiness: what the teens are seeking). Tokyo, Heibon Shuppan KK, 1956, 353pp. Presents results of interviews by the staff under Minami Hiroshi conducted with 3000 teenagers on environment (home, friends, school, work, leisure time) and problems related to the future (love, sex, marriage), and then discusses the psychological background of these. Pages 8-278 give the results of the interviews, pages 278-350 describe the survey itself, forms used, and statistical. tables. 27.010. Minami Hiroshi 3 -'t, Nihonjin no shinri J 4 A & J off (Psychology of the Japanese). Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1953, 212pp. Selects examples from novels, songs, and proverbs, as well as from social behavior to illustrate Japanese psychological characteristics and explains these in the light of history. Discusses (1) consciousness of self, (2) psychological experiences of happiness and misfortune, (3) concepts of the laws governing things, (4) attitudes toward body and spirit as they apply to the Japanese style of human relations. The author, well reputed in this field, is insightful though unburdened by any methodological rigor. 27.011. Minami Hiroshi M t f', "Shakai shinrigaku no tachiba kara A-n 2: f) Vssu je f' (Eng. title: From the standpoint of a social psychologist)." MZGKK, vol.14, no.4, (special issue: "Rusu Benedikuto kiku to katana no ataeru mono J m -7 -" 3 6 (The problems raised by Ruth Benedict's Chrysanthemum and the Sword), 1949, pp.9-12.

Page  256 256 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL AITHROPOLOGY Points out that due to lack of reliable basic materials and incompleteness of historical perspective Benedict has failed to attain an understanding of Japanese culture as a dynamic entity and criticizes her for lumping all Japanese into a unit and failing to grasp the complexity of present day Japanese society. Concludes that social anthropology alone is not able to analyze contemporary man, but must work together with other related sciences. 27.012. Mita Sadanori, JlJ, "Jisatsusha ni tsuite i I. A 1z,-i" (On suicides)." SKGZ, no.i, 1924, pp.53-60. Analysis from the psychiatric point of view of 595 cases of suicide dealt with by the author, a professor of legal medicine. He maintains that the suicide individual already has the internal predisposition toward self-destruction so that only a slight external factor brings him to overt action. The suicide is one who has been defeated in the struggle for life. 27.013. Muramatsu Tsuneo,4 49tZ j' (ed.), Nihonjin: bunka to pasonaritei no jisshoteki kenkyu HL-4,k )Cit ry ag- t' j Ij '} f >1 g)) t tJ (The Japanese: empirical research in culture and personality). Nagoya, Reimei Shobo, 1962, 663pp. Results of a ten-year old project on "relationship of cultural patterns and personality" carried out from 1951 by an interdisciplinary team of seventy-eight scientists including psychiatrists, psychologists, sociologists, cultural anthropologists, Japanese folklorists, historians, economists, religionists, statisticians, and social workers. Five areas were studied — Nagoya, as a metropolis, Okayama as a local city, Niiike, Nagura, and Sakushima -- to provide a range of types of community in Japan. Cultural patterns were studied through historical documents and observation of social structure and ways of life. Personality was studied through Rorschach, TAT PST tests,and a Japanese feudalistic authoritarianism scale. Full data are given in most articles but virtually no synthesis is attempted beyond categorization by present class, sex, age, and education divisions. Appendices include a detailed study of six families and a nineyear follow-up study of a number of children. 27.014. Nakamura Hajime 7 44 2, Toyojin no shii hoho dainibu: Nihonjin Chibettojin no shii hoho x ifA ^ ^ ^ -T JX 1A I Id t I t g o )/ 4f ^; (Ways of thinking of Eastern peoples, part two: ways of thinking of Japanese and Tibetans). Tokyo, Misuzu Shobo, 1948, 5 + 526 + 35pp. The author attempts to understand the Japanese way of thinking through study of the patterns of reception of Buddhist and traditional Chinese thought. Pates 431-502 are the author's conclusions to parts one and two, a comprehensive statement of the ways of thinking of Eastern peoples. Nihon Gakujutsu Kaigi, Bunkakai bunken mokuroku: Nihonjin no seikaku kenkyu hen (Bibliography of materials related to the literary course: research on the Japanese personality). See Entry 1.021. 27.015. Nihon Jido Kenkyujo monogurafu ' a If _ f - T 7 " 7 (Japanese Institute of Child Research monographs). Tokyo, Nihon Jido Kenkyusho, published irregularly since March 1964. Publishes the results of research conducted by the Institute, organized in 1964 with offices in Kanda, Tokyo, for research and parent education. Nos. 1 and 3 examine the development of numerical concepts in children. Nos.2, 4, and 5 are noted separately, below. in this Guide. 27.016. Nihon Jido Kenkyujo 14 1, ~; 4'J (Japanese Institute of Child Research) (ed.), Nil-on Jido Kenkyujo monogurafu no.5: jidai no suii ni tononau kodomo no kachikan no henka: "gendai no ko" no jinsei no mokuhyo 71 7 7 no ". Af 0) a t 1- A " C I/;>Q4 r^9, 4 -a, ", '9 A. a) ^7 I (Japanese Institute of Child Research monograph no.5: changes in the child's sense of values with the changing times: the goals of the modern child), 1965, 28pp. Report of one section of a comprehensive study of the much-mooted "modern child." Attempts to see how the traditional value system is received in the modern child and whether or not he has something which could be called a new value system. The survey was conducted on 708 fourth and fifth graders in two schools each in the Yamanote (old sub-elite) and Shitamachi (old commoner) areas of Tokyo through content analysis of their free compositions from September 1963, to June 1964. Results show that city children have rejected moralistic, idealistic aims in favor of a "care-free, peaceful and happy life." They are lacking in a feeling of social solidarity and desire to reform society and the home is shown to occupy a very insignificant position in the education of children. 27.017. Nihon Jido Kenkyujo VI \ 4 ~i, ff (Japanese Institute of Child Research) (ed.), Nihon Jido monogurafu no.4: Kazoku kankei to jinkaku keisei: 1955-1963nen no bunken kaidai )3-7 1 ) 7v 7 no- 4 e- A 4d &r j Ad 4 it /s5~ —l7{3 t e Jt m 4 X (Japanese Institute of Child Research monograph no.4: family relations and personality formation: annotated bibliography for the years 1955-1963), 1965, lllpp. Materials on approximately 180 items. Includes essays issued by scholarly societies in social and psychological fields, bulletins of universities and research centers, and magazines, omitting only materials on delinquency. It may be classified into the following sections: (1) method, (2) parent-child relations as factors determining personality, (5) cross-cultural studies of family relationships and child -rearing, (6) sibling relationships, (7) parent-child relationships in adolescence, and (8) measuring devices.

Page  257 PERSONALITY 257 257 27.018. Nihon Jido Kenkyujo j )\1i _ LJ ' ft (Japanese Institute of Child Research) (ed.), Nihon Jido Kenkyujo monogurafu no.2: Taishu shakai ni okeru oyako kankei: kodomo no shinriteki seikatsu ni okeru kazoku no kin5 3 Y4f1JL 7 7 7 -no21 1 - 2-t A 1 V i X b fi Tf 9A ) 9 'A '4 - ) 1 0) ) j' (Japanese Institute of Child Research monograph no.2: parent-child relations in mass society: the function of the family in the psychological life of the child), 1964, 38pp. A 1963 study of the contemporary child through his relation to his mother, using questionnaires and interviews. Subjects were 549 mothers of third and fifth graders in two schools in Yamate and two in Shitamachi and 344 fifth graders in the same schools. Outlines elements of a new life style fostering "cool," detached, precocious children and pragmatic, adapt-to-the-times mothers. Discusses such problems as the centrality of the mother in the modern child's life, position of the parent and differences in understanding of the meaining of filial piety between parent and child, and the loss of a clear guide in parental discipline. 27.019. Ohara Kenshiro Jt. _ L e n, "Nihon no jisatsu ~;4 0) b L (Japanese suicide)." Ningen no kagaku / 9 (H m (Human science), serialized in 18 issues from vol.1, no.1, 1963, to vol.2, no.12, 1964. The author's aim is to elucidate suicide in an empirical way. The author first defines suicide and then points out the steps toward suicide, differentiating predisposing circumstances (environmental, biological, mental) from the immediate stimulus. He presents psychiatric analysis based on notes left by suicides to determine mental factors. He then proceeds to case studies of suicide, taking up the aged, children, and the makers of double-suicide pacts. Finally, the author turns to a discussion of preventing suicides, as an aspect of mental health. Materials are used from both public and private sources: emergency hospitals, mental hospitals, old people's homes, police, child counselling centers.and from both Western and Japanese studies of the problem. This periodical ceased publication before the series was completed and planned studies of euthanasia, seppuku, and joint parent-child suicide were never published. 27.020. Sera Masatoshi L- p. j-;+1], Nihonjin no pasonaritei a- >K ) JNO_- }T 1) 74 (Japanese personality). Tokyo, Kiinokuniya, 1963, 190pp. Seeks a unified theory from the standpoint of cultural psychology for problems in Japanese personality and culture. As a basic concept uses behavior negating or affirming self. The rule for Japanese behavior in the past was negation of self with an aspect of innocence and one of transitoriness. This is considered a preliminary stage in an evolutionary scale and is illustrated from old tales, sayings, legends, ceremonies, and letters to newspapers. The author shows how self-affirming behavior has been maturing rapidly among young people in the postwar period. Shiso no Kagaku Kenkyukai (ed.), Tenk5 (Conversion). See Entry 20.022. 27.021. Sofue Takao j^S X g a "Tokyo no daigakusei ni okeru tekio katei no ichi bunseki J_, ) 9} f^^. 1 -' *'A 3 L Jv vX;s$a ~~ -, 7fJT (Adaptive process of the students of a university in Tokyo)." Nempo shakai shinrigaku \,!i+^ fg T (Social psychology annual), no.5, 1964, pp.133-160. Report of surveys (1962, 1963) on (1) students seeking psychological counseling and (2) ordinary students at Meiji University. The latter group was surveyed twice, at the beginning and end of their first college year, to determine change in the things which troubled them. These subjects, a 2 per cent sample (272) of the entrants, were students attending lectures in social psychology and anthropology, and were reduced to 231 of both sexes whose residence remained fixed during the year and who attended on the testing day. Schedules were analyzed by the author (anthropologist), a clinical psychologist, and a social psychologist. This material has appeared in English in the Biennial Review of Anthropology (1965). 27.022. Sofue Takao v o l. > Sue Hiroko X y, J,45 ), and Murakami Taiji 4.o 4,, "Ejiko ni kansuru bunka jinr'uigakutef kenkyu: bumpu oyobi chiikiteki hen'i ni tsuite " 7 1 2 J tf C t,} Id^ Titoif -?i^yiit'^C;t "7 (Anthropological study of ejiko (an infant's cradle): its distribution and areal varieties)." Jinruigaku zasshi A 2 ' Cf (Journal of anthropology), vol.66, no.2, 1958, pp.21-35. A study of distribution and varieties of ways of cradling children as a contribution to psychologically oriented studies of child-rearing in Japan. In the same publication, vol.66, no.3, Sue Hiroko writes on "Anthropological study of ejiko: a study of ejiko use in Miyagi prefecture," in which she reports on interviews with 295 mothers of infants under one year old and analyzes historical and ecological factors in changes in ejiko use. 27.023. Sue Hiroko ~ >E S-t 3 5, "Nihon ni okeru ikuji yoshiki no kenkyu: Nagano ken K mura no ikuji yashiki ni tsuite 0 1v z. If J - aK 0 < 0) '4 1 v ' ". (A study of child training practices in Japan: child training practices in K village, Nagano prefecture)." MZGKK, vol.24, no.3, 1960, pp.93-100. Report of a field study (1955-1959) in Kaida, Nagano prefecture, a summary of the author's Master's thesis at Tokyo University. Research was carried out by interview and observation on 79 mothers with three children each in the Shimo-mukagumi community. Analyzes patterns of who supervises the child, rites of passage, supplementary feeding and weaning, toilet training, limits on exercise, and bodily contact. Finds that, with the exception of rites of passage, the lower classes tend to follow the more traditional methods, but that there is a general trend toward urban methods in all classes.

Page  258 258 JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Sugi Masataka, "Chiiki shakai to kojo" (Local society and the factory). See Entry 25.052. Suzuki Tatsuzo, "Kokuminsei no kenkyu: daisanji zenkoku chosa ni tsuite" (A study of Japanese national character: the third national survey). See Entry 25.053. 27.024. Tokei Suri Kenkyujo Kokuminsei Chosa Iinkai ', Pf Sa ) T %t f I 4r - Ij ~ (Committee to Study the National Character, Institute of Statistical Mathematics) (ed.), Nihonjin no kokuminsei I s/- d-) i r \ ^14 (Japanese national character). Tokyo, Shiseido, 1961, 575pp. Report of national surveys made in 1953 and 1958 through interviews with samples of 2200 and 2900 persons over twenty. Studies values, attitudes, and way of thinking over a wide range of characteristics which have been widely held up as components of the Japanese national character. The whole question of the concept of national character and of method in this type of survey is considered. Conceived on a quinquennial basis, a 1963 survey was subsequently done and a 1968 survey is planned to acquire evidence of change. See also Items 25.041 and 25.053. 27.025. Tsukishima Kenzo B A 3 _, Bunka shinrigaku kisoron JttL,}r; (Fundamentals of cultural psychology). Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Toyo Bunka Kenkyusho, 1962, 478pp. English summary 27pp. An attempt to show the relationship of language, culture,and personality. Discusses the history of cultureand-personality and research methods. About half of this volume contains monographs on actual field studies in Ushiroyama in Nagano prefecture, Anetai in Iwate prefecture, Ishizaki in Ishikawa prefecture, Hitachi Kozan in Ibaraki prefecture, and Kita Yoshimi in Saitama prefecture. Ushikubo Hiroshi, "Hiko shonen no katei kankyo to shitsuke ni marareru seishinteki tokushusei" (The home surroundings and training of juvenile delinquents). See Entry 26.020. 27.026. Wagatsuma Hiroshi ' | ', "Kekkon, ren'ai, fujin no yakuwari nado ni kansuru Nihon nomin to gyomin no taido no sai ni tsuite: TAT ni yoru ichi kenkyu q.. i__. ~J% e -4' f ) " 1 T f$ 7 X Y-'' 4 ~ 1c — ~ ~)l.> 1 ] "CT 1- I; T a —,V & 3(Value attitudes in two Japanese villages concerning marriage, love, and women's role as seen through the TAT)." in Shakai Jinruigaku f;yj (t (Social anthropology), vol.2, no.l, 1959, pp.16-24. Based on TAT responses it analyzes values in a prosperous farming village that preserves strong Confucian family traditions in Okayama prefecture and in a farming-fishing village in Aichi prefecture without these traditions. Finds differences which, the author believes, could be predicted from differences in culture in the two villages. This material, in English, appeared in the American Anthropologist, vol.62, 1960. Yoshida Teigo, "Dotoku kyoiku no sogoteki hikaku kenkyu: Yawata shi ni okeru dotoku kyoiku no shakai bunkateki haikei" (A comprehensive comparative study of moral education: the social and cultural background of moral education in Yawata). See Entry 25.061.

Author Index and Locality Index

pp. 259-276

Page  259 AUTHOR INDEX AND LOCALITY INDEX 259

Page  260

Page  261 Abe Masataro fi q i kK A. Abe Toshiko Pl " L L Abiko Rin %- I, 4 Adachi Yoshiko ~-. }- iAiba Juichi 0 T 1 - Aida Yuji /t - fl; 7 12.032. Aiko Katsuya a " ~ Ajiki Masao - i,t Akamatsu Katsumaro, A j Akamatsu Koichi,i p4 -_ Akiyama Kunizo X,i 1| Akiyama Takanori 4 '. American Library Association (ed.) Ando Keiichiro i - _ Ando Masakichi jE - Ando Yoshio A I K s Aoki Hisao - *7 j tAoki Keiichiro 4- *. - -- Aono Hisao (ed.) - X- t Aonuma Yoshimatsu -- ~ ~ Aoyama Hirojiro - ~ -? Z Aoyama Michio - i -' Arahata Kanson.X 'X A 1f~ Arai Tsuneyasu f - 4 ~ 7 Arao Hiromasa A -_ 1 t F_ Arase Yutaka. -;, 23.001, Ari Bakuji i 4 'l % Ariga Kizaemon e ~ 7 i T o AUTHOR IND1 22.028. 10.001, 15.013. 18.002. 19.033. 19.001. 9.022, 12.041, 12.042. 6.001. 17.001. 20.001. 19.002. 14.053. 27.001. 1.001. 11.016. 15.025. 9.001. 6.002, 6.120. 20.060. 2.026. 13.001, 14.036. 17.003. 10.002. 20.002. 5.001, 22.012. 10.121. 23.031, 25.001. 19.003. 4.001, EX Chi Ch Da: Da: Da: Do Do Em, Em Em Em Et Ez Fu ugoku Chiiki Shakai Kenkyukai ' A if $ ' - i %Tff 12.010. uo Shakai Jigyo Kyokai 'p t ti ~ - - 2.007. ido Tokihiko N - ~ ~ 12.027. i Nihon Rengo Seinendan (ed.) d 't3 4 $ 11.003. iyamondosha (ed.) ~" y F {, F y- 17.004, 17.005, 17.006. i Masanori I - E _, 26.017. i Takeo -- 1* 4[t 27.002. a Mieko, ^. t - 3. a Seiya 3, _ ' ~t a Tsutomu;a..., ori Itsuo 'l f-:- k o Tsuneji:A- *1 }g } awa Shigeru -t.. eto Toshio X 16.oo1. 12.053, 18.022. 8.007. 10.090, 11.004, 11.005, 16.002. 9.013, 11.026. 17.033. 10.091. 4.002, 5.002, 7.001, 7.002, 8.013, 10.003, 10.004, 10.005, 10.006, 11.017, 11.019, 11.020, 11.021, 11.022, 11.023, 11.024, 11.025, 11.085, 11.o86, 11.087, 12.001, 12.002, 12.003, 12.004, 12.006, 12.007, 12.008, 12.009, 12.038, 14.001, 15.001, 18.001, 19.004, 19.005, 21.001, 25.005. -~~~- ~ 11.001. 8.007. 5.003. I T $1 Xi 2.001. -W ~~ ~ 17.032. ~- ^, ^ 2.027. 15.002. 18.017. Ariga Kyoichi _ ~ Arima Binshiro ~i..; ' Aroutiounov, S.A. Asahi Shimbun Sha Asai Kiyonobu, f-; Asakura Haruhiko i, Aso Makoto 4!? Azuma Toshio 3K W fA Fujibayashi Keizo A- Aj I - 17.007. Fujii Akira - 16.012. Fujii Hajime 4 -t 13.002. Fujiki Michito i j +A 13.002. Fujimoto Takeshi * 7[ ( 11.089. Fujioka Yoshinaru 4 ] - _ 27.003. Fujisawa Hiromitsu, X t 14.037. Fujisawa Morie l t ' - 8.007. Fujita Takeo ff g ^ k 19.006. Fujita Wakao g i. 17.034, 17.086, 17.087, 17.101. Fujitake Akira 4 ) 1.044. Fujiwara Hirotatsu i. 'A 21.022. Fukaya Masashi 2 1. 21.023. Fukuba Hoshu A r,4 21.006, 26.001. Fukuchi Shigetaka, r t 25.002. Fukuda Yoshizo 4's a-. 23.030. Fukuo Take'ichiro6 i 4 - t j 10.007. Fukushima Masao 6 ~ 5_, 10.003, 10.009, 10.010, 10.084, 19.047, 19.050, 19.053, 21.008. Fukutake Tadashi 4, _ 2.028, 4.007, 4.008, 4.010, 5.o04, 5.005, 5.006, 5.007, 6.081, 10.050, 12.011, 12.012, 12.013, 12.054, 14.015, 14.029, 15.003, 15.011, 16.003, 16.004, 17.102, 18.003, 18.027, 19.007, 19.031, 25.007, 25.008, 25.024, 25.026, 25.027, 25.030, 25.031, 25.039, 25.049, 25.056. Funabashi Jun'ichi $ $ - 10.092. Fukukawa Tetsushi ~,} F_ 25.039. Furuno Kiyoto -i 1' f J 8.037, 22.029, 22.053. Furusawa Tomokichi - 4R, { 15.026. Furushima Toshio t 4.o 4.009, 4.010, 9.002, 9.003, 9.014, 18.023. Baba Akira.{ A Bt 18.002. Baba Shiro,. t i 24.001, 24.002. Buraku Mondai Kenkyujo (ed.) * $- }= _,- ~ ff, 14.054, 15.036, 15.036, 15.037. Buraku Mondai Kenkyusho (ed.) SEE Buraku Mondai Kenkyujo Bureau of Census (U.S.) 1.002. Chiba Masashi 4- -; - 11.002, 11.088, 24.003. Chihoshi Kenkyu Kyogikai (ed.) J T ) ~ t '% ' - k t 4.003, 4.004. Chikazawa Keiichi -A ^, L - 10.089. Chubachi Masayoshi x, 4 4.005, 4.006. 261

Page  262 262 AUTHOR INDEX Furuta Ryoichi - a - Fuse Tetsuji Tp _* t, 9.015. 4.011, 10.011, 12.075, 24.004. Gakusei Undo Kenkyukai '1 -3t b t 20.076. Gamo Masao 5>,. 5_ % 5.008, 11.027, 11.028, 13.031. Gendai Shichosha Henshubu. o; * u,A - 20.077. Goda Eisaku ~ W ' / 6.003, 6.127, 6.128. Goda Hirobumi F ~ - C 22.030. Goshima Fujimitsu iL % X 13.003. Goto Kazuo lt * *a 18.024, 18.025. Goto Morikazu t ^ t -- 7.003. Goto Yasushi i i 19.042. Gyosei Kanricho Tokei Kijunkyoku /if ~ft~-i% 2.020, 2.022. Hirasawa Kiyoto - 0. A- 9.017. Hirayama Toshijiro i- $ a k _ 22.058. Hiroshima Kenritsu Rodo Kenkyusho (ed.) Hisatake Ayako Z ', S 10.093. Hitotsubashi Daigaku Shakaigakubu —j)$- t '~4 3.036. Homma Yasulei * T f, - 19.010. Honda Tatsuo 4 /! $ 6.008, 6.oog009, 6.010, 6.011, 6.130. Honda Yasuji *$ j.: 5.010. Honjo Eijiro * $ ~ i ~ 1.004, 6.012, 8.001. Hora Tomio; f,] 1T 7.006. Hori Ichiro i - 22.003, 22.004, 22.005. Horie Hideichi j -i - - 20.013. Horie Yasuzo J, -, ^i 9.018, 18.004. Horiuchi Setsu_ f t p 10l.140. Hosei Daigaku Ohara Shakai Mondai Kenkyujo A ~$ ".,. X^ '~ P 2.005. Hoshakai GakkaiL t -t 3' 3.003. Hoshikawa Susumu 'l '1 17.088, 17.089. Hoshino Hisashi f ~ 12.014. Hosokawa Karoku, v)} ) 1.005. Hosono Seishi;; 4.028. Hosoya Tsuneo f,,t- _ 24.005, 24.035. Hozumi Nobushige ~ a a 8.024, 8.025. Hozumi Sayo -. t- 16.004. Hozumi Shigeto. o i* 10.065, 10.094, 10.095, 10.127, 10.014, 11.042, 11.048. Habara Matakichi SEE Habara Yukichi Habara Yukichi q 4 - - 9.016; 13.006, 13.007, Hagiwara Kazuyoshi - - Hagiwara Tatsuo.t., L S Hama Hidehiko ^, 6.004, 5.129 Hamada Noriko, ~,L 3 -Hamashima Akira - 4 ~ 12.063, Hanamura Yoshiki $ 4 # t Haneda Arata f Hanzai Mondai Kenkyukai I | V, K b t 13.005, 13.008. 25.020. 22.031., 6.141. 10.015. 15.003. 18.026. 18.016. Hara Hiroshi, Harada Toshiaki J, - -el Hasegawa Hiroshi! v ~ Hashikawa Bunzo 4 )I) -= Hashimoto Hiroko.^ ^ 5' Hashiura Yasuo j' zt ~ Hashizume Sadao M, _ fh Hasumi Otohiko._ t 8 Hattori Harunori *, - 1 11 Hattori Keijiro i Hayakawa Kotaro N 1 5- r Hayase Toshio -, 43) Nt Hayashi Jun'ichi 4 - Hayashi Megumi 7. Hayashi Motoi 4 Hayashi Shigeru 1- A Hayashi Yoshio 4 k ] Hazama Hiroshi ~ 17 17 Heibonsha - [ Henmi Kenzo i L A - Hibi Koichi B t AT - Hidaka Rokuro 1,, 3 20 23 Hidemura Senzo /f't 3 Higo Kazuo V ' E 26.002. 10.012, 14.086. 7.004, 22.054. 17.008. 25.009. 16.003. 22.055, 22.085. 14.081. 12.084, 18.030, 18.036. 10.085, 11.029, 11.090, 11.092, 11.093. 14.003. 22.002, 22.083. 30.011, 30.030. 6.116. Ichikawa Hajime ir5 j - Ichikawa Shoichi ' i) Ichimura Tomoo $ -N p ^ Ide Fusae (ed.) 3X, [ Iesaka Kazuyuki 4 ri0 Z Ike Nobutaka - ) -7" i Ikeda Kazusada t 0 - ~ Ikeda Tsuneo 5t - -i B Ikeda Yoshinaga, i - Ikeda Yoshisuke -~ i.., Ikeuchi Hajime,1 V Ikuta Kiyoshi 4 -, Imori Rikuhei 4*- - Inaba Michio - Inami Etsuji F 7 ^, 18.002. 20,014. 6.087. 1.006. 6.088, 19.011. 19.017. 12.087. 20.065. 17.036. 14.004. 14.005, 23.004, 23.005, 23.006, 23.007...091, 20.062. 4.012. 25.043. 17.021, 25.029, T - 6.005, 6.006, 6.007, 6.082, 6.083, 6.084. 20.061, 20.064. 6.085. 14.052. 17.009, 010, 17.011, 17.012, 031, 17.094, 25.027. 27.005. 6.086. 15.027..026, 5.009, 17.102, 003, 20.029, 23.002, 003, 25,028, 25.035. 11.030. 8.038, 032, 22.033, 22.056. 010, 25.011 25.012. 2 ). 6.013, 6.131, 6.132, 6.133. Inamura Tetsugen (ed.); 4- 'C 1 2.027. Inaoka Susumu * 4 ~ 20.078. Inoguchi Shoji * 2_ V 22.059, 22.084. Inoma Kiichi $? ^ - 6.134, 6.135. Inoue Kiyoshi +t, 20.015. Inoue Mitsusada -4?. *, 7.007, 7.008. Inoue Taizo - ~ $ _ 23.008. Inumaru Hideo ) h~ a 19.040. Irimajiri Yoshinaga >.. ^k 8.026. Ishida Eiichiro p 4 _ -) 7.009, 13.034. Ishida Takashi J, v 5.011. Ishida Takeo ) Y 1- R 17.013. Ishidoya Tetsuo $6 r, r ~ 24.006. Ishii Ryosuke J * ) Ishikawa Akihiro ~ ilt u 1.007, 17.037. Ishikawa Atsushi ),,I 1;,-14.055, 17.090, 25.030. Ishikawa Ken J, )'} \ 24.007, 24.008, 24.009. Ishikawa Kiyoshi J *1 ).% - SEE Ishikawa Atsushi Ishikawa Tomoyoshi et al. (eds.),,,) F %j 1.008. 22. Himeoka Tsutomu J- ^ 11t 25. Hiraide Iseki Chosakai (ed.) $., t k 7.005. Hirana Hideaki - Y X 4. 17.090. Hirano Yoshitaro - - jA 8 9.004, 9.005, 12.055, 19.009.

Page  263 AUTHOR INDEX 263 Ishimura Zensuke o. I' $ b Ishiyama Katsumi, 4 E - Ishizuka Takatoshi f * 2L -1 - Isoda Susumu $ -w i _ 11 Isomura Eiichi Ja- t t - 10 14 14 14 14 Isono Fujiko^:V W - eItagaki Taisuke;t i ri, Itazawa Takeo B. 5),R y [ Itoya Hisao, f ~ Iwai Hiroaki 4~ * ~ 26 Iwasaki Toshio; 4-; Iyasu Tadashi, - J + Izumi Seiichi (ed.) - Izumiya Hajime I g ' 12.085. 10.015. 22.006. 11.005,.094, 12.015, 17.038. 6.014,.016, 14.006, 14.007,.008, 14.009, 14.010,.011, 14.056, 14.057,.058, 14.059, 14.0o60,.061, 19.012, 26.004. 10.017. 19.043. 1.009. 20.078. 14.012, 26.005,.006, 26.007, 26.008. 22.034. 19.013. 1.010, 13.031. 25.031. Jichisho Bunsho Kohoka f f% J- - r )W *i 2.002. Jichisho Shinkoka i 3p 1 TL 19.014. Keizaishi Kenkyukai (ed.) A - - ) _ 1.012, 1.013. Kenko Hoken Kumiai Rengokai A l i~,^, *.j 21.005. Kida Teikichi * 7 i i 15.038. Kido Mataichi f -A 23.001, 23.014. Kido Kotaro rA,P;- ~ 25.028. Kihara Kentaro 7. A O 1.032, 15.015. Kikkawa Hidezo ~,l * _ 9.008. Kikuchi Hiroshi, w I - 10.142. Kikuchi Isao -^ ~, 17.041. Kikuchi San'ya ~j - 1 ~ 15.039. Kikuchi Toyosaburo j ^t - 24.016. Kikukawa Tadao,,: W iC 20.079. Kimura Kyotarzo: 4:, K 4 15.040. Kimura Matsuyo * F- 3Z ~' 10.024. Kindai Nihon 'Shiryo Kenkyukai i )a tt W t - 20.017. Kindaichi Haruhiko w -- 13.034. Kindaichi Kyosuke 4- w -, 1 3.017. Kinoshita Akira 7i -F 11.033, 18.005, 13.031. Kinoshita Hanji -F f ' 20.018, 20.030. Kinoshita Kenji 7 T -T * 12.016. Kinsei Shomin Shiryo Chosa Iinkai (ed.) -T +, ~ t1 1.014. Kishido Mamoru ~ 7 t 17.042. Kishimoto Eitaro 7 ~ ~ 20.043. Kishimoto Hideo t $ 22.007. Kishimoto Minoru ~ * ~ 6.091, 6.092, 6.093. Kitagawa Takayoshi t 1) p f 11.068, 14.024, 14.031, 17.043, 17.091, 17.092, 17.093, 18.032, 18.033, 25.034, 25.035. Kitano Seiichi K- ' 3 '- 1.015, 4.037, 5.012, 9.024, 10.025, 10.039, 10.055, 11.034, 11.035, 11.036, 11.037, 11.038, 11.039, 11.040, 11.047, 11.066, 11.078, 12.039, 12.059, 15.016. Kitsuse, John I. 'C -V -,1 25.036. Kiuchi Shinzo: 6,% J 6.015. Kobayashi Kazumasa 1 - **o E. 6.094. Kobayasni Ken'ichi,)- Ai, - 6.095. Kobayashi Hiroshi I), 4 t* 14.013. Kobayashi Mitsue ) - o 10.144. Kobayashi Shigeru,- A$ ' 14.087. Kobayashi Yoshimasa )' E j~ _ 19.009. Kobayashi Yukio,) J $ AT rh 7.010. Kodama Habuku ' J. j 27.006. Kodama Kota at, ~ f 9.020. Kogoma Ryuzo ')- V T t Y1 14.062. Kada Tetsuji Ima -. Kagami Hiroshi $- f, Kaigo Tokiomi;'- 4 t - 24.010, 24.011, Kaji Shiryo Kenkyukai I.$; 4; *,t I Kajii Isoshi * * rj 6.089, Kajinishi Mitsuhaya -4- v f * 8.002. 8.039. 24.012. L0.018. 6.097. 9.006, 9.019. 4.013, 18.027. Kakizaki Kyoichi * 4 -;. - 9.007, 12.057, 13.024, Kamiya Chikara SEE Kamiya Tsutomu Kamiya Keiji ** - j. 4 6.o090, 18.038. Kamiya Tsutomu _ 4,t12.058,18.024, 18.025, 19.044. Kanagawa Ken Rodobu (ed.) 3. v~) L 4 h 4 17.039. Kanai Saburo - 7 5- W 23.036. Kanba Toshio j; 3.011. Kaneda Hiroo,- m, 4.014. Kaneko Mitsuru 4 3- - 17.040. Kan'no Tadashi V t. 13.010, 18.014, 18.028. Karasawa Tomitaro R E % 24.013, 24.014, 24.015. Kashikuma Koji 4, ^ _ 26.015. Kataoka Masaharu ) ~ ~ 20.016. Kataoka Yakichi 8 dq o o 8.040. Katayama Sen X,, 20.042. Kato Hidetoshi b ft O 23.009, 23.010. Kato Takako 7 f^ f - 6.152. Katsumata Takeshi ~ 5_ k 13.011, 18.029. Katsurai Kazuo t 4 * g 22.060. Kawagoe Junji )>1 J! - _ 10.019, 10.020, 25.032. Kawakami Hajime, _ l 20.006. Kawakami Takeshi ), -. 21.003. Kawamura Nozomu j 4 ~j 11.031, 18.030, 20.063. KawanakaNiko ->T % - - 19.015. Kawashima Takeyoshi 'I J i S_ 10.016, 10.021, 10.022, 10.096, 10.097, 11.095, 15.014. Kayama YZ5hei (translator) J,~ 5.003. Kazahaya Yasoji T -$ 4- -- 21.004. Kazoku Kenkyu Bukai * 6 t, ~ 10.023. Keishichoshi Hensan Iinkai (ed. ) $ 19.016. Kohama Motoji,, F, t 13.034, Kohama Mototsugu SEE Kohama Motoji Koike Motoyuki B)- 1E ) z_ 6.096, 9.009, Kokubu Naoichi I ~ X - Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan Y] ii RI 1J ^t 15.041. 9.027. 22.061. 2.011. Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan Shibu, Rodosho Toshokan (ed. )1@L] ~- - ) t' ~-; 'ci 4 t~, 4 1.016. Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyujo )V t- I) 6 tf P er 23.011, 23.012. Kokuritsu Kyoiku Kenkyusho (ed.) ) ff Ot Wp 1.017. Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku Noson Kosei Kenkyujo Kokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku Shakaikagaku Kenkyusho 14.088, 14.089, 18.034. Kokusho Iwao,., 8.027, 12.040. Keizai Dantai Rengokai: - j+ 14. t * 2.012.

Page  264 264 AUTHOR INDEX Komatsu Kentaro et al. (eds.),)' P v \ 0 Komatsu Yoshitaka et al. (eds. 5.013.. ) m 8.OLO 8.010. Komuro Shinsuke,31 t[ 4- 20.064. Kondo Yasuo a $ ) ~ 6.097, 13.012, 18.035. Kon'no Ensuke 4 'f P i 11.097. Kono Shigemi 7o7 # 41 6..016, 6.017. Kosaka Masaaki S r&, j t 23.013. Koseish5 Daijin Kanbo Tokei Chosabu )l ~ ~ t ~ ~ %,~t atr L t- 2.010. Koseisho Jinko Mondai Kenkylssho A) V i s h o J'%mL 3.005, 3.006, 3.007, 6.018, 6.019, 6.136. Kotsu Kyoryokukai Shuppanbu t P t 2 3 A, 1 0 Mainichi Shimbun Shakaibu R - ~ T 4 P Maki Kenji iMakino Tatsumi 7t W * Makita Shigeru ~q e )f Mannari Hiroshi, A' t Masaki Chifuyu P 7/ -,,Masuda Kokichi i - -L 7 Masuko Shoji i } -A - Masumi Junnosuke 4y -% T A b Mlasutani Tatsunosuke -_ LiA' Matoba Tokuzo (ed.) t, 2- 'l Matsubara Haruo A,: 7 fe r 12.025, 18.036, 26.009. 9.021. 17.092. 11.006. 17.014. 2.023. 11.041. 14.053. 20.032. 10.038. 12.060. 20.066, 20.067. Koyama Hirotake,>- Jd'?A Koyama Misako, ) 1a,' 3 -Koyama Takashi,1- a it 6, 10, 10 1C 10 10 10 14 Koyama Toshio b^;1l -t Koyano Shogo t * f i-L Kubo Kiyoshi n,; Kubo Naoko j, Ac 3 3 -Kubota Yoshiaki ~ 7, i, Kuki Shuzo L k _i '1 Kumagaya Tatsujiro bg- 5r S Kumakura Hiroyasu, ~ '\ Kurasawa Susumu ' K. 14 Kurasawa Takashi 3- 1' Kurata Ichiro t ' - ~ Kurita Mototsugu ~ a t Kuroda Hisao ' ' ~ Kuroda Toshio. w A-_ k 2.003. 20.008. 6.058, 6.059, 6.o60o. 1.018,.o96, o.o016, 10.019,.026, 10.027, 10.028,.029, 10.030, 10.031,.032, 10.033, 10.034,.035, 10.036, 10.037,.098, 10.099, 10.100,.101, 13.013, 13.014,.038, 15.00oo, 15.042. 15.005, 10.102. 4 017. 22.085. 23.007. 6.063. 27.007. 11.009. 20.031. 6.153, 14.o04,.015, 14.016, 14.017. 24.017, 24.018. 2.044. 8.028. 20.065. 6.020, 6.021, 6.022, 6.023, 6.024, 6.025, 12.041. Matsubara Kuniaki t;^, M I Matsuda Michio? N 'k 1 4 Matsudaira Narimitsu *~ - ti tL Matsui Yasuhiro 13 -- ~, Matsukawa Shichicro L' 1'\ - Mat sumiya Kazuya AA A - Matsumoto Michiharu ^)f 4z Matsushima Eiichi -> z~ 7... Matsushima Shizuo 3 ~ At 17.045, 17.048, Matsushita Takeo f15 I i k Matsushita Yoshio ffA Matsuura Kosaku f4 ' i Meiji Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyuisho Meiji Shiryo Kenkyu Renrakukai fn S v, b t%~ 20. Mihara Shin'ichi ) J \ - Miki Shigeru 24.021. 19.045. 12.063. 12.061. 27.008. 22.036. 25.037. 2.023, 2.024. 4.018. 11.068, 12.062. 8.003. 5.015, 17.015, 17.044, 17.046, 17.047, 17.049, 17.094. 17.016. Minakawa Yuichi % -)I - Minami Hiroshi j 1* 6 27. 0 0 19, 20.020. 6.027. 099, 6.100. 23.014, )10, 27.011. 6.101. 27.009, Minami Ryoshin Sl '4L Minkan Hoso Junenshi Henshu Iinkai ( Kurosaki Yasujiro,. t-,\,-M > ] 13.024, 22.035. Kuwabata Yukichi 4: A 10.103. Kyogoku Jun'ichi,, t *- 19.017. Kyoto Daigaku Bungakubu Kokushi Kenkyushitsu (ed.) P tM K ] X is w 2.030. Ky5to Shiyakusho 24, ~ % 1 I 24.020. Kyoto fu Gakumubu Shakaika r.;.A- 'O'.- ' r L^ 21.006. Kyotofu Rodo Keizai Kenkyusho /y,- ~,fr-4 ls 15.043, 24.019. Kyugakkai Rengo (ed.) N- t - 3.008, 3.015, 10.120, 12.017, 12.018, 12.019, 12.020, 13.004, 13.015, 16.005. Kyugakkai Reng5 Amami Oshima Kyodo Chosa linkai +L $-A _ K tR r-i- e N k f, 12.021. Kyugakkai Reng5 Noto Chosa Iinkai )IL '"l - A- ~C M^ W - 12.022. Kyugakkai Rengo Sado Chosa Iinkai IL -, tL A t ^^i A1 4 12.023. Kyugakkai Rengo Tsushima Kyodo Chosa Iinkai -L ~l '~; t l V e A ~ - t 12.024. Maeda Masaharu 4 s w A 12.042. Maeda Takashi, J ~ 10.146. Mainichi Shimbun Sha 81 W 2.004. Mainichi Shimbunsha Jinko Mondai Chosakai (ed.) - O r - 't, F9 AA 6. 26. K - w 1t6, It '- 23.017. Minobe Ryokichi ~ } > e 2.024. Minoguchi Tokijiro j, o - Tj 6.028, 17.050, 17.051. "Minryoku" Henshu Iinkai (ed.)r'tj 1 5.016. Minzoku Bunka Chosakai I f 2 At^ w 14.019. Minzokugaku Kenkyusho K 4 - ' -. % f 2.031, 2.032, 13.016, 3.021, 3.022, 13.016, 13.017, 22.062. Minzoku Gakkai [ - { 3.019. Misaki Atsushi- J ~ ~ 23.018, 23.019. Mita Sadanori I _ JW'l 27.012. Mitani Tetsuo 3- i 10.039. Mitsui Reiko 4 k L 16.006. Miura Hiroyuki _ ^ 1]j A] 7.011, 8.014, 11.098. Miyachi Naokazu A v. [ - 22.009. Miyaide Hideo g [,; 6.029, 15.028. Miyakawa Minoru r,, ~ 6.137. Miyakawa Mitsuru 7,) 5 9.022. Miyake Jun g * 22.037. Miyamoto Mataji ~ % -i / _ 9.010, 9.023, 9.028. Miyamoto Seisuke '/r '., 8.007. Miyamoto Tsuneichi 2 - 12.026, 12.043, 12.064, 13.018, 13.031, 13.034, 14.082, 15.017. Miyoshi Iheiji - } 4~ i - S15.044. I

Page  265 AUTHOR INDEX 265 Mizuno Hajime *-f L Mochizuki Takashi V R Mochida Toshiko t w t Mogami Takanori SEE Moga] Mogami Takayoshi -, ~, Mombusho (ed.) j, - Mombush5 Jitsugyo Gakumu Mori Goro IFN - Mori Hideto A ~ k Mori Hiroshi A t~ Mori Iwao 4 m Mori Kiichi 4 - Mori Shozaburo 4 - Mori Yoshio,& 4 f Morikawa Hiroshi 4& V\ >Morioka Kiyomi ~,K Morita Seiichi (ed.) p Morita Soichi A 4 - Morita Yuzo 4 Y I - Murakami Taiji, - - A, Muramatsu Tsuneo (ed.) Al Muranaga Rineo 41 f )1 7 Murata Shizuko '-4 l e Muratake Seiichi, 4, mi Takayoshi mi Takayoshi 14.018. 1.087. 25.060. <i_ 11.042, 12.065. 24.022, 24.023, 24.024, 24.025, 24.026. Kyoku,t; f ' 24.027. 17.017. 22.027. 13.010, 14.014, 18.022. 18.017. 17.052. 10.104. 15.045. 6.138. 1.020, 10.040, 10.o41, 11.043, 11.044, 11.045, 18.037, 22.010, 22.011, 22.012, 22.038. F - 2.023. 26.010. 6.030, 6.031. 27.022. r JPZ d At 27.013. ~~ R18.006, 4^ 16.007. -- 11.0o46. Nagahara Kazuko (ed.) 7i*, -F 3 1.006. Nagai Michio k ~ t iA 't- 24.028. Nagashima Fukutaro;K P_ f lt 11.047, 12.038. Naikaku Tokeikyoku or Sorifu T5keikyoku IfN Vf,-~tt ' '?f'w"T 2.013, 2.01, 21,.015, ~t"- 2.025, 6.032, 6.033. Naito Kanji?7 f, 11.007, 12.066. Naito Kichinosuke t g - 2 j 10.042. Naka Arata W Vf 19.046. Nakada Kaoru v 7 ', 8.004, 8.015, 10.105, 12.067. Nakagama Kiyoko ' +'1 -{\ 3~ 10.156. Nakagawa Zennosuke ' "}) R- ~ j 10.014, 10.065, 10.094, 10.106, 10.127, 11.042, 11.048, 11.110, 13.019. Nakajima Ryutaro t7 ~ F ~ 6.102, 14.039. Nakajima Shin'ya N l ' o 10.044. Nakamoto Hiromichi 4 4 I 4L 25.038. Nakamura Hachiro ' ft,\ 14.063. Nakamura Hajime p 4q Tr 27.014. Nakamura Jihei A 7, - 11.04q. Nakamura Kichiji (Yoshiharu) 2Pt4 8.005, 8.006, i0.045, 11.050, 12. 044, 12.045, 12.046. Nakamura Koya.4 T It t 8.007. Nakamura Masao fv F-IF k 9.024, 12.068. Nakamura Nobuaki ' V[ 4 l- 14.052. Nakane Chie t4 f + 10.046, 11.051. Nakano Takashi 4 V t 4.020. 4.021. 4.022. 22.039, 22.040, 22.041, 22.042, 22.043, 25.014. Nakano Yoshihiko p Yf V 25.039. Nakayama Taro 4',1 "X i 2.034, 3.017, 10.107, 10.108, 11.008, 20.013, 22.044. Namiki Masayoshi it 7 kf f 6.103, 6.104, 6.105, 6.106, 6.107, 6.108, 6.109, 6.110. Naora Nobuo |_ ~ 1 ~ 9.029. Nara ken Minsei Rodobu Dowa Mondai Kenkyusho,~ l K, -' n I M * D, I f 15. o46. Naramoto Tatsuya (ed.),, A Trk E 15.047, 15.0o48. Nasu Shoichi 0, - 15.029. Nemura Tosaburo K 5T - a - 10.109, 10.111. Nihon Chiri Gakkai 0 - - f / 1 3.001. Nihon Chizu Kabushiki Kaisha (ed. )FJ MA<4t19.018. Nihon Gakujutsu Fukyukai W 1 4 $T *-! i 3.018. Nihon Gakujutsu Kaigi tv $ 4 - 1.021. Nihon Gakujutsu Kaigi Yunesuko Iinkai I$ T' ^*; A,- ~' 1.028. Nihon Hoshakai Gakkai (ed. ) Q -, 4- - 1.022. Nihon Hoso Kyokai T * 1k i Mt t 22.063, 23.020. Nihon Jido Kenkyujo * - tV Y V rff 3.004, 27.016, 27.017, 27.018. Nihon Jimbun Kagakkai O $ t 8.016, 18.007, 18.008, 18.009, 18.010, 18.011, 18.012, 25.040. Nihon Jinrui Gakkai (ed.) H * A )J k: 5.017. Nihon Jutaku Kodan 1 * At ~ ^ I 14.o64. Nihon Kyoiku Shakai Gakkai * t- t,- 3.014. Nihon Kyoiku NenkanW t ^$ 1 Nihon Kyoshokuin Kumiai 1 $4 F, 20.044, 24.030. Nihon Minzoku Gakkai k, f f ' 9 1.023, 3.020, 3.024. Nihon Minzokugaku Kyokai (ed. J Er W, * 1J 1.024, 1.025, 2.035, 3.020. Nihon Rekishi Chiri Gakkai (ed. ) V *- t t, I z4.025. Nihon Rodo Kumiai Sohyo Gikai ~'~ ~ ~ ~2~ 20.045. Nihon Shakai Gakkai (ed.) k^g~ - 1.026, 1.027, 3.010, 3.023, 3.031, 3.034, 3.037. Nihon Shakai Gakkai Chosa Iinkai (ed.) & I/et ~ I i18 X t t 15.006, 15.007. Nihon Shakai Gakkai Shogai Iinkai U $-* 2 'A ~f ~ ~ 4.026. Nihon Shakai Gakuin 90 Z - ' k ~ _ 3.032. Nihon Shakaijigy5 Daigaku Kyuhin Seido Kenkyukai '. tm -,} t - A t ~ ~1 TOT % A 21.007. Nihon Shakai Jigyo Tanki Daigaku (ed.), ^~.. J tI Jt 2r,,~ 2.036. Nihon Shakaito Soshikibu ~ ^a, 20.035. Nihon Shimbun Gakkai W $ ]i 3.039. Nihon Shimbun Kyokai - * K~ t] tup / 23.021. Nihon Tokei Kenkyuja E I,4 * ' fji % fj 2.017. Nihon Tokei Kyokai * *It - t 2.018. Nihon Toshi Gakkai E) T - ' *- 14.o40. Nihon Toshi Gakkai Kinki Shibu S If'-f- uP 14.041. Nihon Yunesuko Kokunai Iinkai IQ:3)1 l V & 1.028, 1.029. Ninomiya Tetsuo, M- $ 11.061. Nishida Haruhiko N O K: 12.087. Nishida Taketoshi \ -9 4_ 15.030.. 4.023, 4.024, 8.029, 8.042, 10.048, 10.049, 10.051, 11.025, 11.053, 11.054, 11.056, 11.057, 11.059, 11.060, 13.021, 13.022, 13.024, 14.019, 17.018, 17.o19, 5.015, 10.047, 10.050, 11.052, 11.055, 11.058, 13.020, 12.023, 15.018, 17.095,

Page  266 266 AUTHOR INDEX Nishihira Shigeki i6 s t 25.041, Nishikadoi Seikei SEE Nishitsunoi Masayoshi Nishikawa Kojiro, \ II' - t Nishikawa Zensuke ~ )1 j /'7 Nishimura Koichi ) f W - Nishimura Shinji, t N ^ Nishioka Toranosuke 7 11 Z L, 4.027, 25.042. 20.042. 12.047. 6.111i. 8.008. 8.036, Oka Mitsuo n 1 'k Okada Yuzuru )K] - #, Okamot o Okamoto Okayama Okazaki Seizo 1q) 1* A a Wataru )j * fi Daigaku Sangyokeiei Ayanori 1I1 4 t 10.052, 11.006, 11.055, 11.104, 12.027, 12.037. Nishitsunoi Masayoshi (ed.) N i^ f _ 2.037, 22.064. Nishiyama Matsunosuke {S Lb _ L9b 11.099. Noda Nobuo r w 4i * 17.020. Noguchi Uichiro SEE Noguchi Yuichiro Noguchi Yuichiro w Mto -- 17.021, 25.043. Nogyo Sogo Kenkyusho Tosho Mokuroku I ) t +F4 k T rlI t; I X 1.030. Nojiri Shigeo Vf $ 4 tL 4.028, 6.034, 6.112, 6.113, 6.114, 6.115, 6.116, 25.044. Noma Kaizo Vr N, _ 6.035. Nomin Kumiaishi Kankokai (ed. ) $, J T 20.068. Nomin Undo Kenkyukai (ed.) RP t- it z 20.069, 20.070. Okazaki Keiko A Y,.- 3 -Okazaki Yoichi )1 ~ ~ - Okochi Kazuo K 4 - Okubo Toshiaki P., 1 tOkuda Kenji,- ~e Okuda Michihiro - ~ ' 7k Okuda Shuzo _ 1 Okui Fukutaro,L ty, i Okui Matatar5 SEE Okui Fuku 19.041. 2.026, 4.029, 9.024, 10.051, 10.055, 10.079, 11.047, 11.066, 11.070, 13.025, 17.035, 18.038. 13.026. 15.049. Kenkyukai (ed., 1 9M 1.031. 6.033, 6,039, 6.040, 6.041, 6.042, 10.111. 23.007. 6.043. 1.045, 5.021, 9.011, 15.009, 15.025, 17.060, 17.061, 17.097, 17.098, 17.099, 17.100, 17.101, 18.013, 20.046, 20.047. 24.032. 17.028. 14.055, 14.068, 14.069, 19.021, 26.003. 10.056. 14.021, 25.047. Nomin Undoshi Kenkyukai _ * fi~ j Nomura Kentaro ' f r, fi, Norin Tokei Kyokai a t,- pt 1- Nosei Chosakai ~ i Noshomusho (ed.) $ j - J Noshomusho Shokokyoku - l 'r_-GL Noson Hosei Kenkyukai W 1, 1;t <Noson Jinko Mondai Kenkyukai F V- t, kJr i. Numata Inejiro: \9;3' - Numazawa Kiichi 5^ R if i 9.025. 2.016. 12.048. 17.053. 17.054. 19.020. 6.117. 17.096. 22.065. Oba Iwao t, % t_ Obayashi Munetsugu ) 7t 4 ] Odahashi Sadaju,)- ) 7, Odaka Kunio f 5 1 1a 17. 17. 17. 17. Odauchi Michitoshi ) '- ) 9 Odo Yuki )_ *, N Ogata Hiroyasu f iif ~1- t Ogawa Masaaki -) ) I'X, Ogawa Toru - ) '-1 ) ty Ogimura Akinori; -' t Ogino Shimako, j -. Ogo Kinichi t) i Oguchi Iichi,)v w - Ogura Takekazu -, ~ - Ogyu Chikasato J i Lt_ Ohama Hideko 7, 3- *, 3 -Ohara Kenshiro K, -- ta Ohashi Kaoru 7 4,,. 6. 14. Ohashi Miyuki 7K $ Ohashi TakanoritC 4 4. Oikawa Hiroshi ) ~-) 1, 11. 11. Oikawa Shin )J *' 4A 5ishi Shinzaburo 7j t - - m Ojima Kakuji i $, Oka Masao )XJ ~ _ 018, 024, 027, 059, 12.027. 17.055. 17.056. 15.031, 17.022, 17.023, 17.025, 17.0_6, 17.057, 17.058, 17.095, 25.045, 25.052. 6.118. 10.110. 24.031. 21.008. 12.028. 17.059. 6.036. 11.046. 22.008, 22.014. 9.030. 5.019. 10.053. 27.019. 6.037, 10.054, 14.065, 14.067, 26.011. 25.046. 15.008. 11.063, 11.064, 12.029, 22.045. 21.009. 8.030. 12.079. 5.020, 7.012. Okuno Hikorokuro V- ~i, ~ 10.112. Okuya Matsuji.- - A,^ 8.043. Omachi Tokuzo,,T 7 K -_ 2.045, 4.030, 4.031, 4.032, 4.033, 4.034, 5.022, 10.032, 10.057, 10.113, 10.114, 10.115, 10 10.116, 11.010, 11.096, 11.097, 12.026, 12.028, 12.030, 12.031, 12.065, 15.016, 17.079, 22.050, 22.066, 22.067, 22.084, 22.086, 22.087, 22.088, 22.089, 22.090. Omi Tetsuo J,, 5 4.035, 6.140, 14.022, 14.070. Ono Hideo )I- r F; 23.013, 23.022. Ono Isamu X ~ ~ 9.031. Ono Susumu^ t -5- 7.013. Ono Takeo /s, t'i 8.031, 8.044, 12.049, 12.050, 12.069, 20.073. Origuchi ShinobufT - -) t 3.017, 9.033, 10.082, 11.011, 22.023, 22.060, 22.068, 22.071, 22.091. Orii Hyuga t- _B 9 17.029. Osaka Chiho Rodo Undoshi Nempyo Hensankai;k % *P * t, - * 20.048. Osaka Shakaigaku Kenkyukai F-k k 1- i 14.071. Osakashi Z, _ 17.062. Osaka Shidai Danchi Kenkyukai frk q- tt~ e %' 14.090. Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Keizai Kenkyusho )<,k U X } ~ i i]; IT 17.063. Oshi Shinzaburo, - k Oshima Totaro K - ~, ~ 17.064. Oshio Shunsuke,_ t _ j- 14.072, 26.012. Osugi Sakae K 1 4 20.007. Ota Akira 5 ' -w 7.014. Ota Takeo K -, - 8.045. Otake Hideo ) '-4 A 12.051. Oto Tokihiko 7K ~ # 8.021, 22.070. Ototake Iwazo Z- mT 3 24.033. Otsuka Shigakkai (ed.) 7 Y9 $ 9 2.038. 5tsuki Nyoden kA -A r -4 8.046. Ouchi Shinzo 7 P9 \^ ~ 12.027. Ouchi Tsutomu ) z b 6.119, 19.022, 20.071. 137, 066, 062, 065,

Page  267 AUTHOR INDEX 267 Oura Takeshi Z;-, 1.033. Oyabu Juichi *k; - 14.039, 14.073, 24.034. Oyama Gen'ichi 0i ) ^- 11.067, 11.068, 17.065. Oyama Hikoichi SEE Oyama Gen'ichi Ozawa Eizo '+ ' 6.141. Rodosho Fujin Shonenkyoku ' 4 Ji l )X ' - o7 17.067, 17.068, 17.069, 17.070, 17.071. Rodo Mondai Bunken Kenkyukai (ed.) fp*l J~rtCt1.034. Rodosho ' - A 2.008. Rodo Sogi Chosakai (ed.) d ) 2-0|j^ 20.049. Rodo Undoshi Kenkyukai I4 #SFht ': 20.050. Rodo Undo Shiryo Iinkai 9^ -4 t J ~ M 20.051, 20.052. Sera Masatoshi t - -:1 27.020. Setonaikai Sogo Kenkyikai;f? 9-,.9 -,t% 13.033. Shakaigaku Kenkyukai * t-4c Tf % t Shakai Jigyo Kenkyujo r- *1 if - - t Pfr 3.042. 6.046, 8.049. Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai tJ k t - [ 4 3.028, 9.032. Shakai Shinri Kenkyujo i-t t -4 f vt j y23.024, 23.025. Shiba Kazumori I, 8.007. Shibata Minoru i 5. 5.024. Shibata Takeshi ~ ~ 23.026. Shibusawa Keizo, -j Jx - 9.012, 9.033. Shiga Masamichi - *i A _ 10.059. Shimada Takashi A $- 11.072, 18.006, 19.052. Shimane Kiyoshi Lt a LU 22.027. Shimazaki Minoru PT 4Q, 11.100, 14.024, 14.031, 17.102, 17.104, 25.049. Shimazaki Takao kt a )r 8.032. Shimbori Michiya tF, ~ _ 24.036. Shimizu Ikutaro - 7t1 ~ YN 23.014. Shimizu Seiko =- f i t 9.022, 12.032, 12.042. Shimizu Shinzo f- 7 'i =- 20.037. Shimmei Masamichir 4iT q T- 2.039, 14.045. Shimmei Hakase Kanreki Kinen Rombunshu Kankokai (ed. ) aI *t~ - t -. ji t'. -Pa t I -T'T) 4 Rosei Kenkyukai (ed. ) y J, V, ~,I. Royama Masamichi I I, ~i ~ _ 20.053. 19.023, 19.024. Saegusa Mikio - ~ ) o 1r Saeki Naoyoshi &5- Aa it Saito Hyoichi - F ~ $ Saito Ichiro 4- 5 - Saito Masao - $ Saito Shoichi ~ - _ Saito Yoshio- fi ~ $ $f Sakamoto Hideo 'tk $ - Sakayori Toshio rk ~ r > Sakimura Shigeki r- A, f, Sakisaka Itsuro fI *j 't " Sakurada Katsunori V; ~-a - - i Sakurai Shigeru * r,.072, 8.014, 17.073, 17.074. 12.088. 13.027, 13.028. 20.054, 20.055. 21.010. 1.035. 13.029, 18.039, 24.035. 23.023. 25.003. 15.019. 20.011. 12.030, 12.031, 22.071. 8.009. Sakurai Shotaro j- - fi. jvp 5 5.023, 8.047 11.009, 19.025, 25.016, 25.017, Sakurai Tokutaro l tF j4, Sakuta Keiichi A 9 r - Samejima Seiichi K.; ~ - Sasaki Teru 4k -t Sasaki Tetsuo SEE Sasaki Tetsuro Sasaki Tetsuro t ~ t > 18.040, Sasamori Hideo ~ ~ ~ $tk Sato Eishichi- t * - Sat3 Isao (ed.) ~ ~ r; Sato Mamoru &A ~ f 18.016. Sato Masao 4_ A -X )2L Sato Takeshi?~ F 1.036 Sato Terumi ni k ~ Sato Tomoo xta j t 14.043, Segawa Kiyoko - *, -i- 3 10.119, 10.120, 16.008, 16.009,, 8.048, 25.015, 25.018. 22.015. 18.015. 11.069. 25.048. Shimoide Hayakichi -F 1* * Shirmomura Fujio a-p -, % Shimpo Mitsuru ~T -,;4 Shinano Ky5ikukai 41, '!, A Shinmi Kichiji -fl V i, Shinobu Seizabur5 2$ -? t_ Shinomiya Kyoji ' $ Shinozaki Nobuo A j-. 4 Shiobara Tsutomu xr i, Shioda Shobei rL - ^ Shioiri Tsutomu X. >. Shirai Taishiro 4I -q v~ Shirai Takashi - -Ft 7 Shiratori Kurakichi, g i, Shiso Henshubu (eds.) r' *. ~w Shiso no Kagaku Kenkyukai,;.. 5.025. 22.076. 8.017. 22.046. 24.037. 10.060. 20.008. 12.071. 6.047, 6.048, 6.049, 6.120. 20.038. 1.005, 17.087, 20.021. 25.050. 17.103. 11.073. 22.077. 24.035. 14.042. 8.046. 19.026. 18.041. 21.011., 4.036. 13.030. 30.036. 10.118, 13.03], 22.092. 17.045. 14.075. 4:b,a 1) *~v ~t );sl % 1.041. Seiji Keizai Kenkyusho VXC; $ -k; r [it Seikatsu Kagaku Chosakai )t S; 4 I i k k 14.074, 20.022, 23.027. Shoji Kichinosuke A i, l h 9 20;023. Sofue Takao 4L '5 -, 27.021, 27.022. Sono Kenji ) - 17.076. Sonoda Kyoichi ) -w - 25.051. Sonraku Shakai Kenkyukai *,t a -; i ~ ~ 3.041, 6.121, 12.033, 12.072, 12.073, 12.090, 18.042, 19.027, 20.072. Sorifu Tnkeikyoku or Naikaku Tokeikyoku T, ~~,^ - ~ i,i V it 2.018, 2.021. Suda Akiyoshi ws Bl ~ 22.093. Suda Naoyuki 4 -w I _ 19.028. Sue Hiroko $ 3- 3 3- 27.022, 27.023. Sugano Shunsaku ~ V 4:L J+ 18.017. Sugi Masataka * i;. 25.052. Sugimura Nobuji, ~ Ft f 14.076. Suginohara Juichi X' kt 7~ T - 20.039. Sugiura Ken'ichi t 4_ - 22.047. Sugiyama Koichi;$, E - 22.078. Sumiya Etsuji tL. $ t 26.014. Sumiya Mikio ^ - ~ m 17.060, 17.077. Suzuki Eitaro 3 *.; y 3.009, 4.037, 10.061, 10.062, Seikei Daigaku Seikei Gakkai -i ~ r' X;C t 14.044. Seki Eikichi J - 15.010. Seki Keigo FW M] - 4.047, 11.010, 11.070, 11.071, 12.089, 13.014, 13.032, 22.073, 22.074, 22.075. Seki Kiyohide e * ~ 12.070, 21.012. Sekiyama Naotaro a., ^ 6.044, 6.o45. Semmon Toshokan Kyogikai (ed.) AL T ~ t ^ - t 1.037, 2.019.

Page  268 268 AUTHOR INDEX Suzuki Suzuki Suzuki Suzuki Suzuki Suzuki Suzuki Suzuki Fujio e I 1 I, Hiroshi - * t Jiro (ed. ) t \ -- Makoto t- 7 A' Shuichi 4'; - Soken _ t, ', Tatsuzo 4 7, A Yukio &R A. t S. 11.074, 11.101, 12.034, 14.025, 14.077, 15.012. 6.142. 14.046, 18.014. 1.043, 3.011, 14.026, 15.050, 15.051. 13.034. 12.075. 22.016, 22.017. 25.053. 23.028. Tachi Minoru Q,Taga Yasushi ~, 4,,. 6.050, 6.053, 6.056, 6.059, 6.062, 6.143, 6.146, 6.051, 6.052, 6.054, 6.055, 6.057, 6.058, 6.060, 6.061, 6.063, 6.122, 6.144, 6.145, 6.147, 6.148. 23.028. Takezawa Shin'ichi 1, 17.030. Takikawa Masajiro )'l T -:: } 8.012, 10.065. Tamaki Hajime l. i 10.066, 10.067, 10.068, 10.127, 11.081, 13.039. Tamura Hiroshi t-1,-' 13.040. Tamura Kenji v7 Xt - 26.015, 26.016. Tamura Takeo ~ k-T ^ q 17.080. Tanabe Hisatoshi (ed.) > - j 5.027. Tanabe Ken'ichiB v B ~ - 18.005. Tanahashi Taisuke # f b ~ 20.057. Tanaka Mikio w 'p _ 18.044. Tanaka Sogoro I P T l. 19. 049, 20.02L. Taniguchi Shigeru,, j 14.081. Taniguchi Zentaro 4 ~ g - 20.058. Tanozaki Akio W a i_- j~ % 15.020, 18.018. Tanuma Hajime YU i 6 16.013. Taoka Reiun y /, ~ 20.009. Tatewaki Sadayo p,9 {K 16.010, 16.011. Terao Koji %.: _ 8.018. Teruoka Shuzo 9 _ t v 20.025. Toa Shakai Kenkyukai + v $ t r t 3.044. Toda Teizo j a, - 3.009, 6.067, 10.070, 10.071, 10.072, 10.073, 10.074, 10.075, 10.076, 10.077, 10.128, 10.129, 10.130, 11.106, 15.012, 22.022, 26.017. Todai Gakusei Undo Kenky-kai 1 &, _ & h f 20.082. Togawa Ansho f ) $ - 22.023. Tohoku Shakaigaku Kenkyukai ~ i ~- H 3.035, 18.045. Tokei Suri Kenkyujo Kokuminsei Chosi Iinkai,t t 27.024. Tokoro Mitsuo n T - 15.021, 15.022. Tokuda Hikoyasu 4, vs, 3 - 10.078, 10.131. Tokyo Daigaku Shakai Gakkai (ed.) f, X - mP ~/~ 5.028. Tagawa Tagita Tahara Tahara Kazuo P- 1tFo t Koya -tv L:tt t Otokazu \gv J, - i0 Otoyori v S, b- $ SEE Tahai 4.038, 15.020, 19.047, Takada Yoshitoshi I -w 1 V Takagi Hiroo - - Takagi Kyoten,! - ':Takagi Naobumi, A 1 1 Takahashi Akira (ed.) ~ ~ ~17.102, 23.033, Takahashi Bonsen ~ X ^A Takahashi Kenji,,,, _ Takahashi Ko 7 ^ Takahashi Sadaki ~ ~f l{ Takahashi Shin'ichi, - Takahashi Toichi,% p } Takahashi Yuetsu,~ 5, rP Takakura Mataji - _ Takakuwa Suehida%, ~, Takami Yasujiro } _ -z Takamura Shohei, *-t ~. Takamura Itsue, ' 8.011, Takanashi Akira Takano Minoru ~ Takao Kazuhiko, / Takatsu Hitoshi,; ^ Takaya Michio 7, Takaya Shigeo_ ~ ' L - Takayama Ryuzo ~ ~ Takayanagi Mitsuhisa, -' t, i Takeda Akira rT _ Takeda Ch6shu T F7 w T,1 Takeda Ryozo5 13.035, Takei Masaomi, e- E_ _ Takenaka Katsuo >r fl, Takenaka Shinjo t M ' $% Takeuchi Toshimi T 1 1l jI 9.035, 11.012, 11.076, 11.079, 11.104, 12.091, 13.038, 18.019, 18.040, 20.040. 8.050, 22.018. ra Otoyori 12.074, 12.091, 18.019, 18.020. 17.078. 19.029, 22.019, 22.020. 23.030. 6.064. 1.044, 2.028, 23.031, 23.032, 25.028, 25.059. 6.005. 8.007. 17.104. 15.052, 15.053. 9.034. 12.032. 6.088. 11.102. 20.081. 8.051, 19.048. 8.010. 10.122, 10.123. 1.045. 20.056. 8.033. 25.019. 25.020. 11.011. 6.066. 8.007. 10.063. 22.058. 13.036, 14.047. 10.124, 10.125. 26.014. 22.021. 5.026, 10.064, 10.126, 11.013, 11.025, 11.077, 11.078 11.080, 11.103, 11.105, 12.052, 13.014, 13.037, 17.099, 18.008, 18.020, 18.029, 18.043, 18.044, 22.049. Tokyo Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyusho Tokyo Jinrui Gakkai (ed.) K A, i ' P Tokyo Katei Saibansho,. L, u 1 I' p Tokyo Shakaigaku Kenkyukai *, -- r t t Tokyo Shisei Chosakai,;,p ~ $ L14.048, 14.049, a Tokyo Shisei Chosakai Kenkyubu Tokyoto Shakai Fukushi Kaikan (ed.) Toma Seita ~ ] w K Tomeoka Kiyoo<., -: Tominaga Ken'ichi,t - 10.132, 17.031, Tomino Yoshikuni 2 ~ t ~ ] Tomita Yoshiro, 5 ^ - 17.081, ] Tomoyasu Ryoichi_ ~ 1 _ Tonogi Norio - - A 13.036, Tosei Chosakai J } 2 Toshitani Nobuyoshi, /,. Toya Toshiyuki y _ Toyama Shigeki J, t ] L7.105. 7.015. 26.018. 3.033. 1.003, 19.031. 6.149. 1.046. 7.016. L2.075. 25.050. L9.032. L7.082. 6.123. 13.041. 14.078. 19.050. 22.024. L9.033, Toyoda Takeshi t -0 t Toyoda Tamotsu H- v 4. Toyoshinachoshi Hensankai Tsubaki Koji 4- ~ Tsuboi Hirofuni f-5 - it Li Tsuchida Hideo -t ) r lt Tsuchiya Tadao. Ja?,j Tsuchiya Takao t, - S 20U.013, 25.UU4. 14.083, 15.054. 10.133. led. ),, - w -TI 12.076. 16.012. 12.077. 10.154. 19.051. L 14.084, 20.073.

Page  269 AUTHOR INDEX 269 Tsuda Michio - a w L Tsuda Sokichi I w f-? " Tsuji Kiyoaki ht " 9 Tsujimura Akira 'J mT vs Tsukamoto Tetsundo A, k.K Tsukishima Kenz5 t t Tsurumi Shunsuke 1, l i~ ' 19.035, 4.039, 11.082, 11.107, 18.020, 18.046, 4.040, 20.041. 7.017. 19.034. 19.036. 10.079, 18.019, 25.008. 27.025. 22.027. Yamaguchi Kazuo fi o v A' Yamaguchi Sadao A v L, Yamaguchi Tadashi A o JE Yamaguchi Yaichiro A 4 6, -?Yamakawa Hitoshi i t-) r Yamakawa Kikue ~ ) " - Yamamoto Fumio JA * -7 Yamamoto Kikue cb 7 j,.. Yamamoto Nobacu, a.10.01.05 Tsushima Sadao 3II -, 14.079. Uchikawa Yoshimi 10 P' ~ t 23.034, 23.035, 23.036, 23.037. Uchino Sumiko K f f 3- 6.150. Uchiyama Masateru ) ^ U-,, 1.047, 6.090, 12.086. Ueda Kozo t- ~ f - 6.068. Ueda Masao - ~ ~ ~ 6.061, 6.062, 6.063, 6.069, 6.070, 6.071, 6.072, 6.073, 6.074, 6.075, 6.148. Ueda Teijiro t- 6a 7 -K 6 6.076, 6.077, 6.135, 17.050, 17.051. Uehara Tetsusaburo t _ q, _? 6.078. Ueno Hirohisa -tr. ~- _ 10.134, 10.155, 25.055. Ueno Yasuhisa SEE Ueno Hirohisa Ujihara Masajiro O r,, i 1.045, 17.061, 17.083, 17.100, 17.101. Ujihara Shojiro SEE Ujihara Masajiro Ukai Nobushige,. ',,..,, 19.003. Umemura Mataji i! [T z >K 6.086. Uno Enku A Tf 7.018. Uozumi Sogoro ^..'; "ik i 8.007. Urakawa Wasaburo;i' 1 ) -u i 8.052. Urano Kichitaro I' ' 6 Jf 6.151. Ushijima Morimitsu f- P, a ' 11.083, 11.108. Ushikubo Hiroshi rf _: 26.019. Usui Jisho ~ ~ -o) 12.078. Uzu Elsuke * - > 6 14.027, 25.050. Yamamoto Toru O * - Yamamura Fusa i ^ 4 J Yamamura Yoshiaki dJ T 4T g Yamamuro Shuhei Ld )! l - Yanaanaka Akira J. L i Yamane Tsuneo LA. V Yamanushi Masayuki L i - iS Yamaol Eiichi JA ) -7 ) Yanagida Kunio sp w -, 2. 2. 2. 4. 4.( 8.1 11.11( 22.02' 22.05: 22.081 Yanase Keisuke P; ~ k Yano Isamu tf, Yasuda Saburo ~ 6.. 6. 14.021 15.03; Yasuhara Shigeru $ ~ - Yazaki Takeo g- a 1 14.031 Yoden Hiromichi W $ - Yokoe Katsumi 4 et ~ t Yokota Tadao 4- *B h rt Yokota Toshi 4- -, Yokoyama Gennosuke,- a~ jf z H2 Yokoyama Rycichi S, 4 i -, Yokoyama Sadao 4 t AYokusan Undoshi Kankokai I i ~ Yomikaki Noryoku Chosa Iinkai Yomiuri Shimbunsha 4 y j Yonebayashi Tomio, 47 % Yoneji Minoru,t - L Yoneyama Keizo,, s _ -_ Yoshida Kyuichi i a, - Yoshida Noboru - w Yoshida Teigo s y f - Yoshii Tojuro - ':, p Yoshikawa Morikuni, I) - VQ Yoshikawa Tetsuya v 11) %' Yoshinaga Kiyoshi,= - Yosoi Shohei a ~ Yuzawa Yasuhiko 3, ~ 9, 13.044, 13.045. 9.026. 2.046. 17.084. 6.125. 20.011, 2Q.012. 20.011. 10.083. 21.013. 10.084, 10.155, 1, 15.055, 15.056, 7, 15.058, 25.058. 23.038. 16.013. 23.039, 25.036. 10.085. 20.083. 10.086. 19.053. 13.046. 040, 2.041, 2.042, 043, 2.044, 2.045, 046, 3.017, 3.038, 044, 4.045, 4.046, 047, 8.019, 8.020, 021, 8.054, 8.055, 0, 12.080, 13.047, 5, 22.026, 22.027, 1, 22.079, 22.080, 1, 22.082, 22.095. 15.059. 6.079. 4.048, 152, 6.153, 8.022, 3,4.29, 14.029, 14.030, 2, 25.059, 15.060. 14.031, 15.024, 14.032, 14.033, 4, 14.035, 18.021. 12.081, 12.082. 15.012. 12.037. 6.080. 15.033. 14.052. 8.023. t 1 4t' 19.039. ] tr ~-1 k23.040. 2.009. 11.084. 4.049, 11.111. 6.126, 17.085. 15.034. 24.011. 11.015, 25.061. 18.047. 20.026. 25.005. 8.035. 14.081, 17.082. 10.087. Wagatsuma Hiroshi -f ~ - 27.026. Wagatsuma Sakae f - 4 10.080. Wakamori Taro i *T4 z$ 0 2.026, 4.041, 4.042, 7.019, 11.014, 22.050, 22.094, 25.021. Waseda Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyujo (ed.) 1zA' K^ t' ~ R $ I 14.050. Watabe Yoshimichi, 7, ~ 1.005, 7.020, 20.010. Watanabe Eizaburo;tf ~ & - 8.053. Watanabe Heiriki,; h 4.043. Watanabe Hisao r 19.037. Wanatabe Junzo:t - 20.021. Watanabe Masutaro - )S \ tp 14.080. Watanabe Motoo ], _ 18.002. Watanabe Shin'ichi,; '_ _ - 6.124. Watanabe Toru? J 4,- 20.008, 20.015, 20.059. Watanabe Yozo,9 v -~ 12.079, 19.038. Watanuki Joji,$, { 25.028, 25.056. Watanuki Tetsuo, F -7 8.034, 25.057. Watsuji Tetsuo $ _, 25.039. Yabuuchi Yoshihiko JL N 5- Yagi Akio 4 'i* v Yamada Keido IA 9 rX AYamaga Seiji J,^ t\ z - Yamaguchi AsataroA ao * )r, 13.043. 18.006, 19.052. 15.023. 14.051. 10.082, Zaidan Hojin Kaikoku Hyakunen Kinen Bunka Jigyokai 22.007, 23.013. Zenkoku Nogyo Kyodo Kumiai Chuokai (ed.) rD_- 't tv,L^1 12.083. Zenkoku Shakai Fukushi Kyogikai Z k ki - IN f, ti^- 2 21.014. Zenkoku Shichokai /- I ~, 2.006.

Page  270

Page  271 LOCALITY INDEX Prefectures are presented alphabetically (with region indicated, to facilitate locating each prefecture on the map above). Regional studies follow prefectural listings in the index. Place names are listed alphabetically under each prefecture, irrespective of the size of administrative entities. Thus, Nagara village, Seto city, and Tagata shrine appear in succession, alphabetically, under Aichi prefecture. Amalgamations under a different name are noted here insofar as they are cited in the entries; otherwise, names appear as at the time of study without reference to their cureent (1970) administrative designations. Administrative entities are translated as follows: chiho is "region"; chiiki and kuiki are "district"; ken is "prefecture"; shi is "city"; chiku is "quarter"; ku is "ward"; machi and cho are "town"; mura and son are "village". The pre=modern term kuni is "province"; han is "fief"; shoen is "estate'. The unit gun remains untranslated, since approximate equivalents (county, shire, etc.) impress us as misleading. In the case of least-magnitude place names, such terminals as buraku ("hamlet") have been omitted in translation as well as, often, in the original; most place names without further designation in this index are of this sort. AI( 'HI PREFECTURE _ -J i (Chibu): 6.085, 10.146, 14.081, F g o1044, 19.o46, Atsumi peninsula 19.046, Fujimatsu village e: * *. Isshiki town -- 4r 27.013, Kamitsugu village J_ 5g a, (KitashidE gun) Kitashidara-gun tL P; A 12.009, Nagoya city j, - Ja -E 12.090, 18.008, 25.025. 10.019. 18.024. 27.026. ara25.032. 22.002. 6.016, 6.133, 6.137, 6.150, 10.086, 10.093, 14.018, 14, 14.081, 17.082 27.013. Nagura village J ' 11.06, 27.013. A4.~3, 14.0 81 17 08 27.013. Seto city;- fPJ 17.027, 17.081. Tagata shrine Hi3, ~_ 22.065. Toyama village a. $4 (Kitashidara-gun) 10.019, 18.012. Yahagi river basin lo ~ 'j, A 10.140. Yamayoshida village Lh 5 W j 1 18.025. r-7~~~1805 271

Page  272 272 LOCALITY INDEX AKITA PREFECTURE /( ' C L (Tohoku): 6.085, 12.080, 23.011. Higashi Takizawa village D >^ 4; 6.083. Kawatsura district I. ii t,. (Okachi-gun) 18.016, 18.041. Kazuno district J ff ~ 5 11.033, Komaba. 11.084. Shibahira village ( 4- $ (now in Hanawa town) (Katsuno-gun) 18,031, Shimokoani village 1,l fij ^= t, 25.008. Tofukuji, Komagata village Mf;r-' f;{rs - (Okachi-gun) 11.082. Yatsumori town /\, Wj 6.097, Yokozawa village o-, of, 10,064. AOMORI PREFECTURE * TTohoku): 6.099, 6.112, 17.068. Hashikami village J~l -, 1 (Sannoe-gun) 10.038, 18.031. Higashidori village i _ A 10.069, 13.040. Nowatari, Hirosaki city jp vj f,,- 18.039. Okunai, Tanab u town W ~? 1, - (Shimokita-gun) 15.02 3. CHIBA PREFECTURE +- * ( (Kanto): Chiba city - 14.030. Funabashi city 13 j 3 14.017, 14.069, 19.021. Ichikawa city 7 * }i1 14.017, 14.049. Katagai town. 'T 6.126. Mutsusawa village @ 4t *'t 18.037. Shigebara r }, 18.008. Futtsu town W F I 6.097. EHIME PREFECTURE f tk jA (Shikoku): Nakahagi, Niihama city;. 7 20 12.062. Nii-gun tf J 12.062. Shuso-gun i J 12.062. Uma-gun a I gP 12.062. Iwasaki village & i-~ ztcity) Kanemodoshi village A-, "S" village S f1 Yanagawa town 1,I wV Yumoto town -z p r- (now (now in Joban 10.081. 6.113. 6.096. 18.022. in Joban city) 10.081, 14.050. TFIJTT PREFECTTURET x -^ - 9 (Chubu): V I f i 10.146, 14.018, 19.046. Gifu city 4 0 k 14.073. Koumi village T.,$ (Motosu-gun) 15.021. Shirakawa village ( 11 z (Hida province) 9.020, 10.010, 10.026, 10.028, 10.035, 10.069, 16.00i. Takeda village t 4 t 6.116. GUMMA PREFECTURE g.. g ( Chubu): 15.034, 17.068, Annaka town - ~ r Miyasato village g f $' Tokugawa-Mantokuj i HIROSHIMA PREFECTURE ( Ch, (Chugoku): 6.138, 12.041, 12.081, 15.042, 15.050, T5hama;, HO.KAIDO Lt. 4 22.011. 18.009. 6.115. 10.095. 11.037, 13.009, 15.051. 15.047. I — 5.010, 6.078, 9.011, 12.073, 12.075, 13.027, 17.036, 19.028, 24.004. Minamihama, Higashi Rishiri town *'Jtj] i (Rishi Island) 10.039. Nanae town -t c i (Kameda-gun) 18.046. Obihiro city i4 JA 21.012. Rusutsu village W -f - 12.073. Sapporo city tL 10.001, 10.011, 14.042, 17.033. Shakotan peninsula i- - 10.058. Shinozu village 22, ' 22.038. Tokotan. Bekkai village 1J.AA -j +- 12.070. FUKUI PREFECTURE;t + - (Chubu): 10.028. Amatsu, Shimizu town, Niyu-gun 4 i-,Ifjt *4 15.020. HYOGO PREFECTURE -J & i7 - (Kinki): Heisenji, Katsuyama city if " f - Kitashinjo, Takefu city A ) _t-qp jtr-f - 15,020. Okamoto village ] 4 ftown) (Imadate-gun) 15.020. (now Imadate 9.022. FUKUOKA PREFECTURE ~ (Kyushu): 11.030, 12.068, 17.068, 26.006, 26.007. Kitakyushu city it -~ i~P 6.137, 12.073, 14.086, 17.016, 25.061. Islands in Kitakyushu tL Rt L )i ^ 7 10.012. Katsumoto town W* - 1 (Iki island) 13.044. Suburbs around Kitakyushu a Lt1EiVAL 10.012. Watara village (,; Lt) (Iki island) 13.045. Okawa city Ki | v 14.046. Onga village o t' 4 (Onga-gun) 14.086. FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE ^, i- (Tohoku): 6.112, 10.004, 17.088, 20.071, 22.004. Aizu Wakamatsu district. %, - )f t1 i — 18.016. Inawashiro town 4 6 -\ SJ (Yama-gun) 18.040. 12.081, 15.034. Aibashi village A | $ (Izushi-gun) 27.003. Awaga village, ) }'f (Asako-gun) 27.003. Iwaya, Ogawa village 1,'( VIt ' J,. (now in Sannan town) (Hikami-gun) 11.041. Kobe ~ P 6.016, 6.133, 6.151, 12.041. Miyake village = 4 * (Tajima province) 8.O045. Sanshikikata, Oyake estate ' 8. 0 - 4 ~ (Harima province) 8.036. Shinoyama fief 14,% (Taki-gun) 19.041. Tachikui, Imada village - r * irL *, (Taki-gun) 27.003. Takarazuka city x. t$ 12.081, 12.082. IBARAKI PREFECTURE - T (Kanto): 10.145, 20.071. Hagutown V * W 19.030. Hitachi city 0 k V 18.009, 27.025. Kushigata village 0 -ff' 6- 6.115. Niiharu-gun ' } p 10.144. Utsunomiya city *! + 19.030.

Page  273 LOCALITY INDEX 273 ISHIKAWA PREFECTURE h3 ) ' (Chubu): 10.145, 11.056, Ama-machi, Wajima city A f l 5, t j Hime, Ogi town,1' * t tr. 13.036, Ishizaki f ~i (Nanao city) 13.014, 13.038, (Kaga province) 15.013, Kita-onomi, Nanao city -t= J t. X K 13.021, 13.022, Machino town R y wrT 22.010, Kamakura city Ai - 1. L1 14.038. 13.032. 13.041. 10.029, 27.025. 19.040. 13.023. 22.015. 8.013, 2 4.020, ] 2 Kaneda village 4 V JKawaguchi city II p I Kawasaki city iq1 F* ITsurumi city * [ <; Yanagigawa village 4yij\ f province) Yokohama city At f, 1 Yokosuka city A^ + 23.002. 23.003. 6.140, 10.095, L4.o48, 14.049. 23.004, 23.008. 6.141. 6.141, 18.013. 18.013. (Sagami 3.044. 6.141, 14.007, 15.027, 17.039. 14.049, 18.013. 6.016, 4.064,, ] Monzen town EJ -a lt (Fi Noto Lt k Notobe city mt - ~ Wajima district f, rt Yamanaka district IL '47 t ukeshi-gun) 12.043, 12.064. 3.015, 4.021, 4.040, 6.015, 10.101, 12.019, 12.020, 12.022. 14.047, 17.019. [ 0_ 18.016. b a 18.016. KOCHI PREFECTURE -vP ~ (Shikoku): Kochi city Aj fp + None village!-f 0] Vt Tosa bay tL- A 'j (Tosa province) 14.o41, 14.066, (Aki-gun) 25.058. 6.131, 14.067. 15.021. 13.008. 8.026. 10.145. 10.059. 2. 033. IWATE PREFECTURE A - (Tohoku): Anetai village -i 4* T Arazawa village,_ fK A, 11.080, 18.006, (Ninohe-gun) 6.112, 18.017. 18.026. KUMAMOTO PREFECTURE fjt * - (Kyushu): 11.017,, 11.021, Kamaishi city Jj r Kemuriyama, Yahaba village; $~ X, i Kesen, Rikuzentakada city q:7t^ ~k4 Kotsunagi, Ichinohe town -,, (Ninohe-gun) Masuzawa v4llage i4 5~ $, 11.065, Morioka city 3 ^ 4 Nishine village Sr 7 ^t Ono villag-k Q t Tsukumcushi village4,. rf^ t (KamiheiYamagata village 1 /ff- * KAGAWA PREFECTURE V ') { (Shikoku): 17.068, Ibuki island 4A XJ Kotohira city % $- (Sanuki province) Zentsuji city g - - KAGOSHIMA PREFECTURE u, U ) $. (Kyushu): 18.031. 14.045. 12.045. 13.019. 12.061. 11.062, 22.045. 18.006. 18.028. 18.031. -gun) 27.003. 18.031. 25.038. 13.035. 6.003. 6.127. 6.003. Amakusa island -- i A (Higo province) Sue village,, *, (Kuma-gun) KYOTO PREFECTURE, A j (Kinki): 11.083, 11.107. Inenoura 4( 5,' Ky6t6 city,.. A 10.117, 15.050, 21.006, (Tango province) 6.151, 8.042 9.030, 9.033, 11.053, 11.054, 11.057, 11.060, 14.004, 14.053, 15.044, 17.076, 22.040, 22.041, 22.043, 24.020, Muromachi area J Takagi settlement Tsurugaoka, Miyama town a-,.-.tt A (Kitakuwada-gun) Yamaguni, Keihoku town -,t L, IN (Kitakuwada-gun) 5 5 MIE PREFECTURE -E_ I - (Chubu): Amami # t Amami Oshima It t KA 1, 1: Jutt6 village -t- R +Kikaigashima X. 1; Koshiki island 4 A Offshore islands, ~ Okinoerabu island AP * k s I 11 I I 12.073. 4.030, 4.031, 4.040, 5.020, 22.008. 3.015, 2.017, 12.018, 12.021, 2.089, 18.032, 18.033. 27.003. (Amami) 5.008, L.027, 11.069, 12.066. 10.092. 10.063. ~b (Amami) 10.120, 1.072, 12.089, 22.092. 13.016. 11.068. 12.060. 11.0 9. Anori village - ~ rT 14.018 (Ayama-gun) 10.021, 10.097 Ise district A4t- -L,t Kokufu village )^ *- (Shima-gun) Kuki-machi, Owase city ), L r tL~~T Kuwana-gun 4 2 r Matsuzaka city W ~ 7 Shima district ^, t Ueno city -- -, Watarai-gun,5 ~ Watarai town, r W at ai-gun) Watarai Nanto Nieura; ~ 7 ^, 1 12.041, 24.019. 13.007. 6.016, 9.028, 11.048, 11.055, 11.061, 14.085, 20.081, 22.042, 26.015. 10.056. 15. 04Q. 17.032. 17.032., 17.068. 11.045. 10.194 10.13 8 13.039. 13.003. 14.054. 10.15 4. 15.037. 15.021, 23.012. 13.030. 11.062, 27.022. 18.002. 11.013. 18.014. 18.005. 18.002. 1: Takara island, A Tanegashima A - ^$ Tsuruta village % J $^f Yoron island - M, MIYAGI PREFECTURE v X (Tohoku): 13.013. 24.005 KANAGAWA PREFECTURE;T. V^) '} (Kanto): 6.112, 10.004, 10.145, 17.061, Furukawa city 3 )I' 'p Gobuura, Onagawa town -h- )1' 1fTJ i -'f Ishinomaki city X, +P Kitakami river basin i5t -'1 Kurihara-gun I At 9 6

Page  274 274 LOCALITY INDEX Monji village S 1s (Kurihara-gun) 21.011. Momoe-gun M ~ 0 18.002. Nakada, Sendai city v ~ V V (now in Izumi town) 10.064, 11.013. Natori city A 18. 04L4. Nenoshiroishi village 4 f 43 - t 4 (now in Izumi town) 1L002, 11.08 Oginohama village, ~ 11.073 Ojika town 4t - (Ojika-gun) 11.013. Rifu village -Si - ^ ' 6.088, 11.013. Sendai city 4 14.079, 19.011. Shichigahama town z,h 6.0 88. Shida-gun;,, P 18.002. Shiroishi city 0 )y p Takeura, Onagawa town -r,1 t W ^ 15.020. Tatsuhama, 0 atsu townttf. ^ -t, ( Momoe-gun) 13.002. Toda-gun '. ', 18.002. Toyoma -gun 18.002, 18.020. Tsukahama, Onagawa town -,) VT 4 %13.010, 13.029. Yokogawa, Shichigashuku village -tz tI- 1 W'4, 4* (Katta-gun) 12.053, 21.009. Yokoura, Onagawa town-u- -w r q ' (Ojikagun) 13.002. Yoneyama village l o o 10.06, 18.020. MIYAZAKI PREFECTURE ' d- (Kyushu ): Minamikata village, Nobeoka city 1 j F. i55. Morotsuka village *4 t0 7F 10.134, 10.154. Nanatsuyama, Morotsuka village 4 ~ t — /,, (Higashi Usuki-gun) 10.089. Shiiba village * I 5.008. Tomi village, Nobeoka city _ 1^-0.155 10.155. Suwa district;-! -4 I~,j 10. i49, Suwa district 11.001, 22.035. Toshin district r10.085. Toyoshina town t T 12. 076. Tsukahara village,r, 11.06 5, 12.029. Wakamiya, Sarashina village,f At4 -. 11. 039, 11.40. Yasuno, Nakashioda village f 4 ' -, Bf (Chiisagata-gun) 20.066. NAGASAKI PREFECTURE - ~ i 1. 0(Kyushu): 6.138, 15.050, 25.055. o~~nn~c, ng 13.004, 15017, 22,085. UoU0 1~-1U iUZLD ^ Ikitsuki island A- 1 - Offshore islands 3t A Ono, Isahaya city. ' Sasebo city 1A t, Tsushima island 74., 22.018. 10.063. v if I~ t; 10 l42. r "10.083. 3.015, 4.021, 4.040, 9.024, 11.051, 12.007, 12.024, 12.035, 12.038, 12.059, 13.004, 13.018, 13.025, 13.031, 13.034, 13.042, 15.018. f, (Sonoki-gun) 22.024. Urakami village ' J. Uranona, Takaoka town I ] d (Morokata-gun) _ ___^ r M - -3 & -0_L ( rhubu): 11..102. NAC -ANO PREFUEC'I' -fU t -r. "- 9.034, 11.012, 11.037, 11.056, 12.054, 20.071, 24.037. Higashi Chikuma-gun. k ~. 11. 103. Hiraide site 5 ~ ' y' (Soga village) 7.005. Hirasawa, Narakawa villageA t ~) 1' q- $,(Nishichikuma-gun) 19.021. Iida city ^ ^0 P Imai village 4 - (4 (Okaya city) 11.072, 12.029. Kaida village ( F (Nishi Chikuma-gun) 27.023. Kamiina-gun -- 4 12. 009. Kawashima village )1, 4 (Kamiina-gun) 22.049. Kitabe district tL n, ) (Kamiina-gun) Minami Majino, Z 15 (Suwa city) 4.049, 11.109, 12.008, 27.025. Nishichikuma-gun Oa * ) 12.047. Sakabe, Kamihara, Tenryu village A 4 Wn4)i 12.052. Sakae village g ^ (Kamiminouchi-gun) 11.077. Sarashina-gun, 22.054. Shiota village W 0 Vt (Ogata-gun) 25.007. Shirakawa village (,S 4 (See Gifu prefecture) Shisambe district A ' i (Kanmiinouchigun) 11. 1051. Southern Shinano province J T 5L #/J 9.017. NARA PREFECTURE,.. ~ (Kinki): 10.145, 15.042, 20.063. Horyuji, Ikaruga town k tL i Y fW 2 < 20.025. Nara city I: - + 11.048. Taishc village 7 e- 4T (Minamikatsuragi-gun) 15.048. Tenri city, i ~ 23.009. Toma vil:lage - ~ v% 18.047. Totsukawa village - ' 8N (Yoshino-gun) 5.008, 27.003. NIIGATA PREFECTURE f ^ - b- (Chubu): 4 6.085, 6.112, 10.028, 11.039, 13.013, 25.046. Akiyama-go ) f 6.120. Higashi Takezawa village 3 t R tT' 25.039. Ibarashima, Katahigashi village.? t s 12.078. Itoigawa city, i,) A 14.043. Kaino village t 4.11 Kaneya, Arakawa village,'vl 3' 1 2)(Iwafune-gun) 12.039. Kubiki Hiranc, Yoshikawa town 8 kTy-,, " 15.025. Nano town I, -. V/ (Sado island) 22.037. SN~iigata city k j 10.102, 15,005, Niigata city ~ ~ ~ * 9 n^^ lylazut ci~ty, jt- 3S (Sado island) 117046, 13.024, 15.019. 3.015, Sado island 4.0 1, 4.021, 4.031, 4.040, 12.023, 12.077, 13.020. 14.036. Sanjo city -f 12.073. Tsubame village - (Sado-gu Uchikaifu village,- 4' (Sad -gun)3.048. OITA PREFECTURE, 4 W CKyushu ) Imazu town ' + t Kunisaki peninsula ]1 w 7 Yufuin town 5- p t (fHayami-gun) 6.097. 22.094. 15.021.

Page  275 LOCALITY INDEX 275 OKAYAMA PREFECTURE A 4 A (Chugoku): 15.050, 17.068, Kurosaki town,, - 7~Niiike, Takamatsu town 4 'j T PT?it, gun) 4.013, 12.056, 18.038, 27.013, Niimi city ~f i Okayama cityj L, 7 T 4.017, Shimotsui Tanoura, Kojima city lje-0fFjV Soja city 41:a * Ukuda village,; ^' OSAKA PREFECTURE f,F Ai (Kinki): 15.034, (Izumi province) Osaka city kc. 7 6.016, 6.025 6.133, 6.137 6.150, 6.151 10.074, 10.103, 11.020, 11.085, 14.013, 14.020, 14.064, 14.065, 14.073, 15.031, 17.062, 17.063, 20.048, 25.019, Sakai t 9.016, 11.048, Saraike village i,}V (Tanhoku n. Kawachi province) Toyonaka city P - % 6.080, 25.058. 6.097. (Kibi12.057, 27.026. 18.010. 27.013. 13.033. 18.010. 25.008. 15.043. 11.011., 6.030,, 6.139,,9.028, 10.109, 11.087, 14.060, 14.071, 15.041, 17.076, 26.011, 26.012. 17.055. o gori, 8.033. 14.049. Nakagawa village t 1 7Ft (Kamo-gun) 15.015. Nishina village =- ^ f t (Kamo-gun) 15.015. Omaesaki village Ap i,*; 6.097. Os6ri district z< 5, g (Izu peninsula) 11.033. Shimoda town -7 ' Ti (Kamo-gun) 11.013. Tatsuyama village i, 7^'T (Funada-gun) 18.012. Yaizu city ^A 1- i 13.026. Yoshiwara city -. h 19.021. TOCHIGI PREFECTURE 0 7.$. (Kanto): 10.015, 22.053. Kataoka village i 1 4A (Shioya-gun) 6.087. TOKUSHIMA PREFECTURE i (Shikoku): (Awa province) Morioto, Koyadaira village 7*, ) i(Oe-gun) Tokushima city j% A j Tomioka town 8 ^K t lo.145. 6.091, 6.092. 11.005. 15.058. 6.093. TOKYO *,ii, t SAGA PREFECTURE At ' (Kyushu): 11.030, 15.050, 25.055. Yamato town L jiV j- (Saga-gun) 11.015. SAITAMA PREFECTURE it-^ K (Kanto): 6.112, 15.050, 23.024. Kita Yoshimi district JitL ~ t (Hikigun) 27.025. Ogawa village,j ') [} (Masashi province) 9.019. Urawa city -' 1 $ 14.051. 2.C 6.c 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 8.c 10.027 14.002 14.0Oo 14.062 14.072 14.084 15.031 17.01C 17.08C 19.024 23.00 23.024 23.033 25.033 25.054 25.013 27.016 SHIGA PREFECTURE;, ' ~ (Kinki): )15, 6.014, 6.016, )25, 6.029, 6.030, L28, 6.129, 6.133, L34, 6.135, 6.136, L37, 6.146, 6.147, L49, 6.150, 6.153, )32, 8.051, 10.004,, 10.030, 10.111,, 14.003, 14.005, 14.009,, 14.020, 14.034,, 14.o63, 14.064,, 14.074, 14.080,, 15.028, 15.030, L,15033, 15.034, ), 17.057, 17.076, ), 19.012, 19.016, 19.024, 1, 19.048, 21.010,;, 23.011, 23.018, \, 23.028, 23.032, 3, 23.034, 25.030, 3, 25.046, 25.047, 4, 25.005, 25.008, 3, 25.017, 25.019, ), 27.018, 27.021. 26.003. 14.061. 10.114. 14.088, 25.059. (Nishitama-gun) 6.084, 12.085. 14.056. L, 10.063, 10.115. 6.113. 19.002. 14.089. 14.044, 14.049. itama=gun) 12.063. 14.058. 18.034. 14.057. 6.049, r, 12.090, 14.087. 14.078. Nagahama city *, Omi Hachiman -3, (Omi province) Otsu city -) -3. $ Sakamoto ~, *g 9.013, 11.026, 15.042. 14.039. 22.046. 25.013. 14.073. 15.047. SHIMANE PREFECTURE A ~ 4 (Chugoku): 9.034, 10.004, 10.124, 13.046, 22.005. Izumo district 3 R tt A 17.025. One island, Yatsuka village / f 1ji 1K<, s (Yatsuka-gun) 12.010. Tsugayuki village - j 4, 11.095. Adachi, - Aoi community, Ueno park -ti Hachij6 islands,\ jt Hino town 0 y p Hinohara village s F-q Ikebukuro %; Izu islands ~ ~ ~, 4.031 Komiya village,], ), Kunitachi town).L j Mitaka city _ Musashino city I- j j Okuno village Jt, + y (Nishi Shibuya = j Shimohino -0 ' Shinjuku fTy l suburbs 1 0f.0 10.03P Suginami $$ 3. TOTTORI PREFECTURE.i,, ) SHIZUOKA PREFECTURE ( ~ i, (Chubu): 11.007, 12.054, 14.018, Hamamatsu city 4; 4 i Hanbara town - j - Ihama, Minami Izu town Ij h _ A? y i, (Kamo-gun) Ito city f * Izu peninsula j4t. * Kosei town 5] % wT (Hamana-gun) 11.014, 18.043. 14.040. 18.029. 14.026. 6.142. 13.011. 19.007. (Chugoku): 10.124, 10.125.

Page  276 276 LOCALITY INDEX Agata village g TI (Seihaku-gun) 20.062. Kofu village -. j *^ 15.045. Moroka, Yoshizakura town, - - f 10.044. TOYAMA PREFECTURE J p - (Chubu): 6.098, 12.071, 14.038, 17.068. Gokayama 3 j Il (Etchu province) 10.028. Higashi and Nishi Tonami-gun;P j I,Z& 19.037. Hira village 10.100. Kanazawa city 4o, 10.099, 15.004. Nadaura,,^' (Etchu province) 9.026. Oda village t ' j4 10.100. Takaoka city, A r 10.098. WAKAYAMA PREFECTURE 41?4 L ~- (Kinki): CHUBU REGION X $ t { Hokuriku area tL jt W - Tokai area * -*, j OKINAWA,',{ 12.090, 13.043. 6.020. 4.030, 5.010, 5.020, 9.031, 10.112, 11.028. BRAZIL 7':-) l 5.008, 10.079. TAIWAN o, 9.031. Hashimoto city 4* $- Hatsushima, Arita city M Muro-gun 1 f Watarase, Hongu town * I Muro-gun) 15.043. 15.056. * 9 1j i 7 12.087. 15.021. T 7k ) 7-"1 (Higashi 10.156. YAMAGATA PREFECTURE LtL K. (Tohoku): Haguro mountain V. 1i Ichinono, Tsugawa village 1'1 4 ' < Kita Hirata, Sakata city IL w j iL - W Otani, Asahi town f yj ~T 7 - & YAMAGUCHI PREFECTURE LI4 V Iq (Chugoku): islands in Shimonoseki T t V (A F ) Shimonoseki f 12.054. 22.023. 12.034. 11.107. 12.074, 12.091. 10.091. 12.014. 4.002. YAiANASHI PREFECTURE iL V. - (Chubu): 6.112, 11.092, 11.093, 11.096, 20.071. Anamibashi town ), 7 J y~ 10.030. Fuji Yoshida city W r, -~ 7 14.037. Imafuku, Tatomi village ~ '~ i4?1 K; (Nakakoma-gun) 10. 84. (Kai province) 11.035. Nishiyama village - i d, 11.093. Ogaito, Yuzurihara village ~,jX~t 10.025, 11.036, 11.038. Showa village I * *t 11.029. Tamahata village,. A lJ (Nakakoma-gun) 6.094. Tomisato village T 4 4 11.090. Uenohara town j_ W T y 12.079. Yamazaki, Isawa town, ia yI L <t 10.030, 10.031. KANTO REGION g t* 3 South Kanto ij P W KINKI REGION _ k t j Kansai area W 0 f { Kinai area - - TOHOKU REGION * L, 10.118, 19.023. 6.020. 6.020, 9.010, 9.023, 22.032. 17.084. 9.014, 12.051. 4.043, 6.125, 10.149, 11.028, 11.078, 12.090, 17.015, 18.007, 18.011, 18.043, 19.023.